A DIAMOND SCANNING ELEMENT, ESPECIALLY FOR IMAGING APPLICATION, AND A METHOD FOR ITS FABRICATION

Abstract

A diamond scanning element, especially for an imaging application, includes a support and a pillar extending from the support. The pillar has a longitudinal axis and the pillar includes a tip with a tapered lateral section with a, preferably constantly, increasing curvature. The tip includes a sensor element, which is a defect, and a flat end facet extending toward the axis with a gradient of less than 10%.

Claims

1-17. (canceled)

18. A diamond scanning element for an imaging application, the diamond scanning element comprising: a support; and a pillar extending from the support, wherein the pillar has a longitudinal axis and the pillar comprises a tip with a tapered lateral section with a constantly increasing curvature, wherein the tip includes a sensor element, which is a defect, and wherein the tip has a flat end facet extending toward the axis with a gradient of less than 10%.

19. The diamond scanning element of claim 18, wherein the flat end facet has a diameter between 100-300 nm.

20. The diamond scanning element of claim 18, wherein the defect provides one or more dipoles, which include an s-polarized dipole, that are oriented perpendicular and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pillar respectively.

21. The diamond scanning element of claim 18, wherein the flat end facet has a diameter which is at least 1% of the length of the pillar.

22. The diamond scanning element of claim 18, wherein the flat end facet comprises the sensor element which is the defect, wherein the defect is a nitrogen-vacancy.

23. The diamond scanning element of claim 18, wherein the defect is at a center of the tip and with a depth of the defect from a surface of the flat end facet of less than 40 nm.

24. The diamond scanning element of claim 18, wherein a curvature of the tapered lateral section of the tip has a form of a paraboloidal section.

25. A method for fabricating a diamond scanning element comprising a support and a pillar extending from the support, the method comprising: providing a diamond material; depositing a resist on the diamond material; forming an etch mask on the diamond material; and etching, wherein the etching involves using a first chemical compound that primarily attacks the diamond material and thus forms a tapered conical pillar of diamond, and wherein the etching uses a second chemical compound, that primarily attacks the etch mask, that is added to the first chemical compound, wherein the etching involves first and second etching steps, wherein in the first etching step the first chemical compound forms the tapered conical pillar of diamond with taper angle of this section is less than 12 degrees, and wherein, simultaneously, the etch mask is eroded at an edge to form a trapezoidal cross section, wherein in the second etching step the etch chemistry is modified by adding the second chemical compound that etches the etch mask such that an angle of a resulting diamond sidewall is changed, wherein the first chemical compound is O.sub.2 and the second chemical compound is CF.sub.4, and wherein multiple CF.sub.4:O.sub.2 ratios are used sequentially to obtain a curved surface profile.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the CF.sub.4 is induced for an entire duration of the second etching step at increasing flow rates for successive steps, which erodes the etch mask in proportion to CF.sub.4 concentration.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein a plasma-power and an RF Bias Power are kept constant during the etching over a time period when multiple CF.sub.4:O.sub.2 ratios are applied in order to form the curved surface profile.

28. The method of claim 25, wherein the providing of the diamond material comprises generating a defect, which is a nitrogen-vacancy, at a center of a tip of the tapered conical pillar.

29. The method of claim 25, wherein the resist is an inorganic polymer layer, formed by a flowable oxide material, and wherein the etch mask is formed by electron beam lithography.

30. The method of claim 25, wherein, during the etching, an amount of etching of the etch mask or of the diamond material during the formation of the diamond scanning element is controlled by a ratio between the first and the second chemical compound, which are adjusted during the etching.

31. The method of claim 25, wherein, during the etching, the diamond material is exposed to an inductively coupled plasma, which causes the diamond material to be etched in a reactive ion etch process, wherein reactive ions are formed from the first and second chemical compounds.

32. The method of claim 25, wherein the etching is controlled such that sidewalls of the etch mask are inclined at a 45 degree angle with a deviation of less than 5 degrees.

33. The method of claim 25, wherein, by controlling a ratio between the first and the second chemical compound, a range of angles etched in the diamond material for forming a tip during etching are varied between 10 and 50 degrees.

34. The method of claim 25, wherein the first etching step comprises short steps of O2 and CF.sub.4 to clean off resputtered material from walls of the device.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0078] Some advantageous embodiments for inventive diamond scanning element and an inventive embodiment of a method for fabrication are further explained in detail below together with drawings. Specific parts of the different embodiments can be understood as separate features that can also be realized in other embodiments of the invention. The combination of features described by the embodiment shall not be understood as a limitation for the invention.

[0079] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary diamond scanning element according to embodiments of the invention; and

[0080] FIG. 2 illustrates the fabrication steps for forming a diamond scanning element according to embodiments of the invention.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0081] FIG. 1 shows an example for an inventive diamond scanning element, also referred to as diamond scanning probe, with a truncated parabolic profile, containing at least one single embedded nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center for nanoscale magnetic field imaging. The probe is usually one of an array of similar designed probes.

[0082] The parabolic tip shape yields a median saturation count rate of 2.1 MHz, the highest recorded count rate for scanning probes to date. At the same time, the structures remain highly broadband and produce directed emission.

[0083] Furthermore, the truncation shifts the diamond surface towards the focus of the parabola, allowing for small NV-sample spacings, which leads to ideal scanning conditions.

[0084] The truncation can preferably be a distal flattening of the parabolic form of the tip. The flattening of the probe at the tip may preferably be a planar surface. This geometry adapts to the concept of a diamond parabolic reflector in combination with a pillar slab geometry that was incorporated into an atomic force microscope probe for scanning magnetic field imaging.

[0085] Rather than using the typically cylindrical or tapered pillar structure, the current geometry of the tip of the probe consists of a diamond paraboloid with an NV at the focus. The truncated parabolic design comprises with a flat, preferably planar, end face, also referred to as a flat end facet, which minimizes the depth of the NV, and hence the distance to the sample.

[0086] The parabolic sides of the tip may define an imaginary parabolic plane, wherein the flat end facet preferably defines a planar surface perpendicular to the normal of the parabolic plane.

[0087] The geometry of the tip may provide total internal reflection at the parabolic surface which collimates the emission into a unidirectional output mode, resulting in improved waveguiding of the NV emission.

[0088] A further simulating of a cylindrical design was performed with a finite-difference time-domain solver (Lumerical), taking a cylindrical pillar waveguide as a basis of comparison.

[0089] Both cylindrical and parabolic devices have a facet diameter of 200 nm, approximately the minimal diameter that still supports an optical mode with strong confinement to the diamond. It was considered that dipoles are oriented both perpendicular (s-polarized) to the pillar axis, and assess the device performance on the basis of two key metrics: outcoupled power I.sub.na within the 0.8 numerical aperture cone of our objective (I.sub.na) and directionality of emission. Note that I.sub.na is related to the collection efficiency η of the parabolic reflector, but also includes the near-field effect of the parabolic surface and the Purcell effect due to reflection off the back side of the holding slab, which modify the radiative decay rate of the dipole. All powers are normalized to the power radiated by a dipole in uniform bulk diamond, I.sub.bd.

[0090] As a result, an s-polarized dipole in the cylindrical device leads to a value of I.sub.na/I.sub.bd = 0.18 (averaged across the 630 nm to 800 nm NV emission band), while the same dipole in the parabolic device gives I.sub.na/I.sub.bd = 0.68. The nearly factor of four increase in waveguided emission shows the strength of the parabolic design, even when taking into account the interference due to the holding slab and exit aperture. To isolate the contribution of the parabola from this interference, a second simulation has been performed in which the waveguide section is terminated in the perfectly absorbing wall of the simulation space. The waveguided power I.sub.wg was measured and it could be demonstrated that the parabolic design shows a consistently higher collected power over the NV emission band. If the actual fabricated device shown in FIG. 1 has been used in the simulation, we very similar results an ideal parabolic pillar has been observed.

[0091] A further full structure simulation has been performed to determine the far-field emission pattern for each device. By plotting the emission intensity as a function of polar angle, it has been observed that the larger aperture of the parabolic device concentrates the far field emission within a small numerical aperture (NA) of 0.25. The cylindrical pillar, on the other hand, due to its wavelength-scale aperture undergoes significant diffraction, resulting in a much larger NA = 0.65.

[0092] It has been noted that in the case of a p-polarized dipole outcoupled power is in all cases suppressed by a factor ≥ 7, due to the near-field diamond-air interface, and poor overlap with the waveguide mode. It is clear from these findings that an s-polarized dipole is optimal, which would be the case if the NV axis were aligned to the pillar axis.

[0093] For the development of the parabolic diamond tips, we begin with a high-purity type-IIa diamond (Element Six, [N]< 5 ppb, (100) surface), implanted with 2 × 10.sup.11 cm.sup.-2 .sup.14N at 12 keV and 7° tilt to the sample normal. The diamond is then annealed. More information for the annealing process can be found in the following document: Y. Chu, et al., Coherent optical transitions in implanted nitrogen vacancy centers, Nano Lett., 14, 4 (2014)

[0094] The annealing treatment will result in an estimated NV depth of 20 nm. ~1-.Math.m diameter discs where used, patterned via electron beam lithography in a ~300-nm thick, flowable oxide resist (FOX-16, Dow-Corning) as an etch mask.

[0095] The following fabrication process then comprises of two dry-etching stages. The first, which is used to fabricate the waveguide portion, consists of an inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etch (ICP-RIE, Sentech) with primarily O.sub.2 etch chemistry, and short steps of O.sub.2 and CF.sub.4 to clean off resputtered material from the walls of the device.

[0096] The two etch steps may be repeated a total of nine times to achieve a ~6 .Math.m pillar. At the end of this stage, the mask has a trapezoidal cross section with a base diameter of 900 .Math.m.

[0097] For the second stage, CF.sub.4 was induced for the full duration of the etch at increasing flow rates for successive steps, which erodes the FOX mask in proportion to CF.sub.4 concentration. This, along with the trapezoidal cross section, allows to tune the angle of the walls by controlling the relative etch rate of FOX mask and diamond. A typical final device is shown in FIG. 1 and has a parabolic tip section with a ~ 200-nm flat end facet and a long tapered waveguide section. As previously mentioned, simulations of the final device profile indicate similar performance characteristics to the parabolic geometry. Note that the pillar is fabricated on a pre-etched 20 × 40 .Math.m.sup.2 diamond slab, which allows to easily attach the scanning probe to a quartz tuning fork for force feedback following established procedures, making this an easily scalable procedure.

[0098] The established procedures can be derived from the following document: P. Appel, E. Neu, M. Ganzhorn, A. Barfuss, M. Batzer, M. Gratz, A. Tscho p̈e, and P. Maletinsky. Fabrication of all diamond scanning probes for nanoscale magnetome- try, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 6 (2016).

[0099] The different steps of fabrication are shown in FIG. 2.

[0100] The fabrication can be described as a method for the dry etching of curved surfaces in diamond.

[0101] The method can be described as following

Step A Providing a Suitable Diamond 100

[0102] A preparation of the surface, such as cleaning or other preparations may be included in this step. Also, the preparation of the defect at the surface may be included in the step A. In the case of an NV-defect - nitrogen is implanted to a controlled depth below the diamond surface and the diamond is annealed, forming NV centers.

Step B Deposition of an Ebeam Resist 200

[0103] As a preferred ebeam resist a flowable oxide mask can be used. A preferred material for such an oxide mask may be an inorganic polymer layer. Most preferred as material may be FOx-16 from Dow Corning in the composition delivered in the year 2019.

Step C Formation of the Etch Mask 300

[0104] An etch mask may be formed from the layer by a treatment by the electron beam lithography such that the resist can be developed to form the etch mask.

Step D Etching 400

[0105] The diamond may be exposed to an inductively coupled plasma, which causes the diamond to be etched in a reactive ion etch process.

[0106] During the first part of the etch process, an etch chemistry, preferably O.sub.2 401, is used that primarily attacks the diamond, forming a tapered conical pillar of diamond. The taper angle of this section may preferably be less than 12 degrees.

[0107] Simultaneously the mask may be eroded at the edge to form a trapezoidal cross section.

[0108] The sidewalls of the mask are inclined at an approximately 45 degree angle. Note that the angle need not be precisely 45 degrees, but should be substantially inclined from the vertical direction.

[0109] During the second part of the etch, the etch chemistry is modified by adding an agent that etches the mask material, preferably CF.sub.4 402. By changing the concentration of CF.sub.4 relative to O.sub.2, the angle of the resulting diamond sidewall is changed.

[0110] Multiple CF.sub.4:O.sub.2 ratios can be used sequentially to obtain a curved surface profile. The range of angles achieved with this process can be between 10 and 50 degrees, preferably between 12 and 50 degrees. The ratio can be controlled by a control unit 403 which can control the volume of CF.sub.4 and/or O.sub.2 introduced in the etching process.

[0111] The relative etch rate of the mask vs. the diamond is variably controlled by adjusting the etch chemistry. This distinguishes it from other methods for curved or angled surfaces, i.e., “grey-scale” lithography or mask erosion under fixed conditions. Therefore, the inventive method allows for much more control over the shape of the wall, beyond even the parabolic shape.

[0112] As mentioned above etching can be performed as a reactive ion etching of the mask in oxygen plasma to form an inclined cross-section at the edge of the mask, such that the mask tapers from a uniform thickness section to a point at the edge.

[0113] The reactive ion etching of the mask can be provided with a combination of oxygen and CF.sub.4 plasma. The oxygen plasma primarily attacks the diamond, while the CF.sub.4 plasma primarily attacks the FOx-16 mask. Thus, by varying the relative concentration of oxygen vs. CF.sub.4, the angle of the wall of the diamond can be controlled. With such a technique it is possible to achieve angles between 10 degrees and 50 degrees.

[0114] The etching method allows for etching of curved surfaces, in particular for nano-optical devices.

[0115] This technique can be used for the fabrication of parabolic-shaped diamond scanning probes with flat end facets. It is possible to etch sidewalls with angles between 10 and 50 degrees from vertical, and by varying the concentration of gases during the etch curved surfaces can be obtained. By change of the concentration of the said gases the mask erosion can be controlled.

[0116] Various nanopillar shapes have been achieved through a combination of an electron beam lithography mask and oxygen etching, but without use of the mask erosion to control the angle of the etch.

[0117] The main alternative technique for producing curved surfaces is to create a greyscale mask (i.e., of varying thickness) by “reflowing” the resist after it is deposited. Reflow involves carefully heating the resist until it becomes fluid and forms a bubble on the surface. The resist is then etched, typically in a single etch step with uniform etch conditions, so that the curvature of the bubble is transferred into the substrate.

[0118] Within our search, we have found only one other resource in which the angle of diamond pillars within a large array is linked to a hard mask (such as what we use) erosion, while two techniques: one with a similar mask, and one with a lift-off procedure and Cr mask, both of which then use a CHF.sub.3/O.sub.2 etch chemistry. Here, they propose that the angle does appear due to the erosion of the mask, but only study the angle dependence on the pillar period and diameter.

[0119] The technique described above is extendable to arbitrary geometries, although a further focus might be on a circularly symmetric geometries. The technique relatively easy to implement in that it requires etching of a single mask.

[0120] For the production of the planar end facet, different techniques can be used. The produced diamond scanning probes have improved photonic performance relative to the existing commercially available scanning probes.

[0121] The scanning probes fabricated with this method collect data about 5-10 times faster than the existing probes thanks to an improved sensitivity resulting from the curvature of the diamond.

[0122] The effectiveness of the previously described parabolic tip with the planar surface can be shown for scanning magnetometry by performing measurements of an out-of-plane magnetized ferromagnet, specifically a 1 nm thick, 0.73 .Math.m wide stripe of CoFeB capped by a 5 nm layer of Ta. A single scanning probe is mounted in a home-built confocal scanning setup and a small external field along the NV axis to split the spin states has been applied. Linescans were performed across the stripe, recording an ODMR spectrum every 20 nm. The frequency position of the lower ODMR resonance has been recorded, and thereby the field along the NV axis has been extracted by comparing it to the out-of-contact zero-field splitting.

[0123] Based on a fit of the measurement signals, one can extract a sample magnetization of (1.0 ± 0.2) mA and a separation of (45 ± 5) nm between the NV and the CoFeB stripe. Since the CoFeB is capped by a 5 nm layer of Ta, the effective separation between NV and Ta surface is (40 ± 5) nm is done. This provides an excellent spatial sensitivity.

[0124] In conclusion the parabolic diamond scanning probe containing single NV centers and demonstrated their use for nanoscale magnetic field imaging. The parabolic design is ideal for sensing applications, as it yields a high rate of detected photons from a near- surface NV. The devices could be further improved by incorporating an antireflection coating to the back surface of the slab, through the use of (111) oriented diamond to achieve optimal mode overlap with the NV optical transition dipoles, and better lateral NV placement via deterministic alignment to pre-selected NVs. The design is versatile and can be applied to many systems of interest, including scanning probe sensing of magnetic and electric fields or temperature, as well as NMR sensing of molecules or materials attached to the diamond surface.

[0125] The design of the inventive diamond scanning element 1 according to FIG. 1 can be summarized such that it comprises a pillar 8 with an end section formed as a tip 2. A lateral section of this tip 2 may preferably be in the form of a truncated paraboloid and a flat, especially planar, end facet 4. Note that the planar form of the end facet is merely a preferred embodiment. Flat means that the end surface has a far smaller gradient then the lateral section. The gradient should be less than 10%, preferably less than 8%, more preferably less than 5% with relation to a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pillar 8.

[0126] The tip 2 can be preferably formed as a tapered diamond pillar preferably monolithically attached at its base to a diamond slab as a support 5.

[0127] At the tip of the diamond pillar, the rate of tapering is steadily increased, such that the profile of the pillar approximates a paraboloidal lateral surface 3. It is not strictly necessary that the shape be paraboloidal, but the rate of tapering should increase towards the tip. The angle of tapering at the tip should be close to 45 degrees or more, in order to obtain a device that efficiently collects light from a broad band of wavelengths.

[0128] The taper does not continue to a radius of zero, but rather the tip radius is finite and greater than approximately 50 nm. i.e., the tip of the pillar is a flat facet.

[0129] A defect 6 (NV center) is placed in the tip of the pillar, at the focal point of the paraboloid and just inside the plane of the flat facet of the tip. The defect can also be misplaced, offset from the focal point in any direction; the device will still work but not as efficiently.

[0130] The defect is sensitive to external fields, such as magnetic or electric fields, produced by a sample that is brought in close proximity to the flat facet.

[0131] The pillar constitutes a waveguide 7 for light emitted by the defect, and the base 5 of the pillar constitutes an aperture 10 through which the light emitted by the defect passes. The backside 9 of the diamond slab reflects this light, so the divergence of the light should be below the angle of total internal reflection for a diamond-air interface, preferably 24.3 - 24.7 degrees, more preferably about 24.5 degrees. For the NV center this implies a minimum aperture preferably between 0.9 and 1.1 .Math.m, more preferably about 1 .Math.m.

[0132] The flat facet at the end is provided in order to minimize the distance between the NV defect, which is the sensor and the sample to be measured.

[0133] Further to this the increasing taper angle towards the tip is provided in order to achieve a high collection efficiency across a broad spectral band, without making the tip diameter or radius too large because a larger tip radius impairs performance as a scanning probe.

[0134] Although the invention has been illustrated and described in detail by way of preferred embodiments, the invention is not limited by the examples disclosed, and other variations can be derived from these by the person skilled in the art without leaving the scope of the invention. It is therefore clear that there is a plurality of possible variations. It is also clear that embodiments stated by way of example are only really examples that are not to be seen as limiting the scope, application possibilities or configuration of the invention in any way. In fact, the preceding description and the description of the figures enable the person skilled in the art to implement the exemplary embodiments in concrete manner, wherein, with the knowledge of the disclosed inventive concept, the person skilled in the art is able to undertake various changes, for example, with regard to the functioning or arrangement of individual elements stated in an exemplary embodiment without leaving the scope of the invention, which is defined by the claims and their legal equivalents, such as further explanations in the description.

LIST OF REFERENCES

[0135] 1 diamond scanning element [0136] 2 tip [0137] 3 lateral section [0138] 4 end facet [0139] 5 support [0140] 6 defect [0141] 7 waveguide [0142] 8 pillar [0143] 9 backside [0144] 10 aperture [0145] 50 diameter of the end facet [0146] X longitudinal axis [0147] 100 Step A [0148] 200 Step B [0149] 300 Step C [0150] 400 Step D [0151] 450 first Step of Etching [0152] 460 second Step of Etching [0153] 401 O.sub.2 [0154] 402 CF.sub.4 [0155] 403 Control unit