Method of estimating local oscillator leakage

Abstract

A method of estimating local oscillator leakage (LOL) for a radio frequency (RF) signal transmitter. The method comprises generating a transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) with a direct current (DC) voltage element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) removed or blocked and an average of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) set to zero. The method includes processing said transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) to form a RF signal; processing the RF signal to obtain a receiver baseband signal (y(t)); and determining a magnitude of an average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) as comprising a magnitude of the transmitter DC offset.

Claims

1. A method of estimating local oscillator leakage (LOL) for a radio frequency (RF) signal transmitter, the method comprising the steps of: generating a transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) with a direct current (DC) voltage element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) removed or blocked and an average of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) set to zero; processing said transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) to form an RF signal; processing the RF signal to obtain a receiver baseband signal (y(t)); and determining a magnitude of an average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) as comprising a magnitude of the transmitter DC offset.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitter is an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) transmitter and the DC element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) is removed by setting an OFDM DC subcarrier to zero.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitter is not an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) transmitter and the DC element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) is blocked by filtering the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) with a high-pass filter.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein a cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter is equal to a maximum carrier frequency offset (CFO) between the transmitter and the receiver.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein a phase of the transmitter DC offset is determined by: generating a plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) by adding respective DC elements to the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)), each of the plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) comprising the determined magnitude of the transmitter DC offset, but having different values of phase; processing the modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) to form respective RF signals; processing the RF signals to obtain respective receiver baseband signals ({tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)); determining respective magnitudes of the averages of the receiver baseband signals ({tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)); and obtaining the phase of the transmitter DC offset from the receiver baseband signal ({tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)) having a least magnitude of average signal.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein, for an OFDM transmitter, the respective DC elements to be added to the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) to generate the plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) comprise respective calibration vectors comprising the magnitude r of the transmitter DC offset and a respective phase value .sub.i, the respective phase values .sub.i being determined by the steps of: determine or select a value of phase granularity (PG) in degrees of rotation; based on the determined or selected value of PG, generate the respective phase .sub.i for each DC element from: N=360/PG, where N is the number of respective DC elements; and .sub.i=nPG where n=[0, 1, 2, . . . N1]; the method comprising obtaining the phase of the transmitter DC offset from the receiver baseband signal ({tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)) having a least magnitude of average signal.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the phase of the transmitter DC offset is obtained from .sub.i=+, where .sub.i is the phase value of the receiver baseband signal ({tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)) having a least magnitude of average signal.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the value of PG is determined or selected based on a balance between error vector magnitude (EVM) improvement and PG.

9. The method of claim 2, wherein, for the step of determining the magnitude of the average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)), a duration of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) is limited to being no larger than 1/20.Math.F, where F is a maximum value of CFO between the transmitter and the receiver.

10. The method of claim 2, wherein the magnitude of the average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) is determined from: $r=\left|E\left[y\left(t\right)e^{-j2.Math.F.Math.L}\right]\right|,$ where: r is the value of the magnitude of the average E of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)); e.sup.j2.Math.F.Math.t is the phase of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)); and F is a maximum value of CFO between the transmitter and the receiver.

11. The method of claim 2, wherein the DC subcarrier and adjacent subcarriers are set to zero.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the adjacent subcarriers comprise the subcarriers having a subcarrier index in a range from $-3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.$ where f.sub.SC is a subcarrier spacing of the transmitter baseband signal (s(t)) and where F is a maximum value of CFO between the transmitter and the receiver.

13. The method of claim 3, wherein the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) is filtered by the high-pass filter to have zero power in a frequency range $\left[-\frac{1}{2}F,\frac{1}{2}F\right]$ centered on the DC element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) and where F is a maximum value of CFO between the transmitter and the receiver.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiver is calibrated to have no DC offset and/or IQ imbalance.

15. A method of estimating local oscillator leakage (LOL) for a radio frequency (RF) signal receiver, the method comprising the steps of: generating a transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) with a region around a direct current (DC) voltage element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) removed and an average of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) set to zero or generating an empty transmitter baseband signal (s(t)); processing said transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) to form a RF signal; processing the RF signal to obtain a receiver baseband signal (y(t)); and determining a magnitude of an average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) as comprising at least a magnitude of the receiver DC offset.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein, for an OFDM transmitter, the step of determining the magnitude of the average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) comprises accumulating the determined average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) at the DC subcarrier.

17. The method of claim 15, including obtaining a phase of the receiver DC offset from the receiver baseband signal (y(t)).

18. The method of claim 15, wherein, for an OFDM transmitter, the region around the DC element is removed by setting the DC subcarrier and adjacent subcarriers to zero.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein, for an OFDM transmitter, the adjacent subcarriers comprise the subcarriers having a subcarrier index in a range from $-3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.$ where f.sub.SC is a subcarrier spacing of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) and where F is a maximum value of CFO between the transmitter and the receiver.

20. A method of estimating local oscillator leakage (LOL) for a radio frequency (RF) signal receiver, the method comprising the steps of: generating a transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) with no input signal in a timeslot centered on a direct current (DC) voltage element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)); processing said transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) to form a RF signal; processing the RF signal to obtain a receiver baseband signal (y(t)); and accumulating and averaging a timeslot centered on the DC element of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) to obtain a magnitude of the accumulated average as comprising at least a magnitude of the receiver DC offset.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The foregoing and further features of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments which are provided by way of example only in connection with the accompanying figures, of which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a known method for mitigating LOL in an RF transmitter;

(3) FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a novel method for mitigating LOL in an RF transmitter in accordance with the invention;

(4) FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of an improved radio equipment, device, network node, or system in accordance with the invention;

(5) FIG. 4 is a block schematic diagram of an RF transmitter by way of example;

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates the formation of a preferred DC element;

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates transmitter DC offset with error vector magnitude (EVM) in an OFDM system;

(8) FIG. 7 provides constellation diagrams with and without IQ offset;

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates, by way of example, an OFDM transmitter;

(10) FIG. 9 illustrates a DC subcarrier being set to zero in the transmitter wideband baseband signal in the frequency domain (f(t));

(11) FIG. 10 illustrates the generation of a plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) by adding respective DC elements re.sup.j.sup.i;

(12) FIG. 11A is a graph of EVM versus different phase values [%] for different calibrated LOLs where the calibrated LOL is the EVM without calibration;

(13) FIG. 11B is a graph of EVM versus phase granularity [%] for the same different calibrated LOLs as FIG. 11A;

(14) FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an LOL vector and its calibration vector;

(15) FIG. 13 illustrates, by way of example, a non-OFDM transmitter;

(16) FIG. 14A shows the spectrum of the non-OFDM digital signal in the time domain (s(t)).

(17) FIG. 14B shows the frequency response of the HPF module 74;

(18) FIG. 14C shows the spectrum of the non-OFDM digital signal (s(t)) after DC suppression;

(19) FIG. 14D shows the spectrum of the non-OFDM digital signal (s(t)) after the BPF module 86, and where the digital signal (s(t)) includes a DC offset signal due to LOL;

(20) FIG. 15 shows the spectrums of the OFDM transmitted signal and the received signal;

(21) FIG. 16 shows the timeslot arrangement of the non-OFDM transmitted signal and the received signal; and

(22) FIG. 17A shows the OFDM symbol constellation before the calibration method of the invention is implemented; and

(23) FIG. 17B shows the OFDM symbol constellation after the calibration method of the invention is implemented.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(24) The following description is of preferred embodiments by way of example only and without limitation to the combination of features necessary for carrying the invention into effect.

(25) Reference in this specification to one embodiment or an embodiment means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase in one embodiment in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Moreover, various features are described which may be exhibited by some embodiments and not by others. Similarly, various requirements are described which may be requirements for some embodiments, but not other embodiments.

(26) It should be understood that the elements shown in the drawings may be implemented in various forms of hardware, software, or combinations thereof. These elements may be implemented in a combination of hardware and software on one or more appropriately programmed general-purpose devices, which may include a processor, memory, and input/output interfaces.

(27) The present description illustrates the principles of the present invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope.

(28) Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure.

(29) Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the block diagrams presented herein represent conceptual views of systems and devices embodying the principles of the invention.

(30) The functions of the various elements shown in the figures may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software. When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared. Moreover, explicit use of the term processor or controller should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, read-only memory (ROM) for storing software, random access memory (RAM), and non-volatile storage.

(31) In the claims hereof, any element expressed as a means for performing a specified function is intended to encompass any way of performing that function including, for example, a) a combination of circuit elements that performs that function or b) software in any form, including, therefore, firmware, microcode, or the like, combined with appropriate circuitry for executing that software to perform the function. The invention as defined by such claims resides in the fact that the functionalities provided by the various recited means are combined and brought together in the manner which the claims call for. It is thus regarded that any means that can provide those functionalities are equivalent to those shown herein.

(32) References to 5G radio equipment in the following description do not exclude the application of the methods described herein to radio equipment of compatible mobile communications systems.

(33) FIG. 1 illustrates a known method for mitigating LOL in an RF transmitter. The known method comprises generating in the transmitter a calibration signal with a predefined frequency offset. The transmitter may form part of a base station, for example. The calibration signal is processed in the transmitter to generate an RF signal for transmission. The RF signal is transmitted to a receiver. The receiver may comprise a user equipment or the like. The receiver processes the received RF signal to obtain the calibration signal which includes inter-modulated signal products related to LOL of at least the transmitter. The receiver makes an estimate of the LOL of the transmitter from the received calibration signal and reports the LOL estimation to the transmitter. This is a trial and error process which requires a very large number of repetitions in the order of hundreds of repetitions to eventually arrive at an acceptable estimation of transmitter LOL sufficient to counter or reduce the transmitter LOL to an acceptable or desired level, i.e., to enable the transmitter to be calibrated to have a reduced level of transmitter LOL signal components in the transmitted RF signal. This known method has many disadvantages including that it is not able to account for CFO between the transmitter and receiver, that it takes a considerable period of time to determine a useful estimation of transmitter LOL, and that it requires additional hardware to generate the calibration signal with the predefined frequency offset.

(34) By way of contrast, FIG. 2 illustrates at a general level a novel method for mitigating LOL in an RF transmitter or receiver in accordance with the aspects of the invention. The method directly uses the transmitter wideband baseband signal to simplify the LOL estimation process and thereby simply the calibration process with little or no need for additional hardware. Furthermore, the novel method is able to accurately estimate DC offset in the presence of CFO between the transmitter and receiver.

(35) The aspects of the method in accordance with the invention can be implemented in systems comprising or including suitably enabled RF transmitters, receivers, or transceivers. Examples of such systems are OFDM systems including Long Term Evolution (LTE) communication systems, 5G New Radio (NR) communication systems, Wi-Fi systems, and non-OFDM systems including Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication systems, Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication systems, and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) communication systems. The methods can be implemented in any communication device which comprises an RF transmitter, receiver, or transceiver. The methods can be implemented by way of suitable software changes to the machine code controlling operation of such communication devices.

(36) The following description describes implementation of the present invention in various communication system scenarios, by way of example, but without limitation to implementation of the invention in any suitable communications network and in any suitable RF enabled communication device.

(37) FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of an improved radio equipment, device, network node, or system 10 in accordance with the invention operating in a communications network 11. The improved radio equipment device 10 may itself comprise a base station such as a gNB 12 or it may comprise a user equipment (UE) 13 connected to the gNB 12 operating in, for example, a 5G NR communications system environment, although the improved radio equipment device 10 of the invention is not limited to operating in a NR 5G communications system but could comprise a radio equipment, device, network node or system for any suitable communications network.

(38) Reference hereinafter to radio equipment device 10 is to be taken as a reference to any of a radio equipment, device, network node, or system.

(39) The radio equipment device 10 may comprise a plurality of functional blocks for performing various functions thereof. For example, the radio equipment device 10 includes a module 14 providing signal processing and configured to provide signals and/or information extracted therefrom to functional block module(s) 16 such as may comprise various data sink, control element(s), user interface(s), etc. Module 14 may comprise a transmitter module providing transmitted signal processing. However, it will be appreciated that this functional block may be implemented as a receiver module providing received signal processing or as a transceiver module providing both transmitted and received signal processing. Irrespective of the particular configuration of module 14, embodiments include signal detection module 18 disposed in association with the module 14 for facilitating accurate processing and/or encoding/decoding of transmitted/received information and channel signals in accordance with the invention.

(40) Although the signal detection module 18 is shown as being deployed as part of the module 14 (e.g., comprising a portion of the radio equipment module control and logic circuits), there is no limitation to such a deployment configuration according to the concepts of the invention. For example, the signal detection module 18 may be deployed as a functional block of radio equipment device 10 that is distinct from, but connected to, module 14. The signal detection module 18 may, for example, be implemented using logic circuits and/or executable code/machine readable instructions stored in a memory 20 of the radio equipment device 10 for execution by a processor 22 to thereby perform functions as described herein. For example, the executable code/machine readable instructions may be stored in one or more memories 20 (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), flash memory, magnetic memory, optical memory, or the like) suitable for storing one or more instruction sets (e.g., application software, firmware, operating system, applets, and/or the like), data (e.g., configuration parameters, operating parameters and/or thresholds, collected data, processed data, and/or the like), etc. The one or more memories 20 may comprise processor-readable memories for use with respect to one or more processors 22 operable to execute code segments of signal detection module 18 and/or utilize data provided thereby to perform functions of the signal detection module 18 as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the signal detection module 18 may comprise one or more special purpose processors (e.g., application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), graphics processing unit (GPU), and/or the like configured to perform functions of a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver.

(41) Reference is made to FIG. 4 which provides a block schematic diagram of an RF transmitter 30. The transmitter 30 is preferably a Zero-IF upconverting transmitter. A method in accordance with the invention relates to estimating the LOL for the transmitter 30. A transmitter wideband baseband digital signal in the time domain (s(t)) is converted to an analog signal by a digital to analog converter (DAC) 32 in order that the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) in its analog form can be upconverted at a mixer 33 by an input signal to the mixer 33 from a local oscillator (LO) 34. The transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) in its analog form is upconverted to two sideband frequencies or frequency bands. The upconverted signal is processed by a band-pass filter (BPF) 36 to filter out the wideband baseband signal (s(t)). Subsequently, the filtered signal is amplified by a power amplifier (PA) 38 to provide the RF signal for transmission. The RF signal may be transmitted wirelessly over the air to a receiver 40 or transmitted to the receiver 40 via an RF cable 42 or by any suitable means.

(42) As already discussed, it is almost inevitable that energy of the LO input signal to the mixer 33 will leak into the mixer output signal resulting in an unwanted LOL signal sitting in the middle of the desired output signal, i.e., sitting between the two sideband frequencies or frequency bands with a frequency very close to said two sideband frequencies or frequency bands. This is a particular problem in Zero-IF transmitters and receivers. This unwanted signal is not filtered out by the BPF 36 and any attempt to filter it out by another filter device would likely filter out portions of the wanted signal.

(43) It is highly desirable to obtain a better DC offset estimation or calibration. Therefore, it is essential to obtain accurate estimations in magnitude (error) and phase (error) for the DC offset. Knowing the magnitude (error) and phase (error) of the transmitter DC offset enables the input to the transmitter 30 to be modified to cancel out or at least reduce the level of the unwanted LOL signal component in the RF transmission signal. It also enables the transmitter 30 to be calibrated using the magnitude error and phase error for the DC offset to mitigate the DC offset problem.

(44) A method for estimating the LOL for the transmitter 30 involves generating the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) such that a DC element of said transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) is removed or blocked and such that an average E[s(t)] of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) is set to zero, i.e., E[s(t)]=0. Where the transmitter 30 is an OFDM transmitter, the DC element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) is preferably removed by setting the OFDM DC subcarrier to zero. Where the transmitter 30 is not an OFDM transmitter, e.g., a CDMA, TDMA, or GSM communication network transmitter, the DC element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) is preferably blocked by filtering the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) with a high-pass filter (HPF) such that the DC element part of the signal has no energy or power. The transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) is processed as described above to form the RF signal for transmitting to the receiver 40. At the receiver 40, the received RF signal is processed in a known manner by, for example, Zero-IF down converting the RF signal, to obtain a receiver baseband signal (y(t)).

(45) It will be understood that, in an ideal scenario, the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) will be identical to the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t) without any LOL induced signal. However, in a real-world scenario, it will be appreciated that the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) will include the unwanted LOL signal caused by leakage from the LO 34.

(46) The method includes determining at the receiver 40 a magnitude r of an average E[y(t)] of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)), i.e., r=|E[y(t)]|. The determined magnitude value r is taken as comprising a magnitude of the transmitter DC offset (LOL). The phase of the transmitter DC offset (LOL) may also be determined at the receiver 40 from the receiver baseband signal (y(t)). A preferred method for determining the phase of the transmitter DC offset will hereinafter be described.

(47) The LOL estimation or DC offset estimation, i.e., the magnitude r of the transmitter DC offset and the phase of the DC transmitter DC offset, may be relayed by the receiver 40 to the transmitter 30 to enable calibration signals or values to be generated as inputs at the transmitter 30 to mitigate LOL in the RF signal.

(48) The magnitude r and phase of the transmitter DC offset or calibration values based thereon can be applied as appropriate digital DC inputs to the transmitter 30 to calibrate the transmitter 30 to cancel or significantly reduce the LOL signal caused by the LO 34 in the mixer output signal.

(49) A preferred method of estimating the phase of the transmitter DC offset comprises generating at the transmitter 30 a plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) by adding respective DC elements re.sup.j.sup.i to the original transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)). FIG. 5 illustrates the formation of a preferred DC element re.sup.j.sup.i. Each of the respective DC elements re.sup.j.sup.i comprises the determined magnitude r of the transmitter DC offset, but having different values of phase .sub.i, such that the plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) are given by:

(50) ${\stackrel{}{s}}_i\left(t\right)=s\left(t\right)+r{e}^{j{}_i}.$
The plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) is each processed to form a respective RF signal. The RF signals are processed at the receiver 40 to obtain respective receiver baseband signals ({tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)). The method includes determining respective magnitudes {tilde over (r)}.sub.i of the averages of the respective receiver baseband signals ({tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)). A phase value is obtained from the receiver baseband signal ({tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)) which is determined to have a least magnitude of average signal value {tilde over (r)}.sub.i=|E[{tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)]|. The phase of the transmitter DC offset is derived from

(51) $=\arg \underset{{}_i}{\min }{\tilde{r}}_i.$
The phase of the DC offset comprises +, where .sub.i=+ and where .sub.i is the phase value taken from the receiver baseband signal ({tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)) which is determined to have a least magnitude of average signal value {tilde over (r)}.sub.i=|E[{tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)]|. In this method, the respective DC elements re.sup.j.sup.i may comprise calibration vectors.

(52) In some embodiments, the least magnitude {tilde over (r)}.sub.i value may be taken itself as a new value for the transmitter DC offset magnitude.

(53) FIG. 6 illustrates the transmitter DC offset with error vector magnitude (EVM) in an OFDM system where:

(54) $EVM=\sqrt{\frac{{}_{n=0}^{N-1}\left({\mathrm{Re}}_{err}^2\left[n\right]+{\mathrm{Im}}_{err}^2\left[n\right]\right)}{N}},$

(55) where N is the number of OFDM symbols and n is the index or number of the symbol.

(56) The transmitter DC offset degrades the constellation which affects modulation quality. This is illustrated in FIG. 7.

(57) FIG. 8 illustrates, by way of example, an OFDM transmitter 50 in which the method in accordance with the invention can be implemented. The transmitter 50 comprises an inverse Fast Fourier transform module 52 with cyclic prefix (CP) to convert the transmitter wideband baseband signal in the frequency domain (f(t)) into the transmitter wideband baseband signal in the time domain (s(t)). Other digital signal processing modules include a crest factor reduction (CFR) module 54, an upsampling module 56 and a digital pre-distortion (DPD) module 58. The digital processing modules 52-58 feed the digital signal to a digital to analog converter (DAC) module 60. The DAC module 60 is followed by analog signal processing modules including a mixer 62, an LO module 64, BPF module 66 and a PA module 68. The RF signal is transmitted to the receiver 40 in a known manner.

(58) FIG. 9 illustrates that the DC subcarrier in the transmitter wideband baseband signal in the frequency domain (f(t)) is set to zero for implementation of the method. This can be achieved by removing the DC subcarrier. The method enables r=|E[y(t)]| to be determined for the transmitter DC offset.

(59) FIG. 10 illustrates the generation of the plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) by adding respective DC elements re.sup.j.sup.i to the transmitter wideband baseband signal in the frequency domain (f(t)), i.e., setting the DC subcarrier to different values of phase .sub.i but with the same magnitude value r. It will be noted that the respective DC elements re.sup.j.sup.i are added to the original transmitter wideband baseband signal when it is in the frequency domain. The method steps as hereinbefore described for generating and processing the plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) enables {tilde over (r)}.sub.i=|E[{tilde over (y)}.sub.i(t)]| and

(60) $=\arg \underset{{}_i}{\min }{\tilde{r}}_i$
to be determined for the transmitter DC offset.

(61) The method when implemented in an OFDM system preferably includes taking account of EVM. EVM is a useful metric that helps gauge the impact of all impairments simultaneously from a single value and is useful for measuring the performance of a transmitter or receiver.

(62) A first step of generating the plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) comprises determining the phase values .sub.i for the respective DC elements or calibration elements re.sup.j.sup.i to be added to the transmitter wideband baseband signal. This includes determining or selecting a value of phase calibration granularity or phase granularity (PG) in degrees of rotation, e.g., PG=10 degrees. PG comprises a relationship of phase step and EVM. PG provides a useful trade-off between the granularity of a number N of the plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) to be generated and a minimum set or number of phase values .sub.i for completing calibration, i.e., obtaining estimates of LOL for the transmitter, at a best or optimal cost-performance. A value of PG may be determined or selected by generating an EVM versus phase chart for the transmitter and determining or selecting a value of PG from the chart which provides the best EVM results whilst respecting the above trade-off. Decoding of the OFDM signal is not necessary.

(63) FIG. 11A is a graph of EVM [%] versus different phase values for different calibrated LOLs where the calibrated LOL is the EVM without calibration. The graph illustrates that, at .sub.i=, the magnitude of the error vector is doubled, thus the EVM provides the worst result. In contrast, for any value of 0 of the complex LOL vector, at |(.sub.i)|=, the EVM is the best result. FIG. 11B is a graph of EVM versus phase granularity [%] for the same different calibrated LOLs as FIG. 11A. A value of PG can be determined or selected from this graph based on the results illustrated by the graph of FIG. 11A.

(64) The method includes generating the DC elements as calibration vectors re.sup.j.sup.i by using the previously determined transmitter DC offset magnitude r and the phase values .sub.i for the respective calibration vectors re.sup.j.sup.i, where the number N of phase values .sub.i is limited by N=360/PG. Thus, in the above example where PG=10 degrees, the number of phase values .sub.i and consequently the number of the plurality of modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t))=36. In this example, the receiver is required to process 36 RF signals generated from the 36 modified transmitter wideband baseband signals ({tilde over (s)}.sub.i(t)) which is an order of magnitude less than the number of signal processing procedures required by the known trial and error process of FIG. 1.

(65) Referring to FIG. 12, it can be inferred that the calibration vectors having different phase values of .sub.i are employed in an attempt to determine a phase value .sub.i which results in a lowest DC offset magnitude in the receiver 40. The phase value of the DC offset in the transmitter 50 can then be obtained from .sub.i=+.

(66) It can be derived from FIG. 12 that:

(67) $\mathrm{EVM\_wo}\mathrm{\_cali}=\frac{\left|S_{\mathrm{DCoff}}-S_{ref}\right|}{\left|S_{ref}\right|}=\frac{r}{\left|S_{ref}\right|}$$\mathrm{and}$$\mathrm{EVM\_phase}\mathrm{\_cali}=\frac{\left|S_{\mathrm{calied}}-S_{ref}\right|}{\left|S_{ref}\right|}=\frac{2r\cos \left[\frac{\left({}_i-\right)}{2}\right]}{\left|S_{ref}\right|}=2\cos \left[\frac{\left({}_i-\right)}{2}\right]*\mathrm{EVM\_wo}\mathrm{\_cali};$

(68) where: EVM_wo_cali: EVM due to LOL without any calibration; EVM_phase_cali: EVM after phase calibrated; .sub.i: Phase of calibration vector; and : Phase of LOL vector.

(69) Referring again to FIG. 5, it is observed that the DC offset for the transmitter rotates where CFO (F) exists between the transmitter and receiver. As a result, the magnitude of the transmitter DC offset may become inaccurate. In the method, it is preferred that the signal duration for determining the magnitude of the transmitter DC offset should be not so large that CFO has a noticeable impact. In other words, the signal duration should be such that the impact of CFO on the determination of the transmitter DC offset is negligible or minimal. As such, it is preferred that the duration of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) is limited to being no larger than 1/20.Math.F, where F is a maximum value of CFO between the transmitter and the receiver.

(70) Another method of mitigating the effect of CFO on the determination of the transmitter DC offset is to pre-compensate the CFO before calculating the magnitude of the DC offset, e.g., the average of the received baseband signal can be calculated as: E[y(t)e.sup.2.Math.F.Math.t] and the magnitude of the transmitter DC offset can be obtained as:

(71) $r=\left|E\left[y\left(t\right)e^{-j2.Math.F.Math.t}\right]\right|;$ where r is the value of the magnitude of the average E of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)); and e.sup.j2.Math.F.Math.t is the phase of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)).

(72) In the case of maximum CFO F, the method may include for OFDM systems setting the DC subcarrier and adjacent subcarriers to zero. The adjacent subcarriers comprise the subcarriers having a subcarrier index

(73) $-3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.$
where f.sub.SC is a subcarrier spacing of the transmitter baseband signal (s(t)).

(74) The method may also include calibrating the receiver to have no DC offset and/or no IQ imbalance.

(75) FIG. 13 illustrates, by way of example, a non-OFDM transmitter 70 in which the method in accordance with the invention can be implemented. The transmitter 70 comprises pulse shaping module 72 to convert the transmitter wideband baseband signal in the frequency domain (f(t)) into the transmitter wideband baseband signal in the time domain (s(t)). Other digital signal processing modules include a high-pass filter (HPF) module 74, an upsampling module 76 and a digital pre-distortion (DPD) module 78. The digital processing modules feed the digital signal to a digital to analog converter (DAC) module 80. The DAC module 80 is followed by analog signal processing modules including a mixer 82, an LO module 84, BPF module 86 and a PA module 88. The RF signal is transmitted to the receiver 40 in a known manner.

(76) In the case of maximum CFO F, the method may include for non-OFDM systems, filtering the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) by the HPF 74 to have zero power in a frequency range range

(77) $\left[-\frac{1}{2}F,\frac{1}{2}F\right]$
centered on the DC element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)).

(78) FIG. 14A shows the spectrum of the digital signal in the time domain (s(t)) for the transmitter 70.

(79) FIG. 14B shows the frequency response of the HPF module 74.

(80) FIG. 14C shows the spectrum of the digital signal (s(t)) after DC suppression.

(81) FIG. 14D shows the spectrum of the digital signal (s(t)) after the BPF module 86, and where the digital signal (s(t)) includes a DC offset signal due to LOL.

(82) The method of the invention may be modified for implementation in the receiver 40 for determining the DC offset of the receiver 40.

(83) For an OFDM system, the method comprises generating a transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) with a region around a DC element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) removed and an average of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) set to zero or generating an empty transmitter baseband signal (s(t)). The method includes processing said transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) to form a RF signal and then, at the receiver 40, processing the RF signal to obtain a receiver baseband signal (y(t)). The receiver 40 determines a magnitude of an average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) as comprising a magnitude of the receiver DC offset and the phase of the received signal as the phase of the receiver DC offset.

(84) The step of determining the magnitude of the average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) preferably comprises accumulating the determined average of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) at the DC subcarrier.

(85) The region around the DC element is preferably removed by setting the DC subcarrier and adjacent subcarriers to zero. The adjacent subcarriers comprise the subcarriers having a subcarrier index

(86) $-3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.$
where f.sub.SC is a subcarrier spacing of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) and where F is a maximum value of CFO between the transmitter and the receiver. It should be noted that the receiver DC offset is not affected by CFO as the DC region

(87) 0$\left[-3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.3.Math.\left|\frac{F}{f_{sc}}\right|.Math.\right]$
is blocked in the transmitter.

(88) FIG. 15 shows the spectrums of the transmitted signal and the received signal, where the received signal has DC offset induced by the receiver LO 64.

(89) For a non-OFDM system such as a CDMA, GSM, or TDMA system, the method comprises generating a transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) with no input signal in a timeslot centered on a direct current (DC) voltage element of the transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)). The method includes processing said transmitter wideband baseband signal (s(t)) to form a RF signal then, at the receiver 40, processing the RF signal to obtain a receiver baseband signal (y(t)). The receiver 40 accumulates and averages a timeslot centered on the DC element of the receiver baseband signal (y(t)) to obtain a magnitude of the accumulated average as comprising a magnitude of the receiver DC offset and the phase of the received signal as the phase of the receiver DC offset.

(90) FIG. 16 shows the timeslot arrangement of the transmitted signal and the received signal.

(91) FIG. 17A shows the OFDM symbol constellation before the calibration method of the invention is implemented. The EVM has a value of 4.96% with a DC offset of 19 dB. In contrast, FIG. 17B shows the OFDM symbol constellation after the calibration method of the invention is implemented. Here, the EVM has a value of 1.89% with a significantly improved DC offset of 41 dB.

(92) The invention provides a network node, device or system in a communications system or network having a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing machine-readable instructions and a processor configured to execute said machine-readable instructions, wherein, when the machine-readable instructions are executed by the processor, they configure the network node, device, or system to implement the method of any one of the appended method claims.

(93) The invention also provides a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing machine-readable instructions, wherein, when the machine-readable instructions are executed by a processor, they configure the processor to implement the method of any one of the appended method claims.

(94) The apparatus described above may be implemented at least in part in software. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the apparatus described above may be implemented at least in part using general purpose computer equipment or using bespoke equipment.

(95) Here, aspects of the methods and apparatuses described herein can be executed on any apparatus comprising the communication system. Program aspects of the technology can be thought of as products or articles of manufacture typically in the form of executable code and/or associated data that is carried on or embodied in a type of machine-readable medium. Storage type media include any or all of the memory of the mobile stations, computers, processors or the like, or associated modules thereof, such as various semiconductor memories, tape drives, disk drives, and the like, which may provide storage at any time for the software programming. All or portions of the software may at times be communicated through the Internet or various other telecommunications networks. Such communications, for example, may enable loading of the software from one computer or processor into another computer or processor. Thus, another type of media that may bear the software elements includes optical, electrical, and electromagnetic waves, such as used across physical interfaces between local devices, through wired and optical landline networks and over various air-links. The physical elements that carry such waves, such as wired or wireless links, optical links, or the like, also may be considered as media bearing the software. As used herein, unless restricted to tangible non-transitory storage media, terms such as computer or machine readable medium refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution.

(96) While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only exemplary embodiments have been shown and described and do not limit the scope of the invention in any manner. It can be appreciated that any of the features described herein may be used with any embodiment. The illustrative embodiments are not exclusive of each other or of other embodiments not recited herein.

(97) Accordingly, the invention also provides embodiments that comprise combinations of one or more of the illustrative embodiments described above. Modifications and variations of the invention as herein set forth can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, and, therefore, only such limitations should be imposed as are indicated by the appended claims.

(98) In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word comprise or variations such as comprises or comprising is used in an inclusive sense, i.e., to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention.

(99) It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art.