Processes and Apparatus for Recycling Battery Waste Materials

Abstract

A process for recycling a lithium containing battery waste material, the process comprising the step of heat treating the battery waste material in a vessel, wherein the inner surface of the vessel is formed from a chromium-containing alloy with an aluminium diffusion coating.

Claims

1. A process for recycling a lithium containing battery waste material, the process comprising the step of heat treating the battery waste material in a vessel, wherein the inner surface of the vessel is formed from a chromium-containing alloy with an aluminium diffusion coating.

2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the vessel is a tube for a rotary tube furnace.

3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the vessel is a container, such as a crucible, tray, or saggar.

4. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the chromium-containing alloy comprises nickel.

5. A process according to claim 4, wherein the nickel content of the chromium-containing alloy is between 1 and 80 wt %, such as between 5 and 60 wt %.

6. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the chromium-containing alloy is selected from the group of alloys Kanthal APM, 439, 321, 347, 304, 304H, 304 L, 309, 310, 314, 316, 316L, 316H, 316Ti, 600, 602CA, 690, C276, 625, 800, 800H, and 800HT

7. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aluminium diffusion coating has an aluminium content in the range of 20 to 45 wt %.

8. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aluminium diffusion coating has a thickness of: at least 0.1 m, 1.0 m, 5 m, or 25 m; no more than 10,000 m, 5000 m, 1000 m, or 500 m; or within a range defined by any combination of the aforementioned lower and upper limits.

9. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heat treatment comprises heating to a temperature of: at least 200 C., 400 C., 500 C. or 600 C.; no more than 1200 C., 1000 C., 800 C., or 700 C.; or within a range defined by any combination of the aforementioned lower and upper limits.

10. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the battery waste material comprises a waste battery cathode material from a used lithium-ion battery.

11. A process according to claim 10, wherein the battery waste material is subjected to one or more heat treatments prior to dissolving the battery waste material in acid and recovering component metal species for re-use in a battery material fabrication process.

12. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the battery waste material comprises a scrap battery cathode material from a battery manufacturing process.

13. A process according to claim 12, which comprises re-lithiation of the scrap battery cathode material.

14. A process according to claim 13, wherein the heat treatment is performed concurrently with the re-lithiation of the scrap battery cathode material.

15. A process according to any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the heat treatment comprises sintering the scrap battery cathode material.

16. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the heat treatment is in one of an inert, oxidizing, or reducing atmosphere.

17. The use of a container, such as a saggar, tray, or crucible, or of a rotary furnace tube with an inner surface formed from a chromium-containing alloy with an aluminium diffusion coating for the recycling of lithium containing battery waste material.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] Preferred and/or optional features of the invention will now be set out. Any aspect of the invention may be combined with any other aspect of the invention unless the context demands otherwise. Any of the preferred and/or optional features of any aspect may be combined, either singly or in combination, with any aspect of the invention unless the context demands otherwise.

[0020] The present specification provides a process for recycling lithium containing battery waste materials, such as cathode active materials for secondary lithium-ion batteries, which comprises the step of heat treating the battery waste material in a vessel. Aluminium diffusion coating technology (aluminising/alonizing) is used to reduce corrosion contamination from metallic surfaces in high temperature thermal processing. Aluminising can be used to produce a diffusion coating of metal aluminide on the surfaces of a wide variety of alloy chemistries and produce a range of thicknesses. The aluminide produced is dependent on the base alloy chemistry. Positive results have been seen on 304H, Alloy 800H, Alloy 602CA and C276. However, it is anticipated that a wide selection of alloys would be suitable. Other corrosive species may also be present, and aluminisation is anticipated to provide some corrosions resistance of the MOC from other corrosive species.

[0021] This specification thus provides for the application of aluminium diffusion coatings/aluminides for corrosion protection from high temperature high corrosivity lithium species in battery materials recycling processes, primarily to reduce product contamination from metals in the heat transfer/containment surfaces, but additionally to achieve longer equipment lifetime. The specification allows the use of metallic components where previously these may have resulted in unwanted contamination, but also may allow the use of lower cost and/or higher availability MOC's, which is likely to reduce capital costs.

[0022] The battery waste material to be recycled may comprises a waste battery cathode material from a used lithium-ion battery, e.g., black mass. Such battery waste materials can be subjected to one or more heat treatments prior to dissolving the battery waste material in acid and recovering, separating, and purifying component metal species for re-use in a battery material fabrication process. In such an indirect battery materials recycling process, it can be advantageous to apply one or more thermal pre-treatments to the waste battery material (e.g., so called black mass waste battery material) prior to acid leaching the material to form an acidic aqueous recycling feed and recovering one or more valuable metal species from the acidic aqueous recycling feed. Several different thermal pre-treatments may be applied either individually or in combination. For example, a thermal treatment under an oxidizing atmosphere may be used to remove carbon as CO/CO.sub.2. Alternatively, or additionally, a thermal treatment under a reducing atmosphere may be used to reduce metal oxides to metallic form, which may be advantageous for downstream separation and purification depending on the needs of the downstream processing steps. Alternatively still, one or more thermal treatments may be applied to remove fluorine species from the waste battery material which would otherwise lead to HF generation in downstream processing. HF is very problematic in downstream processing steps as it degrades processing equipment and also presents a serious environmental health and safety risk.

[0023] In addition to such thermal treatments for indirect battery materials recycling processes, direct battery materials recycling also advantageously includes one or more thermal processing steps. For example, after cathode material has been removed from scrap battery cathodes, it often needs to be re-lithiated and sintered ready for re-use in a cathode manufacturing process. Therefore, a calcination process with the addition of a lithium salt is often required. As such, the battery waste material may comprise a scrap battery cathode material from a battery manufacturing process which can be re-generated, e.g. by re-lithiation of the scrap battery cathode material. In such a process, one or more thermal treatment steps may be implemented to re-generate the battery cathode material. At least one of the heat treatment steps may be performed concurrently with the re-lithiation of the scrap battery cathode material or following the re-lithiation step to yield the recycled product material.

[0024] Typically, the battery waste material comprises a waste cathode active material including a lithium composite metal oxide, such as a lithium transition metal oxide. The term lithium transition metal oxide as used herein means a mixed metal oxide comprising lithium and at least one transition metal. Advantageously, the process may be used to recycle lithium transition metal oxides comprising nickel, cobalt, manganese, or combinations thereof. Preferred lithium transition metal oxides are lithiated spinels, cation-disordered rocksalt transition metal oxides, and lithiated transition metal oxides having a layered structure (typically having an -NaFeO.sub.2-type structure).

[0025] In some embodiments, the cathode active material to be recycled is a lithium transition metal oxide with a composition according to the Formula 1:

Li.sub.cNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.wM.sub.zO.sub.2d Formula 1

wherein: [0026] 0.30x<1.0; 0y0.5; 0z0.2; 0w0.7; 0.8c1.4; 0.2x0.2; M is one or more selected from Mg, Al, B, V, Ti, Zr, Sr, Ca, Ce, Cu, Sn, Cr, Fe, Ga, Si, W, Mo, Ta, Y, Sc, Nb, Pb, Ru, Rh and Zn and combinations thereof; or [0027] 0.5x<1.0, 0y0.3, 0z0.1, 0w0.5, 0.9c1.1, 0.2d0.2; M is one or more selected from Mg, Al, B, V, Ti, Zr, Sr, Ca, Ce, Cu, Sn, Cr, Fe, Ga, Si, W, Mo, Ta, Y, Sc, Nb, Pb, Ru, Rh and Zn and combinations thereof; or [0028] 0.7x0.95; 0y0.2; 0z0.1; 0w0.3; 0.9c1.1; 0.2d0.2; M is one or more selected from Mg, Al, B, V, Ti, Zr, Sr, Ca, Ce, Cu, Sn, Cr, Fe, Ga, Si, W, Mo, Ta, Y, Sc, Nb, Pb, Ru, Rh and Zn and combinations thereof; or [0029] 0.8x0.95; 0y0.2; 0<z0.05; 0w0.2; 0.9c1.1; 0.2d0.2; M is one or more selected from Mg, Al, B, V, Ti, Zr, Sr, Ca, Ce, Cu, Sn, Cr, Fe, Ga, Si, W, Mo, Ta, Y, Sc, Nb, Pb, Ru, Rh and Zn and combinations thereof; or [0030] 0.8x0.95; 0.05<y0.2; 0<z0.05; w=0; 0.9c1.1; 0.2d0.2; M is one or more selected from Mg, Al, B, V, Ti, Zr, Sr, Ca, Ce, Cu, Sn, Cr, Fe, Ga, Si, W, Mo, Ta, Y, Sc, Nb, Pb, Ru, Rh and Zn and combinations thereof; or [0031] 0.8x0.95; 0.05<y0.2; 0<z0.05; w=0; 0.9c1.1; 0.2d0.2; and M is Mg and optionally one or more selected from Al, B, V, Ti, Zr, Sr, Ca, Ce, Cu, Sn, Cr, Fe, Ga, Si, W, Mo, Ta, Y, Sc, Nb, Pb, Ru, Rh and Zn and combinations thereof.

[0032] It may be preferred that in Formula 1, x+y+w=1 or about 1 (e.g. 0.98x+y+w1.02). It may be preferred that x+y+z+w=1 or about 1 (e.g. 0.98x+y+z+w1.05 or 1.03).

[0033] In some embodiments, the lithium transition metal oxide is a compound of the general formula Li.sub.1+s(M2).sub.2O.sub.4r, where r is advantageously in the range from 0 to 0.4, and s is advantageously in the range from 0 to 0.4; M2 is selected from among one or more metals of groups 3 to 132 of the Periodic Table, for example B, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, with Mn, Co and Ni and combinations thereof being preferred. Particular preference is given to combinations of Ni and Mn, such as doped or un-doped LiMn.sub.2xNi.sub.xO.sub.4, where x is advantageously in the range from 0 to 1.

[0034] The heat treatment is in one of an inert, oxidizing, or reducing atmosphere. The heat treatment can be carried out in a carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) free atmosphere. For example, the atmosphere may be carbon dioxide free air, which may be a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. In certain heat treatment steps, the atmosphere is an oxidising atmosphere. As used herein, the term CO.sub.2-free is intended to include atmospheres including less than 100 ppm CO.sub.2, e.g. less than 50 ppm CO.sub.2, less than 20 ppm CO.sub.2 or less than 10 ppm CO.sub.2. These CO.sub.2 levels may be achieved by using a CO.sub.2 scrubber to remove CO.sub.2.

[0035] For oxidizing heat treatments, it may be preferred that the heat treatment is carried out in a mixture of O.sub.2 and an inert gas, such as N.sub.2. In some heat treatment steps, the mixture comprises N.sub.2 and O.sub.2 in a volume ratio of from 0:100 to 100:0. It may be preferred that the mixture comprises a high concentration of oxygen, for example a volume ratio of inert gas (such as nitrogen) to oxygen of from 30:70 to 5:95. It may be further preferred that the heat treatment is carried out in an atmosphere of at least 20 vol % oxygen (at standard pressure and temperature). In such cases the balance of gas is typically an inert gas, such as nitrogen.

[0036] Alternatively, for reductive heat treatments, the heat treatment may be carried out in a mixture of hydrogen and an inert gas, such as N.sub.2. For example, the reducing atmosphere may comprise a volume percentage of hydrogen of: at least 2%, 3%, or 4%; no more than 30%, 20%, or 10%; or within a range defined by any combination of the aforementioned lower and upper limits.

[0037] Typically, the heat treatment comprises heating to a temperature of: at least 200 C., 400 C., 500 C. or 600 C.; no more than 1200 C., 1000 C., 800 C., or 700 C.; or within a range defined by any combination of the aforementioned lower and upper limits. For example, the heat treatment may be performed at a temperature in the range of 500 to 1000 C.

[0038] Heat treatment of the mixture is typically performed for a period of 1 hour or more, 2 hours or more, 3 hours or more, 4 hours or more, 5 hours or more, or 5.5 hours or more. The heat treatment is typically performed for a period of 20 hours or less, 15 hours or less, 10 hours or less, 8 hours or less, 7 hours or less or 6.5 hours or less. For example, the heat treatment may be performed for between 1 and 20 hours. For example, the heat treatment of the mixture may be carried out at a temperature in the range from 500 to 1000 C. for a period of 1 to 10 hours.

[0039] The processes as described hereinbefore comprise heat treatment of a lithium containing battery waste material in a vessel. The type of vessels used for heat treatment during the recycling or waste materials are well known to the skilled person. Such vessels include crucibles, saggars, or other containers into which waste materials are loaded before the vessel is placed into or travels through a kiln, and tubes, such as for a rotary tube furnace through which waste materials travel during the heat treatment process.

[0040] In some embodiments the vessel is a container, such as a crucible, tray, or saggar, in particular a saggar suitable for use in an industrial furnace. Typically, such vessels are open (i.e., they do not have a lid), but it may be preferred that they are closed. In some embodiments such vessels have handles, but it may be preferred that they do not. Typically, such vessels have a base that is rectangular or square and it may be preferred that such vessels have a rectangular or square base with rounded angles. The container is configured such that the vessel material in contact with the metal precursor is a chromium-containing alloy with an aluminium diffusion coating, for example the container may be formed essentially of a chromium-containing alloy with an inner (and optionally outer) surface with an aluminium diffusion coating. The use of such vessels offers excellent heat transfer properties in combination with an enhanced lifetime. In some embodiments the container may be used as a liner for a ceramic saggar which, in use, is placed inside a ceramic saggar during heat treatment.

[0041] In some embodiments the vessel is a tube for a rotary tube furnace. The shape and dimensions of rotary furnace tubes are well known to the skilled person and such parameters are selected according to the required throughput of material and the required residence time of the material in the tube in order to achieve the desired product properties. Typically, such tubes have a length in the range of from 1 to 40 m. Typically, such tubes have an average diameter of from 100 mm to 1600 mm. The cross section may be circular or non-circular, with circular being preferred. The tube may include internal elements to improve mixing or to retain material in the tube. Such internal elements may be removable or attached to the tube. The tube material in contact with the lithium containing battery waste material as it passes through the tube is formed from a chromium-containing alloy with an aluminium diffusion coating. It may be preferred that the tube is formed essentially of a chromium-containing alloy with an inner surface formed of an aluminium diffusion coating. In the context of the present invention formed essentially of means that at least 90% of the weight of the vessel is either the chromium-containing alloy or the aluminium diffusion coating. In some embodiments, the tube for a rotary tube furnace is a multi-layered structure with the inner layer formed from a chromium-containing alloy with an aluminium diffusion coating.

[0042] The inner surface of the vessel is formed from a chromium-containing alloy with an aluminium diffusion coating. By inner surface is meant herein the surface facing the interior of the vessel which is in contact with the metal precursor during the heat treatment. In the case of a tube for a rotary kiln this is the surface of the tube facing the interior of the tube.

[0043] The presence of chromium in the alloy provides oxidation resistance at high temperatures and can increase mechanical strength at high temperature. The use of a chromium-containing alloy additionally provides corrosion resistance which offers benefits if the aluminium diffusion coating degrades towards the end of vessel life.

[0044] It may be preferred that the chromium-containing alloy comprises an amount of chromium in the range of and including 0.5 wt % to 40 wt %. A chromium content less than 0.5 wt % does not provide appreciable benefits to strength and oxidation resistance at high temperatures. Chromium contents greater than 40 wt % can lead to poor mechanical properties and higher cost. It may be further preferred that the chromium-containing alloy comprises an amount of chromium in the range of and including 0.5 wt % to 30 wt %, 1 wt % to 30 wt %, 5 wt % to 30 wt %, 10 wt % to 30 wt %, or 15 wt % to 30 wt %.

[0045] In some embodiments, the chromium-containing alloy is a stainless steel. It may be further preferred that the chromium-containing alloy is a stainless steel with a chromium content in the range of and including 0.5 wt % to 40 wt %, such as in the range of and including 0.5 wt % to 30 wt %, 1 wt % to 30 wt %, 5 wt % to 30 wt %, 10 wt % to 30 wt %, or 15 wt % to 30 wt %.

[0046] It may be preferred that the chromium-containing alloy comprises nickel. The inclusion of nickel offers benefits associated with high strength and creep resistance at high temperatures and metallurgical stability when combined with alloying elements such as chromium. It may be further preferred that the chromium-containing alloy comprises an amount of nickel in the range of and including 1 to 80 wt %. It may be further preferred that the chromium-containing alloy comprises an amount of nickel in the range of and including 5 to 75 wt %, such as 5 to 60 wt %. It may be further preferred that the chromium-containing alloy is a stainless steel with a nickel content in the range of and including 5 to 75 wt %, such as between 5 and 60wt %.

[0047] It may be preferred that the chromium-containing alloy comprises chromium in an amount in the range of and including 14 to 30 wt %, such as between 14 and 26 wt % and nickel in the range of and including 5 to 72 wt %, with the mass balance formed from iron and optionally one or more dopant elements, such as one or more of B, Ce, Y, Nb, Zr, Ta, C, Al, Ti, Cu, Mn, Si and N.

[0048] It may be preferred that the chromium-containing alloy is selected from ferric stainless alloys (such as ferritic iron-chromium-aluminium (FeCrAl) alloys, for example Kanthal APM, alloy 439 (UNS S43035), iron-based austenitic stainless alloys (such as alloys 321 (UNS S32100), 347 (UNS S34700), 304/304H/304L (UNS S30400/S30409/S30403), 309 (UNS S30900), 310 (UNS S31000), 314 (UNS S31400), 316/316L/316H/316Ti (UNS S31600/S31603/S31609/S31635), nickel-based austenitic alloys (such as alloys 600 (UNS N06600), 602CA (UNS N 06025), 690 (UNS N0669), C276 (UNS N10276), 625 (UNS N06625)), or iron-nickel-chromium austenitic alloys (alloy 800 (UNS N08800), 800H (UNS N08810), 800HT (UNS N08811). Such alloys offer a combination of high oxidative resistance and strength at high temperature and have alloy chemistry compatible with the aluminium diffusion coating process. It may be further preferred that the chromium-containing alloy is selected from the group of alloys Kanthal APM, 439, 321, 347, 304, 304H, 304L, 309, 310, 314, 316, 316L, 316H, 316Ti, 600, 602CA, 690, C276, 625, 800, 800H, and 800HT. It may be further preferred that the chromium-containing alloy is selected from the group of alloys 304, 800H, 602CA and C276.

[0049] The chromium-containing alloys have an aluminium diffusion coating. In the context of the present invention an aluminium diffusion coating is one produced by causing aluminium to react with and/or diffuse into the surface of a metallic substrate, thus, chemically altering the surface of the substrate.

[0050] Such coatings may be formed by subjecting the surface of the chromium-containing alloy to an aluminising process (also known as an alonising process or in situ chemical vapour deposition process) leading to the formation of a surface layer comprising a metal aluminide. Typically in such processes, the metal object to be treated is positioned in a container and immersed, filled with, or surrounded with a powder mixture containing aluminium (source), a halide salt such as ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, aluminium fluoride, sodium chloride or sodium iodide (the activator), and an inert diluent such as alumina (filler). The container is then sealed, and then heated under an inert atmosphere in a furnace. At elevated temperatures, the aluminium diffuses into the surface of the metal object resulting in a surface layer comprising a metal aluminide. After furnace cooling, the metal object is taken out of the vessel and excess powder is removed. An aluminisation process is described, for example, in WO2005/106064A1 which is incorporated herein by reference. Aluminisation by pack cementation is described in ASTM B875-96 (2018) which is also incorporated herein by reference.

[0051] Typically, the aluminium diffusion coating has a thickness of: at least 0.1 m, 1.0 m, 5 m, or 25 m; no more than 10,000 m, 5000 m, 1000 m, or 500 m; or within a range defined by any combination of the aforementioned lower and upper limits. For example, the aluminium diffusion coating may have a thickness in the range of 1 to 1000 m. It may be preferred that the aluminium diffusion coating has a thickness of from around 5 to around 500 m, such as around 10 to around 300 m, 25 to 300 m, or 50 to around 300 m. The thickness of the aluminium diffusion coating may be assessed by cross-sectioning and assessment of the elemental composition by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

[0052] Preferably, the aluminium content of the aluminium diffusion coating is in the range of and including 20 to 45 wt %, or more preferably in the range of and including 20 to 40 wt %. An aluminium content within this range provides a significant reduction in the chromium contamination observed in recycled battery waste materials heat treated in contact with the coated alloy. The aluminium content may be determined by EDX analysis of a cross section of the aluminium diffusion coating. The analysis may be suitably carried out at a position about 1 micron from the coating surface (measured in a direction perpendicular to the surface). The aluminium wt % value is determined based on the total composition detected by the EDX analysis.

EXAMPLES

[0053] The present invention will now be described with reference to the following examples, which are provided to assist with understanding the present invention and are not intended to limit its scope.

Metal Samples

[0054] Four metal samples (stainless steel 304, 800H, 602CA and C276) were coated using a pack cementation aluminium diffusion coating process to provide a surface layer coating containing a metal aluminide with a target coating thickness of 100 m.

Calcination TrialsSingle Heat Treatment

[0055] Each metal sample was placed in an alumina saggar and submerged in 10 grams of a lithium transition metal oxide powder. The same batch of lithium transition metal oxide powder was used throughout. The samples were then placed in a box furnace and calcined by heating to 450 C. at 10 C./min then holding for 120 minutes followed by heating to 700 C. at 10 C./min and holding for 120 minutes. The furnace was then allowed to cool until the sample reached 120 C. in CO.sub.2-free air. After calcination, the metal sample was removed from the lithium transition metal oxide powder and washed in 10 ml of deionised water to remove any attached powder from the metal sample. The lithium transition metal oxide powder was then analysed for trace metal contamination by ICP-MS to determine the amount of chromium and iron contamination added during the calcination. These results were compared to a lithium transition metal oxide powder sample calcined in an alumina saggar containing no metal sample and to a lithium transition metal oxide powder sample calcined in contact with metal samples with no aluminium diffusion coating.

ICP Method

[0056] Samples of the calcined powder were digested in HF. Digestion was performed at 105 C. for a total of 2 hours using a sample digestion block. Analysis for iron and chromium was performed using an Agilent ICP-MS system using an internal standard for calibration.

Results

[0057] Results from the testing of powders are shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 ICP-MS analysis of the lithium transition metal oxide powder after heat treatment Chromium (ppm) 304 800 c276 602Ca Aluminised 18 <10 <10 <10 Untreated 31 15 <10 91

[0058] From the results, it can be seen that for the 800 H, 602Ca and 304 samples, the amount of chromium added during calcination was reduced by aluminisation of the metal alloy samples. This is particularly evident in the 602Ca results, where a reduction from 91 to <10 ppm chromium was recorded. The results for the C276 sample were within experimental error.

Calcination TrialsMultiple Heat Treatments

[0059] To confirm that aluminising provided a benefit over multiple heat treatments, the metal samples were subjected to further calcinations in contact with batches of the surface-treated lithium transition metal oxide material. The lithium transition metal oxide powder after each calcination was analysed for chromium content by ICP-MS and the measured chromium content values added together for each metal sample to provide a cumulative chromium amount. The results are shown in Table 2. This indicates a significant benefit of aluminising on the level of chromium contamination for each alloy. The levels of iron, copper and zinc contamination of the lithium transition metal oxide material are also consistently low following multiple heat treatments in the presence of the aluminised metal samples.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 ICP-MS analysis of the lithium transition metal oxide powders in contact with C276 samples after repeated heat treatment Cumulative chromium content Sample (ppm) C276 untreated (10 heat treatments) 685 C276-aluminised (10 heat treatments) 134 800H untreated (10 heat treatments) 346 800H-aluminised (10 heat treatments) 158 602CA untreated (5 heat treatments) 446 602CA-aluminised (5 heat treatments) 125

Surface and Cross-Section Analysis

[0060] Inspections of the aluminised and untreated metal pieces were performed after the heat treatment to look for evidence of corrosion caused by heating the lithium transition metal oxide material at high temperatures. The aluminised surface of the metal samples were analysed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM). Cross sections of the coupons were also prepared and analysed using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. The composition was analysed for aluminium content at a position at a distance of 1 micron from the surface (three measurements taken and the mean value reported). The results for aluminium content are shown in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 shows Al content in the surface region for each of the metal coupons. Al content (wt %) in surface Aluminised Sample region 602CA 25 800H 34 C276 33

[0061] The test results indicate that metal corrosion during calcination of a lithium transition metal oxide material is reduced by aluminisation of the metal surface and that chromium-containing alloys with an aluminium diffusion coating are suitable materials to use to form vessels used during the recycling of lithium containing battery waste materials.

[0062] As used herein, the term comprising means including. Variations of the word comprising, such as comprise and comprises, have correspondingly varied meanings. As used herein, the terms including and comprising are non-exclusive. As used herein, the terms including and comprising do not imply that the specified integer(s) represent a major part of the whole.

[0063] Where applicants have defined an invention or a portion thereof with an open-ended term such as comprising, it should be readily understood that (unless otherwise stated) the description should be interpreted to also describe such an invention using the terms consisting essentially of or consisting of. In other words, with respect to the terms comprising, consisting of, and consisting essentially of, where one of these three terms are used herein, the presently disclosed and claimed subject matter may include the use of either of the other two terms. Thus, in some embodiments not otherwise explicitly recited, any instance of comprising may be replaced by consisting of or, alternatively, by consisting essentially of.

[0064] The transitional phrase consisting of excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. If in the claim, such would close the claim to the inclusion of materials other than those recited except for impurities ordinarily associated therewith. When the phrase consisting of appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.

[0065] The transitional phrase consisting essentially of is used to define a composition, process or method that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosed, provided that these additional materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. The term consisting essentially of occupies a middle ground between comprising and consisting of.

[0066] Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, or refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0067] Also, the indefinite articles a and an preceding an element or component of the invention are intended to be non-restrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e., occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore a or an should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.

[0068] As used herein, with reference to numbers in a range of numerals, the terms about, approximately and substantially are understood to refer to the range of 10% to +10% of the referenced number, preferably 5% to +5% of the referenced number, more preferably 1% to +1% of the referenced number, most preferably 0.1% to +0.1% of the referenced number. Moreover, with reference to numerical ranges, these terms should be construed as providing support for a claim directed to any number or subset of numbers in that range. For example, a disclosure of from 1 to 10 should be construed as supporting a range of from 1 to 8, from 3 to 7, from 1 to 9, from 3.6 to 4.6, from 3.5 to 9.9, from 8 to 10, and so forth.

[0069] Forms of the present invention includes: [0070] 1. A process for recycling a lithium containing battery waste material, the process comprising the step of heat treating the battery waste material in a vessel, wherein the inner surface of the vessel is formed from a chromium-containing alloy with an aluminium diffusion coating. [0071] 2. A process according to form 1, wherein the vessel is a tube for a rotary tube furnace. [0072] 3. A process according to form 1, wherein the vessel is a container, such as a crucible, tray, or saggar. [0073] 4. A process according to any one of the preceding forms, wherein the chromium-containing alloy comprises nickel. [0074] 5. A process according to form 4, wherein the nickel content of the chromium-containing alloy is between 1 and 80 wt %, such as between 5 and 60 wt %. [0075] 6. A process according to any one of the preceding forms, wherein the chromium-containing alloy is selected from the group of alloys Kanthal APM, 439, 321, 347, 304, 304H, 304 L, 309, 310, 314, 316, 316L, 316H, 316Ti, 600, 602CA, 690, C276, 625, 800, 800H, and 800HT [0076] 7. A process according to any one of the preceding forms, wherein the aluminium diffusion coating has an aluminium content in the range of 20 to 45 wt %. [0077] 8. A process according to any one of the preceding forms, wherein the aluminium diffusion coating has a thickness of: at least 0.1 m, 1.0 m, 5 m, or 25 m; no more than 10,000 m, 5000 m, 1000 m, or 500 m; or within a range defined by any combination of the aforementioned lower and upper limits. [0078] 9. A process according to any one of the preceding forms, wherein the heat treatment comprises heating to a temperature of: at least 200 C., 400 C., 500 C. or 600 C.; no more than 1200 C., 1000 C., 800 C., or 700 C.; or within a range defined by any combination of the aforementioned lower and upper limits. [0079] 10. A process according to any preceding form, wherein the battery waste material comprises a waste battery cathode material from a used lithium-ion battery. [0080] 11. A process according to form 10, wherein the battery waste material is subjected to one or more heat treatments prior to dissolving the battery waste material in acid and recovering component metal species for re-use in a battery material fabrication process. [0081] 12. A process according to any one of forms 1 to 9, wherein the battery waste material comprises a scrap battery cathode material from a battery manufacturing process. [0082] 13. A process according to form 12, which comprises re-lithiation of the scrap battery cathode material. [0083] 14. A process according to form 13, wherein the heat treatment is performed concurrently with the re-lithiation of the scrap battery cathode material. [0084] 15. A process according to any one of forms 12 to 14, wherein the heat treatment comprises sintering the scrap battery cathode material. [0085] 16. A process according to any preceding form, wherein the heat treatment is in one of an inert, oxidizing, or reducing atmosphere. [0086] 17. The use of a container, such as a saggar, tray, or crucible, or of a rotary furnace tube with an inner surface formed from a chromium-containing alloy with an aluminium diffusion coating for the recycling of lithium containing battery waste material.

[0087] While this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to certain examples, it will be understood to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.