CATHODE ACTIVE MATERIAL PARTICLES ENCAPSULATED IN PYROGENIC, NANOSTRUCTURED MAGNESIUM OXIDE, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME

Abstract

A Process for producing a coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide starts with dry mixing of a mixed lithium transition metal oxide and a pyrogenically produced, nanostructured magnesium oxide in a mixing unit having a specific electrical power of 0.05-1.5 KW per kg of the mixed lithium transition metal oxide. The coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide finds application as an active positive electrode material for a lithium-ion battery, and electric and/or electronic devices.

Claims

1. A process for producing a coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide, the process comprising; dry mixing a mixed lithium transition metal oxide and a pyrogenically produced, nanostructured magnesium oxide (MgO) in a mixing unit under shearing conditions, wherein the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide is in a form of particles, and the magnesium oxide has a BET surface area according to DIN 9277:2014 of 5-300 m.sup.2/g, a mono-modally and narrow particle size distribution with a mean aggregate diameter d.sub.50 of 5-150 nm, as determined by static light scattering (SLS) after 60 seconds of ultrasonic treatment at 25 C. of a mixture consisting of 5% by weight of the particles and 95% by weight of a 0.5 g/L solution of sodium pyrophosphate in water.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein (i) the pyrogenically produced, nanostructured magnesium oxide is surface treated to become hydrophobic by reacting the hydroxyl groups of the MgO with a silane to form OSiR groups prior to the dry mixing, and (ii) the mixing unit has a specific electrical power of 0.05-1.5 kW per kg of a mixed lithium transition metal oxide.

3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the mean aggregate diameter d.sub.50 is 10-120 nm, as determined by SLS after 60 seconds of ultrasonic treatment at 25 C. of a mixture consisting of 5% by weight of the particles and 95% by weight of a 0.5 g/L solution of sodium pyrophosphate in water.

4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the MgO is fully and homogeneously covered substantially around all the mixed lithium transition metal oxide particles. as determined by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) mapping of the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide.

5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the specific electrical power of the mixing unit is 0.1-1000 kW, a volume of the mixing unit is 0.1 L to 2.5 m.sup.3, and a speed of a mixing tool in the mixing unit is 5-30 m/s.

6. The process according to claim 1, wherein a span (d.sub.90-d.sub.10)/d.sub.50 of particles of the magnesium oxide is 0.4-1.2, as determined by SLS after 60 seconds of ultrasonic treatment at 25 C. of a mixture consisting of 5% by weight of the particles and 95% by weight of a 0.5 g/L solution of sodium pyrophosphate in water.

7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the mixed lithium transition metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of lithium-cobalt oxides, lithium-manganese oxides, lithium-nickel-cobalt oxides, lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxides, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxides, lithium-nickel-manganese oxides, and a mixture thereof.

8. The process according to claim 1, further comprising: subjecting the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide to a heat treatment following the dry mixing.

9. The process according to claim 1, wherein a proportion of the magnesium oxide in the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide is 0.05%-5% by weight, based on a total weight of the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide.

10. A coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide comprising: mixed lithium transition metal oxide particles selected from the group consisting of lithium-cobalt oxides, lithium-manganese oxides, lithium-nickel-cobalt oxides, lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxides, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminium oxides, lithium-nickel-manganese oxides, and a mixture thereof, and a coating of a pyrogenically produced, nanostructured magnesium oxide on a surface of the mixed lithium transition metal oxide particles, wherein the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide is in a form of particles, and the magnesium oxide has a BET surface area. DIN 9277:2014. of 5-300 m.sup.2/g (DIN 9277:2014), a mono-modally and narrow particle size distribution with a mean aggregate diameter d.sub.50 of 5-150 nm, as determined by static light scattering (SLS) after 60 seconds of ultrasonic treatment at 25 C. of a mixture consisting of 5% by weight of the particles and 95% by weight of a 0.5 g/L solution of sodium pyrophosphate in water.

11. The coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide of claim 10, wherein the MgO is fully and homogeneously covered substantially around all mixed lithium transition metal oxide particles, as determined by SEM-EDX mapping of the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide particles.

12. A coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide obtainable by the process according to claim 1

13. An active positive electrode material for a lithium-ion battery comprising the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide active according to claim 10.

14. A lithium-ion battery comprising the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 10.

15. An active positive electrode material for a lithium ion battery. the active positive electrode material comprising the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 10.

16. An apparatus, comprising: the lithium-ion battery of claim 14, wherein the apparatus is an electric device or an electronic device.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the apparatus is selected from the group consisting of a mobile phone, an electronic watch, a key fab, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a computer pad, a power tool, a vacuum cleaner, an electric lawn mower, an electric appliance, and an electric vehicle.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034] FIG. 1(a) shows the particle size distribution of a pyrogenically produced, nanostructured, hydrophilic magnesium oxide according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0035] FIG. 1(b) shows the particle size distribution of a conventional non-fumed magnesium oxide.

[0036] FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) shows the SEM-EDX mapping of fumed magnesium oxide (magnesia) coating additives on a NMC cathode active material. In FIG. 2(b) the magnesium oxide of FIG. 1(a) was used. In FIG. 2(b) the magnesium oxide of FIG. 1(a) was surface modified to become hydrophobic before applying it on the NMC cathode active material.

[0037] FIG. 2(c) shows the SEM-EDX mapping of the non-fumed magnesium oxide of FIG. 1(b) on the NMC cathode active material as a comparative example.

[0038] FIG. 3 shows a lithium-ion battery inside an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0039] According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method of producing encapsulated cathode active material particles in which lithium-mixed oxide particles, preferably a mixed lithium transition metal oxide, and fumed, nanostructured and surface modified magnesium oxide are mixed dry under shearing conditions. A second aspect of the invention relates to the fumed magnesium oxide coated cathode material, and a third aspect of the invention relates to a battery cell containing these encapsulated lithium-mixed oxide particles.

Process for Producing the Coated Lithium Transition Metal Oxide

[0040] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing a coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide, wherein a mixed lithium transition metal oxide and a pyrogenically produced, nanostructured magnesium oxide are subjected to dry mixing under shearing conditions.

[0041] The fumed, nanostructured magnesium oxide is preferably also surface modified to become hydrophobic prior to the dry mixing.

[0042] Dry mixing may be performed, for example, in a mixing unit having a specific electrical power of 0.05-1.5 k per kg of the mixed lithium transition metal oxide. Dry mixing is understood to mean that no liquid is added or used during the mixing process, that is e.g., substantially dry powders are mixed together. However, it is possible that there are trace amounts of moisture or some other than water liquids present in the mixed feedstocks or that these include crystallization water.

[0043] If the used specific electrical power is less than 0.05 kW per kg of the mixed lithium transition metal oxide, this gives an inhomogeneous distribution of the magnesium oxide on top of the lithium transition metal oxide, which may be not firmly bonded to the core material of the lithium transition metal oxide. A specific electrical power of more than 1.5 kW per kg of the mixed lithium transition metal oxide leads to poorer electrochemical properties. In addition, there is the risk that the coating will become brittle and prone to fracture. The nominal electrical power of the mixing unit can vary in a wide range, e.g., from 0.1 kW to 1000 kW. Thus, it is possible to use mixing units on the laboratory scale with a nominal power of 0.1-5 kW or mixing units for the production scale with a nominal electrical power of 10-1000 kW. The nominal electrical power is the nameplate, maximal absolute electrical power of the mixing unit.

[0044] The volume of the mixing unit may vary in a wide range. For example, the volume of the mixing unit may range from 0.1 L to 2.5 m.sup.3. For example, mixing units on a laboratory scale may have a volume of 0.1-10 L or mixing units for the production scale may have a volume of 0.1-2.5 m.sup.3.

[0045] Preferably, in the process according to the invention, forced action mixers are used in the form of intensive mixers with high-speed mixing tools. It has been found that a speed of the mixing tool of 5-30 m/s, more preferably of 10-25 m/s, gives the best results. Examples of commercially available mixing units which are suitable for the process of the invention include Henschel mixers and Eirich mixers. The Eirich mixers may be, for example, high intensity Eirich mixers.

[0046] The mixing time may vary and may be preferably from 0.1 to 120 minutes, more preferably from 0.2 to 60 minutes, and most preferably from 0.5 to 10 minutes.

[0047] The mixing may be followed by a thermal treatment of the mixture for improved binding of the coating to the mixed lithium transition metal oxide particles. However, this treatment is optional in the process according to the invention since in this process, the pyrogenically produced, nanostructured and surface modified magnesium oxide adheres with sufficient firmness to the mixed lithium transition metal oxide. A preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention may not include a thermal treatment after the mixing.

[0048] It has been found that the best results regarding the adhesion of the magnesium oxides to the mixed lithium transition metal oxide are obtained when the magnesium oxide has a BET surface area of 5 m.sup.2/g-300 m.sup.2/g, more preferably of 10 m.sup.2/g-200 m.sup.2/g and most preferably of 15-150 m.sup.2/g. The BET surface area can be determined according to DIN 9277:2014 by nitrogen adsorption according to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller procedure.

Pyrogenically Produced MgO

[0049] The magnesium oxide used in the process according to the invention is produced pyrogenically, i.e., by a pyrogenic method. A pyrogenic method is also referred to as a fumed method. Such pyrogenic or fumed method involves the reaction of the corresponding metal precursor in a flame hydrolysis or a flame oxidation in an oxyhydrogen flame to form the metal oxide.

[0050] A pyrogenically prepared, hydrophilic magnesium oxide is characterized by:

TABLE-US-00001 Surface area [m.sup.2/g] 50 to 350 Tamped density [g/L] 20 to 100 Drying loss [%] less than 5 Loss on ignition [%] 0.1 to 20

[0051] The terms pyrogenically produced or prepared, pyrogenic and fumed are used equivalently in the context of the present invention. The fumed magnesium oxides may be prepared by means of flame hydrolysis or flame oxidation. This involves oxidizing or hydrolyzing of hydrolysable or oxidizable starting materials, generally in a hydrogen/oxygen flame. Starting materials typically used for pyrogenic methods include organic or inorganic substances, such as metal chlorides.

[0052] Thus, the hydrophilic magnesium oxide according to the present invention can be prepared by means of flame spray pyrolysis, wherein at least one solution of metal precursors, comprising a magnesium salt, a solvent e.g., ethanol, methanol or water is subjected to flame spay pyrolysis.

[0053] During the flame spray pyrolysis process, the solution of metal compounds (metal precursors) in the form of fine droplets is typically introduced into a flame, which is formed by ignition of a fuel gas and an oxygen-containing gas, where the used metal precursors are oxidized and/or hydrolyzed to give the corresponding magnesium oxide.

This reaction initially forms highly disperse approximately spherical primary particles, which in the further course of the reaction coalesce to form aggregates. The aggregates can then accumulate into agglomerates. In contrast to the agglomerates, which as a rule can be separated into the aggregates relatively easily by introduction of energy, the aggregates are broken down further, if at all, only by intensive introduction of energy. Said metal oxide powder may be partially destructed and converted into nanometre (nm) range particles advantageous for the present invention by suitable grinding. The produced aggregated compound can be referred to as fumed or pyrogenically produced magnesium oxide.

[0054] The flame spray pyrolysis process is in general described in WO 2015173114 A1 and elsewhere.

[0055] The inventive flame spray pyrolysis process preferably comprises the following steps: [0056] a) the solution of metal precursors is atomized to afford an aerosol by means of an atomizer gas, [0057] b) the aerosol is brought to reaction in the reaction space of the reactor with a flame obtained by ignition of a mixture of fuel gas and an oxygen-containing gas to obtain a reaction stream, [0058] c) the reaction stream is cooled and [0059] d) the solid magnesium oxide is subsequently removed from the reaction stream.

[0060] Metal precursors employed in the inventive process include magnesium salts such as magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate or magnesium acetate.

[0061] The solvent of this solution can be all typical solvents such as water, ethanol, methanol and others.

[0062] The amount of metal precursors in the solution may range of from 5 to 80 wt. %, preferably of from 20 to 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the solution.

[0063] Examples of fuel gases are hydrogen, methane, ethane, natural gas and/or carbon monoxide. It is particularly preferable to employ hydrogen.

[0064] The oxygen-containing gas is generally air or oxygen-enriched air. An oxygen-containing

[0065] gas is employed in particular for embodiments where for example a high BET surface area of the magnesium oxide to be produced is desired. The total amount of oxygen is generally chosen such that, it is sufficient at least for complete conversion of the fuel gas and the metal precursors.

[0066] For obtaining the aerosol, the vaporized solution containing metal precursors can be mixed with an atomizer gas, such as nitrogen, air, and/or other gases. The resulting fine droplets of the aerosol preferably have an average droplet size of 1-120 m, particularly preferably of 30-100 m. The droplets are typically produced using single-or multi-material nozzles. To increase the solubility of the metal precursors and to attain a suitable viscosity for atomization of the solution, the solution may be heated.

[0067] The particle size of the magnesium oxides can be varied by means of the reaction conditions, such as, for example, flame temperature, hydrogen or oxygen proportion, magnesium salt quantity, residence time in the flame, or length of the coagulation zone.

[0068] The used metal oxide precursors may be atomized dissolved in water or an organic solvent. Suitable organic solvents include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, 2-propanone, 2-butanone, diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, C1-C8-carboxylic acids, ethyl acetate, toluene, petroleum and mixtures thereof.

[0069] Thus, the pyrogenically produced, nanostructured and, preferably, surface modified magnesium oxide used in the process according to the invention, is in the form of aggregated primary particles, preferably with a numerical mean aggregate diameter of 5-150 nm, more preferably 10-120 nm, even more preferably 20-100 nm, as determined by transition electron microscopy (TEM). This numerical mean diameter can be determined by calculating the average size of at least 500 particles analysed by TEM.

[0070] The mean diameter of the agglomerates is usually 1-2 m. These mean numerical values can be determined in a suitable dispersion, e.g., in an aqueous dispersion, by a static light scattering (SLS) method. The agglomerates and partly the aggregates can be destroyed e.g., by grinding or ultrasonic treatment of the particles to result in particles with a smaller particle size.

[0071] The mean aggregate diameter d.sub.50 of the metal oxide is 5-150 nm, more preferably 10-120 nm, even more preferably 20-100 nm, as determined by static light scattering (SLS) after 60 seconds of ultrasonic treatment at 25 C. of a mixture consisting of 5% by weight of the particles and 95% by weight of a 0.5 g/L solution of sodium pyrophosphate in water.

[0072] Thus, the pyrogenically produced, nanostructured and preferably surface modified magnesium oxide used in the process of the present invention is preferably characterized by high dispersibility, that is, the ability to form relatively small particles under mild ultrasonic treatment. It is believed, that dispersion under such mild conditions correlates with the conditions during the dry coating process. That means, the agglomerates of the magnesium oxide are destroyed in the mixing process of the present invention in a similar way as under the ultrasonic treatment and are able to form a homogeneous coating of the cathode active material particles. The span (d.sub.90-d.sub.10)/d.sub.50of particles of the magnesium oxide and/or of the mixed oxide comprising magnesium is preferably 0.4-1.2, more preferably 0.5-1.1, and even more preferably 0.6-1.0, as determined by static light scattering (SLS) after 60 s of ultrasonic treatment at 25 C. of a mixture consisting of 5% by weight of the particles and 95% by weight of a 0.5 g/L solution of sodium pyrophosphate in water.

[0073] Thus, the pyrogenically produced, nanostructured and surface modified magnesium oxide used in the process of the present invention is preferably characterized by a relatively narrow particle size distribution. This helps to achieve a high-quality magnesium oxide coating on the surface of the transition metal oxide.

[0074] The d values d.sub.10, d.sub.50 and d.sub.90 are commonly used for characterizing the cumulative particle diameter distribution of a given sample. For example, the d.sub.10 diameter is the diameter at which 10% of a sample's volume is comprised of smaller than d.sub.10 particles, the d.sub.50 is the diameter at which 50% of a sample's volume is comprised of smaller than d.sub.50 particles. The d.sub.50 is also known as the volume median diameter as it divides the sample equally by volume; the d.sub.90 is the diameter at which 90% of a sample's volume is comprised of smaller than d.sub.90 particles.

Surface Treatment of the Pyrogenically Produced MgO.

[0075] The pyrogenically produced MgO without any further surface treatment is hydrophilic because it is naturally covered with hydroxyl (OH) groups. Through surface modification of the pyrogenically produced MgO, hydrophobic MgO is also produced. For example, hydrophobization of the MgO may be performed by reacting the hydroxyl groups with a silane to form OSiR groups. Thus, preferably, the MgO is surface modified, meaning that the surface of the MgO is at least partially covered by silanes.

[0076] The pyrogenically produced MgO may be used in its hydrophilic and hydrophobic forms. The use of the hydrophilic MgO does not require any further treatment after synthesis by the pyrogenic process. However, after synthesis by the pyrogenic process, by further treatment with a hydrophobic reagent, such as, for example, silanes, the MgO particles can become hydrophobic. For example, in an embodiment, an octyl silane is covalently bound to the surface of the MgO particles. Both the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic forms of the fumed, nanostructured MgO may be used effectively as coatings using the process of the present invention via dry mixing with the substrate active cathode material. The fumed, nanostructured and surface modified MgO is preferred because it shows more homogeneous coverage of the substrate active cathode material.

[0077] In an embodiment, a pyrogenically prepared, surface modified magnesium oxide, is produced which is characterized by:

TABLE-US-00002 Surface area [m.sup.2/g] 50 to 350 Tamped density [g/L] 20 to 100 Drying loss [%] less than 5 Loss on ignition [%] 0.1 to 20

[0078] Accordingly, the pyrogenically prepared magnesium oxide is sprayed with a surface modifying agent at room temperature and the mixture is subsequently treated thermally at a temperature of 50 to 300 C., preferably 80-180 C., over a period of 0.5 to 3 hours (h).

[0079] In an alternative embodiment, surface modification of the pyrogenically prepared magnesium oxide can be carried out by treating the pyrogenic magnesium oxide with a surface modifying agent in vapor form and subsequently treating the mixture thermally at a temperature of 50 to 800 C. over a period of 0.5 to 6 h.

[0080] An alternative method for surface modification of the pyrogenically prepared magnesium oxide can be carried out by treating the pyrogenic magnesium oxide with a surface modifying agent in vapor form and subsequently treating the mixture thermally at a temperature of 50 to 800 C. over a period of 0.5 to 6 h.

[0081] The thermal treatment can be conducted under protective gas, such as, for example, nitrogen. The surface treatment can be carried out in heatable mixers and dryers with spraying devices, either continuously or batchwise. Suitable devices can be, for example, plowshare mixers or plate, cyclone, or fluidized bed dryers.

[0082] The present invention has the advantage that commercially available silanes can be used to modify magnesium oxide and thus individually adapt the properties of magnesium oxide, depending on the desired properties and intended purposes.

[0083] As surface modifying agent, it is possible to employ the following compounds and mixtures of the following compounds: [0084] a) Organosilanes of the type (RO).sub.3Si(C.sub.nH.sub.2n+1) and (RO).sub.3Si(C.sub.nH.sub.2n1), wherein R=alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, n propyl, i-propyl, butyl, and n=1-20 [0085] b) Organosilanes of the type R.sub.x(RO).sub.ySi(C.sub.nH.sub.2n+1) and R.sub.x(RO).sub.ySi(C.sub.nH.sub.2n1) wherein
R=alkyl, such as, for example, methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, i-propyl-, butyl-
R=alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, butyl
R=cycloalkyl

[00001]$n=1-20$$x+y=3$$x=1,2,\mathrm{and}$$y=1,2$ [0086] c) Halogen organosilanes of the type X.sub.3Si(C.sub.nH.sub.2n+1) and X.sub.3Si(C.sub.nH.sub.2n1), wherein

[00002]$\begin{array}{c}X=Cl,\mathrm{Br}\\ n=1-20\end{array}$ [0087] d) Halogen organosilanes of the type X.sub.2(R)Si(C.sub.nH.sub.2n+1) and X.sub.2(R)Si(C.sub.nH.sub.2n1), wherein

[00003]$X=Cl,\mathrm{Br}$

R=alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, butyl
R=cycloalkyl

[00004]$n=1-20$ [0088] e) Halogen organosilanes of the type X(R).sub.2Si(C.sub.nH.sub.2n+1) and X(R).sub.2Si(C.sub.nH.sub.2n-1), wherein

[00005]$X=Cl,\mathrm{Br}$

R=alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, butyl
R=cycloalkyl

[00006]$n=1-20$ [0089] f) Organosilanes of the type (RO).sub.3Si(CH.sub.2).sub.m-R
R=alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl

[00007]$m=0.1-20$

R=methyl-, aryl (for example, C.sub.6H.sub.5, substituted phenyl residues), C.sub.4F.sub.9, OCF.sub.2CHFCF.sub.3, C.sub.6F.sub.13, OCF.sub.2CHF.sub.2, NH.sub.2, N3, SCN, CHCH.sub.2, NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, OOC(CH.sub.3)CCH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2CH(O)CH.sub.2, NHCONCO(CH.sub.2).sub.5, NHCOOCH.sub.13, NHCOOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, S.sub.x(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, SH, NRRR wherein
R=alkyl, aryl;
R=H, alkyl, aryl;
R=H, alkyl, aryl, benzyl, C.sub.2H.sub.4NRR with R=H, alkyl and
R=H, alkyl [0090] g) Organosilanes of the type (R).sub.x(RO).sub.ySi(CH.sub.2)m-R
R =alkyl

[00008]$\begin{array}{c}x+y=2=\mathrm{cycloalkyl}x=1.2\\ y=1.2\\ m=0.1\mathrm{to}20\end{array}$

R=methyl-, aryl (for example, C.sub.6H.sub.5, substituted phenyl residues), C.sub.4F.sub.9, OCF.sub.2CHFCF.sub.3, C.sub.6F.sub.13, OCF.sub.2CHF.sub.2, NH.sub.2, N.sub.3, SCN, CHCH.sub.2, NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2) OOC(CH.sub.3)CCH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2CH(O)CH.sub.2, NHCONCO(CH.sub.2).sub.5, NHCOOCH.sub.3, NHCOOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, S.sub.x(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, SH, NRRR wherein
R=alkyl, aryl;
R=H, alkyl, aryl;
R=H, alkyl, aryl, benzyl, C.sub.2H.sub.4NRR with R=H, alkyl and
RH, alkyl [0091] h) Halogen organosilanes of the type X.sub.3Si(CH.sub.2)m-R

[00009]$\begin{array}{c}X=Cl,\mathrm{Br}\\ m=0.1-20\end{array}$

R=methyl-, aryl (for example, C.sub.6H.sub.5, substituted phenyl residues), C.sub.4F.sub.9, OCF.sub.2CHFCF.sub.3, C.sub.6F.sub.13, OCF.sub.2CHF.sub.2, NH.sub.2, N.sub.3, SCN, CHCH.sub.2, NHCH.sub.2-CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2) OOC(CH.sub.3)CCH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2CH(O)CH.sub.2, NHCONCO(CH.sub.2).sub.5, NHCOOCH.sub.3, NHCOOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, S.sub.x(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, SH [0092] i) Halogen organosilanes of the type (R)X2Si(CH2)m-R

[00010]$X=Cl,\mathrm{Br}$

R=alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl

[00011]$m=0.1-20$

R=methyl-, aryl (for example, C.sub.6H.sub.5, substituted phenyl residues), C.sub.4F.sub.9, OCF.sub.2CHFCF.sub.3, C.sub.6F.sub.13, OCF.sub.2CHF.sub.2, NH.sub.2, N.sub.3, SCN, CHCH.sub.2, NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2) OOC(CH.sub.3)C=CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2CH(O)CH.sub.2, NHCONCO(CH.sub.2).sub.5, NHCOOCH.sub.3, NHCOOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, S.sub.x(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, SH [0093] j) Halogen organosilanes of the type (R)2XSi(CH2)m-R

[00012]$X=Cl,\mathrm{Br}$

R=alkyl

[00013]$m=0.1-20$

R=methyl-, aryl (for example, C.sub.6H.sub.5, substituted phenyl residues), C.sub.4F.sub.9, OCF.sub.2CHFCF.sub.3, C.sub.6F.sub.13, OCF.sub.2CHF.sub.2, NH.sub.2, N.sub.3, SCN, CHCH.sub.2, NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2) OOC(CH.sub.3)C=CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2CH(O)CH.sub.2, NHCONCO(CH.sub.2).sub.5, NHCOOCH.sub.3, NHCOOCH.sub.2CH.sub.3, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, S.sub.x(CH.sub.2).sub.3Si(OR).sub.3, SH

[0094] Preferably, as surface modifying agent, the following silanes are employed, either individually or in a mixture: dimethyldichlorosilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, oxtyltriethoxysilane, hexamethyldisilazane, 3 methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3 methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, hexadecyltrimethoxysilane, hexadecyltriethoxysilane, dimethylpolysiloxane, glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane, nanofluorohexyltrimethoxysilane, tridecafluorooctyltrimethoxysilane, tridecafluorooctyltriethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Especially preferably, octyltrimethoxysilane and octyltriethoxysilane can be employed.

[0095] Through surface modification of the pyrogenically produced MgO, hydrophobic MgO is also produced. The pyrogenically produced MgO may be used in its hydrophilic and hydrophobic forms. The use of the hydrophilic MgO does not require any further treatment by any hydrophobic reagents, such as silanes, after their synthesis by a pyrogenic process. However, further treatment with a hydrophobic reagent, such as silanes, after their synthesis by a pyrogenic process the MgO particles can become hydrophobic. Both the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic forms of the fumed, nanostructured MgO may be used effectively as coatings using the process of the present invention via dry mixing with the substrate active cathode material. The fumed, nanostructured and surface modified MgO is preferred because it shows more homogeneous coverage of the substrate active cathode material.

[0096] The MgO particles produced via the pyrogenic process usually have a purity of at least 96% by weight, preferably at least 98% by weight, more preferably at least 99% by weight. The magnesium oxide used in the inventive process preferably contains the elements Cd, Ce, Fe, Na, Nb, P in proportions of<10 ppm and the elements Ba, Bi, Cr, K, Mn, Sb in proportions of<5 ppm, where the sum of the proportions of all of these elements is<100 ppm. The proportion of carbon in hydrophilic, non surface-modified metal oxides is preferably less than 0.2% by weight, more preferably 0.005%-0.2% by weight, even more preferably 0.01%-0.1% by weight, based on the mass of the metal oxide powder.

Active Cathode Material

[0097] The term transition metal in the context of the present invention comprises the following elements: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au. Preferably, the transition metal is chosen from the group consisting of nickel, manganese, cobalt, and a mixture thereof.

[0098] The mixed lithium transition metal oxide used with preference in the process according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of lithium-cobalt oxides, lithium-manganese oxides, lithium-nickel-cobalt oxides, lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxides, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminium oxides, lithium-nickel-manganese oxides, and a mixture thereof.

[0099] The mixed lithium transition metal oxide preferably has a general formula LiMO.sub.2, wherein M is at least one transition metal selected from nickel, cobalt, manganese; more preferably M=Co or Ni.sub.xMn.sub.yCo.sub.z, wherein 0.3x0.9, 0y0.45, 0z0.4; most preferably M is Ni.sub.xMn.sub.yCo.sub.z, wherein 0.3x0.9, 0y0.45, 0z0.4.

[0100] The mixed lithium transition metal oxide of the general formula LiMO.sub.2 can be further doped with at least one other metal oxide, particularly with aluminium oxide and/or magnesium oxide.

[0101] The coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide preferably has a numerical mean particle diameter of 2-20 m. A numerical mean particle diameter can be determined according to ISO 13320:2009 by laser diffraction particle size analysis.

[0102] The proportion of the magnesium oxide in the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide is preferably 0.05%-5% by weight, more preferably 0.1%-2% by weight, based on the total weight of the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide. If the proportion of the magnesium oxide is less than 0.05% by weight, no beneficial effect of the coating can usually be observed yet. In the case of more than 5% by weight thereof, no beneficial effect of the additional quantity of the magnesium coating of more than 5% by weight is usually observed.

[0103] The coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide preferably has a coating layer thickness of 10-200 nm, as determined by TEM analysis.

[0104] The present invention further provides a coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide obtainable by the process according to the invention. The invention further provides a coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide containing a pyrogenically produced, nanostructured and surface modified magnesium oxide coating on the surface of the mixed lithium transition metal oxide.

[0105] The further preferred features of the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide, of the pyrogenically produced, nanostructured and surface modified magnesium oxide described above in the preferred embodiments of the process according to the present invention are also the preferred features of the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide, the pyrogenically produced, nanostructured and surface modified magnesium oxide, in respect to the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide according to the present invention, independent on whether it is produced by the inventive process or not.

[0106] The invention further provides an active positive electrode material for a lithium-ion battery comprising the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide according to the invention or the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide obtainable by the process according to the invention.

[0107] The positive electrode, cathode, of the lithium-ion battery usually includes a current collector and an active cathode material layer formed over or on the current collector. The current collector may be an aluminium foil, copper foil, a nickel foil, a stainless-steel foil, a titanium foil, a polymer substrate coated with a conductive metal, or a combination thereof.

[0108] The active positive electrode materials which are coated with the pyrogenically produced, nanostructured, and preferably surface modified MgO may include any suitable materials capable of reversible intercalating/deintercalating lithium ions. Such materials are well known in the art. Such active cathode material may include, for example, transition metal oxides, such as mixed oxides comprising Ni, Co, Mn, V or other transition metals and optionally lithium. Especially preferred are the mixed lithium transition metal oxides comprising nickel, manganese and cobalt (NMC).

[0109] The invention also provides a lithium-ion battery comprising the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide or the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide obtainable by the process according to the invention.

[0110] The lithium-ion battery of the invention, apart from the cathode, may also comprise an anode, optionally a separator and an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt or a lithium compound.

[0111] The anode of the lithium-ion battery may comprise any suitable material, commonly used in the secondary lithium-ion batteries, capable of reversible intercalating/deintercalating lithium ions. Typical examples thereof are carbonaceous materials including crystalline carbon such as natural or artificial graphite in the form of plate-like, flake, spherical or fibrous type graphite; amorphous carbon, such as soft carbon, hard carbon, mesophase pitch carbide, fired coke and the like, or mixtures thereof. In addition, lithium metal or conversion materials (e.g., Si or Sn), silicon oxide, and mixtures or composites of silicon, silicon oxide and carbon can be used as anode active materials.

[0112] The electrolyte of the lithium-ion battery can be in the liquid, gel or solid form. The liquid electrolyte of the lithium-ion battery may comprise any suitable organic solvent commonly used in the lithium-ion batteries, such as anhydrous ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), propylene carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, gamma butyrolactone, dimethoxyethane, fluoroethylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, and a mixture thereof

[0113] The gel electrolytes include gelled polymers. Any suitable gelled polymers may be used.

[0114] The solid electrolyte of the lithium-ion battery may comprise oxides, e.g., lithium metal oxides, sulfides, phosphates, or solid polymers.

[0115] The electrolyte of the lithium-ion battery can contain a lithium salt. Examples of such lithium salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF.sub.6), lithium bis 2-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI), lithium perchlorate (LiCIO.sub.4), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF.sub.4), Li.sub.2SiF.sub.6, lithium triflate, LIN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2 and mixtures thereof.

[0116] The invention further provides use of the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide in an active positive electrode material of a lithium-ion battery.

[0117] Even without further explanations, it is assumed that a person skilled in the art can fully use the above description. The preferred embodiments and examples are therefore to be understood only as a descriptive, by no means as a limiting in any way.

[0118] In the following, the present invention is explained in more detail using examples. Alternative embodiments of the present invention are available in an analogous manner.

EXAMPLES

Determination of the Physical-Chemical Characteristic Data

[0119] In the context of the present invention the following measurement methods for evaluating the characteristics for the different materials were used:

[0120] A) BET surface area: [0121] The BET surface area is determined in accordance with DIN 9277:2014 with nitrogen.

[0122] B) Tamped density: [0123] Determination of the tamped density in adaptation of DIN ISO 787/XI, [0124] Fundamentals of the tamped density determination: [0125] The tamped density (formerly the tamped volume) is equal to the quotient of the mass and the volume of a powder after tamping in the tamping volumeter under predetermined conditions. In accordance with DIN ISO 787/XI, the tamped density is given in g/cm.sup.3. Because of the very low tamped density of the oxides, however, the value is given in g/L by us. Furthermore, the drying and sieving as well as the repetition of the tamping operation is dispensed with.

[0126] Apparatus for tamped density determination: [0127] Tamping volumeter [0128] Volumetric cylinder [0129] Laboratory scale (Reading to 0.01 g)

[0130] Carrying out the tamped density determination: [0131] 20010 mL of oxide is filled into the volumetric cylinder of the tamping volumeter in such a way that no pores remain, and the surface is level. The mass of the filled sample is determined precisely to 0.01 g. The volumetric cylinder with the sample is placed in the volumetric cylinder holder of the tamping volumeter and tamped 1250 times. The volume of the tamped oxide is read off 1 time exactly.
Evaluation of the tamped density determination

[00014]$\mathrm{Tamped}\mathrm{density}\left(\frac{g}{L}\right)=\frac{g\mathrm{weighed}\mathrm{quantity}}{\mathrm{mL}\mathrm{volume}\mathrm{read}\mathrm{off}}1000$

[0132] C) pH value: [0133] The pH value is determined in 4% aqueous dispersion for hydrophobic oxides in Water:methanol (1:1). [0134] Reagents for the pH value determination: [0135] Distilled or completely deionized water, pH>5.5 [0136] Methanol, p.a. [0137] Buffer solutions pH 7.00 pH 4.66 [0138] Apparatus for pH value determination: [0139] Laboratory scale, (Reading to 0.1 g) [0140] Glass beaker, 250 mL [0141] Magnetic stirrer [0142] Magnetic rod, length 4 cm [0143] Combined pH electrodes [0144] pH measuring apparatus [0145] Dispensers, 100 ml

[0146] Working procedure for the determination of the pH value: [0147] The determination is conducted in adaptation of DIN/ISO 787/IX: [0148] Calibration: Prior to the pH value determination, the measuring apparatus is calibrated with the buffer solutions. If several measurements are carried out in succession, a single calibration suffices. [0149] 4 g of hydrophilic oxide is stirred into a paste in a 250 ml glass beaker with 96 g (96 mL) of water by use of a dispenser and stirred for five minutes with a magnetic stirrer while the pH electrode is immersed (rpm approx. 1000 min.sup.1).

[0150] 4 g of hydrophobic oxide is stirred into a paste in a 250 mL glass beaker with 48 g (61 mL) of methanol and the suspension is diluted with 48 g (48 mL) of water and stirred for five minutes with a magnetic stirrer while the pH electrode is immersed (rpm approx. 1000 min.sup.1). After the stirrer has been switched off, the pH is read off after a standing time of one minute. The result is given to within one decimal place.

[0151] D) Drying loss

In contrast to the weighed quantity of 10 g mentioned in DIN ISO 787 II, a weighed quantity of 1 g is used for the drying loss determination.
The cover is put in place prior to cooling. A second drying is not conducted.
Approximately 1 g of the sample is weighed precisely to 0.1 mg into a weighing dish with a ground cover that has been dried at 105 C., the formation of dust being avoided, and dried for two hours in the drying cabinet at 105 C. After cooling in a desiccator with its cover still on, the sample is reweighed under blue gel.

[00015]$\%\mathrm{Drying}\mathrm{loss}\mathrm{at}105C.=\frac{g\mathrm{weight}\mathrm{loss}}{g\mathrm{weighed}\mathrm{quantity}}100$ [0152] The result is given to within one decimal place.

[0153] E) Loss on ignition [0154] Apparatus for the determination of the loss on ignition: [0155] Porcelain crucible with crucible cover [0156] Muffle furnace [0157] Analysis scale (Reading to 0.1 mg) [0158] Desiccator [0159] Carrying out the Loss on Ignition:

[0160] In departure from DIN 55 921, 0.3-1 g of the undried substance is weighed to precisely 0.1 mg into a porcelain crucible with a crucible cover, which have been heated red hot beforehand, and heated red hot for 2 hours at 1000 C. in a muffle furnace. The formation of dust is to be carefully avoided. It has proven advantageous to place the weighed samples into the muffle furnace while the latter are still cold. Slow heating of the furnace prevents the creation of stronger air turbulence in the porcelain crucible. After 1000 C. has been reached, red-hot heating is continued for a further 2 hours. Subsequently, a crucible cover is put in place and the weight loss of the crucible is determined in a desiccator over blue gel.

[0161] Evaluation of the determination of the loss on ignition

Because the loss on ignition is determined relative to the sample dried for 2 h at 105 C., the following calculation formula results:

[00016]$\%\mathrm{Loss}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{ignition}=\frac{m0*\frac{100-TV}{100}-m_1}{m0*\frac{100-TV}{100}}*100$

m0 =weighed quantity (g)
TV =drying loss (%)
m1=weight of the sample after being heated red hot(g)
The result is given to within one decimal place.

[0162] F) Carbon content

The carbon content is determined by elemental analysis using a LECO C744 instrument. The measurement principle is based on oxidizing the carbon in the sample to CO.sub.2, which is then quantified by infrared detectors.

[0163] G) SEM Measurements

[0164] The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was conducted with a SEM. For the EDX mapping a representative area of the sample was used at a magnification of 1000, the image width was 20481536 pixel (120 m90,1 m) resulting in a pixel resolution of 0.059 m. The mapping was recorded with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV. Subsequent to the measurement the elements present in the sample were determined using the sum-spectrum of the mapping. The threshold for image analysis was adjusted according to the semi-quantitative mass %-values of the respective element.

Preparation of Magnesium Oxide:

Example 1: Preparation of the Pyrogenically Prepared Magnesium Oxide

[0165] 1,89 Kilogram of an aqueous solution containing 1000 g of Mg (CH.sub.3COO).sub.2*4H.sub.2O was prepared. An aerosol of 2.5 kg/h of this dispersion and 15 Nm.sup.3/h of air was formed via a two-component nozzle and sprayed into a tubular reaction with a burning flame. The burning gases of the flame consisted of 8 Nm.sup.3/h of hydrogen and 30 Nm.sup.3/h of air. Additionally, 25 Nm.sup.3/h of secondary air was used. After the reactor the reaction gases were cooled down and filtered.

[0166] The particle properties are shown in Table 1, the TEM image of the particles is shown in FIG. 1 and the XRD analysis (FIG. 2) showed, that the major phase of the product was cubic magnesium oxide.

[0167] The high surface area, pyrogenically prepared hydrophilic magnesium oxide that forms has the physical-chemical characteristic data shown in Table I.

Example 2: Preparation of Surface-Modified Magnesium Oxide

[0168] 300 g of pyrogenically prepared magnesium oxide (example 1) are placed in a mixer and sprayed with 72 g octyltrimethoxysilane. After the spraying of the silane on the powder is finished, mixing is continued for additional 5 min. Then tempering of the wetted powder is carried out for 3 h at 130 C. in an oven. The surface modified magnesium oxide that forms has the physical-chemical characteristic data shown in Table I.

[0169] The hydrophilic and surface modified magnesium oxides have the physical-chemical characteristic data shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1 Properties Properties Example 1 Example 2 BET [m.sup.2/g] 240 225 Tamped Density [g/L] 56 78 pH value 10.5 10.2 Drying loss [%] 0.5 0.6 Loss on ignition [%] 12.2 17.6 Carbon content [%] 0.0 9.7

Starting Materials

Dry Coating Additives:

[0170] The materials described above in examples 1 and 2 were used, i.e., the fumed magnesium oxide of Example 1 with a BET surface area of 250 m.sup.2/g and the fumed hydrophobic magnesium oxide of Example 2 with a BET surface area of 230 m.sup.2/g, Evonik Operations GmbH. The fumed hydrophobic magnesium oxide of Example 2 was made hydrophobic by subjecting it to hydrophobization treatment following the pyrogenic formation process as described above. Non-fumed magnesium oxide with BET surface area of 65 m.sup.2/g, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany was also used as a comparative example. The non-fumed magnesium oxide is not nanostructured, it is a milled material with isolated, non-aggregated particles.

[0171] Cathode active material: Commercial mixed lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide powder NMC 7 1.5 1.5 powder (type PLB-H7) with a BET surface area of 0.5 m.sup.2/g, a medium particle diameter d.sub.50=10.62 m (determined by static laser scattering method) supplied by Linyi Gelon LIB Co.

Example 3

[0172] The NMC-powder (PLB-H7) in an amount of 217,8 g was mixed with 2,2 g (1.0 wt. %) of the fumed, nanostructured MgO of Example 1 powder in a high intensity laboratory mixer (Somakon mixer MP-GL with a 0.5 L mixing unit) at first for 1 min at 100 rpm (specific electrical power: 800 W/kg NMC). For homogenization of the two powders, the speed was increased step by step from the 1 min at 100 rpm to another 1 min at 200 rpm, and then another 1 min at 500 rpm. After homogenization, the mixing speed was further increased to 2000 rpm (specific electrical power: 800 W/kg NMC, tip-speed of the mixing tool in the mixing unit: 10 m/s) and the mixing was continued for 5 min to achieve the dry coating of the NMC particles with the MgO. The coated NMC particles showed a MgO-coating layer thickness of 10-200 nm, as determined by TEM analysis.

[0173] Example 4

[0174] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated exactly with the only difference, that the surface modified MgO of Example 2 was used instead of the MgO of Example 1. The coated NMC particles showed a MgO-coating layer thickness of 10-200 nm, as determined by TEM analysis.

Comparative Example 5

[0175] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated exactly with the only difference, that the non-fumed magnesium oxide with BET surface area of 65 m.sub.2/g, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich powder was used instead of the fumed MgO of Example 1.

[0176] Homogenously coated cathode active material particles are achieved when using fumed magnesium oxide as coating additive with a coating layer thickness of 20-200 nm on top of the cathode active material particles.

[0177] The particle size distribution for the hydrophilic magnesium oxides was measured to visualize the dispersibility behaviour during applying shear forces to the magnesia agglomerates.

[0178] FIG. 1(a) shows the particle size distribution of the fumed MgO of Example 1 and FIG. 1(b) shows the particle size distribution of the non-fumed magnesium oxide used in Example 5, analysed by a laser diffraction particle size analyser. The x axis in FIG. 1 shows the diameter of the particles, the left y axis shows volume in % (q %), and the right y axis shows cumulative volume in (Q %).

[0179] The samples were dispersed in distilled water and treated for 15 minutes in an external ultrasonic bath (160W). For the MgO of Example 1, an almost mono-modally and very narrow particle size distribution was detected with small aggregate sizes of D10=58 nm, D50=78 nm, D90 =147 nm. In the case of the non-fumed magnesium oxide, a slightly broader particle size distribution was detected with much larger agglomerate sizes of D10=2680 nm, D50=4080 nm, D90 =5950 nm, clearly revealing the presence of non-dispersed particles.

Analysis of MgO Coated Mixed Lithium Transition Metal Oxides by SEM-EDX

[0180] FIGS. 2a, 2b, and 2c show the SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray) mapping of the different magnesia coating additives on the NMC cathode active material PLB-H7 (a: fumed hydrophobic MgO of Example 2, b: fumed MgO Example 1, c: non-fumed magnesium oxide). The mappings of NMC coated by fumed magnesia (a) and (b) show a fully and homogeneous coverage of MgO around all cathode particles. No or only very few larger magnesium oxide agglomerates were detected, showing that the dispersion of nanostructured fumed magnesia was successful. Additionally, almost no unattached MgO particles next to the cathode particles were found, indicating the strong interaction of the high surface area fumed magnesium oxide particles with the cathode active material particle surface and therefore an excellent adhesion between coating layer and substrate.

[0181] In contrast, by using coarser magnesia particles (non-fumed magnesium oxide) as coating for cathode materials (c), almost no coating layer on the surface of the cathode active material particles can be found. Instead, larger, non-dispersed and therefore unattached MgO particles are located next to the cathode particles, indicating the very poor dispersibility behaviour of the non-fumed magnesium oxide during the dry coating process, finally leading to the presence of non-coated cathode active material particles.

[0182] Hence, NMC mixed oxide dry coated with fumed MgO, shows a full and homogeneous coverage of all NMC particles with MgO. No larger MgO agglomerates were detected, showing a good dispersibility of nanostructured fumed MgO. Additionally, no free unattached MgO-particles next to the NMC particles were found, indicating the strong adhesion between coating and the substrate (NMC). In contrast, FIG. 2(c) shows that for the non-fumed MgO only the fine particles of nano MgO are attached to the surface of the NMC particles. The larger MgO-particles are non-dispersed and are therefore unattached, located next to the NMC particles. As a result, the NMC particles are not fully covered by magnesium oxide.

[0183] FIG. 3 shows a lithium-ion battery generally designated with numeral 10 inside an apparatus 100 powered by the lithium-ion battery 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus may be any electronic device such as, for example, a mobile phone, an electronic watch, a key fab, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a computer pad and the like. The apparatus may also be an electrical apparatus such as a power tool, a vacuum cleaner, an electrical lawn mower, an electrical appliance, and the like. The lithium-ion battery 10 may be packaged in modules, each module having a plurality of lithium batteries 10, and used to power electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles. The lithium-ion battery 10 comprises negative and positive current collectors 14, and 12, a cathode 18 adjacent to the positive current collector 12, and anode 16 adjacent to the negative current collector 14, an electrolyte 20 and a separator 22 disposed between the anode 16 and cathode 18. The cathode 18 comprises a coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide as the active cathode material and is characterized in that the coated mixed lithium transition metal oxide is obtained by subjecting a mixed lithium transition metal oxide and a pyrogenically produced, nanostructured magnesium oxide to dry mixing by means of a mixing unit as described above.

[0184] Although the present invention has been described in reference to specific examples it should be understood that the invention is not limited to these examples only and many variations thereof will fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.

TABLE-US-00004 List of Reference Numerals 10 battery cell 100 apparatus powered by battery cell 12 positive current collector 14 negative current collector 16 anode 18 cathode 20 electrolyte 22 separator