Systems And Methods Using In-Situ Hydrogen-Based Fuel For Consistent Production Of A Low- Or Zero-Emission Flame

Abstract

There is provided a system for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame comprising an electrolyser, a power assembly, a burner element, and a gas flow control system. There is also provided a device for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame using the disclosed systems. There is also provided a method for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame. There is further provided a kit for assembling, modifying or retrofitting an apparatus to permit consistent production of low-or zero-emission flame using the disclosed systems and methods.

Claims

1. A heating system for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame, the heating system comprising: a hydrogen production unit for producing a gas comprising hydrogen from water, the hydrogen production unit comprising an inlet to receive the water and an outlet to emit the gas; a power assembly operationally connected with the hydrogen production unit for providing an electric current to the hydrogen production unit; a burner element fluidly connected to the outlet of the hydrogen production unit for receiving the gas from the hydrogen production unit; and a gas flow control system for buffering an internal pressure and an amount of the gas and for controlling delivery of the gas from the outlet of the hydrogen production unit to the burner element to produce the low-or zero-emission flame.

2. The heating system of claim 1, wherein the burner element comprises a nozzle, a valve, an ignitor, or any combination thereof.

3. The heating system of claim 2, wherein the nozzle comprises a diameter, an internal geometry, a hole size, or any combination thereof, for controlling gas flow to assist in the consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame.

4. The heating system of claim 1, wherein the power assembly comprises a power inverter, a power converter, a capacitor, a battery, a charger, a solar panel, or any combination thereof.

5. The heating system of claim 1, wherein the gas flow control system is either or both near-vacuum and unidirectional.

6. The heating system of claim 1, wherein the gas flow control system comprises one or more storage tanks fluidly connected to the hydrogen production unit.

7. The heating system of claim 6, wherein the one or more storage tanks comprise a combination tank comprising: a water storage portion fluidly connected to the inlet of the hydrogen production unit for storing and delivering water to the hydrogen production unit; and a gas storage portion fluidly connected to the outlet of the hydrogen production unit by a first conduit and to the burner element by a second conduit, the gas storage portion for receiving the gas from the hydrogen production unit, buffering the internal pressure and the amount of the hydrogen, and delivering the hydrogen to the burner element.

8. The heating system of claim 7, wherein within the combination tank, the water storage portion is located below the gas storage portion.

9. The heating system of claim 7, wherein within the combination tank, the water storage portion and the gas storage portion form a single compartment where the gas and water are in contact.

10. The heating system of claim 9, wherein within the combination tank, there is no barrier separating the water storage portion and the gas storage portion or there is a barrier that comprises holes to permit interaction between the gas and water.

11. The heating system of claim 10, wherein in operation, the combination tank is sealed in an air-tight manner to permit a vacuum within the heating system.

12. The heating system of claim 10, wherein the combination tank comprises a tank configuration or size such that in operation, the internal pressure and the amount of the gas housed within the combination tank is sufficient to continuously feed the burner element with a pressurized supply of the gas.

13. The heating system of claim 12, wherein the internal pressure and the amount of gas housed within the combination tank further imparts a pressure on the water to force the water to the inlet of the hydrogen production unit.

14. The heating system of claim 10, wherein the second conduit passes through an upper wall of the combination tank to fluidly connect with the gas storage portion, providing a path of least resistance for the gas to exit the combination tank.

15. The heating system of claim 10, wherein the second conduit comprises a flashback arrestor for preventing flow of the gas from the burner element back to the combination tank.

16. The heating system of claim 6, wherein the one or more storage tanks comprise a gas release valve for regulating the internal pressure of the gas within the storage tank.

17. The heating system of claim 1, wherein the gas is hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.

18. The heating system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen production unit is an electrolyser.

19. A heating device for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame, the heating device comprising the heating system of claim 1 housed within an apparatus.

20. The heating device of claim 19, which is a portable stove, a cooktop stove, a hot water system, an ambient heater, a hot water boiler, an oven, a fireplace, a radiator, a floor heating system, or any combination thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] Further advantages, permutations and combinations of the invention will now appear from the above and from the following detailed description of the various particular embodiments of the invention taken together with the accompanying drawings, each of which are intended to be non limiting, in which:

[0040] FIG. 1 is an isometric view a heating system disclosed herein shown in an exemplary embodiment of a portable stove.

[0041] FIG. 2 is a partial top view of the heating system shown in FIG. 1.

[0042] FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the steps of a method for consistent production of low-or zero-emission flame according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure belongs. Although any methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, the suitable methods and materials are described below.

[0044] The embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to systems, devices and methods having improved low-or zero-emission heating using electrolysis of water. Systems, devices and methods of the present disclosure advantageously provide for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame using a gas comprising hydrogen produced in-situ from electrolysis of water. As used herein, the terms gas comprising hydrogen, hydrogen-based fuel, or hydrogen may be used interchangeably. Depending on the context herein, these terms should be taken to refer to either or both of hydrogen gas or a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen (e.g. oxyhydrogen).

[0045] Heating systems that utilize renewable sources of fuel can be used in remote or rural areas without a need for a consistent supply of electricity. Using water, in particular, to produce a gas comprising hydrogen as a fuel (hydrogen-based fuel) for heating systems eliminates the need to use biomass or hydrocarbon fuels which can be non-renewable, environmentally harmful, and harmful to the health of users. A system or method that achieves consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame from hydrogen-based fuel is desired to provide a sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective heating and/or cooking devices and methods.

[0046] The present disclosure provides a number of advantages over existing technologies, including in relation to sustainability, health benefits, economic benefits, cultural preservation, independence from grid, and safety.

[0047] As regards sustainability, the heating system herein uses water, a renewable resource, to produce a gas comprising hydrogen, eliminating the need for non-renewable or environmentally harmful fuels. As regards health, by producing low-or zero-emissions, the heating system reduces the risk of respiratory diseases and other health issues associated with smoke and particulates from traditional heating and cooking systems and methods. As regards cost, the heating system can potentially reduce fuel costs for users, especially if they previously relied on purchased fuels like kerosene or charcoal. As regards cultural preservation, the heating system allows users to continue traditional flame-based cooking methods, preserving culinary traditions while modernizing the fuel source. As regard independence from the grid, certain embodiments of the heating systems herein comprise solar-charged batteries to allow the system to operate even in areas without a reliable electricity grid, providing consistent heating and/or cooking capabilities. As regards safety, the heating system can comprise safety mechanisms that can reduce the risk of fires or explosions associated with some traditional fuels.

[0048] Advantageously, the systems, devices and methods herein involve the in-situ production of hydrogen-based fuel from electrolysis of water. Thus, the systems, devices and methods do not require external sources of hydrogen, which can be costly and impart significant safety concerns relating to the transport and handling of hydrogen fuel. In addition, water as a fuel is more cost-efficient than purchasing fuels such as kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and charcoal. Embodiments of the present disclosure may also advantageously be implemented within existing heating apparatuses (e.g., by retrofit), thereby offering a low-or zero-emission heating solution for both new and existing systems.

[0049] In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a heating system for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame, the heating system comprising: a hydrogen production unit for producing a gas comprising hydrogen from water, the hydrogen production unit comprising an inlet to receive the water and an outlet to emit the gas; a power assembly operationally connected with the hydrogen production unit for providing an electric current to the hydrogen production unit; a burner element fluidly connected to the outlet of the hydrogen production unit for receiving the gas from the hydrogen production unit; and a gas flow control system for buffering an internal pressure and an amount of the gas and for controlling delivery of the gas from the outlet of the hydrogen production unit to the burner element to produce the low-or zero-emission flame.

[0050] As used herein, the reference to a heating system should also be taken to include a cooking system depending on context, such as for example when used in a cooking device.

[0051] As used herein, the term low-emission flame refers to a flame that emits a lower quantity of an emission relative to a flame of comparative size or heat index (e.g. as measure by British thermal unit (BTU value) fueled by a conventional fuel. Without limitation, the emission may include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, propylene, methanol, phenol, furan, formaldehyde, acetic acid, formic acid, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, nitrous oxide, black carbon, organic carbon, fine particulate matter, and the like. In some embodiments, the low-emission flame outputs only about 30% of the emissions as compared to combustion of conventional fuels, only about 20% of the emissions as compared to combustion of conventional fuels, only about 10% of the emissions as compared to combustion of conventional fuels, only about 5% of the emissions as compared to combustion of conventional fuels, or less. In some embodiments, the low-emission flame outputs none of the emissions that are output from combustion of conventional fuels. In instances herein where the emissions are close to zero, but not zero, the term low-emission flame remains applicable. In instances where the flame does not emit any of a particular emission, the term zero-emission flame is applicable and used herein. As will be appreciated, the flame may be a low-emission flame in respect of certain emissions and a zero-emission flame in respect of other emissions. Also, the flame herein may not be a low-or zero-emission flame in respect of all emissions, but at least in respect of one emission that is desired to be reduced (e.g. carbon monoxide). Advantageously, the production of flame, as opposed to other outputs of thermal energy, provides for the ability to rapidly change temperature, an even heat distribution, and a visual cue for heat intensity.

[0052] As used herein, the term conventional fuel refers to any fuel that is utilized in traditional heating methods or is considered to be a typical fuel for combustion. Conventional fuels may, for example and without limitation, include biomass fuels, hydrocarbon fuels and the like. As used herein, the term biomass fuels refers to any organic material derived from plants and/or animals that may be used for combustion. Biomass fuels may, for example and without limitation, include animal manure and human sewage, biogenic materials, agricultural crops and waste materials, wood and wood processing waste, charcoal, and the like. As used herein, the term hydrocarbon fuels refers to any hydrocarbon material and/or product that may be used for combustion. Hydrocarbon fuels may, for example and without limitation, include kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, jet fuel, propane, diesel, and the like.

[0053] As used herein, the term consistent production refers to an extended output and stream of flame without need to re-ignite the flame after the initial ignition. In an embodiment, consistent production means that the flame is maintained so long as the heating system is turned on and there is a source of water provided to the electrolysis cell (e.g. a continuous flame). In an embodiment, consistent production means that the flame will be maintained and will substantially retain a desired output parameter so long as the heating system is turned on and there is a source of water provided to the electrolysis cell.

[0054] Thus, in some embodiments, the consistent production of low-or zero-emission flame is defined by an output parameter. In some embodiments, the output parameter is a temperature, a BTU value, a flame size, a flame consistency, a flame color, a duration, a frequency, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the output parameter is a flame consistent in size and BTU value, without substantial flickering or sputtering. As used herein, the term without substantial flickering or sputtering has its plain and ordinary meaning of a flame with a generally steady size, shape and consistency, as opposed to a flame varies irregularly in any of these parameters without intentional adjustment by a user. For example, a flame that is without substantial flickering or sputtering does not exhibit popping or extinguishing of the flame, such as hydrogen or oxyhydrogen flames tend to do when gas flow rate is inconsistent.

[0055] As used herein, the term hydrogen production unit is intended to refer to any device or component that is capable of producing a gas comprising hydrogen from water (e.g. by splitting water). In an embodiment, the hydrogen production unit is an electrolyser, a component or device emitting audio waves, a component or device emitting high or low frequency waves, a component or device emitting microwaves, a device employing ionization via an electric arch. Depending on the type of hydrogen production unit, the power supply may provide an electric current used within the device or electricity to power the device. In a particular embodiment, the hydrogen production unit is an electrolyser.

[0056] As used herein, the term electrolyser refers to any vessel, apparatus, facility, machine, or instrument configured for the process of electrolysis wherein an electric current is passed through a solution therein (e.g. an electrolyte) to provide a chemical change. In some embodiments, the electrolyser comprises a cathode and an anode. In the systems, devices and methods herein, the electrolyser is one that is capable of converting water into hydrogen and/or oxygen (e.g. a gas comprising hydrogen). Suitable electrolysers would be well-known to a person of skill in the art, and may interchangeably be known as a water electrolysis cell. In some embodiments, the electrolyser produces gaseous hydrogen from one outlet and gaseous oxygen from another outlet. In some embodiments, the electrolyser produces a gas comprising hydrogen and oxygen (i.e. oxyhydrogen) from the same outlet. In some embodiments, the electrolyser comprises one or more ion exchange membranes (e.g. a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane). Reference herein anywhere to a hydrogen production unit whether referring to the heating system, heating device, methods or kits disclosed herein includes, at least as one embodiment, an electrolyser.

[0057] In some embodiments herein, to accelerate the process of electrolyzing water using an electrolyser, an electrolyte such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) may be added (e.g. at a specific ratio) to water to yield optimal catalysis. Moreover, in embodiments herein, the electrolyser may be specifically sized to complement the battery (power input) size and to ensure a sufficient quantity of the gas (e.g. liters/min) is produced to provide the buffering function as described herein.

[0058] As used herein, the term power assembly has a broad meaning as encompassing any device, apparatus, component, or combination of components, capable of providing an electric current to the hydrogen production unit and power for operation of the heating system and/or the heating device. For example, in some embodiments, in addition to powering the hydrogen production unit, the power assembly may also power any control electronics of the heating system. In some embodiments, the power assembly comprises a power inverter (e.g. an DC to AC), a power converter (e.g. AC to DC), a capacitor, a battery, a charger, a solar panel, a renewable energy source, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the power assembly is power from the electricity grid and may or may not included a battery. In some embodiments, the power assembly comprises a power inverter, a battery, and a renewable energy source (e.g. a solar panel). In some embodiments, the power supply comprises a battery and electricity from the grid. In some embodiments, in which the heating device is a portable stove, the power supply comprises a battery. In some embodiments, in which the heating device is a commercial oven, the power supply comprises a capacitor and an inverter, for example to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).

[0059] The battery may be any battery that is suitable for powering the hydrogen production unit. In an embodiment, the battery is an alkaline, nickel metal hydride (NiMH), or lithium-ion battery. In an embodiment, the battery is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. The renewable energy source may be any suitable device that utilizes a renewable source of energy to power or charge the battery. In an embodiment, the device is a solar-panel, solar-cell, a wind turbine, or a water turbine. In some embodiments, the battery is a rechargeable, solar-charged battery. In some embodiments, the heating system herein may comprise a single battery or two or more batteries.

[0060] The heating systems of the present disclosure comprise a gas flow control system. As used herein, the term gas flow control system refers to a combination of components for delivering the gas comprising hydrogen from the hydrogen production unit to the burner elements. For example, in embodiments, the gas flow control system comprises one or more conduits, one or more storage tanks, flashback arrestors, control electronics, or any combination thereof. The gas flow control system functions in coordination with the burner elements to ensure consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame in the heating systems disclosed herein.

[0061] Significantly, the gas flow control system is configured to buffer an internal pressure and an amount of the gas within the system so that there is a continuous, pressurized supply of gas being fed to the burner element. As used herein, buffer or buffering refers to the generation or production of an in-situ storage of the gas comprising hydrogen, wherein the in-situ storage of gas forms a pressurized, continuous supply or feed of gas to the burner element. In an embodiment, the heating system of the present disclosure is at near-vacuum such that the path of least resistance for the gas to exit the system is at the burner element, and in operation combusted gas is essentially pushed away from the burner element by a fresh pressurized, continuous feed of the gas. Buffering an internal pressure and amount of the gas has been found to be an advantageous aspect of the heating system herein in providing consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame.

[0062] Thus, as used herein, the term buffering an internal pressure and an amount of the hydrogen refers to the storage of hydrogen within the gas flow control system for building up the internal pressure and amount of hydrogen to threshold levels. In some embodiments, the threshold levels of internal pressure and amount of hydrogen are related to the distribution and flow of hydrogen throughout the heating system. In some embodiments, the gas flow control system is either or both near-vacuum and unidirectional. As used herein, the term near-vacuum refers to a substantial lack of matter or particulates within a volume as compared to an equivalent volume of air. As used herein, the term unidirectional is intended to refer to single direction flow of hydrogen through the gas flow control system, e.g. from the hydrogen production unit to the burner element. Advantageously, the combination of the buffering and the near-vacuum state may contribute to a steady and unidirectional stream of hydrogen through the gas flow control system to the burner element for consistent production of flame. Without being bound by any particular theory, the steady stream of hydrogen in a near-vacuum system allows for consistent production of flame by constantly pushing hydrogen into the igniting point.

[0063] The systems herein are configured in a manner that the hydrogen production unit receives and then decomposes water into hydrogen, and optionally oxygen, for delivery through the gas control system to the burner element for consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame.

[0064] In an embodiment of the heating system disclosed herein, the gas flow control system comprises one or more storage tanks fluidly connected to the hydrogen production unit. In an embodiment, all or a significant portion of the buffered internal pressure and amount of the hydrogen is provided by gas stored in the storage tank.

[0065] The heating system of the present disclosure may include any suitable number of storage tanks for the input water and the output gas comprising hydrogen. In an embodiment, each of the storage tanks is a combination tank for storing both the water and the gas. In an embodiment, the heating system has only a single storage tank that is a combination tank for storing both the water and the gas.

[0066] The use of a combination tank has been found advantageous because sometimes the gas output from the hydrogen production unit contains water. Thus, the water can be returned to the storage tank holding the water. Other advantages also exist, such as 1) it purges any remaining air out of the system, 2) it purifies the gas to remove any potential minerals that may be present (e.g. if an electrolyte was used), and 3) it provides the buffering effect as described herein to ensure the gas is consistent enough both in composition and volume to achieve a suitable gas flow to sustain a consistent flame.

[0067] In an embodiment, the combination tank as referenced herein comprises a water storage portion and a gas storage portion. In an embodiment, the water storage portion and the gas storage portion form a single compartment where the gas and water are in contact. These two portions are not necessarily restricted to a set defined size within the combination tank. Rather, in operation, the water storage portion is defined by the quantity of water held in the storage tank, and as the water is electrolysed, the gas is stored in the portion of the tank that is not occupied by the water. Thus, as electrolysis continues and the stored water is used, the size of the water portion will reduce and the size of the gas portion will increase, and vice versa when additional water is added to the storage tank.

[0068] In an embodiment, the water storage portion is located below the gas storage portion. This may be an advantageous configuration since it permits the water to be delivered to the hydrogen production unit primarily by gravity flow. In an embodiment, there is either no barrier separating the water storage portion and the gas storage portion or there is a barrier that comprises holes to permit interaction between the gas and water.

[0069] Thus, while the combination tank is primarily used for water storage, it doubles as a temporary gas storage tank which serves as a buffer to continuously feed the burner elements with sufficient gas to sustain a consistent flame. In some embodiments, the storage tank may additionally comprise a flashback arrestor to prevent the gas from flowing back into the tank. The dimensions and structure of the tank may be configured to maximize water and gas storage, as well as ensure sufficient gas entry and exit to provide for the consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame. In an embodiment, the combination tank has an optimal water fill level for commencing operation of the heating system. In embodiments employing a near-vacuum, after water is added the water inlet or lid is closed to provide an air-tight seal.

[0070] In an embodiment, the one or more storage tanks (including the combination tank) is fluidly connected to the inlet of the hydrogen production unit for storing and delivering water to the hydrogen production unit. The water may be delivered from the storage tank to the hydrogen production unit through a water outlet under force of gravity or under slight forces of pressure from the gas sitting on top of the water in the gas portion of the combination tank. In embodiments herein, since the system is operating in near-vacuum, the flow of water is tuned to the production of gas. In an embodiment, the water outlet may include a shut-off valve to control the flow of water from the storage tank to the hydrogen production unit. The shut-off valve may also be used for periods of maintenance.

[0071] In an embodiment, the one or more storage tanks (including the combination tank) is fluidly connected to the outlet of the hydrogen production unit by a first conduit. In an embodiment, the gas comprising hydrogen may exit the hydrogen production unit from a single gas outlet and travel to the storage tank in a single first conduit. In other embodiments, the gas comprising hydrogen may exit the hydrogen production unit from two or more gas outlets and separate conduits from each gas outlet may either merge to form the first conduit that delivers the gas to the storage tank or may separately deliver the gas to the storage tank. The configuration, diameter and other characteristics of the first conduits are determined based on the requirements of the heating system. In an embodiment, the first conduit(s) is plastic tubing, braided hose, metal piping, or any other suitable form or material suitable for delivery of gas.

[0072] In an embodiment, the one or more storage tanks (including the combination tank) is fluidly connected to the burner by a second conduit. Since the gas comprising hydrogen is of a light weight, in certain embodiments the gas outlet from the storage tank is positioned in a top wall of the storage tank. The will thus rise out of the tank and travel to the burner element within the second conduit as the point of least resistance is at the exit of the burner nozzles at the end of the system. In an embodiment, the second conduit comprises a flashback arrestor for preventing flow of the gas from the burner element back to the one or more storage tanks (e.g. the combination tank). In a system with more than one burner element, the storage tank may have more than one gas outlet and there may be separate second conduits delivering gas to each burner element. In other embodiments with multiple burner elements, there is only a single gas outlet from the storage tank, and the second conduit splits into separate conduit streams to feed each burner element. In an embodiment, the second conduit splits downstream of the flashback arrestor, so that only a single flashback arrestor is needed. In an embodiment, the second conduit(s) is plastic tubing, braided hose, metal piping, or any other suitable form or material suitable for delivery of gas.

[0073] In an embodiment, the second conduit comprises one or more specifications for consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame. In an embodiment, the one or more specifications comprise a diameter, a thickness, a gauge, a material, or any combination thereof.

[0074] In an embodiment of the heating system disclosed herein, the one or more storage tanks comprise a gas release valve for regulating the internal pressure of the gas within the storage tank. The gas release valve may be used, for example, as a safety mechanism to relief of pressure in the storage tank in case the pressure builds beyond a threshold psi. In addition, the gas release valve may be opened when filling water into the storage tank to provide a source of air escape in an otherwise near vacuum system.

[0075] The heating system as described herein comprises a burner element. In an embodiment, the heating system has a single burner element. In other embodiment, the heating system has two or more burner elements, such as two, three, four or more. Each of the burner elements is fluidly connected to the outlet of the hydrogen production unit. By fluidly connected, it is meant that in operation the gas comprising hydrogen is able to pass from the hydrogen production unit to the burner. As described herein, this fluid passage may be through one or more conduits and/or storage tanks.

[0076] In an embodiment, the burner elements comprise a nozzle, a valve, an ignitor, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the burner elements comprise a nozzle and a valve, but not an ignitor. In an embodiment, the burner elements comprise a nozzle, a valve and an ignitor. In an embodiment, the heating apparatus further comprises a valve switch or knob to control opening and closing of the valve.

[0077] In an embodiment, the nozzle of the burner element comprises a configuration for controlling gas flow to assist in the consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame. For example, the diameter of the burner nozzle, their internal geometry, and the diameter of the gas holes are matched with the size of the hydrogen production unit, the diameter of the conduits, the power input in to the heating system, and the total desired gas output (BTU value) to sustain a consistent flame. The nozzles may be made of, for example, any suitable metal, and ideally a metal with a long life in high heat conditions.

[0078] In an embodiment, the valve of the burner element is a solenoid valve, preferably an electronic solenoid valve. Inclusion of an electronic solenoid valve can enable digital control in alternating the burner element from on/off within milliseconds. This advantageously enhances safety. In addition, these valves also permit desirable operations such as flashback arrest, depressurization, and gas flow management.

[0079] In operation, the hydrogen production unit contained within the heating system disclosed herein typically produces heat. Preventing the hydrogen production unit from exceeding a threshold temperature is pivotal to avoid boiling the water and converting a portion of it to steam. Therefore, in an embodiment, the heating systems herein include components for cooling (i.e. cooling assemblies). The cooling assembly may be of any suitable form or configuration for cooling the components of the heating system, and in particular cooling the hydrogen production unit. In an embodiment, the cooling assembly comprises liquid cooling, air cooling, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the air cooling is by cooling fans. In an embodiment, the cooling fans turn on with the system and are sized based on total air volume needed to cool the particular configuration of the hydrogen production unit in the allotted space. In an embodiment, the liquid cooling is by coolant and one or more radiators. In an embodiment, the heating system comprises both air cooling and liquid cooling components.

[0080] In an embodiment, the heating system disclosed herein further comprises control electronics. The control electronics may include controllers for modifying the operation of the hydrogen production unit, the power assembly, the burner element, the gas flow control system, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the control electronics include controllers for the solenoid valves, cooling fans, switches, and sensors throughout the heating system. In an embodiment, the control electronics are housed within a spark-proof and waterproof electronics box to prevent the shorting of the system and any risk of ignition of any potential escaped gases (e.g. if a conduit were to be compromised). In an embodiment, the control electronics are operably connected an on/off switch, a flame control knob, an emergency stop button, or any combination thereof.

[0081] As described herein, the heating systems of the present disclosure may include additional features relating to various aspects of performing the methods herein. For example, the systems may include various devices or components for modulating and controlling the flow of hydrogen from the hydrogen production unit to the burner element, monitoring equipment, types and configurations of burner elements, etc. As will be understood by the skilled person, exemplary configurations of the systems are described herein without limitation.

[0082] The heating systems as disclosed herein may be used in heating devices for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame. Any number of suitable heating devices may employ the heating systems disclosed herein, wherein housed and appropriately configured within an apparatus or structure. In an embodiment, the heating device that contains the heating system disclosed herein may be a portable stove, a cooktop stove, a hot water system, an ambient heater (e.g. fireplace, piped water heating system, underfloor heating, etc.), a hot water boiler (e.g. central boiler replacement system, hot water tanks, radiant heating replacements, etc.), an oven, a fireplace, a radiator, a floor heating system, multi-purpose oxyhydrogen fuel cell, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the heating device that contains the heating system disclosed herein may be a portable camp stove. Indeed, the heating systems disclosed herein are particularly well-suited for flame-based cooking devices. Other embodiments and configurations of the heating device may be applicable and would be known to the skilled person based on the disclosure herein.

[0083] The present disclosure further provides methods for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame.

[0084] In an embodiment, the method comprises the steps of: providing water to a hydrogen production unit; applying an electric current to the hydrogen production unit to produce a gas comprising hydrogen from the water; storing the gas in-situ in a storage tank to buffer an internal pressure and an amount of the gas within the storage tank; delivering a portion of the stored gas from the storage tank to one or more burner elements, wherein the internal pressure and the amount of the gas within the storage tank provides a continuous feed of the gas to the one or more burner elements when in operation; and converting the gas into the low-or zero-emission flame through operation of the burner element.

[0085] The methods herein involve a step of providing water to a hydrogen production unit. The water may be provided by any suitable means. In an embodiment, the water is provided from a water source, a storage tank, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the water is provided directly to an inlet of the hydrogen production unit. In some embodiments, the water is provided indirectly through a conduit prior to entering the inlet of the hydrogen production unit.

[0086] The methods herein involve a step of applying an electric current to the hydrogen production unit to produce the gas comprising hydrogen from the water. In some embodiments, the electric current is a direct current. In some embodiments, the electric current is an alternating current. The amount of electric current applied may be adjusted by any suitable means. In some embodiments, the system of the present disclosure may include controls for adjusting and/or controlling the amount of electric current applied to the hydrogen production unit. Without being bound by any particular theory, adjusting the amount of electric current applied may be configurable to control the rate of hydrogen production from the water.

[0087] The methods herein involve a step of storing the gas comprising hydrogen in-situ in a storage tank to buffer the internal pressure and the amount of the gas within the storage tank. In some embodiments, this step comprises delivering the gas from the hydrogen production unit to a gas storage portion of the storage tank; and temporarily storing the gas within the gas storage portion to create the internal pressure and the amount of the gas. In some embodiments, storing of the gas in-situ to generate a sufficient buffer comprises a waiting period. In some embodiments, the waiting period is about 1 minute, about 30 seconds, about 20 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 5 seconds, or less. In some embodiments, the gas outlet from the storage tank may be closed during the waiting period to build up a sufficient buffer. In some embodiments, due to the efficiency of the hydrogen production unit in producing the gas, it is not necessary to close the gas outlet since gas flow can be regulated by the size of the conduits and the burner element to allow the buffer to build up without closing the gas outlet.

[0088] For operation of the methods herein, the heating system as described herein may be used, including the various configurations of the one or more storage tanks as described herein.

[0089] The methods herein involve a step of delivering a portion of the stored gas comprising hydrogen to one or more burner elements. In some embodiments, this step comprises permitting travel of the stored gas through a gas outlet of the storage tank and through a conduit to the one or more burners. As described above, the gas outlet may include a shut-off value to allow time for the gas to buffer in the storage tank, although this is not required depending on the size/efficiency of the hydrogen production unit. Without being bound by any particular theory, a desired flow rate of the hydrogen delivered to the burner element is required for consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame, and this can be achieved using the heating system as described herein.

[0090] The methods herein involve a step of converting the hydrogen into low-or zero-emission flame through operation of the burner element. In some embodiments, the burner element comprises either or both of a nozzle and a valve. In some embodiments, the burner element comprises an igniter. In some embodiments, the ignitor comprises a built-in burner igniter, an external lighter, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the nozzle comprises a configuration as described elsewhere herein.

[0091] In certain embodiments, the heating system and methods of the present disclosure may be employed in newly constructed heating devices. In other embodiments, the heating systems and methods may be used to retrofit an existing heating device to allow for the use of an in-situ produced hydrogen-based fuel for consistent production of low-or zero-emission flame.

[0092] Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a kit for kit for assembling, modifying or retrofitting an apparatus to permit consistent production of low-or zero-emission flame from an in-situ produced hydrogen-based fuel, the kit comprising: a hydrogen production unit for producing a gas comprising hydrogen from water; a storage apparatus for delivering the water to the hydrogen production unit, storing hydrogen from the hydrogen production unit, and buffering an internal pressure and an amount of the hydrogen; and one or more conduits for fluidly connecting a first portion of the storage apparatus to a water inlet of the hydrogen production unit, fluidly connecting a gas outlet of the hydrogen production unit to a second portion of the storage apparatus, and fluidly connecting the second portion of the storage apparatus to one or more burner elements. In some embodiments, the storage apparatus comprises a storage tank. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises the one or more burner elements.

[0093] Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, wherein numerals refer to like components, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings that further show exemplary embodiments, without limitation.

[0094] FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an exemplary heating system 100 of the present disclosure comprising an electrolyser 102, a power assembly 104 (i.e. battery), two burner elements 106, and a gas flow control system 108.

[0095] The electrolyser 102 receives water through an electrolyser water inlet 110. The power assembly 104 applies an electric current to the electrolyser 102 to electrolyse the water and produce a gas comprising hydrogen. The gas is delivered from two electrolyser outlets 114 of the electrolyser 102 to each of the burner elements 106 for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame. Between the electrolyser 102 and the burner elements 106, the gas passes through the gas flow control system 108 which functions to build an internal pressure and an amount of hydrogen to threshold values.

[0096] In the configuration shown, the electrolyser 102 receives the water under force of gravity since the water outlet 116 is positioned at the bottom of the storage tank 118. The water then passes through a water conduit 120 to be delivered to the electrolyser 102 through the electrolyser inlet 110. In some embodiments, the size of the electrolyser 102 is related to and based upon the electric current capable of being provided by the power assembly 104. The size of the electrolyser 102 and the electric current provided by the power assembly 104 correlate to the total production of the gas comprising hydrogen (e.g. liters/min). A skilled person will appreciate that other positions and configurations of the electrolyser 102 are possible and contemplated based on the disclosure herein.

[0097] In some embodiments, the heating system 100 comprises control electronics (not shown) that may be housed within a spark-proof electronics box 122. The spark-proof electronics box 122 may be any container, vessel, apparatus, instrument, box, receptacle, or other structure configured to minimize or prevent the risk of electrical equipment and instrumentation igniting. In some embodiments, the spark-proof electronics box 122 is waterproof. In some embodiments, the battery 104 is configured to provide power to the control electronics housed within the spark-proof electronics box 122. In some embodiments, the battery 104 is rechargeable, such as by using a solar panel or providing electricity from an energy grid.

[0098] In some embodiments, the burner elements 106 comprises one or more nozzles, one or more valves, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the burner elements 106 comprises 1 nozzle, 2 nozzles, 3 nozzles, 4 nozzles, 5 nozzles, 6 nozzles, 7 nozzles, 8 nozzles, or more. In some embodiments, the burner elements 106 comprise 1 nozzle, with each nozzle having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more holes for emitting the flame.

[0099] In the configuration shown, the gas flow control system 120 comprises a single combination storage tank 118 fluidly connected to the electrolyser 102. As already described, the storage tank is fluidly connected to deliver water to the electrolyser 102 by way of the water outlet 116, water conduit 120 and water inlet 100. Although the water outlet 116, water conduit 120 and water inlet 100 are not directly considered to be part of the gas flow control system 120, since the gas may impart pressure on the water in the storage tank 118, these components are indirectly related to the gas flow control system 120.

[0100] More particularly, the gas flow control system 120 comprises the first conduit 124, combined storage tank 118, and the second conduit 126. As described herein, the gas flow control system 120 buffers an internal pressure and an amount of the gas for controlling delivery of the gas from the outlets 114 of the electrolyser 102 to the burner elements 106. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the storage tank 118 is a combination tank. Within the storage tank there is a water storage portion at the bottom (internal; not shown) to which the water outlet 116 is fluidly connected; and a gas storage portion at the top (internal; not shown) to which the first conduit 124 is fluidly connected at the gas inlet 128 and the second conduit 126 is fluidly connected at the gas outlet 130. The first conduit 124 fluidly connects the electrolyser 102 to the gas storage portion of the storage tank 118 and the second conduit 126 fluidly connects the gas storage portion of the storage tank 118 to the burner elements 106.

[0101] In this configuration, the storage tank 118 serves as a store to buffer the gas to continuously feed the burner elements 106 with sufficient amounts of the gas to sustain a consistent low-or zero-emission flame. In certain embodiments, the gas being delivered into the storage tank 118 facilitates a near-vacuum state by purging air out of the system. Also, by having the gas in contract with the water allows for removal of any minerals or contaminants that may be present within the gas (e.g. if an electrolyte is used).

[0102] In some embodiments, as described herein, the second conduit 126 comprises one or more specifications for to assist in consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame. In some embodiments, the one or more specifications comprise a diameter, a thickness, a gauge, a material, or any combination thereof.

[0103] In the configuration shown, the storage tank 118 further comprises a water level indicator 132 and a pressure release valve 134, such as described elsewhere herein. The pressure release valve 134 may be used for regulating the internal pressure of the gas within the storage tank 118.

[0104] In the configuration shown, the second conduit comprises a flashback arrestor 136, such as described elsewhere herein. The flashback arrestor serves to prevent reverse flow of the gas from the burner elements 106 back to the storage tank 118.

[0105] In the configuration shown, the burner elements 106 each comprise a solenoid valve 138, such as described elsewhere herein. The solenoid valve 138 may be configured as a control unit for turning on/off the burner elements 106 (e.g. by preventing the flow of gas thereto). In some embodiments, the solenoid valve 138 stops fluid flow within about 5 seconds, about 3 seconds, or about 1 second. In some embodiments, the solenoid valve 120D stops fluid flow within less than about 1 second. In some embodiments, the solenoid valve 138 stops fluid flow instantaneously.

[0106] In the configuration shown, the heating system 100 comprises two cooling assemblies 140 (i.e. cooling fans) for cooling the electrolyser.

[0107] FIG. 3 illustrates the steps of an exemplary method 300 of the present disclosure for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame, as described herein. In some embodiments, the method 300 comprises a step of providing 310 water to an electrolyser; a step of applying 320 an electric current to the electrolyser to produce a gas comprising hydrogen from the water; a step of storing 330 the gas in-situ in a storage tank to buffer an internal pressure and an amount of the gas within the storage tank; a step of delivering 340 a portion of the stored gas from the storage tank to one or more burner elements, wherein the internal pressure and the amount of the gas within the storage tank provides a continuous feed of the gas to the one or more burner elements when in operation; and a step of converting 350 the gas into the low-or zero-emission flame through operation of the burner element.

[0108] In some embodiments, the step of providing 310 the water to the electrolyser 102 comprises: storing the water in a storage tank 118; and delivering the water from a water outlet 116 of the storage tank 118 to the electrolyser 102. In some embodiments, delivering the water from the water outlet 116 of the storage tank 118 to the electrolyser 102 comprises force of gravity, force of pressure from the gas acting upon the water within the storage tank 118, or any combination thereof.

[0109] In some embodiments, the step of applying 320 an electric current to the electrolyser 102 to produce the gas, involves producing hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen (oxyhydrogen).

[0110] In some embodiments, the step of storing 330 the gas in-situ in a storage tank 118 to buffer the internal pressure and the amount of the gas within the storage tank 118, comprises delivering the gas from the electrolyser 102 to a gas storage portion of the storage tank 118; and temporarily storing the gas within the gas storage portion to create the internal pressure and the amount of the gas.

[0111] In some embodiments, the step of controllably delivering 340 the portion of the stored gas to the one or more burner elements 106 comprises permitting travel of the stored gas through a gas outlet 130 of the storage tank 118 and through a conduit 126 to the one or more burner elements. In some embodiments, the method is performed within a system 100 that is at near-vacuum and the flow of gas is unidirectional flow.

[0112] In some embodiments, the method 300 further comprises a step of premixing the water with an electrolyte prior to providing the water to the storage tank 118. In some embodiments, the electrolyte comprises KOH.

[0113] In some embodiments, the step of converting 350 the hydrogen into low-or zero-emission flame is at a consistent output parameter. In some embodiments, the consistent output parameter is a temperature, a BTU value, a flame size, a flame consistency, a color, a duration, a frequency, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the output parameter is a flame consistent in size and BTU value, without substantial flickering or sputtering. In some embodiments, the low-or zero-emission flame is a hydrogen flame.

Exemplary Embodiments

[0114] (1) A heating system for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame, the heating system comprising: a hydrogen production unit for producing a gas comprising hydrogen from water, the hydrogen production unit comprising an inlet to receive the water and an outlet to emit the gas; a power assembly operationally connected with the hydrogen production unit for providing an electric current to the hydrogen production unit; a burner element fluidly connected to the outlet of the hydrogen production unit for receiving the gas from the hydrogen production unit; and a gas flow control system for buffering an internal pressure and an amount of the gas and for controlling delivery of the gas from the outlet of the hydrogen production unit to the burner element to produce the low-or zero-emission flame. [0115] (2) The heating system of (1), wherein the burner element comprises a nozzle, a valve, an ignitor, or any combination thereof. [0116] (3) The heating system of (2), wherein the nozzle comprises a configuration for controlling gas flow to assist in the consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame. [0117] (4) The heating system of (3), wherein the configuration comprises a diameter, an internal geometry, a hole size, or any combination thereof. [0118] (5) The heating system of any one of (1) to (4), wherein the power assembly comprises a power inverter, a power converter, a capacitor, a battery, a charger, a solar panel, or any combination thereof. [0119] (6) The heating system of (5), wherein the power assembly comprises a power inverter, a battery, a charger, and a solar panel. [0120] (7) The heating system of (5) or (6), wherein the battery is a rechargeable, solar-charged battery. [0121] (8) The heating system of any one of (1) to (7), wherein the gas flow control system is either or both near-vacuum and unidirectional. [0122] (9) The heating system of any one of (1) to (8), wherein the gas flow control system comprises one or more storage tanks fluidly connected to the hydrogen production unit. [0123] (10) The heating system of (9), wherein the one or more storage tanks comprise a combination tank comprising: a water storage portion fluidly connected to the inlet of the hydrogen production unit for storing and delivering water to the hydrogen production unit; and a gas storage portion fluidly connected to the outlet of the hydrogen production unit by a first conduit and to the burner element by a second conduit, the gas storage portion for receiving the gas from the hydrogen production unit, buffering the internal pressure and the amount of the hydrogen, and delivering the hydrogen to the burner element. [0124] (11) The heating system of (10), wherein within the combination tank, the water storage portion is located below the gas storage portion. [0125] (12) The heating system of (10) or (11), wherein within the combination tank, the water storage portion and the gas storage portion form a single compartment where the gas and water are in contact. [0126] (13) The heating system of (12), wherein within the combination tank, there is no barrier separating the water storage portion and the gas storage portion or there is a barrier that comprises holes to permit interaction between the gas and water. [0127] (14) The heating system of any one of (10) to (13), wherein in operation, the combination tank is sealed in an air-tight manner to permit a vacuum within the heating system. [0128] (15) The heating system of any one of (10) to (14), wherein the combination tank comprises a tank configuration or size such that in operation, the internal pressure and the amount of the gas housed within the combination tank is sufficient to continuously feed the burner element with a pressurized supply of the gas. [0129] (16) The heating system of (15), wherein the internal pressure and the amount of gas housed within the combination tank further imparts a pressure on the water to force the water to the inlet of the hydrogen production unit. [0130] (17) The heating system of any one of (10) to (16), wherein the second conduit passes through an upper wall of the combination tank to fluidly connect with the gas storage portion, providing a path of least resistance for the gas to exit the combination tank. [0131] (18) The heating system of any one of (10) to (17), wherein the combination tank comprises an optimal water fill level for commencing operation of the heating system. [0132] (19) The heating system of any one of (10) to (18), wherein the second conduit comprises a flashback arrestor for preventing flow of the gas from the burner element back to the combination tank. [0133] (20) The heating system of any one of (10) to (19), wherein the second conduit comprises one or more specifications for consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame. [0134] (21) The heating system of (20), wherein the one or more specifications comprise a diameter, a thickness, a gauge, a material, or any combination thereof. [0135] (22) The heating system of any one of (9) to (21), wherein the one or more storage tanks comprise a gas release valve for regulating the internal pressure of the gas within the storage tank. [0136] (23) The heating system of any one of (1) to (22), wherein the consistent production of low-or zero-emission flame is defined by an output parameter. [0137] (24) The heating system of (23), wherein the output parameter is a temperature, a BTU value, a flame size, a flame consistency, a color, a duration, a frequency, or any combination thereof. [0138] (25) The heating system of (23) or (24), wherein the output parameter is a flame consistent in size and BTU value, without substantial flickering or sputtering. [0139] (26) The heating system of any one of (1) to (25), wherein the gas is hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. [0140] (27) The heating system of any one of (1) to (26), further comprising one or more cooling assemblies for cooling the hydrogen production unit. [0141] (28) The heating system of (27), wherein the one or more cooling assemblies comprises liquid cooling, air cooling, or any combination thereof. [0142] (29) The heating system of (28), wherein the air cooling is by fans and the liquid cooling is by coolant and one or more radiators. [0143] (30) The heating system of any one of (1) to (29), further comprising control electronics. [0144] (31) The heating system of (30), wherein the control electronics are housed within a spark-proof electronics box. [0145] (32) The heating system of (30) or (31), wherein the control electronics comprise controllers for modifying the operation of the hydrogen production unit, the power assembly, the burner element, the gas flow control system, or any combination thereof. [0146] (33) The heating system of any one of (30) to (32), wherein the control electronics are operably connected an on/off switch, a flame control knob, an emergency stop button, or any combination thereof. [0147] (34) The heating system of any one of (1) to (33), wherein the valve of the burner element is a solenoid valve and the nozzles sit atop the solenoid valve. [0148] (35) The heating system of any one of (1) to (34), comprising one, two, three, four, or more burner elements. [0149] (36) The heating system of any one of (1) to (35), wherein the hydrogen production unit is an electrolyser. [0150] (37) A heating device for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame, the heating device comprising the heating system of any one of (1) to (36) housed within an apparatus. [0151] (38) The heating device of (37), which is a portable stove, a cooktop stove, a hot water system, an ambient heater, a hot water boiler, an oven, a fireplace, a radiator, a floor heating system, or any combination thereof. [0152] (39) The heating device of (37) or (38), which is a portable camp stove. [0153] (40) A method for consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame, the method comprising the steps of: providing water to hydrogen production unit; applying an electric current to the hydrogen production unit to produce a gas comprising hydrogen from the water; storing the gas in-situ in a storage tank to buffer an internal pressure and an amount of the gas within the storage tank; delivering a portion of the stored gas from the storage tank to one or more burner elements, wherein the internal pressure and the amount of the gas within the storage tank provides a continuous feed of the gas to the one or more burner elements when in operation; and converting the gas into the low-or zero-emission flame through operation of the burner element. [0154] (41) The method of (40), wherein the step of applying the electric current to the hydrogen production unit to produce the gas from the water produces hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. [0155] (42) The method of (40) or (41), wherein the step of storing the gas in-situ in the storage tank to buffer the internal pressure and the amount of the gas within the storage tank, comprises: delivering the gas from the hydrogen production unit to a gas storage portion of the storage tank; and temporarily storing the gas within the gas storage portion to create the internal pressure and the amount of the gas. [0156] (43) The method of (42), wherein the step of providing the water to the hydrogen production unit comprises: storing the water in a water storage portion of the storage tank; and delivering the water from a water outlet of the storage tank to the hydrogen production unit. [0157] (44) The method of (43), wherein the storage tank is a combination tank, and the water storage portion is located below the gas storage portion. [0158] (45) The method of (44), wherein within the combination tank, the water storage portion and the gas storage portion form a single compartment where the gas and water are in contact. [0159] (46) The method of (45), wherein within the combination tank, there is no barrier separating the water storage portion and the gas storage portion or there is a barrier that comprises holes to permit interaction between the gas and water. [0160] (47) The method of any one of (44) to (46), wherein during operation of the method, the combination tank is sealed in an air-tight manner to form a vacuum. [0161] (48) The method of (47), wherein the internal pressure and the amount of the gas housed within the combination tank imparts a pressure on the water to force the water to an inlet of the hydrogen production unit. [0162] (49) The method of any one of (40) to (48), wherein the step of delivering the portion of the stored gas to the one or more burner elements comprises permitting travel of the stored gas through a gas outlet of the storage tank and through a conduit to the one or more burner elements. [0163] (50) The method of any one of (40) to (49), which is performed within a system or apparatus that is at near-vacuum. [0164] (51) The method of any one of (40) to (50), wherein the hydrogen production unit is an electrolyser. [0165] (52) The method of (51), further comprising a step of premixing the water with an electrolyte prior to providing the water to the electrolyser. [0166] (53) The method of (52), wherein the electrolyte comprises KOH. [0167] (54) The method of any one of (40) to (53), wherein the step of converting the gas into the low-or zero-emission flame is at a consistent output parameter. [0168] (55) The method of (54), wherein the consistent output parameter is a temperature, a BTU value, a flame size, a flame consistency, a color, a duration, a frequency, or a combination thereof. [0169] (56) The method of (54) or (55), wherein the consistent output parameter is a flame consistent in size and BTU value, without substantial flickering or sputtering. [0170] (57) The method of any one of (40) to (56), wherein each of the one or more burner elements comprise a nozzle, a valve, an ignitor, or any combination thereof. [0171] (58) The method of (57), wherein the nozzle comprises a configuration for consistent production of the low-or zero-emission flame. [0172] (59) The method of (58), wherein the configuration comprises a diameter, an internal geometry, a hole size, or any combination thereof. [0173] (60) The method of any one of (40) to (59), wherein one or more of the steps is controlled by control electronics. [0174] (61) The method of (60), wherein functioning of the control electronics is regulated by a user interaction with an on/off switch, a flame control knob, or any combination thereof. [0175] (62) A kit for assembling, modifying or retrofitting an apparatus to permit consistent production of a low-or zero-emission flame from an in-situ produced hydrogen-based fuel, the kit comprising: a hydrogen production unit for producing a gas comprising hydrogen from water; a storage apparatus for delivering the water to the hydrogen production unit, storing hydrogen from the hydrogen production unit, and buffering an internal pressure and an amount of the hydrogen; and one or more conduits for fluidly connecting a first portion of the storage apparatus to a water inlet of the electrolyser, fluidly connecting a gas outlet of the electrolyser to a second portion of the storage apparatus, and fluidly connecting the second portion of the storage apparatus to one or more burner elements. [0176] (63) The kit of (62), further comprising the one or more burner elements. [0177] (64) The kit of (62) or (63), wherein the hydrogen production unit is an electrolyser.

EXAMPLES

[0178] A portable camp stove comprising the heating system of the present disclosure was tested for its ability to produce a consistent low-or zero-emission flame using only water as the fuel. The portable camp stove was found to efficiently convert water into a gas comprising hydrogen. The in-situ produced hydrogen-fuel was successfully transferred and temporarily stored within the combined gas/water storage tank to buffer an internal pressure and amount of the gas. Buffering was achieved within seconds and a consistent flame was observed throughout the duration of the study.

[0179] When a pot containing 200 ml of water was placed on the portable camp stove, it was found that the water was brought to boil in about 160 seconds. The initial temperature of the water was 20 C. and the boiling occurred at around 100 C., as expected. The portable camp stove contained two burners, and each was measured to be outputting slightly over 408 W (total: 816 W). The battery power of the unit was about 1000 W, and therefore it was found that efficiency was around 82%.

[0180] In the present disclosure, all terms referred to in singular form are meant to encompass plural forms of the same. Likewise, all terms referred to in plural form are meant to encompass singular forms of the same. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0181] As used herein, the term about refers to an approximately +/10% variation from a given value. It is to be understood that such a variation is always included in any given value provided herein, whether or not it is specifically referred to.

[0182] It should be understood that the compositions and methods are described in terms of comprising, containing, or including various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also consist essentially of or consist of the various components and steps. Moreover, the indefinite articles a or an, as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces.

[0183] For the sake of brevity, only certain ranges are explicitly disclosed herein. However, ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, as well as, ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any other lower limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, in the same way, ranges from any upper limit may be combined with any other upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited. Additionally, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range are specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, from about a to about b, or, equivalently, from approximately a to b, or, equivalently, from approximately a-b) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values even if not explicitly recited. Thus, every point or individual value may serve as its own lower or upper limit combined with any other point or individual value or any other lower or upper limit, to recite a range not explicitly recited.

[0184] Therefore, the present disclosure is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Although individual embodiments are dis-cussed, the disclosure covers all combinations of all those embodiments. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent(s) or other documents that may be referenced herein, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted.

[0185] Many obvious variations of the embodiments set out herein will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the present disclosure. Such obvious variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.