Systems and Methods for Assembling a Machine for Manufacturing a Dry Electrode

Abstract

A system and methods for manufacturing a dry electrode for an energy storage device are disclosed. The system includes a first dry electrode material delivery system configured to deliver a dry electrode material, a first calendering roll, a second calendering roll, and a controller. The second calendering roll is configured to form a first nip between the first calendering roll and the second calendering roll. The first nip is configured to receive the dry electrode material from the first dry electrode material delivery system, and form a dry electrode film from the dry electrode material. The controller is configured to control a rotational velocity of the second calendering roll to be greater than a rotational velocity of the first calendering roll.

Claims

1. A method for assembling a machine for manufacturing a dry electrode for an energy storage device, comprising: providing a frame for supporting the machine; positioning a first multi roll calender comprising a first series of horizontally aligned rolls that include a first roll, a second roll, a third roll, and a final roll on the frame, wherein the first and second rolls of the first series of rolls form a first film creation nip configured to receive first powder and compress the first powder into a first film; and wherein the second and third rolls of the first series of rolls form a first calendering nip configured to receive the first film and compress the first film into a compressed first film; positioning a second multi roll calender comprising a second series of horizontally aligned rolls that include a first roll, a second roll, a third roll, and a final roll on the frame, wherein the first and second rolls of the second series of rolls form a second film creation nip configured to receive second powder and compress the second powder into a second film; and wherein the second and third rolls of the second series of rolls form a second calendering nip configured to receive the second film and compress the first film into a compressed second film; wherein the first multi roll calender and the second multi roll calender are horizontally aligned such that the final roll of the first series of rolls and the final roll of the second series of rolls forms a lamination nip configured to simultaneously laminate the first film and the second film onto a current collector; wherein a current collector source is positioned to provide the current collector to the lamination nip; and wherein a rewind station is positioned to wind the laminated current collector from the lamination nip onto a roll.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the lamination nip is configured to laminate the first film onto a first side of the current collector and laminate the second film onto a second side of the current collector.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: positioning a first powder hopper above the first film creation nip to guide the first powder into the first film creation nip; and positioning a second powder hopper above the second film creation nip to guide the second powder into the second film creation nip.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first powder hopper and the second powder hopper are positioned on the frame.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first series of rolls comprises exactly seven rolls.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the final roll of the first series of rolls is a seventh roll of the first series of rolls.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second series of rolls comprises exactly seven rolls.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the final roll of the second series of rolls is a seventh roll of the second series of rolls.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the machine is configured to rotate the second roll of the first series of rolls at a faster rotational velocity than the first roll of the first series of rolls.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the machine is configured to rotate the second roll of the second series of rolls at a faster rotational velocity than the first roll of the second series of rolls.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: connecting a motor system to the rolls of the first series of rolls and the rolls of the second series of rolls that individually addresses each roll's rotational velocity.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the current collector comprises a metal foil.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the current collector is pre-coated with adhesive.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first multi roll calender is configured to keep the first film in contact with the rolls of the first series of rolls from compression at the first film creation nip to lamination to the current collector at the lamination nip.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the second multi roll calender is configured to keep the second film in contact with the rolls of the second series of rolls from compression at the second film creation nip to lamination to the current collector at the lamination nip.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the current collector source is positioned on the frame.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the rewind station is positioned on the frame.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein each subsequent roll of the first series of rolls is configured to rotate at a greater rotational velocity.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein each subsequent roll of the second series of rolls is configured to rotate at a greater rotational velocity.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the first powder and the second powder comprise the same dry electrode material.

21. A method of manufacturing a double-sided dry electrode for an energy storage device, comprising: calendering a first dry electrode material to form a first compacted film; compressing the first compacted film to form a first dry electrode film; calendering a second dry electrode material to form a second compacted film; compressing the second compacted film to form a second dry electrode film; laminating the first dry electrode film to a first side of a current collector; and laminating the second dry electrode film to a second side of the current collector; wherein the current collector laminated with the first dry electrode film and the second dry electrode film forms the double-sided dry electrode.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein at least one of the first compacted film, the second compacted film, the first dry electrode film, and the second dry electrode film is self-supporting.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein at least one of the first compacted film, the second compacted film, the first dry electrode film, and the second dry electrode film is supported prior to laminating to the current collector, and wherein at least one of the first compacted film, the second compacted film, the first dry electrode film, and the second dry electrode film is adhered prior to laminating to the current collector.

24. The method of claim 21, wherein a thickness of the first compacted film is greater than a thickness of the first dry electrode film, wherein a thickness of the second compacted film is greater than a thickness of the second dry electrode film, wherein a density of the first compacted film is less than a density of the first dry electrode film, wherein a density of the second compacted film is less than a density of the second dry electrode film, wherein a radius of curvature of the first compacted film is less than a radius of curvature of the first dry electrode film, and wherein a radius of curvature of the second compacted film is less than a radius of curvature of the second dry electrode film.

25. The method of claim 21, wherein at least one of the first dry electrode material and the second dry electrode material is in a powder, wherein the laminating the first electrode film to the first side of the current collector occurs simultaneously with the laminating the second electrode film to the second side of the current collector.

26. The method of claim 21, further comprising: unwinding a current collector source to form the current collector; compressing at least one of the first dry electrode film and the second dry electrode film; compressing the double-sided dry electrode to form a compressed double-sided dry electrode; and winding the double-sided dry electrode.

27. The method of claim 21, wherein the current collector comprises an adhesive, and wherein the method further comprises disposing the adhesive over the current collector on at least one of the first side and the second side.

28. The method of claim 21, wherein the compressing the first compacted film occurs directly subsequently to the calendering the first dry electrode material, and wherein the compressing the second compacted film occurs directly subsequently to calendering the second dry electrode material.

29. The method of claim 21, further comprising compressing the first compacted film at least a second time, wherein compressing the first compacted film comprises iteratively compressing the first compacted film, wherein compressing the second compacted film comprises iteratively compressing the second compacted film.

30. A method of manufacturing a double-sided dry electrode for an energy storage device in a system, comprising: calendering a first dry electrode material to form a first compacted film in a first set of rollers in the system; compressing the first compacted film to form a first dry electrode film in a second set of rollers in the system; calendering a second dry electrode material to form a second compacted film in a third set of rollers in the system; compressing the second compacted film to form a second dry electrode film in a forth set of rollers in the system; and simultaneously laminating the first dry electrode film to a first side of a current collector and the second dry electrode film to a second side of the current collector to form the double-sided dry electrode.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a process for manufacturing a dry electrode for an energy storage device.

[0015] FIG. 2 shows an apparatus for forming a dry electrode film.

[0016] FIGS. 3A-B illustrate a side schematic view of a multi-roll calendar system and a film made from said calendar system, respectively.

[0017] FIG. 4 illustrates a detailed isometric view of a multi-roll calendar system.

[0018] FIGS. 5A-C illustrate some of the operating steps of the system shown in FIG. 4.

[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates a side schematic view of a combination calendar/laminator machine to form a dry electrode. FIG. 6 is an exemplary process flow diagram illustrating automated data extraction and structuring based on an input data.

[0020] FIG. 7 illustrates a side schematic view of an intermittently coated dry electrode according to an embodiment.

[0021] FIGS. 8A-B illustrate a side view and a front view of a laminator design.

[0022] FIG. 9 illustrates a funnel-shaped charging hopper.

[0023] FIG. 10 illustrates a calendering process comprised of a scatter coating process, a continuous belt calendar process, a calendar process, and a rewind process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] Energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries have been relied on as a power source in numerous commercial and industrial uses, for example, in consumer devices, productivity devices, and in battery powered vehicles. However, demands placed on energy storage devices are continuouslyand rapidlygrowing. For example, the automotive industry is developing vehicles that rely on compact and efficient energy storage, such as plug-in hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles. Lithium ion batteries are well suited to meet future demands.

[0025] Key components of the storage potential of an energy storage device are electrodes. The electrochemical capabilities of electrodes, for example, the capacity and efficiency of battery electrodes, are governed by various factors. For example, distribution of active material, binder and additive(s); the physical properties of materials therein, such as particle size and surface area of active material; the surface properties of the active materials; and the physical characteristics of the electrode film, such as density, porosity, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness to a conductive element. Dry processing systems and methods traditionally used a high shear and/or high pressure processing step to break up and commingle electrode film materials. Such systems and methods may contribute to structural advantages over electrode films produced using a wet process. However, the high processing pressures and large amount of equipment (and thus, the large footprint) used to form dry, self-supporting electrode films and dry electrodes leave room for improvement.

[0026] The systems and methods provided herein can be implemented to manufacture dry electrode films and electrodes for various energy storage devices. As provided herein, an energy storage device can be a capacitor, a lithium ion capacitor (LIC), an ultracapacitor, a battery such as a lithium ion battery, or a hybrid energy storage device combining aspects of two or more of the foregoing.

[0027] The various embodiments of systems and methods herein provide improved manufacturing of a dry electrode film and dry electrode for use in energy storage devices. The disclosed embodiments can provide a simplified and cost-effective procedure for manufacturing energy storage devices.

[0028] The materials and methods provided herein can be implemented in various electrodes for energy storage devices and/or water purification. As provided herein, an energy storage device can be a capacitor, a lithium ion capacitor (LIC), an ultracapacitor, a battery such as a lithium ion battery, or a hybrid energy storage device combining aspects of two or more of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the method and apparatus for forming dry electrode film, as described herein, allow continuous, multi-stripes, or intermittent form factor electrodes.

[0029] Embodiments of method and apparatus for forming dry electrode film herein can provide one or more of the following advantages. Some embodiments allow for the fabrication of both thin and thick films in wide format, high precision low tolerance films, with adjustable densities. Some embodiments allow for films that are ultracapacitor (UCAP) or battery or Lcap or fuel cell electrodes, or water purification electrodes or combination of electrodes. Some embodiments allow for the reduction in factory floor area, material handing requirements and number of operator personnel, by combining calendering, laminating, peeling and slitting into one machine. Some embodiments allow for enabling multilayer functional webs by using one or more dry electrode material delivery systems, such as powder delivery hoppers. Some embodiments allow increases in the available diversity of formulations that can be used to make films and electrodes (such as self-supporting dry electrode films and dry electrodes), e.g., lithium metal powder, silicon/silicon oxides, cathodic or anodic active materials infused within porous conductive carbons, e.g. molten sulfur and activated carbon, solid state electrolyte, or other air/moisture sensitive materials.

[0030] Additional features or advantages provided by embodiments herein include a continuous process from raw material (e.g., powder) to a laminated electrode without rewind/unwind of one or more layers used to form the electrode. A dry electrode film formed by the system/method is not (at least initially, or throughout the entire process) required to be self-supporting, as it can be positioned on and supported by a calendaring roll during at least some, if not all, of the process steps. For example, the dry electrode film can be supported by at least one calendering roll through all process steps within a multi roll calendering system, through and including the lamination step, when the dry electrode film is laminated with a current collector to form a dry electrode.

[0031] Embodiments of the multi roll calendar(s) herein can have additional attributes not found in conventional calendering. The number of calendar nips can be from two (three rolls) to six (seven rolls) or more, but at lower process pressures and forces. Each roll can be individually driven with a motor and gear drive and can be individually addressable. Line loads in a multi calendar system can be much lower than in conventional calendar yet the system can be configurable to achieve thinner dry films. Individual roll speeds can be controlled and individual gaps between each calendar nip can be controlled. Individual roll temperatures can also be controlled. For example, in some embodiments, the final roll of the stacked multi roll system can be temperature controlled to assist with lamination of the dry electrode film(s) onto the current collector. Web handling can be simpler and easier, reducing or eliminating idler rolls within the web path. In some embodiments, adjacent roll sets (either within a paired calendar nip, or between two adjacent nips) can be rotated at different speeds. For example, each subsequent, downstream roll set (e.g., calendar nip) can be configured to rotate faster than the previous. Additionally, each individual roll in a two-roll nip set can be configured to rotate differently than the other roll in the same two-roll nip set. These different speeds can provide sheer within a film, and/or can create forces that improve the adherence of the film to any given roll.

[0032] In some embodiments, gauges, such as Gamma gauges, can be used for film thickness or specific mass measurements for thickness control/measurement. Rollers can be fixed in a unique position with playless bearings (orientated but captured bearings may be required). Conical bearings or other bearing designs can be used for playless fixation of rolls, provided the low tolerances of desired film thickness are achieved. Embodiments do not require the same diameter rolls for each nip or for rolls within the nip. The face finish on the rolls could be a coating, (e.g., chrome or hard face ceramic) or even patterned as in an embossing roll.

[0033] In some embodiments, two, multiroll calenders can be aligned end to end, allowing a dry electrode film to be laminated directly to a metal foil (e.g., current collector) without first having to remove the film and taken to a separate machine. Thus, the same machine can provide direct lamination of either single sided or double sided electrode layers onto a current collector to form a single or double sided electrode.

[0034] In some embodiments, the laminated electrode can either be continuous web or intermittent electrode designs. Peeling of non-laminated films from laminated webs can be used for both continuous webs and intermittent electrode designs. In some embodiments, the current collectors that are used in the system can be pre-coated with adhesive, or the adhesive can be added to one side of the film through a separate powder hopper on the multiroll calendar system, thus allowing direct lamination to the foil without first precoating the material. A slitter can be added after the lamination step to slit the laminated web to the final electrode width and rewind the individual electrode rolls. In some embodiments, the machine can be designed to be self-webbing. For example, using a continuous belt under the rolls, which can rise up during the webbing to ensure the web moves in the proper direction and to the next roll nip.

[0035] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a process for manufacturing a dry electrode for an energy storage device. FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a process for making a dry electrode for an energy storage device. As used herein, the term dry implies non-use of liquid-phase solvents and additives in mixing and coating process of electrode during process steps described herein, other than during a final impregnating electrolyte step. The process shown in FIG. 1 begins by dry blending 18 dry active material particles 12, dry conductive particles 18 and dry binder particles 16 to form a dry mixture. Furthermore, dry conductive particles 21 and dry binder particles 23 are also dry blended 19 to form a dry mixture which can be provided to the dry fibrillizing step 26 or 29. The dry mixture is fibrillized in a dry fibrillizing step 20 using, for example, a jet-mill (not shown). During the dry fibrillizing step 20, high shear forces are applied to the dry mixture in order to physically stretch it and form a network of thin web-like fibers. In a dry feed step 22, the respective separate mixtures of dry particles formed in steps 19 and 20 are provided to respective containers (not shown) to form a dry film. The dry film is subsequently dry compacted and calendared by a roll-mill or calendar 24 to provide an embedded/intermixed dry film or a self-supporting electrode film (or electrochemically active free-standing film). The embedded/intermixed dry film is attached to a current collector (e.g., metal foil) 28. A more detailed process of making an embedded/intermixed dry film including types of materials forming the dry films and materials forming the current collector is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,352,558, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0036] A self-supporting dry electrode film manufactured above may provide improved characteristics relative to a typical electrode film that is manufactured using a wet process. For example, a dry electrode film as provided herein may provide one or more of improved film strength, improved cohesiveness, improved adhesiveness, improved electrical performance, or reduced incidence of defects. The defects may include holes, cracks, surface pits in the electrode film. The adhesiveness may be adhesiveness to a current collector. The electrical performance may be specific capacity. The film strength may be tensile strength.

[0037] FIG. 2 shows an apparatus for forming a structure of an electrode. The apparatus in FIG. 2 contains three inter-connected system portions, 100, 200 and 300. In 100, dry particles are initially stored in containers and are fed as free flowing dry particles to a high-pressure nip of a roll-mill. Separate streams of dry particles become intermixed and begin to lose their freedom of motion as the dry particles are fed towards the nip. An intermixed compacted dry self-supporting film exits component part 100 and enters component part 200. The compacted dry film, as it exits 100 must be a self-supporting film, in order to proceed further to portion 200 without falling apart. In order to be self-supporting, the film exiting the rolls in portion 100 has to be thicker than the actual desired electrode film thickness. Thus, in system portion 200, the self-supporting film is fed through a tension control system into a calendering system (shown as three larger vertical rolls), with a plurality of nips which iteratively compact the density and decrease the thickness of the dry film closer to a desired thickness/density. The dry film exits component part 200 and enters system portion 300. Portion 300 comprises one or more idler rolls, dancer rolls, additional nips and/or a rewind/storage roll to further process the dry film into a final dry electrode film, which can be rolled in a rewind station. The final, rolled electrode film can then be transferred to another machine for unwinding and laminating to a collector to form a dry electrode.

[0038] FIGS. 3A-B illustrate a side schematic view of a multi-roll calendar system 310 and a film 320 made from said calendar system, respectively. The calendar system can include one or more dry electrode material delivery systems, such as powder delivery hoppers. For illustrative purposes, the system includes two powder hoppers, shown as powder hopper #1 and powder hopper #2. The particles sizes, density, porosity, and/or type of materials, and/or other material characteristics in powder hopper #1 and powder hopper #2 can be the same with respect to each other. The particles sizes, density, porosity, and/or type of materials, and/or other material characteristics in powder hopper #1 and powder hopper #2 can be different with respect to each other.

[0039] The calendar machine as shown comprises six rolls 330, although more or less quantities of rolls can be implemented. A downstream roll 330B along the web path can be configured to rotate faster than the previous upstream roll 330A. The increased downstream roll speed induces a shear in the film while in the roll nip causing the film to adhere to the faster rotating roll. An even further downstream roll can rotate even faster than the previous, and so forth, such that the film can remain adhered to all the rolls along the web path of the entire calendar machine. This adherence can allow the film that is initially formed in the calendar system in FIG. 3A to be formed from dry materials, but need not initially be self-supporting, because the film is supported and adhered to all the rolls along the web path. This adherence and support in turn can reduce or completely eliminate the need for idler rolls between roll nips, such as those described with reference to FIG. 2. The increased shear within the nip can also reduce the pressures and forces needed for calendering a film to a desired thickness, relative to other dry film equipment, such as that shown in FIG. 2. Thus, less complicated, and lower force (and thus smaller) equipment can be implemented, than that for the system in FIG. 2. Each roll temperature for the system in FIG. 3A can also be individually controllable. FIG. 3B illustrates a side view of a film 320 made from a calendar system such as that illustrated in FIG. 3A, when the particles in powder hopper #1 are different in size from the particles in powder hopper #2.

[0040] FIG. 4 illustrates a multi-roll calendar system 400. The system has six rolls 430 with one powder hopper 440, for illustrative purposes; greater or lesser quantities are possible. Each of the six rolls along the web path can be configured to rotate faster than the previous roll, for film adherence, as described above. FIG. 4 shows individual motors 450 (e.g., servo motors), the speed, acceleration, timing, etc., of which can be individually controlled with a controller (not shown). The controller can also be configured to control other aspects of the system, such as to control the gap distance between the rolls, the temperatures of each roll, and/or other system parameters. A controller can be similarly implemented within the other system described herein.

[0041] FIGS. 5A-C illustrate some of the operating steps of the multi-roll calendar system 400 of FIG. 4. In FIG. 5A, a powder 445 is added to one roll nip section of the calendar system. In FIG. 5B, the film 420 is transferred between the rolls 430 without need for idler rolls. In FIG. 5C, a doctor blade 460 assists in the removal of film from the last roll. The film edges are trimmed and the film is then wound on a core 470.

[0042] FIG. 6 illustrates a combination calendar/laminator system 600 which can manufacture two dry electrode films, and laminate them to a current collector, to form a double sided electrode. In FIG. 6, there are two dry electrode material delivery systems, shown as powder hoppers, 602 and 603 and four rolls, 604, 605, 606 and 607. A current collector 610 can be provided from a current collector source 608. A first dry electrode film 620 can be formed by calendering particles from powder hopper 602 through a first nip formed between rolls 604 and 605. A second dry electrode film 621 can be formed by calendering particles from powder hopper 603 through a second nip formed between rolls 606 and 607. Both films 620 and 621 can be laminated onto a first and second opposing side, respectively, of the current collector 610. The lamination can be provided by compressing (e.g., calendering) films 620 and 621, and current collector 610 between a third nip formed between roll 605 and 606. In addition to lamination, this third nip may also provide additional calendering and tuning of the film thickness of films 620 and 621. After lamination between rolls 605 and 606, the double sided electrode is collected for further processing, for example, via a rewind station 609. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the roll nips are positioned in sequence, and close together, which provides for continuous calendering and film thickness reduction, which reduces or completely negates the need for idler or dancer rolls. Each of the rolls in can be controlled for velocity, acceleration, speed, etc., as described elsewhere herein. The subsequent rolls each turn slightly faster than the last one allowing the film to follow the rolls to the last section where the film is pulled off the last roll and wound onto a core on rewind station 609.

[0043] The system in FIG. 6 can be implemented to produce a single sided electrode, for example, by eliminating roll 607 and hopper 603, and without film 621. Additionally, rolls 604 and 607 are part of a belt-calendar system as shown, in which the belt provides additional support and surface area for application of dry electrode material thereupon. One or more belt systems (like rollers 604 and 607) or non-belt systems (like rollers 605 and 606), or combinations thereof, can be implemented within any of the embodiments herein.

[0044] FIG. 7 illustrates an intermittently coated dry electrode according to an embodiment. An intermittent electrode includes intermittently coated portions 702 with gaps x therebetween without coating, to form uncoated foil portions 704. At least one of the uncoated foil portions 704 can be used for electrically connecting the electrode to other elements such as an electrode tab.

[0045] FIGS. 8A-B illustrate a side view and a front view of a laminator embodiment. The laminator can be implemented within a system such as system 600 in FIG. 6. The rolls in the laminator of FIGS. 8A-8B can be similar to rolls 605, 606 in FIG. 6. The laminator can include one or more lamination actuators, such as pressure cylinders 804 which provide the main force which laminates the current collector and electrode film being fed through the laminator to form the electrode. However, during lamination of an intermittent electrode, such as that shown in FIG. 7, the rolls in the laminator can slam together when being compressed against the uncoated (foil only) portions 704. To reduce this slamming effect, the laminator can include one or more gap control actuators, such as cylinders 802 configured to oppose the forces in cylinders 804, and provide constant gap during lamination in non-coated areas. A sensor (FIG. 8A) can be configured to detect non-coated or non-laminated areas. When detected non-coated or non-laminated area is detected, gap control cylinders 802 are engaged, to counteract the lamination pressure of the main force cylinders. The gap is maintained and the rolls do not slam into the non-coated areas which would otherwise deform or break the intermittent laminated web.

[0046] FIG. 9 illustrates a funnel-shaped charging hopper 1 which can be implemented within embodiments of the systems and methods described herein. The hopper can be supplied with bulk material by means of suction or worm conveyers. Inside the charging hopper the bulk material is uniformly distributed and the level is kept constant during the scattering process. Cavity formation and decomposition of the material is avoided through a special mixer. The rotary metering roller is fixed to the bottom side of the charging hopper. The size of the cells of the metering roller are selected according to the grain size of the bulk material. The bulk material is picked up by the metering roller 2 and stripped at a flexible doctor blade 3. After that the accurately dosed bulk material is conveyed to an oscillating brushing device 4. Following the brushing process the bulk material will be examined and transferred to the subjacent substrate line 5.

[0047] FIG. 10 illustrates a calendering process 1000 comprised of a scatter coating process, a continuous belt calendar process, a calendar process, and a rewind process. A scatter coater can deposit a very thin layer of powder onto the belt and when the thin layer is calendered through the nip of the calendar rolls, results in fabrication of a thin film. The powder is collected within the groves or bristles of the main rotating drum then a secondary rotating brush removes the powder from the groves or bristles allowing the powder to deposit onto the moving belt. Once the powder is compressed into a film within the first nip, the film will travel through the subsequent nips to achieve the desired thickness and or density.

[0048] An energy storage device as provided herein can be of any suitable configuration, for example planar, spirally wound, button shaped, interdigitated, or pouch. An energy storage device as provided herein can be a component of a system, for example, a power generation system, an uninterruptible power source systems (UPS), a photo voltaic power generation system, an energy recovery system for use in, for example, industrial machinery and/or transportation. An energy storage device as provided herein may be used to power various electronic device and/or motor vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and/or electric vehicles (EV).

[0049] As used herein, the terms battery and capacitor are to be given their ordinary and customary meanings to a person of ordinary skill in the art. The terms battery and capacitor are nonexclusive of each other. A capacitor or battery can refer to a single electrochemical cell that may be operated alone, or operated as a component of a multi-cell system.

[0050] Features, materials, characteristics, or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment, or example are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described in this section or elsewhere in this specification unless incompatible therewith. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. The protection is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The protection extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

[0051] Furthermore, certain features that are described in this disclosure in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the combination may be claimed as a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

[0052] Moreover, while operations may be depicted in the drawings or described in the specification in a particular order, such operations need not be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Other operations that are not depicted or described can be incorporated in the example methods and processes. For example, one or more additional operations can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the described operations. Further, the operations may be rearranged or reordered in other implementations. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in some embodiments, the actual steps taken in the processes illustrated and/or disclosed may differ from those shown in the figures. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the steps described above may be removed, others may be added. Furthermore, the features and attributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combined in different ways to form additional embodiments, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Also, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single product or packaged into multiple products. For example, any of the components for an energy storage system described herein can be provided separately, or integrated together (e.g., packaged together, or attached together) to form an energy storage system.

[0053] For purposes of this disclosure, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features are described herein. Not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves one advantage or a group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

[0054] Conditional language, such as can, could, might, or may, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements, and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

[0055] Conjunctive language such as the phrase at least one of X, Y, and Z, unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require the presence of at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z.

[0056] Language of degree used herein, such as the terms approximately, about, generally, and substantially as used herein represent a value, amount, or characteristic close to the stated value, amount, or characteristic that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result.

[0057] The scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by the specific disclosures of embodiments in this section or elsewhere in this specification, and may be defined by claims as presented in this section or elsewhere in this specification or as presented in the future. The language of the claims is to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to the examples described in the present specification or during the prosecution of the application, which examples are to be construed as non-exclusive.

[0058] While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the systems and methods described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the present inventions is defined only by reference to the appended claims.