Abstract
A drill string including an elongate hollow main length section and a male spigot portion provided at the second end and having an externally threaded section and a non-threaded shank positioned axially intermediate the main length section and the threaded section. The shank includes a transition section positioned adjacent the main length section or a radially projecting shoulder at the second end. The transition section has an outside diameter that increases in a direction from the male spigot portion to the main length section or the shoulder. The cross-sectional shape profile of the outer surface of the transition section in the plane of the longitudinal axis has a segment of an ellipse having semi-major axis (a) and a semi-minor axis (b), wherein the ratio of the semi-major to semi-minor axes (a:b) is within the range 2b<a<8b.
Claims
1. A drill string rod arranged to form a part of a drill string, the rod comprising: an elongate hollow main length section extending axially between a first end and a second end; a male spigot portion provided at the second end, the male spigot portion having an externally threaded section and a non-threaded shank positioned axially intermediate the main length section and the threaded section, the shank having a transition section positioned adjacent the main length section or a radially projecting shoulder at the second end, the transition section having an outside diameter that increases in a direction from the male spigot portion to the main length section or the shoulder, wherein a cross-sectional shape profile of an outer surface of the transition section in a plane of the longitudinal axis includes a segment of an ellipse having a semi-major axis (a); a semi-minor axis (b) and an exponential factor (n) according to the equation: and wherein a ratio of the semi-major to semi-minor axes (a:b) is within the range 2b<a<8b.
2. The rod according to claim 1, wherein the non-threaded shank is divided axially into a straight part, positioned axially closest to threaded section, and a curved transition section, positioned axially closest to the side surface.
3. The rod according to claim 1, wherein the non-threaded shank has only a curved transition section extending all the way from the side surface to the threaded section.
4. The rod according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the semi-major to semi-minor axes (a:b) is within the range 2.5b<a<6b.
5. The rod according to claim 1, wherein the semi-minor axis (b) is proportionate to a dimension of the threaded section according to the following equation: wherein Di is a diameter of the threaded section between opposing troughs and Dy is a diameter of the threaded section between opposing helical ridges.
6. The rod according to any preceding claim, wherein the exponential factor (n) is in the range 1≤n≤3.
7. The rod according to claim 1, wherein a vertex of the ellipse is positioned at a tangent with the annular side surface of the shoulder.
8. The rod according to claim 6, where the vertex of the ellipse undercuts the annular side surface of the shoulder.
9. The rod according to claim 1, wherein the x-axis of the ellipse is parallel to the longitudinal axis.
10. The rod according to claim 1, wherein the x-axis of the ellipse is tilted with respect to the longitudinal axis.
11. The rod according to claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional shape profile of the outer surface of the transition section in the plane of the longitudinal axis comprises includes a quarter segment of the ellipse.
12. The rod according to claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional shape profile of the outer surface of the transition section in the plane of the longitudinal axis includes greater than a quarter segment of the ellipse.
13. The rod according to claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional shape profile of the outer surface of the transition section in the plane of the longitudinal axis includes less than a quarter segment of the ellipse.
14. A drill string comprising a drill string rod according to claim 1.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0025] A specific implementation of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0026] FIG. 1 is an external view of a drill string formed from a plurality of elongate drill rods connected end-to-end by cooperating male and female threaded couplings according to a specific implementation of the present invention;
[0027] FIG. 2 is an external side view of the drill rod end of FIG. 1 at the region of the male coupling according to a specific implementation of the present invention wherein the non-threaded shank is divided axially into a straight part and a curved transition section;
[0028] FIG. 3 is an external side view of the drill rod end of FIG. 1 at the region of the male coupling according to an alternative implementation of the present invention wherein the non-threaded shank has only a curved transition section;
[0029] FIG. 4 is a magnified view of a shank part of the male coupling according to one embodiment of the invention wherein the vertex of the elliptical profile of the transition section is at a tangent to the shoulder;
[0030] FIG. 5 is a magnified view of a shank part of the male coupling according to an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein the elliptical profile of the transition section undercuts the annular side surface of the shoulder.
[0031] FIG. 6 is a magnified view of a shank part of the male coupling according to an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein the elliptical profile of the transition section is tilted.
[0032] FIGS. 7a-g are safety factor images comparing the prior art (FIG. 7a) to different embodiments of the invention (FIGS. 7b-g)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
[0033] Referring to FIG. 1, a drill string comprises a plurality of interconnected drill string rods 100. Each rod 100 comprises a main length section 101 having a first end 105 and a second end 106. An outside diameter of the main length section 101 increases at each end 105, 106 to form a radially flared end coupling region 103, 104 respectively. A part of each coupling region 103, 104 comprises a threaded portion to allow the regions 103, 104 to engage one another and form a secure threaded coupling 102 to interconnect a plurality of rods 100 to form the drill string. In particular, the male end 103 comprises an annular shoulder 110 from which projects axially a male spigot 108. A spigot 108 is divided axially into an endmost threaded section 107 and a non-threaded shank 109 positioned axially intermediate threaded section 107 and the shoulder 110. An internal bore 113 extends axially through the main length section 101 and the spigot 108 of uniform internal diameter. The female end 104 comprises a hollow sleeve 111 having cooperating threads 112 formed at the internal surface of the sleeve 111 so as to cooperate with the threaded turns of the male threaded section 107. When the male and female ends 103, 104 are coupled, an axially endmost annular surface 115 of the female sleeve 111 abuts against the shoulder 110 such that an annular end face 114 of the male spigot 108 is housed fully within the sleeve 111.
[0034] Referring to FIG. 2, the tubular main length section 101 comprises a cylindrical external surface 200 that is flared radially outward at the shoulder 110 to provide an annular concave region 201 that terminates at a cylindrical surface 202 located at the shoulder 110. A diameter and cross-sectional area of the surface 202 in a plane perpendicular to the axis 204 is accordingly greater than a corresponding diameter or cross-sectional area (in a parallel plane) of the main length surface 200. The shoulder 110, in particular the cylindrical surface 202 is terminated at the spigot side by an annular side surface 203 aligned perpendicular to the axis 204. The spigot 108 projects axially from a radially inward region of the surface 203 and is aligned coaxial with the main length section 101 and the annular shoulder 110. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the spigot 108 comprises a generally tubular configuration such that an internal diameter of the bore within the spigot 108 is equal to the internal diameter of the bore 113 extending through the main length section 101.
[0035] The threaded section 107, according to the specific implementation, comprises a pair of helical turns 209 that extend axially from shank 109 to spigot end 114. In particular, a pair of helical ridges 207 and troughs 208 extend axially over section 107.
[0036] FIG. 2 shows the non-threaded shank 109 may be divided axially into a straight section 205, positioned axially closest to threaded section 107, and a curved transition section 206, positioned axially closest to the side surface 203. An external surface of straight section 205 is substantially parallel to axis 204 whilst the external surface of transition section 206 tapers radially outward in a direction from the threaded section 107 to contact against the annular side surface 203. A combined axial length of the straight parts 205 and the transition section 206 could be equal to, greater than or less than an axial length of shoulder surface 202 but less than an axial length of threaded section 107. Accordingly, a diameter or cross-sectional area of the straight section 205 is less than a diameter or cross-sectional area of the transition section 206. Additionally, a diameter or cross-sectional area of the straight part 205 is approximately equal to a diameter or cross-sectional area of the threaded section 107 at an axial and radial position corresponding to the radially outermost part of peak 207.
[0037] FIG. 3 shows that alternatively, the non-threaded shank 109 may have only a curved transition section 206 extending all the way from the side surface 203 to the threaded section 107. In other words, there could be no straight length part 205.
[0038] Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the transition section 206 may be considered a transition region between spigot 108 and the annular shoulder 110. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, the transition section 206 increases in diameter and cross-sectional area from threaded section 107 to the shoulder 110, such that the external surface profile of the transition section 206 in a plane along axis 204 is curved according to a gradual curvature having a profile corresponding to quarter segment of a perimeter of an ellipse 214, or slightly more or slightly less than a quarter segment of an ellipse 214. The ellipse 214 has a semi-major axis (x) and a semi-minor axis (y). Preferably, there is no abrupt change along the length of the transition section 206 from a first radius to a second radius, instead there is a continuous and gradual change in the radius along the length of the transition section 206. Optionally, the transition section 206 may also comprise segments wherein the shape profile is straight and/or has a different curved profile, which could be positioned at either end of the elliptical profile or as an interruption part way along the elliptical profile.
[0039] The equation of an ellipse is defined by a Lamé curve when n=2:
[00003]
[0040] Wherein:
x is the co-ordinate on the x axis;
y is the co-ordinate on the y axis;
a is the semi-major axis (x);
b is the semi-minor axis (y);
n determines the shape of the curve. n=2 defines an ordinary ellipse. n<2 a hypoellipse and n>2 a hyperellipse.
[0041] The elliptical profile 214 is shown on expanded view of the transition section 206 in FIG. 4.
[0042] In the present invention the ratio of the major to minor axes, (a:b) is within the range 2b<a<8b, preferably, 2b<a<6b, more preferably 2.5b<a<6b, even more preferably 2.5b<a<5.75b.
[0043] Preferably, the semi-minor axis (b) is as large as possible. More preferably the semi-minor axis (b) is proportionate to the diameter of the threaded section 107 of the male spigot portion 108 according to the following equation:
[00004]
[0044] Wherein (as shown on FIG. 4):
Di=diameter of the threaded section 107 between opposing troughs 208;
Dy=diameter of the threaded section 107 between opposing helical ridges 207.
[0045] Preferably, the exponential factor n is in the range 1≤n≤3, preferably 1.8≤n≤2.2, most preferably 2.
[0046] The equation of the elliptical profile of the transition section 206 can be measured using a contour measuring machine. The contour measuring machine drags a needle over the surface of the transition section 206, then the equipment will try to fit different geometries and then output the equation of shape profile measured.
[0047] At each endpoint of the semi-major axis (x) is a vertex 215 of the ellipse 214 and at each endpoint of the minor axis (y) there is a co-vertex 216 of the ellipse 214. Optionally, the vertex 215 of the ellipse is positioned at a tangent with the annular side surface 203 of the shoulder 110, as shown in FIG. 4.
[0048] FIG. 5 shows an alternative design, where the vertex 215 of the ellipse 214 undercuts the annular side surface 203 of the shoulder 110.
[0049] Optionally, the x-axis of the ellipse 214 is parallel to the longitudinal axis 204, as shown in FIG. 4.
[0050] FIG. 6 shows an alternative wherein the x-axis of the ellipse 214 is tilted with respect to the longitudinal axis of 204.
[0051] It should be appreciated that any combination of the position of the vertex 215 can be combined with any orientation of the x-axis with respect to the longitudinal axis 204 as described hereinabove.
[0052] The profile of the transition section 206 provides a male coupling end exhibiting enhanced stiffness and that is more resilient to bending moments and tensile forces with respect to conventional couplings. Additionally, transition section 206 is configured to eliminate or at least minimise stress concentrations at the section where spigot 108 projects axially from shoulder 110.
[0053] FIGS. 7a-g show safety factor images captured using the Dang van criterion using rotating bending as the load case for different transition section 206 profiles as shown in Table 1:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Description of transition section profiles used in the safety factor images. FIG. Transition section profile Safety factor 7a (prior art) Double radii: First radii = 20 mm and 3.8 second radii = 4 mm 7b (invention) Elliptical: a = 10 mm and b = 4.65 mm 3.9 7c (invention) Elliptical: a = 13 mm and b = 4.65 mm 4.2 7d (invention) Elliptical: a = 16 mm and b = 4.65 mm 4.4 7e (invention) Elliptical: a = 21 mm and b = 4.65 mm 4.7 7f (invention) Elliptical: a = 26 mm and b = 4.65 mm 5.0 7g (invention) Elliptical: a = 31 mm and b = 4.65 mm 4.7
[0054] The risk for failure is increased as the value of the Dang van criterion in decreased. Thus, darker colours mean higher risk for failure. By comparing FIG. 7a (prior art) to FIGS. 7b-g (embodiments of the present invention) it can be seen that the risk of failure occurring has decreased for the inventive profiles. The stress images were captured using implicit analysis in LS-Dyna and the Dang van criterion is extracted using the nCode software. Table 1 also shows the safety factor measured from this equipment, a higher safety factor is better and indicates lower stress. It can be seen from the results in Table 1 that all the inventive samples have a higher safety factor compared to the prior art version.
