Abstract
A syntactic foam is comprised of a matrix, a quantity of porous polymer beads in the matrix, each of which is smaller than 1.5 mm in width, and a quantity of hollow microspheres distributed within the matrix amongst the quantity of porous polymer beads. The largest of the hollow microspheres is at least 7 times smaller than the smallest of the porous polymer beads, and the hollow microspheres have a size distribution of 10 m.
Claims
1. A syntactic foam, comprising: a matrix; a quantity of porous polymer beads in the matrix, each of which is smaller than 1. 5 mm in width; and a quantity of hollow microspheres distributed within the matrix amongst the quantity of porous polymer beads, and the largest of the hollow microspheres is at least 7 times smaller than the smallest of the porous polymer beads, and the hollow microspheres have a size distribution of 10 m.
2. The syntactic foam of claim 1, wherein the matrix is comprised of at least one of the following thermosetting materials: epoxy, silicone, polyurethane, polyuria, polyester, cyclic olefin, phenolic resin, polyimide, polybenzimidazole.
3. The syntactic foam of claim 1, wherein the porous polymer beads comprise at least one of the following thermoplastic materials: expanded polystyrene beads, expanded polypropylene beads.
4. The syntactic foam of claim 1, wherein the porous polymer beads have a density of less than 0.1 g/cm.sup.3.
5. The syntactic foam of claim 1, wherein the hollow microspheres are comprised of at least one of the following materials: glass, ceramic, polymer.
6. The syntactic foam of claim 1, wherein the hollow microspheres have a density of less than 0.6 g/cm.sup.3.
7. The syntactic foam of claim 1, having one of the following three combinations of density and hydrostatic crush strength: a density of 0.20-0.25 g/cm.sup.3 and a hydrostatic crush strength of greater than 500 psi; a density of 0.28-0.32 g/cm.sup.3 and a hydrostatic crush strength of greater than 1500 psi; or a density of 0.32-0.35 g/cm.sup.3 and a hydrostatic crush strength of greater than 2000 psi.
8. A syntactic foam, comprising: a matrix; a quantity of matrix cavities in the matrix, each enclosing a volume partially occupied by a polymer particle, and each matrix cavity has a maximum width of less than 1.5 mm; and a quantity of hollow microspheres distributed within the matrix amongst the quantity of matrix cavities, and the largest of the hollow microspheres is at least 7 times smaller than the smallest of the matrix cavities, and the hollow microspheres have a size distribution of no larger than 10 m.
9. The syntactic foam of claim 8, wherein the matrix is comprised of at least one of the following thermosetting materials: epoxy, silicone, polyurethane, polyuria, polyester, cyclic olefin, phenolic resin, polyimide, polybenzimidazole.
10. The syntactic foam of claim 8, having one of the following three combinations of density and hydrostatic crush strength: a density of 0.20-0.25 g/cm.sup.3 and a hydrostatic crush strength of greater than 500 psi; a density of 0.28-0.32 g/cm.sup.3 and a hydrostatic crush strength of greater than 1500 psi; or a density of 0.32-0.35 g/cm.sup.3 and a hydrostatic crush strength of greater than 2000 psi.
11. A method of manufacturing a syntactic foam, comprising: placing a quantity of porous polymer beads in a mold, and each of the porous polymer beads is smaller than 1.5 mm in width; distributing a sorted quantity of hollow microspheres throughout the quantity of porous polymer beads in the mold to obtain a powder bed, and the hollow microspheres have a particle size distribution of no greater than 10 m, and the largest of the hollow microspheres is at least 7 times smaller than the smallest of the porous polymer beads; impregnating the powder bed in the mold with a resin mixture comprised of resin and hardener; and allowing the resin mixture in the powder bed to cure to thereby obtain the syntactic foam.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of oscillating the mold during and/or after placing the quantity of porous polymer beads in the mold to thereby to optimize packing of the porous polymer beads in the mold.
13. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of sieving a bulk quantity of the hollow microspheres to obtain the sorted quantity of hollow microspheres having a particle size distribution of no greater than 5 m.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of distributing the sorted quantity of hollow microspheres throughout the quantity of porous polymer beads comprises: pouring the hollow microspheres into the mold while oscillating the mold until a free volume of interstices between the porous polymer beads is filled with the hollow microspheres.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of distributing the sorted quantity of hollow microspheres throughout the quantity of porous polymer beads is performed in a manner to achieve 55-75 volume percentage of porous polymer beads relative to a combined volume of the hollow microspheres, the porous polymer beads, and space to be filled by the resin mixture.
16. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of impregnating the powder bed with the resin mixture comprises: applying vacuum pressure to a side of the mold opposite the side on which the resin mixture is introduced.
17. The method of claim 11, wherein the porous polymer beads comprise at least one of the following thermoplastic materials: expanded polystyrene beads, expanded polypropylene beads.
18. The method of claim 11, wherein the porous polymer beads have a density of less than 0.1 g/cm.sup.3.
19. The method of claim 11, wherein the hollow microspheres are comprised of at least one of the following materials: glass, ceramic, polymer.
20. The method of claim 11, wherein the hollow microspheres have a density of less than 0.6 g/cm.sup.3.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] The disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate preferred and exemplary versions, but which are not necessarily drawn to scale. The drawings are examples and not meant as limitations on the description or the claims.
[0010] FIG. 1 shows an example of an unmanned undersea vehicle containing syntactic foam as a buoyancy material;
[0011] FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the presently-disclosed syntactic foam taken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1;
[0012] FIG. 3 is a magnified view of a portion of syntactic foam, and which is comprised of a matrix containing a plurality of porous polymer beads and a plurality of hollow microspheres;
[0013] FIG. 4 is a magnified view of an example of a porous polymer bead in the form of an expanded polystyrene bead;
[0014] FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a portion of the porous polymer bead of FIG. 4 illustrating its internal structure when the syntactic foam is in the green state;
[0015] FIG. 6 is a magnified view of an example of a hollow microsphere;
[0016] FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the hollow microsphere of FIG. 6;
[0017] FIG. 8 is a magnified view of an example of syntactic foam in which the porous polymer beads have an ellipsoidal shape;
[0018] FIG. 9 is a magnified view of an example of syntactic foam in which the porous polymer beads have an irregular rounded shape;
[0019] FIG. 10 is a chart showing the isostatic crush strength of two types of hollow glass microspheres each having several different size distributions, and also showing the isostatic crush strength of bulk quantities of the same two types of hollow glass microspheres;
[0020] FIG. 11 is a graph of the size distribution of a bulk quantity of hollow microspheres and a sorted quantity of hollow microspheres;
[0021] FIG. 12 is a chart of hydrostatic pressure for several different syntactic foam configurations respectively containing several different size distributions of hollow microspheres;
[0022] FIG. 13 is a plot of the water volume displacement as a function of hydrostatic pressure during testing of the hydrostatic crush strength of a syntactic foam test specimen;
[0023] FIG. 14 is a flowchart of operations included in a method of method of manufacturing syntactic foam
[0024] FIG. 15 is a schematic view of a quantity of porous polymer beads poured into a cylindrical mold as part of the process of manufacturing syntactic foam;
[0025] FIG. 16 is a schematic view of the mold sitting on a mechanical vibrator for high frequency vibration of the mold;
[0026] FIG. 17 is a schematic view of the sieving of a bulk quantity of hollow microspheres using one of at least two mesh sieves (e.g., a 50 m sieve and a 70 m sieve) required to obtain a sorted quantity of hollow microspheres having a desired particle size distribution (e.g., no greater than 10 m);
[0027] FIG. 18 is a schematic view of pouring the sorted quantity of hollow microspheres into the mold while vibrating the mold using a mechanical vibrator;
[0028] FIG. 19 is a schematic view of the mold containing the powder bed;
[0029] FIG. 20 is a magnified illustration of the portion of the powder identified by reference numeral 20 of FIG. 19;
[0030] FIG. 21 is an exploded schematic view of the mold assembly comprising a porous frit placed over the mold top side and over the mold bottom side;
[0031] FIG. 22 is an assembled schematic view of the mold assembly of FIG. 21;
[0032] FIG. 23 is a schematic view of a manufacturing system comprising a vacuum pump fluidically coupled to the mold top side and a resin container fluidically coupled to the mold bottom side;
[0033] FIG. 24 is a schematic view of the manufacturing system during activation of the vacuum pump;
[0034] FIG. 25 is a schematic view of the manufacturing system after completion of room temperature cure of the syntactic foam into its green state;
[0035] FIG. 26 is a magnified view of the portion of the syntactic foam identified by reference numeral 26 of FIG. 25, and illustrating the internal structure of the porous polymer beads when the syntactic foam is in the green state;
[0036] FIG. 27 is a schematic view of the mold in an oven for final curing of the green state syntactic foam to fully crosslink the matrix (i.e., thermosetting resin);
[0037] FIG. 28 is a schematic view showing the removal of the syntactic foam from the mold after final cure;
[0038] FIG. 29 is a magnified view of a portion of the post-cured syntactic foam identified by reference numeral 29 of FIG. 28.
[0039] The figures shown in this disclosure represent various aspects of the versions presented, and only differences will be discussed in detail.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0040] Disclosed versions will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all of the disclosed versions are shown. Indeed, several different versions may be provided and should not be construed as limited to the versions set forth herein. Rather, these versions are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
[0041] This specification includes references to configuration and configurations. Instances of the phrases configuration and configurations. do not necessarily refer to the same configuration. Similarly, this specification includes references to one example or an example. Instances of the phrases one example or an example do not necessarily refer to the same example. Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner consistent with this disclosure.
[0042] As used herein, comprising is an open-ended term, and as used in the claims, this term does not foreclose additional components, structures, or steps.
[0043] As used herein, configured to means various parts or components may be described or claimed as configured to perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, configured to is used to connote structure by indicating that the parts or components include structure that performs those task or tasks during operation. As such, the parts or components can be said to be configured to perform the task even when the specified part or component is not currently operational (e.g., is not on).
[0044] As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and preceded by the word a or an should be understood as not necessarily excluding the plural of the elements or steps. As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As also used herein, the term combinations thereof' includes combinations having at least one of the associated listed items, wherein the combination can further include additional, like non-listed items.
[0045] As used herein, the phrase at least one of, when used with a list of items, means different combinations of one or more of the listed items may be used, and only one of each item in the list may be needed. In other words, at least one of means any combination of items and number of items may be used from the list, but not all of the items in the list are required. The item may be a particular object, a thing, or a category.
[0046] Referring now to the drawings which illustrate various examples of the disclosure, shown in FIG. 1 is an unmanned undersea vehicle 100 containing syntactic foam 102. The syntactic foam 102 has a relatively high hydrostatic crush strength and a relatively low density, which allows the syntactic foam 102 to efficiently meet the buoyancy requirements of subsea applications such as the unmanned undersea vehicle 100 of FIG. 1 and other subsea applications such as cabled observatory nodes and unattended sensors. Advantageously, the syntactic foam 102 can be readily formed into a foam product 108 that is shaped complementary to the interior pockets and/or exterior contours of undersea vehicles and other applications. The syntactic foam 102 is not limited to subsea applications, but can also be implemented in ground-based applications, air vehicle applications, and space-based applications.
[0047] Referring to FIGS. 2-7, shown in FIG. 2 is a sectional view of an example of the presently-disclosed syntactic foam 102, which is comprised of a matrix 150 which comprises a rigid or flexible volume, boundary, enclosure, container, or area, a quantity of porous polymer beads 200 distributed within the matrix 150, and a quantity of hollow microspheres 300 distributed within the matrix 150 amongst and between the porous polymer beads 200. As described below, the hollow microspheres 300 are provided in a relatively narrow size distribution, which results in the high hydrostatic crush strength and low density of the syntactic foam 102.
[0048] The porous polymer beads 200 and the hollow microspheres 300 are encapsulated in the matrix 150. The matrix 150 bonds the porous polymer beads 200 together, bonds the hollow microspheres 300 together, and bonds the porous polymer beads 200 to the hollow microspheres 300. The matrix 150 does not significantly penetrate into either the porous polymer beads 200 or the hollow microspheres 300. For example, the matrix 150 does not penetrate into each porous polymer bead 200 beyond a depth of more than 10 percent of the bead width 202 (e.g., FIG. 3). Similarly, the matrix 150 does not penetrate into each hollow microsphere 300 beyond a depth of more than 10 percent of the microsphere diameter 302 (FIG. 7). In another example, the porous polymer beads 200 and/or the hollow microspheres 300 are configured such that the matrix 150 does not penetrate beyond a depth of more than 5 percent respectively of the bead width 202 and the microsphere diameter 302.
[0049] The matrix 150 is formed of a thermosetting resin mixture 424 (FIG. 23) comprised of liquid resin and a hardener or catalyst. The matrix 150 (i.e., the resin) is a thermosetting material such as epoxy, silicone, polyurethane, polyuria, polyester, cyclic olefin, phenolic resin, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, and/or other thermosetting material. One example of epoxy resin is bisphenol A diglycidyl ether epoxy resin. The hardener is any suitable polymerization initiator such as amine or alcohol hardener, and is mixed in the appropriate ratio with the resin to obtain a resin mixture 424 that will harden or cure over time. Examples of the hardener include aliphatic polyamine hardener and cyclic polyamine hardener. Commercially available examples of two-part resin systems (i.e., resin and hardener) include DE NEEF Denepox I-40, available from GCP Applied Technologies of Alpharetta, Georgia; UltraThin2 Epoxy, available from Pace Technologies Corporation of Tucson, Arizona; and CI-SLV Super-low-viscosity Structural Injection Epoxy, available from Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc., of Pleasanton, California.
[0050] During manufacturing of the syntactic foam 102 as described below, the porous polymer beads 200 (FIG. 15) are combined with the hollow microspheres 300 (FIG. 18) in a mold 402 (FIG. 15) to form a powder bed 310 (FIGS. 19-20) that is later impregnated with the resin mixture 424 (FIG. 23). After the powder bed 310 is impregnated, the resin mixture 424 is allowed to cure (e.g., at room temperature or via a heated cure) into a green state in which the syntactic foam 102 is in a solid state and capable of holding its shape, but is potentially also soft and/or flexible. The green state syntactic foam 104 (FIG. 26) is subjected to final cure by heat treating at an elevated temperature for a predetermined period of time to fully crosslink the matrix 150 (i.e., the resin mixture 424), and which results in post-cured syntactic foam 106 (FIGS. 28-29)
[0051] FIG. 3 is a magnified view of a portion of green state syntactic foam 104, and which is comprised of the matrix 150 containing the quantity of porous polymer beads 200 and the quantity of hollow microspheres 300. In general, the hollow microspheres 300 maintain a desired spacing distance between the porous polymer beads 200. In the example shown, some of the hollow microspheres 300 are in contact with each other, and some of the hollow microspheres 300 are in contact with the porous polymer beads 200. In any of the syntactic foam 102 configurations disclosed herein, whether green state or post-cured, the syntactic foam 102 has a 55-75 volume percentage of porous polymer beads 200 relative to a combined volume of the hollow microspheres 300, the porous polymer beads 200, and the space filled by the matrix 150. The space filled by the matrix 150 is a combination of the space between neighboring hollow microspheres 300, the space between neighboring porous polymer beads 200, and the space between hollow microspheres 300 and neighboring porous polymer beads 200.
[0052] The porous polymer beads 200 and hollow microspheres 300 are preferably substantially uniformly distributed within the matrix 150. For example, the porous polymer beads 200 can be distributed within the matrix 150 in a manner such that at all locations within the syntactic foam 102, the average distance between each neighboring pair of porous polymer beads 200 is less than the bead width 202 of the smallest the porous polymer bead 200 in the syntactic foam 102. Alternatively or additionally, the average distance between each neighboring pair of porous polymer beads 200 is at least one microsphere diameter 302 of the largest hollow microsphere 300. Similarly, the hollow microspheres 300 can be distributed within the matrix 150 in a manner such that the average distance between each neighboring pair of hollow microspheres 300 in the syntactic foam 102 is less than twice (2) the microsphere diameter 302 of the largest hollow microsphere 300.
[0053] Referring to FIGS. 3-5, the porous polymer beads 200 are formed of a low-density thermoplastic foam material. For example, the porous polymer beads 200 are expanded polystyrene beads and/or expanded polypropylene beads. FIG. 4 shows an example of an expanded polystyrene bead 203. FIG. 5 is a magnified view of an example of the cellular-like internal structure 204 of the expanded polystyrene bead 203 at an exaggerated scale. In each syntactic foam 102 configuration disclosed herein, the porous polymer beads 200 have a bulk density of less than 0.1 g/cm.sup.3, and more preferably less than 0.05 g/cm.sup.3. In addition, in each syntactic foam 102 configuration disclosed herein, the bead width 202 or diameter is smaller than 1.5 mm. In one example, the bead width 202 or diameter is between 0.5-1.5 mm. In the present disclosure, the bead width 202 of a porous polymer bead 200 is a measure of its maximum width, as shown in the examples of FIGS. 4, 8 and 9.
[0054] The porous polymer beads 200 have a generally rounded shape. In the example of FIGS. 3-4, the porous polymer beads 200 have a generally spherical shape 210. However, the porous polymer beads 200 can be provided in any one of a variety of alternative shapes, such as an elliptical shape 212 (i.e., spheroidal) shown in FIG. 8 and/or an irregular rounded shape 214 shown in FIG. 9. Although the syntactic foam 102 configurations in FIGS. 3, 8 and 9 each contain porous polymer beads 200 of a single shape, the syntactic foam 102 can be manufactured to include porous polymer beads 200 of two or more different shapes.
[0055] The hollow microspheres 300 (FIGS. 6-7) are comprised of glass, ceramic, polymer, or other suitable material. In addition, the hollow microspheres 300 have a density of less than 0.6 g/cm.sup.3, and preferably less than 0.4 g/cm.sup.3. In one example, the hollow microspheres 300 are hollow glass microspheres (HGMS) such as S38 HGMS and S38hs HGMS commercially available from the 3M Company of St. Paul, Minnesota. S38 HGMS and S38hs HGMS are made of soda-lime borosilicate glass and have a bulk density of 0.38 g/cm.sup.3. K25 HGMS are also available from the 3M Company and are made of soda-lime borosilicate glass and have a bulk density of 0.25 g/cm.sup.3.
[0056] In the presently-disclosed syntactic foam 102, the largest of the hollow microspheres 300 is at least 7 times smaller than the smallest of the porous polymer beads 200. As shown in FIG. 7, the size of the hollow microspheres 300 refers to the microsphere diameter 302. The relatively small size of the hollow microspheres 300 enhances their capacity to fill the interstices 312 (FIG. 3) between the porous polymer beads 200, thereby reducing the effective density of the syntactic foam 102. In one example, the largest of the hollow microspheres 300 is at least 10 times smaller than the smallest of the porous polymer beads 200. In some examples, the microsphere diameter 302 of the hollow microspheres 300 in a syntactic foam 102 is no smaller than 40 m.
[0057] Notably, the hollow microspheres 300 in the syntactic foam 102 have a size distribution of no greater than 10 m. In the present disclosure, size distribution refers to the percentage of hollow microspheres 300 for which the microsphere diameters 302 fall within a specified size range. For example, the syntactic foam 102 can be provided in a configuration in which at least 70 percent of the hollow microspheres 300 have a microsphere diameter 302 in a size range of 10 m (e.g., a microsphere diameter of 50-70 m), and the remaining 30 or more percent of hollow microspheres 300 have a microsphere diameter 302 that is outside of the size range (e.g., smaller than 50 m or larger than 70 m). In another example, the syntactic foam 102 can be provided in a configuration in which at least 90 percent of the hollow microspheres 300 have a size range of 10 m. In still another example, at least 95 percent of the hollow microspheres 300 have a size range of 10 m. In a still further example, at least 99 percent of the hollow microspheres 300 have a size range of 10 m.
[0058] In some examples of the syntactic foam 102, the size distribution of the hollow microspheres 300 is no greater than 5 m. For example, the syntactic foam 102 can be provided in a configuration in which the microsphere diameters 302 of at least 70 percent of the hollow microspheres 300 have a size range of 5 m (e.g., a microsphere diameter of 53-63 m). In another example, the syntactic foam 102 can be provided in a configuration in which at least 90 percent of the hollow microspheres 300 have a size range of 5 m. In still another example, at least 95 percent of the hollow microspheres 300 have a size range of 5 m. In a still further example, at least 99 percent of the hollow microspheres 300 have a size range of 5 m.
[0059] As mentioned above, the relatively narrow size distribution of the hollow microspheres 300 results in a syntactic foam 102 having a relatively high hydrostatic crush strength at a relatively low density. The relatively high hydrostatic crush strength of the syntactic foam 102 is associated with the isostatic crush strength of the hollow microspheres 300, which is a function of their bulk density and size (i.e., microsphere diameter 302). In general, the density and isostatic crush strength of the hollow microspheres 300 increases with decreasing size.
[0060] For example, FIG. 10 is a chart of the properties of S38hs and K25 hollow glass microspheres in several different size distributions. The size distributions were obtained by sieving bulk quantities of S38hs and K25 hollow glass microspheres in 10 m increments from 10-63 m using stainless steel mesh sieves 412. Each increment was characterized by isostatic crush strength and density. As shown in FIG. 10, the K25 hollow glass microspheres in the 75-63 m size range have a density of 0.19 g/cm.sup.3 and an isostatic crush strength of approximately 300 psi. In contrast, smaller K25 hollow glass microspheres in the 53-45 m size range have a density of 0.25 g/cm.sup.3 and an isostatic crush strength of approximately 600 psi, and sub-45 m K25 hollow glass microspheres have a density of 0.34 g/cm.sup.3 and an isostatic crush strength of approximately 800 psi. Notably, the isostatic crush strength of sub-53 m K25 hollow glass microspheres is higher than the isostatic crush strength (400 psi, as-tested) of bulk quantities of K25 hollow glass microspheres, which have a relatively large size range of 20-100 um and an average diameter of 40 m.
[0061] Also shown in FIG. 10 are the properties of S38hs hollow glass microspheres in the 53-45 m size range, which have a density of 0.30 g/cm.sup.3 and an isostatic crush strength of approximately 2,100 psi. In contrast, smaller S38hs hollow glass microspheres in the 38-20 m size range have a density of 0.41 g/cm.sup.3 and an isostatic crush strength of approximately 4,400 psi. As shown in FIG. 10, S38hs hollow glass microspheres at sizes above 38 m have a density comparable to the K25 hollow glass microspheres, but more than double the isostatic crush strength. Notably, the isostatic crush strength of 38-20 m S38hs hollow glass microspheres is higher than the isostatic crush strength (3,000 psi, as-tested) of bulk quantities of S38hs hollow glass microspheres which range in size from 20-100 m.
[0062] FIG. 11 is graph of the size distribution of a bulk quantity 304 of S38hs hollow glass microspheres and of a sorted quantity 306 (i.e., sieved) of S38hs hollow glass microspheres. The sorted quantity 306 has a size range of 53-63 m, which is an example of a size distribution of 5 m. The 53-63 m size range was achieved using mesh sieves 412 respectively having mesh sizes of 53 m and 63 m. For bulk S38hs, the volume percentage of 50-73 m (i.e., a size distribution of 11.5 m) hollow glass microspheres is 43 percent of the total volume. When sieved, the volume percentage of 50-73 m hollow glass microspheres increases to 75 percent of the total volume. As shown in FIG. 11, the majority of the volume of hollow glass microspheres lies within the mesh sizes of the sieves 412, which indicates that sieving selectively tightens the size distribution within the sieving range.
[0063] Advantageously, a relatively narrow size distribution (e.g., 10 m or 5 m) of the hollow microspheres 300 maximizes packing efficiency within the powder bed 310, which reduces the density of the syntactic foam 102 while maintaining high hydrostatic crush strength. In contrast, low density syntactic foam 102 containing bulk unsorted hollow microspheres in a broad size range (e.g., 20-100 m) has a relatively low hydrostatic crush strength.
[0064] For example, FIG. 12 illustrates the increased hydrostatic crush strength (i.e., interchangeably referred to herein as hydrostatic pressure) and corresponding underwater service depth for test specimens (not shown) formed of several different syntactic foam 102 configurations respectively containing different size distributions of hollow microspheres 300. Also shown is the hydrostatic crush strength of syntactic foam 102 containing bulk hollow microspheres, and the hydrostatic crush strength of prior art low-density foams 110.
[0065] The hydrostatic crush strength data in FIG. 12 was generated by testing test specimens (not shown) having different syntactic foam 102 configurations. For example, test specimens were manufactured from syntactic foam 102 having 0.8 mm expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads combined separately with each of the following hollow glass microspheres: 53-63 m S38hs, 38-20 m S38hs, and bulk S38hs. Each of the test specimens was cored from a larger piece of syntactic foam 102, and the exterior surfaces of the test specimens were sealed using epoxy resin. Each test specimen was then subjected to hydrostatic compression while water volume displacement was recorded.
[0066] FIG. 13 is a plot of water volume displacement as a function of hydrostatic pressure (i.e., hydrostatic compression) applied to the test specimens. The hydrostatic crush strength of each test specimen is characterized based on the relationship of water volume displacement to pressure. For example, a change in water volume displacement without a corresponding change in hydrostatic pressure indicated the occurrence of a crush event 112 in the test specimen. In FIG. 13, the initial crush event 112 is represented by the initial break in the linearity of the plot, which occurs at approximately 2,900 psi. The hydrostatic pressure then increases by a small amount, after which another break occurs, indicating further crushing of the test specimen.
[0067] Referring back to FIG. 12, testing revealed that the test specimen containing 0.8 mm EPS beads and 53-63 m S38hs hollow glass microspheres had a density of 0.33 g/cm.sup.3 and a hydrostatic crush strength (i.e., pressure capability) of approximately 3,000 psi. The test specimen containing 0.8 mm EPS beads and 20-38 m S38hs had a density of 0.32 g/cm.sup.3 and a hydrostatic crush strength of approximately 1,800 psi. In contrast, the syntactic foam 102 test specimen containing 0.8 mm EPS beads and bulk S38 had a density of 0.29 g/cm.sup.3 and a hydrostatic crush strength of approximately 1,600 psi. The prior art low-density foams 110 shown in FIG. 12 had an even lower hydrostatic crush strength than each version of the syntactic foam 102 containing S38hs hollow glass microspheres. As can be seen, the presently-disclosed syntactic foam 102 with controlled-size-distribution hollow microspheres 300 provides a significant increase in performance relative to conventional prior art low-density foams 110.
[0068] The improved performance of the presently-disclosed syntactic foam 102 is due to the narrow size distribution of the hollow microspheres 300, which control the spacing between the porous polymer beads 200. Toward this end, the spherical shape 210 of the hollow microspheres 300 provides uniformity of size of the hollow microspheres 300 which, in combination with the narrow size distribution, results in uniformity of the wall thickness 152 (FIGS. 3, 8, 9) of the matrix 150. Uniformity of the wall thickness 152 results in a syntactic foam 102 having a relatively high hydrostatic crush strength and a relatively low density, as compared to a syntactic foam 102 in which the hollow microspheres 300 have a relatively broad size distribution as is typical of bulk or unsorted hollow microspheres.
[0069] The presently-disclosed syntactic foam 102 can be manufactured to have different densities and associated hydrostatic crush strengths. For example, syntactic foam 102 having a density of 0.20-0.25 g/cm.sup.3 has a hydrostatic crush strength of greater than 500 psi. In another example, syntactic foam 102 having a density of 0.28-0.32 g/cm.sup.3 has a hydrostatic crush strength of greater than 1500 psi. In still other examples, syntactic foam 102 having a density of 0.32-0.35 g/cm.sup.3 has a hydrostatic crush strength of greater than 2000 psi. The above-noted combinations of density and hydrostatic crush strength are applicable for the syntactic foam 102 in the post-cured state after heat curing at an elevated temperature (e.g., 100-150 C.) for a predetermined period of time (e.g., 2 hours). Advantageously, heat curing the syntactic foam 102 increases the hydrostatic crush strength by 25-50 percent relative to its hydrostatic crush strength in the green state.
[0070] When the syntactic foam 102 is in the green state, the porous polymer beads 200 have the internal structure 204 similar to the example shown in FIG. 26. When the green state syntactic foam 104 is heated during final cure, each porous polymer bead 200 shrinks, resulting in a matrix cavity 206. In this regard, each matrix cavity 206 is defined by the cured matrix 150, and not the original porous polymer bead 200. Each matrix cavity 206 encloses a volume occupied partially by a polymer particle 208 as shown in the example of FIG. 29. As described below, the polymer particle 208 is the result of shrinkage of the porous polymer bead 200 when the green state syntactic foam 104 is heated during final cure.
[0071] Although FIGS. 3 and 8 show syntactic foam 102 having a single size of the porous polymer beads 200, the syntactic foam 102 can be provided in a configuration in which the porous polymer have more than one size. For example, the syntactic foam 102 can be provided in a trimodal configuration (not shown) having exactly two sizes of porous polymer beads 200, in addition to the hollow microspheres 300. As mentioned above, the bead width 202 of each size of the porous polymer beads 200 in a trimodal syntactic foam is smaller than 1.5 mm. For example, the bead width 202 of each of the two sizes of porous polymer beads 200 in the trimodal syntactic foam is between 0.5-1.5 mm. In addition, the largest of the hollow microspheres 300 is at least 7 times smaller than the smallest of the porous polymer beads 200. Furthermore, the hollow microspheres 300 have a size distribution of no greater than 10 m.
[0072] In another example of syntactic foam 102 in a trimodal configuration, the porous polymer beads 200 can be provided in exactly one size, and the hollow microspheres 300 can be provided in exactly two sizes. As discussed above, for any syntactic foam 102 configuration disclosed herein including trimodal configurations, the bead width 202 of the porous polymer beads 200 is smaller than 1.5 mm (e.g., between 0.5-1.5 mm), and the largest of the hollow microspheres 300 is at least 7 times smaller than the smallest of the porous polymer beads 200. Furthermore, both of the two different sizes of hollow microspheres 300 are within the same size distribution, and which is no greater than 10 m.
[0073] In further examples, the syntactic foam 102 can optionally include one or more additives to improve manufacturability and/or performance of the syntactic foam 102. For example, expanded aluminum such as carbon nanotubes (not shown) can be added to carry heat away from the interior of the syntactic foam 102 during final cure. Alternatively or additionally, a wetting agent (not shown) can be added to improve wetting of the surfaces of the porous polymer beads 200 and the hollow microspheres 300 to facilitate resin impregnation.
[0074] Referring to FIG. 14 with additional reference to FIGS. 15-29, shown in FIG. 14 is a flowchart of operations included in a method 500 of manufacturing the presently-disclosed syntactic foam 102. Step 502 of the method 500 includes placing a quantity of one or more sizes of porous polymer beads 200 in a mold 402 as shown in FIG. 15. In the example shown, the mold 402 has a cylindrical shape. However, the mold 402 can be of any shape, size, and/or configuration. The mold 402 has a mold top side 406 and a mold bottom side 408
[0075] In step 502, each of the porous polymer beads 200 is smaller than 1.5 mm in width. In some examples, the porous polymer beads 200 are larger than 0.5 mm in width (i.e., 0.5-1.5 mm). As described above, the porous polymer beads 200 are formed of a thermoplastic foam material such as expanded polystyrene beads and/or expanded polypropylene beads. The porous polymer beads 200 have a bulk density of less than 0.1 g/cm.sup.3, and preferably less than 0.05 g/cm.sup.3.
[0076] The method 500 can optionally include agitating the porous polymer beads 200 during and/or after placing the porous polymer beads 200 in the mold 402 to thereby to optimize packing of the porous polymer beads 200 in the mold 402. Agitation of the porous polymer beads 200 can be performed by directly agitating the porous polymer beads 200, tapping on the mold 402, and/or mechanically vibrating the mold 402 using a mechanical vibrator 410 as shown in FIG. 16. The mold 402 can be vibrated at a relatively high frequency (e.g., 1500-2000 rpm) for a short period of time.
[0077] Step 504 of the method 500 includes distributing a sorted quantity 306 of hollow microspheres 300 throughout the quantity of porous polymer beads 200 (FIG. 18) in the mold 402 to obtain a powder bed 310 (FIG. 19). As described above, the sorted quantity 306 of hollow microspheres 300 has a particle size distribution of no greater than 10 microns. In some examples, the hollow microspheres 300 have a particle size distribution of no greater than 5 microns. The largest of the hollow microspheres 300 is at least 7 times smaller than the smallest of the porous polymer beads 200. The hollow microspheres 300 are formed of glass, ceramic, polymer, and/or other material and have a density of less than 0.6 gram/cm.sup.3, and preferably less than 0.4 g/cm.sup.3.
[0078] Prior to or during step 504, the method 500 in some examples includes sieving a bulk quantity 304 (FIG. 17) of hollow microspheres 300 to obtain the sorted quantity 306 of hollow microspheres 300 having the desired size distribution of (e.g., 10 m, 5 m, etc.). For example, FIG. 17 illustrates the process of sieving a bulk quantity 304 of hollow microspheres 300 using a mesh sieve 412. Depending on the initial size range (i.e., 20-100 m) of the bulk quantity 304 of hollow microspheres 300, multiple mesh sieves 412 (e.g., at least two mesh sieves 412) having different mesh sizes may be required during the sieving operation.
[0079] As mentioned above, the hollow microspheres 300 keep the porous polymer beads 200 apart from each other. Although the hollow microspheres 300 are sieved to a relatively large size (e.g., 53-63 m), sieving eliminates at least a portion of the hollow microspheres 300 that have a low isostatic crush strength as shown in FIG. 10, as the largest sizes of hollow microspheres 300 that would result in a low hydrostatic crush strength of the syntactic foam 102. For example, sieving can be performed in a manner that results in a portion of the hollow microspheres 300 having a microsphere diameter 302 in the greater-than-average-half (e.g., 58-63 m) of the size distribution (e.g., 53-63 m). Sieving also eliminates a portion of the relatively small sizes of hollow microspheres 300 that are very dense and would cause the wall thickness 152 (FIGS. 3, 8, 9) of the cured matrix 150 to be relatively thin, also resulting in a low crush strength for the syntactic foam 102.
[0080] To improve the packing efficiency within the mold 402, step 504 can optionally include pouring the hollow microspheres 300 into the mold 402 while oscillating the mold 402. For example, FIG. 18 shows a mechanical vibrator 410 vibrating the mold 402 as a means to fill the interstices 312 (FIG. 3) between the porous polymer beads 200 with the hollow microspheres 300 as they are poured into the mold 402. Oscillation of the mold 402 can also occur while sieving the hollow microspheres 300 over one or more mesh sieves 412 and into the mold 402. The mold 402 can be oscillated or vibrated before, during, and/or after pouring the hollow microspheres 300 into the mold 402. In some examples, the oscillation of the mold 402 can continue until the free volume of interstices 312 between the porous polymer beads 200 are filled with hollow microspheres 300.
[0081] In some examples, the sorted quantity 306 of hollow microspheres 300 are added to porous polymer beads 200 to achieve a 55-75 volume percentage of porous polymer beads 200 relative to a combined volume of the hollow microspheres 300, the porous polymer beads 200, and the space filled by the matrix. FIG. 19 shows the mold 402 containing the powder bed 310 comprised of porous polymer beads 200 and hollow microspheres 300. FIG. 20 shows the hollow microspheres 300 distributed throughout the porous polymer beads 200.
[0082] Referring to FIGS. 21-22, shown is an example of a mold assembly 404 having a porous frit 416 or other porous material placed on the mold top side 406 and a porous frit 416 on the mold bottom side 408. The porous frits 416 allow liquid impregnation of the powder bed 310. A manifold 418 can be mounted on the side of the mold 402 where the resin mixture 424 (FIG. 23) is introduced to ensure that the resin mixture 424 is introduced across the entire cross section of the powder bed 310.
[0083] Prior to impregnating the powder bed 310, the method 500 includes mixing resin with an appropriate amount of hardener to obtain a homogenous resin mixture 424 (FIG. 23) that, over time, hardens or cures into cured resin (i.e., the matrix 150). As described above, the resin mixture 424 is a thermosetting material such as epoxy, silicone, polyurethane, polyuria, polyester, cyclic olefin, phenolic resin, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, or other thermosetting compositions.
[0084] FIG. 23 shows an example of a manufacturing system 400 for impregnating the powder bed 310 contained in the mold 402. The manufacturing system 400 includes a resin container 422 containing the resin mixture 424. The resin container 422 is fluidically coupled to the mold bottom side 408 of the mold 402. In addition, the manufacturing system 400 includes a vacuum source 420 such as a vacuum pump which is fluidically coupled to the mold top side 406 of the mold 402. The powder bed 310 is sealed on both ends of the mold 402 by the porous frits 416, which allows for liquid impregnation of the powder bed 310 with a pore size that is smaller than that of the smallest hollow microspheres 300 (e.g., less than 10 m), but the pore size is large enough to allow the resin mixture 424 to pass through.
[0085] Step 506 of the method 500 includes impregnating the powder bed 310 with the resin mixture 424. In the example of FIGS. 23-24, impregnating the powder bed 310 with the resin mixture 424 comprises introducing the resin mixture 424 into the powder bed 310 via the application of vacuum pressure to a side of the mold 402 opposite the side into which the resin mixture 424 is introduced. Impregnation is initiated by activating the vacuum pump to generate vacuum pressure for drawing the resin mixture 424 from the resin container 422 in an upward direction into the manifold 418 on the mold bottom side 408, through the porous frit 416, through the powder bed 310, and out of the porous frit 416 on the mold top side 406. Pressure can also be applied to the resin source (e.g., resin container 422) to speed impregnation. Drawing the resin mixture 424 in an upward direction improves debulking of the impregnated powder bed 310, as compared to reduced debulking capability if the resin mixture 424 is drawn in a downward direction through the powder bed 310. In step 506, vacuum pressure is applied for a predetermined amount of time (e.g., 1-3 hours) and/or until a modest amount of resin mixture 424 has exited the mold top side 406 and/or until the entire powder bed 310 is saturated with resin mixture 424 and is preferably free of air bubbles.
[0086] Referring to FIGS. 25-26, step 508 of the method 500 includes allowing the resin mixture 424 in the powder bed 310 to initially cure to thereby obtain the syntactic foam 102 in the green state. In some examples, the resin mixture 424 can cure or harden at room temperature within a predetermined period of time (e.g., 12 hours). FIG. 26 shows the cellular-like internal structure 204 of the porous polymer beads 200 when the syntactic foam 102 is in the green state.
[0087] After room temperature curing is complete, the green state syntactic foam 104 is heated to an elevated temperature (e.g., 135 C.) and held for a predetermined period of time (e.g., 2 hours) to fully crosslink the matrix 150 (i.e., the resin mixture 424), resulting in post-cured syntactic foam 106. For example, the green state syntactic foam 104 can be placed in an oven 426 for heat treatment during cure as shown in FIG. 27. After cool-down from final cure, the post-cured syntactic foam 106 is removed from the mold 402 as shown in FIG. 28.
[0088] FIG. 29 is a cross section of the post-cured syntactic foam 106 containing matrix cavities 206, formerly porous polymer beads 200 having an internal structure 204 (e.g., FIG. 26) when the syntactic foam 102 is in the green state. In the post-cured state of FIG. 29, each matrix cavity 206 encloses a volume occupied partially by a polymer particle 208. The polymer particle 208 in each matrix cavity 206 is the result of shrinkage of the internal structure 204 of the porous polymer bead 200 during heating of the green state syntactic foam 104 during final cure.
[0089] In the post-cured state, the syntactic foam 102 can be shaped as necessary into a foam product 108. For example, the syntactic foam 102 can be machined into a foam product 108 that is shaped complementary to the shape of the interior pockets and/or exterior contours of a subsea application such as an unmanned undersea vehicle 100 (e.g., FIG. 1).
[0090] Many modifications and other versions and examples of the disclosure will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. The versions and examples described herein are meant to be illustrative and are not intended to be limiting or exhaustive. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, are possible from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
