Nanocomposite for the immobilization or degradation of pollutants

Abstract

A particulate nanocomposite material comprising, as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD): elemental carbon (C); an orthorhombic magnesium iron borate (MgFe(BO.sub.3)O) crystalline phase; an orthorhombic calcium diborate (CaB.sub.2O.sub.4) crystalline phase; and, a monoclinic magnesium diborate (Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5) crystalline phase. The nanocomposite is further characterized in that, based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material and as determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), the atomic concentration of carbon (C) is from about 0.1 atomic percent (atom %) to 5 atom %, the atomic concentration of calcium (Ca) is from about 5 to 15 atom %, the atomic concentration of boron (B) is from about 1 to 10 atom %, the atomic concentration of iron (Fe) is from about 5 to 15 atom %, and the atomic concentration of magnesium (Mg) is from about 5 to 15 atom %.

Claims

1. A particulate nanocomposite material comprising, as determined by X-ray diffraction: carbon; an orthorhombic MgFe(BO.sub.3)O crystalline phase; an orthorhombic CaB.sub.2O.sub.4 crystalline phase, a monoclinic Mg.sub.2B.sub.205 crystalline phase; and, wherein, based on the total number of atoms in the nanocomposite material and as determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX): the atomic concentration of carbon (C) is from about 0.1 to about 5 atom %; the atomic concentration of calcium (Ca) is from about 5 to about 15 atom %; the atomic concentration of boron (B) is from about 1 to about 10 atom %; the atomic concentration of iron (Fe) is from about 5 to about 15 atom %; and, the atomic concentration of magnesium (Mg) is from about 5 to about 15 atom %.

2. The particulate nanocomposite material according to claim 1, wherein, based on the total number of atoms in the nanocomposite material: the atomic concentration of carbon (C) is from about 0.5 to about 3 atom %; the atomic concentration of calcium (Ca) is from about 9 to about 12 atom %; the atomic concentration of boron (B) is from about 3 to about 6 atom %; the atomic concentration of iron (Fe) is from about 6 to about 12 atom %; and, the atomic concentration of magnesium (Mg) is from about 9 to about 12 atom %.

3. The particulate nanocomposite material according to claim 1 having a volume average crystallite size, as determined by X-ray diffraction, of from about 55 to about 65 nm.

4. The particulate nanocomposite material according to claim 1 having a volume average crystallite size, as determined by X-ray diffraction, of from about 58 to about 62 nm.

5. The particulate nanocomposite material according to claim 1 comprising particles having a smooth, platy matrix phase in which are dispersed acicular particles.

6. The particulate nanocomposite material according to claim 5 wherein a fraction of the dispersed acicular particles have a diameter of less than about 1 m, as determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy.

7. A method for preparing the particulate nanocomposite material as defined in claim 1, the method comprising: forming an aqueous mixture by adding an aqueous solution of a chelating agent to an aqueous solution of a magnesium salt, a calcium salt, an iron salt and boric acid; adding a polyol into the aqueous mixture to form a gel; heating the gel under stirring at a temperature of from about 150 to about 300 C. for a sufficient duration to form a dry powder; and, calcining the dry powder at a temperature of from about 600 to about 900 C. to form the nanocomposite material.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the aqueous solution of the chelating agent is added in a dropwise manner into the aqueous solution of the magnesium salt, the calcium salt, the iron salt and boric acid.

9. The method according to claim 7, wherein: the magnesium salt is selected from the group consisting of magnesium sulfate (MgSO.sub.4), magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2), magnesium chloride (MgCl.sub.2) and magnesium acetate (Mg(CH.sub.3COO).sub.2); the calcium salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium sulfate (CaSO.sub.4), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2), calcium chloride (CaCl.sub.2) and calcium acetate (Ca(CH.sub.3COO).sub.2); and, the iron salt is selected from the group consisting of iron (III) sulfate (Fe.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3), iron (III) nitrate (Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3), iron (III) chloride (FeCl.sub.3) and iron (III) acetate (Fe(CH.sub.3COO).sub.3).

10. The method according to claim 7, wherein: the magnesium salt is magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2); the calcium salt is calcium nitrate (Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2); and, the iron salt is iron (III) nitrate (Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3).

11. The method according to claim 7, wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one hydroxyalkyl carboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, mandelic acid and 12-hydroxystearic acid.

12. The method according to claim 7, wherein the chelating agent consists of tartaric acid.

13. The method according to claim 7, wherein the polyol is added in a dropwise manner into the aqueous mixture.

14. The method according to claim 7, wherein the polyol has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from about 200 to about 5000 g/mol, and an hydroxyl number of from about 25 to about 500 mg KOH/g.

15. The method according to claim 7, wherein the polyol is selected from the group consisting of: polyester polyols; polyether polyols; poly(ether-ester) polyols; poly(alkylene carbonate) polyols; and, mixtures thereof.

16. The method according to claim 7, wherein the polyol comprises a polyoxy(C.sub.2-C.sub.3)alkylene polyol.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the polyol comprises a polyoxy(C.sub.2-C.sub.3)alkylene polyol having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from about 200 to about 5000 g/mol, and an hydroxyl number of from about 25 to about 500 mg KOH/g.

18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the polyol comprises a polyoxy(C.sub.2-C.sub.3)alkylene polyol having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from about 200 to about 2000 g/mol, and an hydroxyl number of from about 100 to about 400 mg KOH/g.

19. A method of immobilizing inorganic contaminants disposed in an aqueous medium, the method comprising contacting the aqueous medium with the particulate nanocomposite material as defined in claim 1.

20. A method of degrading organic pollutants disposed in an aqueous medium, the method comprising contacting the aqueous medium with a particulate nanocomposite material as defined in claim 1 while irradiating the medium with actinic irradiation.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) A more complete appreciation of this disclosure and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

(2) FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary flow chart for a method of producing MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite material, according to certain embodiments.

(3) FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary block diagram depicting the method of producing the MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite material, according to certain embodiments.

(4) FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of a MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite material, according to certain embodiments.

(5) FIG. 3 is a graph depicting a distribution of atomic percentages of elements in a MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite material, as determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), according to certain embodiments.

(6) FIG. 4 shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite material, at a resolution of 5 micrometer (m), according to certain embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(7) Embodiments of the present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings wherever applicable, in that some, but not all, embodiments of the disclosure are shown.

(8) When describing the present disclosure, the terms used are to be construed in accordance with the following definitions, unless a context dictates otherwise.

(9) As used herein, the words a, an and the like generally carry a meaning of one or more, unless stated otherwise.

(10) Furthermore, the terms approximately, approximate, about, and similar terms generally refer to ranges that include the identified value within a margin of 20%, 10%, or preferably 5%, and any values therebetween.

(11) When amounts, concentrations, dimensions and other parameters are expressed in the form of a range, a preferable range, an upper limit value, a lower limit value or preferable upper and limit values, it should be understood that any ranges obtainable by combining any upper limit or preferable value with any lower limit or preferable value are also specifically disclosed, irrespective of whether the obtained ranges are clearly mentioned in the context.

(12) A weight percent of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included. For example, if a particular element or component in a composition or article is said to have 5 wt. %, it is understood that this percentage is in relation to a total compositional percentage of 100%.

(13) As used herein, the term room temperature refers to a temperature range of 23 degrees Celsius ( C.)2 C. in the present disclosure. As used herein, ambient conditions means the temperature and pressure of the surroundings in which the substance, composition or article is located.

(14) The temperature parameters in the present application, if not specifically limited, are both allowed to be constant temperature processing and also allowed to be varied within a certain temperature interval. It should be understood that the constant temperature processing allows the temperature to fluctuate within the precision range of the instrument control. It is allowed to fluctuate in the range of, for example, 5 C., 4 C., 3 C., 2 C., or 1 C.

(15) As used herein, the term fraction refers to a numerical quantity which defines a part up to, but not including, 100 percent or the entirety of the thing in question.

(16) As used herein the term disposed refers to being positioned, placed, deposited, arranged or distributed in a particular manner.

(17) As used herein, the term number average molecular weight (Mn) and weight average molecular weight (Mw) are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the eluent in accordance with DIN 55672-1:2007-08.

(18) As used herein, the term Scanning Electron Microscopy or SEM refers to a surface-imaging technique that produces images of a sample by scanning the sample with a focused beam of electrons. Unless otherwise specified, the SEM shall include all imaging techniques using electron beams for imaging.

(19) As used herein, the term high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) refers to a powerful imaging technique used to observe the fine details of materials at the atomic scale. In HRTEM, a high-energy electron beam is transmitted through a thin sample, and the transmitted electrons are used to form detailed images with extremely high resolution.

(20) As used herein, the term X-ray diffraction or XRD or X-ray crystallography refers to basic technique for obtaining information on the atomic structure of crystalline materials used as a standard laboratory technique. Unless otherwise specified, the XRD shall include an analytical technique based on the diffraction of X-rays by matter, especially for crystalline materials.

(21) As used herein with respect to X-ray diffraction analysis, JCPDS denotes the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards.

(22) The term unit cell as used herein refers to the smallest and simplest volume element (i.e., parallelpiped-shaped block) of a crystal that is completely representative of the unit or pattern of the crystal, such that the entire crystal can be generated by translation of the unit cell. The dimensions of the unit cell are defined by six numbers: dimensions a, b and c; and, angles , and (Blundel et al., 1976, Protein Crystallography, Academic Press, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). A crystal is an efficiently packed array of many unit cells.

(23) An orthorhombic crystalline phase refers to a crystal structure having three mutually perpendicular axes of unequal lengths (abc) but wherein the crystal lattice forms a rectangular prism where the edges represent the three axes, all intersecting at 90-degree angles (===90).

(24) A monoclinic crystalline phase refers to a crystal structure in which the unit cell of the material is characterized by three unequal axes, with two of them forming an angle that is not 90, while the third axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by the other two axes. In other words, the monoclinic crystal system has one axis that is tilted, resulting in a lack of orthogonality between all three axes. The unit cell in the monoclinic phase is thus asymmetrical, with distinct axial lengths and one non-90 angle.

(25) As used herein, the term average crystallite size refers to the mean size of the crystalline domains or particles within a material. It is typically determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, where the broadening of diffraction peaks is related to the size of the crystallites. The average crystallite size provides insight into the degree of crystallinity and the structural characteristics of the material. It is commonly expressed in nanometers (nm) and reflects the typical dimensions of the crystalline regions in the material, excluding any amorphous regions or defects.

(26) As used herein, the term atomic concentration refers to the proportion or percentage of a specific element in a material, calculated based on the number of atoms of that element relative to the total number of atoms present in the material. It is typically expressed as a percentage (%) or as an atomic fraction. This measurement may be determined using the exemplary techniques of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Where stated herein, atomic concentration is determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

(27) As used herein, the term particle refers to a small object that acts as a whole unit with regard to its transport and properties. As used herein, nanoparticlessometimes contracted herein to NPsrefers to particles having a particle size of 1 nanometer (nm) to 1000 nm.

(28) Unless otherwise stated, the term particle size refers to the largest axis of the particle. In the case of a generally spherical particle, the largest axis is the diameter.

(29) The term median volume particle size (Dv50), as used herein, refers to a particle size corresponding to 50% of the volume of the sampled particles being greater than and 50% of the volume of the sampled particles being smaller than the recited Dv50 value. Similarly, if used, the term Dv90 refers to a particle size corresponding to 90% of the volume of the sampled particles being smaller than and 10% of the volume of the sampled particles being greater than the recited Dv90 value. Particle size is determined herein by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

(30) As used herein, the term nanocomposite refers to a composite material in which at least one dimension of a component thereof is in the nanometer size scale (<100 nm). The nanocomposites are thus poly-phase solid materials made up of two or more nanomaterials. The term includes all types of multiphase solid material in which one of the phases has one, two, or three dimensions of less than 100 nm, or structures having nanoscale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material.

(31) The term powder, as used herein, means a composition that consists of finely dispersed solid particles that are free-flowing.

(32) The term dry as used herein means comprising less than 5 wt. % of any compound or composition being in liquid form when measured at 25 C. under ambient conditions. For instance, the term dry includes comprising less than 3 wt. %, less than 2 wt. %, less than 1%, or even about 0% of said compound or composition being in liquid form when measured at 25 C. under ambient conditions. Exemplary such compounds or compositions include water, oils, organic solvents and other wetting agents.

(33) The term polar solvent as used herein refers to a solvent having a dielectric constant (P) of more than 5 as measured at 25 C. The determination of dielectric constant (F) is known in the art: the use of measured voltages across parallel plate capacitors in such determinations may be mentioned. The term polar solvent may encompass both aprotic and protic solvents, wherein protic solvents are those solvents which are capable of yielding or accepting a proton and aprotic solvents are those solvents that do not yield or accept a proton.

(34) Water, for use as a (co-)solvent or diluent herein, is intended to mean water of low solids content as would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. The water may, for instance, be distilled water, demineralized water, deionized water, reverse osmosis water, boiler condensate water, or ultra-filtration water. Tap water may be tolerated in certain circumstances.

(35) The term dropwise as used herein means that one discrete drop or aliquot of a liquid, irrespective of its size or volume, is administered at a time. Discrete drops or aliquots are administered consecutively: they may be provided at regular intervals, at irregular intervals or both such intervals may be applied over the course of administration of the liquid. Further, the volume of an aliquot or drop may be independently determined and thus may be varied over the course of administration of the liquid. Exemplary devices for dropwise addition of liquids include syringes and columns.

(36) As used herein, the term sol-gel method refers to the synthetic process used to produce metal oxide and composite materials by forming a sol through the polymerization of metal salts in a solvent, typically with the help of a chelating agent and an organic compound such as a polyol. The sol is then converted into a gel by the addition of a gelling agent, and, upon heating, the gel undergoes a transformation into a solid metal oxide or composite material.

(37) The term sol as used herein, refers to a colloidal suspension of solid particles in a continuous liquid medium.

(38) As used herein, the term gel refers to a viscoelastic or semi-solid phase that may form when a sol undergoes a transition to a more structured, three-dimensional network. This transition may occur through polymerization or crosslinking, typically facilitated by the addition of a gelling agent or by partial evaporation of the liquid medium of the sol. The result is a gel in which the liquid phase is entrapped within a solid network, creating a material that is free-standing or self-supportingin that its yield value is greater than the sheer stress imposed by gravitybut which is still composed of a significant amount of liquid.

(39) As used herein, the term calcination refers to a thermal treatment process which is conducted in the absence of, or under a restricted supply of ambient oxygen. This is performed to remove impurities or volatile substances and/or to induce thermal decomposition or a change in the thermally treated material.

(40) The term actinic radiation includes light with wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation ranging from the ultraviolet (UV) light range, through visible light range, and into the infrared range. Actinic radiation generally has a wavelength of from 150 to 2000 nm.

(41) As used herein, C.sub.1-C.sub.n alkyl group refers to a monovalent group that contains from 1 to n carbons atoms, that is a radical of an alkane and includes straight-chain and branched organic groups. As such, a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group refers to a monovalent group that contains from 1 to 4 carbons atoms, that is a radical of an alkane and includes straight-chain and branched organic groups. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to: methyl; ethyl; propyl; isopropyl; n-butyl; isobutyl; sec-butyl; and, tert-butyl. In the present disclosure, such alkyl groups may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more halogen. Where applicable for a given moiety (R), a tolerance for one or more non-halogen substituents within an alkyl group will be noted in the specification.

(42) The term alkylene refers to a divalent radical derived from an alkyl group as defined above.

(43) The term polyoxyalkylenealternatively referenced as polyalkylene oxiderefers herein to an aliphatic polyether which is built from repeated -O-A- units, wherein A is alkylene, for instance C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkylene. The term polyoxy(C.sub.2-C.sub.3)alkylene encompasses polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene and poly(oxyethylene-co-oxypropylene).

(44) The term polyol as used herein shall include diols and higher functionality hydroxyl compounds. The term polyether polyol refers to a compound, which may be linear or branched, that contains at least two ether groups and at least two hydroxyl groups. The term polyester polyol references a polymeric compound, which may be linear or branched, that contains at least two ester linkages and at least two hydroxyl groups. Correspondingly, the term poly(ether-ester) polyol refers to a polyol containing both ether linkages (COC) and ester linkages (RCOOR) within its structure.

(45) The term hydroxyl number as used herein is defined as the mass in milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid taken up on acetylation of one gram of a chemical substance that contains free hydroxyl groups. Where stated, the hydroxyl number is determined in accordance with ASTM D4274-11.

(46) As used herein, the term organic pollutant refers to a type of pollutant that contains carbon-based compounds, generally originating from human activities. These pollutants may come from sources such as pesticides, industrial chemicals, plastics, and solvents. They tend to be harmful to the environment and living organisms, as they can be toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulate in ecosystems. Examples include substances such as benzene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Herein, the organic pollutant may be a dye, a phenol, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, an herbicide, a pesticide, a persistent organic pollutant, and so on.

(47) In addition, the present disclosure is intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds and complexes. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example, and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium and tritium, and isotopes of carbon include .sup.13C and .sup.14C. Isotopes of oxygen include .sup.16O, .sup.17O, and .sup.18O. Isotopically-labelled compounds of the disclosure may generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described herein, using an appropriate isotopically-labelled reagent in place of the non-labelled reagent otherwise employed.

(48) The present disclosure is intended to include all hydration states of a given compound or formula, unless otherwise noted or when heating a material.

(49) An aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite material (particulate nanocomposite material or nanocomposite) synthesized via the Pechini sol-gel method. The particulate nanocomposite material exhibits high crystallinity, nanoscale features, and uniform composition. making it a promising material for advanced applications.

(50) A particulate nanocomposite material is described. The particulate nanocomposite material comprises, as determined by X-ray diffraction: elemental carbon (C); an orthorhombic magnesium iron borate (MgFe(BO.sub.3)O) crystalline phase; an orthorhombic calcium diborate (CaB.sub.2O.sub.4) crystalline phase; and, a monoclinic magnesium diborate (Mg.sub.2B.sub.205) crystalline phase.

(51) As determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of carbon (C) of from about 1 atom % to about 5 atom %, for example from about 0.5 atom % to about 3 atom %, from about 1 atom % to about 3 atom %, or from about 1 atom % to about 2 atom %. In a preferred embodiment, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of carbon (C) of 1.7 atom %, based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material.

(52) As determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of calcium (Ca) of from about 4 to about 15 atom %, for example from about 5 to about 15 atom %, from about 6 to about 12 atom %, from about 7 to about 13 atom %, or from about 8 to about 10 atom %. In a preferred embodiment, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of calcium (Ca) of 10.4 atom %, based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material.

(53) As determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of magnesium (Mg) of from about 4 to about 15 atom %, for example of from about 5 to about 15 atom %, from about 6 to about 12 atom %, from about 7 to about 13 atom %, or from about 8 to about 10 atom %. In a preferred embodiment, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of magnesium (Mg) of 10.0 atom %, based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material.

(54) As determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of iron (Fe) of from about 5 to about 15 atom %, for example of from about 6 to about 12 atom %, from about 7 to about 13 atom %, or from about 8 to about 10 atom %. In a preferred embodiment, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of zinc (Zn) of 9.1 atom %, based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material.

(55) As determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of boron (B) of from about 1 to about 8 atom %, for example from about 2 to about 8 atom %, from about 3 to about 6 atom %, or from about 4 to about 6 atom %. In a preferred embodiment, the particulate nanocomposite material has an atomic concentration of boron (B) of 4.3 atom %, based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material.

(56) In some embodiments, the particulate nanocomposite material has a volume average crystallite size, as determined by X-Ray Diffraction, of from about 55 nm to about 65 nm, for example of from about 56 nm to 65 nm, from about 58 nm to about 62 nm, or from about 60 nm to about 62 nm. In a preferred embodiment, the particulate nanocomposite material has a volume average crystallite size of 60.32 nm.

(57) In some embodiments, the particulate nanocomposite material may include spherical particles, ellipsoidal particles, rod-shaped particles, platelet-shaped particles, disc-shaped particles and aggregates thereof. However, in certain embodiments, the particulate nanocomposite material comprises particles having a smooth, platy matrix phase in which are dispersed acicular particles. In certain embodiments, a fraction of the dispersed acicular particles have a diameter of less than about 1 m, as determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy. For example, at least 60%, at least 70% or even at least 80% of the dispersed acicular particles may have a diameter of less than about 1 m, as determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy.

(58) FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic flow chart of a method 50 of preparing the particulate nanocomposite material. The order in which the method 50 is described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described method steps can be combined to implement the method 50. Additionally, individual steps may be removed or skipped from the method 50 without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

(59) At step 52, the method 50 includes forming an aqueous mixture by adding an aqueous solution of a chelating agent to an aqueous solution of a magnesium salt, a calcium salt, an iron salt and boric acid. The aqueous solution of the chelating agent is desirably added in a dropwise manner into the aqueous solution of the magnesium salt, the calcium salt, the iron salt and boric acid.

(60) Exemplary magnesium salts which may be included in the aqueous solution either alone or in combination include but are not limited to magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium acetate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium bromide, magnesium fluoride, magnesium tartrate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium lactate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium ascorbate, magnesium stearate, magnesium malate, magnesium silicate, magnesium perchlorate, magnesium borate, magnesium pyrophosphate, magnesium hypophosphite, magnesium formate, magnesium succinate, magnesium salicylate, magnesium valerate, magnesium benzoate, magnesium iodide, magnesium fumarate, magnesium mandelate, and magnesium propionate. In some embodiments, the magnesium salt is selected from the group consisting of magnesium sulfate (MgSO.sub.4), magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2), magnesium chloride (MgCl.sub.2) and magnesium acetate (Mg(CH.sub.3COO).sub.2). In a preferred embodiment, the magnesium salt is magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2).

(61) Exemplary iron salts which may be included in the aqueous solution either alone or in combination include but are not limited to iron chloride, iron acetate, iron sulfate, iron oxide, iron carbonate, iron nitrate, iron bromide, iron iodide, iron sulfate heptahydrate, iron chloride hexahydrate, iron acetate dihydrate, iron nitrate tetrahydrate, iron thiocyanate, iron formate, iron methanesulfonate, iron isothiocyanate, iron citrate, iron pyrophosphate, iron orthophosphate, iron laurate, iron stearate, iron benzoate, iron salicylate, iron hydroxide, iron peroxysulfate, iron tartrate, iron lactate, iron picrate, iron gluconate, iron ascorbate. In some embodiments, the iron salt is selected from the group consisting of iron (III) sulfate (Fe.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3), iron (III) nitrate (Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3), iron (III) chloride (FeCl.sub.3) and iron (III) acetate (Fe(CH.sub.3COO).sub.3). In a preferred embodiment, iron salt is iron (III) nitrate (Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3).

(62) Exemplary calcium salts which may be included in the aqueous solution either alone or in combination include but are not limited to calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium acetate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate, calcium phosphate, calcium ascorbate, calcium benzoate, calcium malate, calcium fumarate, calcium oxalate, calcium stearate, calcium tartrate, calcium salicylate, calcium formate, calcium propionate, calcium valerate, calcium succinate, calcium iodide, calcium bromide, calcium fluoride, calcium thiocyanate, calcium perchlorate, calcium chromate, calcium molybdate, and calcium tungstate. In some embodiments, the calcium salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium sulfate (CaSO.sub.4), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2), calcium chloride (CaCl.sub.2) and calcium acetate (Ca(CH.sub.3COO).sub.2). In a preferred embodiment, the calcium salt is calcium nitrate (Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2).

(63) In some embodiments, the molar ratio of Mg:Ca:Fe:B in the aqueous solution is about (0.8-1.2):(0.8-1.2):(0.5-0.8):(3.2-4.8). For example, the molar ratio of ratio of Mg:Ca:Mn:B in the aqueous solution may be from about (0.9-1.1):(0.9-1.1):(0.5-0.7):(3.6-4.4). The molar ratio of Mg:Ca:Mn:B of about 1.0:1.0:0.6:4.0 is included within the latter exemplary range and itself represents a preferred molar ratio condition.

(64) In some embodiments, the chelating agent includes at least one hydroxyalkyl carboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, and 12-hydroxystearic acid. In certain embodiments, salts or esters of said hydroxyalkyl carboxylic acids may be utilized.

(65) Further exemplary chelating agents which may be present in addition to the aforementioned hydroxyalkyl carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to: isosteric acid; isocitric acid; aconitic acid; carboxylic acids, which may be saturated or unsaturated; dicarboxylic acids, which may be saturated or unsaturated and of which examples include adipic acid, fumaric acid, glutaconic acid, muconic acid, citraconic acid and succinic acid; tricarboxylic acids; aminopolycarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids; salts of said acids; or, esters of said acids. In some embodiments, the chelating agent may include one or more of disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, lactic acid, sodium polyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate or gluconic acid, and salicylic acid.

(66) In some alternate embodiments, the chelating agent comprises or consists of tartaric acid. Tartaric acid includes natural and commercial forms of the acid. In some embodiments, tartaric acid is D-tartaric acid, L-tartaric acid, achiral tartaric acid or racemic mixture of D- and L-tartaric acid forms.

(67) In some embodiments, the ratio of the total molar amount of chelating agent added to the aqueous solution to the total number of moles of Mg, Ca, Fe and B in the aqueous solution is from about 1:1 to 1:3. For example, the ratio of the total molar amount of chelating agent added to the aqueous solution to the total number of moles of Mg, Ca, Fe and B in the aqueous solution may be from about 1:1 to 1:2 or from about 1:1 to 2:3.

(68) At step 54, the method 50 includes adding a polyol into the aqueous mixture to form a gel. The polyol is desirably added in a dropwise manner into the aqueous mixture. In some embodiments, the polyol has a number average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 5000 g/mol. and an hydroxyl number of from about 25 to about 500 mg KOH/g.

(69) Typically herein, the polyol has: a number average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 5000 g/mol., preferably from about 200 to about 1000 g/mol. and more preferably from 200 to 500 g/mol.; and, a hydroxyl number of from about 25 to about 500 mg, more preferably 200 to 500 mg, and yet more preferably 200 to 300 mg KOH/g.

(70) The polyols having utility in the present disclosure may be monomeric compounds, for instance monomeric aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic compounds having from 2 to 6 hydroxyl groups per molecule. Exemplary monomeric diols, which may be used alone or in combination include: ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; 1,3-propane diol; 1,2-butane diol; 2-methyl propanediol; 1,3-butane diol; 1,4-butane diol; 2,3-butanediol; neopentyl glycol; hexanediol; decanediol; hexamethylene glycol; cyclohexane dimethanol; polyoxalkylene glycols, such as diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol and tetrapropylene glycol; and, aromatic diols such as bisphenol A, bisphenol F, hydrogenated bisphenol A and hydrogenated bisphenol F. Exemplary triols, which may be used alone or in combination include: 1,2,3-propanetriol; 1,2,4-butanetriol; 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (trimethylolpropane); 3-methyl-1,3,5-pentanetriol; 1,2,3-hexanetriol; 1,2,6-hexanetriol; 2,5-dimethyl-1,2,6-hexanetriol; 1,2,3-heptanetriol; 1,2,3-octanetriol; and, 2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol. Exemplary tetrols and pentols include: 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (pentaerythritol); pentose; pentopyranose; 6-deoxyhexopyranose; 2,5-anhydrohexitol; 1,5-anhydrohexitol; 6-deoxyhexose; 1-deoxyhexitol; and, pentitol. An exemplary polyol having six hydroxyl groups is D-glucitol (sorbitol).

(71) The present disclosure also provides for the use of polymeric polyols. In an embodiment, the polyol is selected from the group of: polyester polyols; polyether polyols; poly(ether-ester) polyols; poly(alkylene carbonate) polyols; and, mixtures thereof.

(72) Polycarbonate diols having utility herein may be obtained by reacting carbonic acid derivatives with diols. Exemplary carbonic acid derivatives are diaryl carbonates including but not limited to diphenyl carbonate, di(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl carbonates and phosgene. Exemplary diols include but are not limited to: ethylene glycol; 1,2-propanediol; 1,3-propanediol; 1,3-butanediol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,5-pentanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; cyclohexane dimethanol; diethylene glycol; dipropylene glycol; neopentylglycol; and, mixtures thereof.

(73) Polyester diols having utility herein may be obtained by reacting diols with either aliphatic, aromatic or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids or, in some circumstances, the corresponding anhydrides thereof: the reaction may optionally take place in the presence of an esterification catalyst. Examples of suitable dicarboxylic acids include but are not limited to: adipic acid; glutaric acid; pimelic acid; suberic acid; nonanedicarboxylic acid; decanedicarboxylic acid; succinic acid; maleic acid; sebacic acid; azelaic acid; terephthalic acid; isophthalic acid; o-phthalic acid; tetrahydrophthalic acid; hexahydrophthalic acid; trimellitic acid; and, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid. Examples of suitable anhydrides include succinic, o-phthalic and trimellitic anhydride. It is noted that various commercially available dimeric fatty acids in saturated (hydrogenated) or unsaturated form may also be used as the dicarboxylic acid. And examples of suitable diols for the preparation of the polyester diols are: ethanediol; di-, tri- or tetraethylene glycol; 1,2-propanediol; di-, tri-, tetrapropylene glycol; 1,3-propanediol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,3-butanediol; 2,3-butanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,5-pentanediol; 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (neopentylglycol); 1,4-dihydroxycyclohexane; 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane; 1,8-octanediol; 1,10-decanediol; 1,12-decanediol; 2,2,4- and/or 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol; and, mixtures thereof.

(74) Other useful polyester diols are those obtainable from diol initiated polymerization of hydroxycarboxylic acids containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms or a lactone thereof. The hydroxycarboxylic acids may be saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, of which example include: glycolic acid; lactic acid; 5-hydroxy valeric acid; 6-hydroxy caproic acid; ricinoleic acid; 12-hydroxy stearic acid; 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid; 5-hydroxydodecanoic acid; 5-hydroxydecanoic acid; and. 4-hydroxydecanoic acid. Examples of suitable lactones are 0-propiolactone, -valerolactone, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl valerolactone, -caprolactone and (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl--caprolactone.

(75) In an embodiment, the polyol is a polyether polyol. Exemplary polyether polyols may be obtained from the polymerization of a cyclic oxidesuch as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxideor by the addition of one or more such oxides to polyfunctional initiators having at least two active hydrogen atoms, such as water, polyhydric alcohols, polythiols, polyamines and alkanolamines.

(76) In a preferred embodiment, the polyol comprises a polyoxy(C.sub.2-C.sub.3)alkylene polyol having: a number average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 5000 g/mol.; and, an hydroxyl number of from about 25 to about 500 mg KOH/g. For example, the polyol may comprise a polyoxy(C.sub.2-C.sub.3)alkylene polyol having: a number average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 1000 g/mol. or from about 200 to about 500 g/mol; and, an hydroxyl number of from about 200 to about 500 mg KOH/g. or from about 200 to 300 mg KOH/g. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 may be mentioned as an exemplary polyoxy(C.sub.2-C.sub.3)alkylene polyol.

(77) At step 56, the method 50 includes heating the gel under stirring at a temperature of from about 150 to about 300 C. for a sufficient duration to form a dry powder. In some embodiments, the heating can be performed by using heating appliances such as ovens, microwaves, autoclaves, hot plates, heating mantles and tapes, oil baths, salt baths, sand baths, air baths, hot-tube furnaces, and hot-air guns. In some embodiments, the method includes heating the gel under stirring at a temperature of from 150 to about 300 C., for example about 155-290 C., about 160-285 C., about 165-280 C., about 170-275 C., about 175-270 C., about 180-265 C., about 185-260 C. or about 190-255 C. In a preferred embodiment, the gel is heated at about 250 C. under continuous stirring. At step 58, the method 50 includes calcining the dry powder at a temperature of from about 500 C. to about 900 C. to form the particulate nanocomposite material. The calcination of the precipitate is carried out by heating it to a high temperature, under a restricted supply of ambient oxygen. This is performed to remove impurities or volatile substances and to incur thermal decomposition. Typically, the calcination is carried out in a furnace preferably equipped with a temperature control system, which may provide a heating rate of up to 50 C. per minute ( C./min), for example up to about 40 C./min, up to about 30 C./min, up to about 20 C./min, up to about 10 C./min, up to about 5 C./min, up to about 2 C./min, or up to about 1 C./min.

(78) In some embodiments, the dry powder is calcined at a temperature of from about 500 C. to about 900 C., for example about 550 C. to about 900 C., about 600 to about 900 C., about 650 C. to about 850 C., from about 700 to about 850 C. or about 750 C. to about 850 C. In a preferred embodiment, the solid is calcined at 800 C.

(79) In some embodiments, the dry powder is calcined for a duration of from about 1 to about 5 hours, for example from about 1.5 to about 5 hours, from about 2 to about 5 hours, from about 2.5 to about 5 hours, from about 3 to about 5 hours, from about 3.5 to about 5 hours, from about 4 to about 5 hours, from about 4.5 to about 5 hours, or from about 2 to about 4 hours. In a preferred embodiment, the dry powder is calcined for about 3 hours.

(80) It is not precluded in the present method 50 that the particles directly obtained from the calcination step may be subjected to at least one of comminution, homogenization or classification in order to moderate the particle size distribution thereof.

(81) In another aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a method of immobilizing inorganic pollutants disposed in an aqueous medium, the method comprising contacting the aqueous medium with the particulate nanocomposite material. In some embodiments, the inorganic pollutants may include heavy metals such as Pb, mercury Hg, Cd, and As, as well as radioactive isotopes like cesium-137 (Cs-137) and strontium-90 (Sr-90). These pollutants are commonly found in industrial wastewater, mining effluents, and other polluted environments, and they can be efficiently removed or neutralized through various treatment methods, including photocatalytic degradation or adsorption onto nanocomposite materials.

(82) A method of degrading organic pollutants disposed in an aqueous medium is still further described. The method includes contacting the aqueous medium under actinic irradiation with the particulate nanocomposite material as described herein.

(83) Exemplary organic pollutants include, but are not limited to: dyes; phenols; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); organic herbicides; organic pesticides, including organic algicides, fungicides, bactericides, virucides, insecticides and miticides; and, persistent organic pollutants. For completeness, a persistent organic pollutant is a toxic organic chemical that adversely affects human and environmental health, can be transported by wind and water, and can persist for years, decades, or centuries owing to resistance to environmental degradation by natural chemical, biological, or photolytic processes. Persistent organic pollutants are regulated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Examples of persistent organic contaminants are Aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, chlordecone, hexachlorocyclohexane (- and -), hexabromodiphenyl ether, lindane, pentachlorobenzene, tetrabromodiphenyl ether, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, endosulfans, and hexabromocyclododecane.

(84) The methods of immobilizing inorganic contaminants and of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants both require an aqueous medium to be brought into contact with the particulate nanocomposite material for a sufficient contact time to permit adsorption of the species concerned. The aqueous medium may be provided as a static volume in which the nanocomposite material is dispersed. In an alternative embodiment, the aqueous medium may be provided as fixed volume in which the nanoparticulate is dispersed but which is subjected to agitation: the nanoparticulate material may be suspended in the volume or may be constrained within a bed or membrane or by a support. In a further non-limiting alternative, the aqueous medium may be provided as a flow which contacts the particulate nanocomposite material. In this embodiment, the particulate nanocomposite material may need to constrained within a bed or membrane which the aqueous medium contacts as either a perpendicular or tangential (cross-) flow stream.

(85) The following examples are provided solely for illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of the present disclosure, as many variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

EXAMPLES

(86) The following examples demonstrate a particulate nanocomposite material and a method of production thereof. The examples are provided solely for illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of the present disclosure, as many variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Example 1: Synthesis of MgFe(BO.SUB.3.)O/CaB.SUB.2.O.SUB.4./Mg.SUB.2.B.SUB.2.O.SUB.5./C Nanocomposite

(87) According to the present disclosure, the MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite was synthesized using the Pechini sol-gel method, as described in FIG. 1B. In particular, the method included dissolving 37 grams (g) of tartaric acid in 100 milliliters (mL) of distilled water to prepare a first solution. Further, 20 g of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2.Math.6H.sub.2O), 20 g of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2.Math.4H.sub.2O), 20 g of iron nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3.Math.9H.sub.2O) and 20 g of boric acid were dissolved in 200 mL of distilled water to prepare a second solution. The first solution was then gradually added to the second solution under continuous stirring for 30 minutes. Subsequently, 15 mL of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400, H(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.nOH) was introduced into the mixture, and the resulting solution was stirred continuously at 250 C. until the complete evaporation of solvents occurred, leading to the formation of a solid powder. The obtained solid powder was then calcinated at 800 C. for 3 hours to produce the MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite.

(88) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for the synthesized nanocomposite are shown in FIG. 2, with the XRD results summarized in Table 1 herein below. In particular, FIG. 2 depicts the presence of multiple crystalline phases, illustrating the crystallographic characteristics. Further, the structural and crystallographic properties of the synthesized nanocomposite, including the three distinct phases including magnesium iron borate (MgFe(BO.sub.3)O), calcium diborate (CaB.sub.2O.sub.4), and magnesium diborate (Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5). The MgFe(BO.sub.3)O phase was identified with JCPDS card No. 01-084-9045the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entiretyas having an orthorhombic crystal system. The orthorhombic MgFe(BO.sub.3)O phase showed diffraction peaks at 200 values of 13.42, 18.99, 21.30, 30.22, 34.62, 36.09, 38.92, 40.91, 45.64, 50.89, 52.68, 57.82, 59.39, 65.57, 67.16, 67.89, 70.61, 73.56, 74.71, and 76.17, corresponding to the Miller indices (110), (020), (120), (011), (320), (211), (400), (330), (321), (331), (241), (431), (002), (531), (601), (132), (322), (142), (631), and (242), respectively. The CaB.sub.2O.sub.4 phase was identified with JCPDS card No. 00-032-0155the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirelyas having an orthorhombic crystal system; the CaB.sub.2O.sub.4 crystalline phase exhibited diffraction peaks at 200 angles of 15.32, 26.43, 28.64, 29.69, 30.95, 32.74, 40.29, 42.49, 44.49, 45.22, 46.80, 47.73, 49.41, 51.84, 53.29, 54.46, 56.03, 60.01, 61.69, 63.80, 71.66, 72.39, 77.54, and 79.11, corresponding to the Miller indices (020), (111), (200), (210), (040), (220), (141), (240), (051), (022), (151), (241), (311), (202), (042), (222), (260), (261), (171), (351), (280), (262), (422), and (460), respectively. The Mg.sub.2B.sub.205 phase was identified with JCPDS card No. 00-016-0168the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entiretyas having a monoclinic crystal system; the Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5 crystalline phase shows diffraction peaks at 200 values of 19.94, 27.69, and 36.94, corresponding to the Miller indices (201), (202), and (112), respectively. The average crystallite size of the nanocomposite is 60.32 nm.

(89) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Structural and crystallographic properties of the nanocomposite components, as determined by XRD. Average crystallite Components of the nanocomposite size of the Chemical nanocomposite Phase name Card No. Crystal system (nm) MgFe(BO.sub.3)O Magnesium JCPDS-01- Orthorhombic 60.32 iron 084-9045 oxide borate CaB.sub.2O.sub.4 Calcium JCPDS-00- Orthorhombic borate 032-0155 Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5 Magnesium JCPDS-00- Monoclinic borate 016-0168

(90) Further, FIG. 3 illustrates the elemental distribution of the MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite, as determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The atomic percentages of the elements were determined and elemental composition revealed that oxygen constitutes the highest atomic percentage at 64.5 atom %, followed by calcium at 10.4 atom %, magnesium at 10.0 atom %, iron at 9.1 atom %, boron at 4.3 atom %, and carbon at 1.7 atom %. The presence of carbon was attributed to the decomposition of tartaric acid and polyethylene glycol 400, which were used as the chelating agent and gelling agent, respectively, during the Pechini sol-gel synthesis. These organic components leave residual carbon after the calcination process. The significant oxygen content was consistent with the formation of borates and oxides in the nanocomposite, confirming the successful synthesis of the desired phases.

(91) The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite shown in FIG. 4 revealed the morphology of the particulate material. In particular, FIG. 4 depicts a surface structure characterized by an irregular plate-like matrix phase in which are dispersed needle-like structures. Some heterogeneity is evident in the nanocomposite owing to the observed rectangular cuboidal and globular embedded particles also dispersed within the matrix phase. There is some observed homogeneity in the dispersion of the acicular structures within the nanocomposite material and, moreover, it is evident that the acicular particles have a particle size of less than 5 m: a significant fraction of the acicular particles have a particle size of less than 1 m, with particles having a size less than 0.5 m being evident. The plate-like shapes were attributed to the borate phases, while the acicular or needle-like structures suggest the presence of oxides formed during the calcination process. The observed morphology suggests the effective integration of components in the nanocomposite and confirmed the retention of structural integrity after the high-temperature synthesis process.

(92) The present disclosure provides a MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite fabricated through the Pechini sol-gel method. The nanocomposite as described herein has a distinctive multi-phase crystalline structure and desirable properties including the presence of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) borates into a single structure with enhanced properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of three distinct crystalline phases MgFe(BO.sub.3)O, CaB.sub.2O.sub.4, and Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5 with orthorhombic and monoclinic crystal systems and an average crystallite size of 60.32 nm, reflecting superior crystallinity. SEM imaging highlighted a morphology characterized by plate-like shapes assigned to borates and needle-like structures indicative of oxides, demonstrating effective structural integration. In an exemplary nanocomposite, EDX analysis validated atomic composition, with oxygen as the dominant element at 64.5%, followed by calcium at 10.4%, magnesium at 10.0%, iron at 9.1%, boron at 4.3%, and residual carbon at 1.7%, said carbon arising from the decomposition of the tartaric acid chelating and polyethylene glycol gellant used in the synthesis.

(93) It is considered that the properties of the nanocomposite and the method of fabrication thereof addressed limitations in existing technologies, providing a robust and scalable solution for advanced material applications.

(94) The present disclosure offers a cost-effective and scalable solution, ensuring uniform particle distribution, controlled morphology, and the integration of multifunctional properties within a single material. The incorporation of tartaric acid and polyethylene glycol 400 not only enhances the chelation process but also provides structural stability and high crystallinity after calcination. Therefore, the inefficiencies of existing technologies pave the way for more sustainable and cost-effective production methods, aligning with the growing demand for advanced materials with minimal environmental impact.

(95) The MgFe(BO.sub.3)O/CaB.sub.2O.sub.4/Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5/C nanocomposite has significant potential for water treatment technologies for efficient removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants due to its multi-phase crystalline structure. Further, the prepared nanocomposite has potential applications in catalysis for industrial chemical processes, benefiting from the morphology of the nanocomposite and its active surface sites. Additionally, the material's multi-phase structure and tailored properties may support applications in energy storage systems, such as battery electrodes, where durability and conductivity are critical.

(96) Numerous modifications and variations of the present disclosure are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.