NEUTRALIZER FOR AN ION THRUSTER OF A SPACECRAFT

Abstract

The present invention relates to a neutralizer (4) for an ion thruster (1) of a spacecraft (S), comprising: a cathode (5) for emission of electrons (6), a support (7) with an opening (8) inside which the cathode (5) is supported in a radially spaced manner, and an electrically conductive shielding (9) which surrounds said opening (8) and is electrically insulated from the support (7), wherein a ring (11) is mounted between the shielding (9) and the cathode (5) and is electrically insulated from the shielding (9) and radially spaced from the cathode (5).

Claims

1. A neutralizer for an ion thruster (1) of a spacecraft (S), comprising: a cathode (5) for emission of electrons (6), a support (7) with an opening (8) inside which the cathode (5) is supported by the support (7) in a radially spaced manner, and an electrically conductive shielding (9) which surrounds said opening (8) and is electrically insulated from the support (7), characterized in that a ring (11) is mounted between the shielding (9) and the cathode (5) and is electrically insulated from the shielding (9) and radially spaced from the cathode (5).

2. The neutralizer according to claim 1, wherein the ring (11) is electrically conductive and electrically insulated from the shielding (9).

3. The neutralizer according to claim 1, wherein the ring (11) is ceramic.

4. The neutralizer according to claim 3, wherein the ring (11) is formed as an inner layer on the shielding (9).

5. The neutralizer according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the ring (11) and the support (7) are a single, unitary part (20).

6. The neutralizer according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the support (7), the shielding (9) and the ring (11) are symmetrical about a common central axis (12), and wherein the cathode (5) is supported to be in the centre of said opening (8).

7. The neutralizer according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the support (7) and the ring (11) are symmetrical about a common central axis (12), and wherein the shielding (9) has an oblique top face (21) such that, in axial direction, the shielding (9) extends further from the support (7) on one side of said opening (8) than on the opposite side thereof.

8. The neutralizer according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the ring (11) has an inner face (13) that, in axial direction, widens with increasing distance from the support (7).

9. The neutralizer according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the ring (11), in axial direction, extends further from the support (7) than the shielding (9).

10. The neutralizer according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the shielding (9), in axial direction, extends further from the support (7) than the ring (11).

11. The neutralizer according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the support (7) is ceramic.

12. The neutralizer according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the cathode (5) has supply wires (16) via which it is mounted to the support (7).

Description

[0019] The invention shall now be explained in more detail below on the basis of exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0020] FIG. 1 shows an ion thruster with two neutralizers according to the present invention in a top view;

[0021] FIG. 2 shows a prior art neutralizer in detail in a fragmentary sectional view corresponding to a line A-A of FIG. 1;

[0022] FIG. 3 shows a first embodiment of one of the neutralizers of FIG. 1 in detail in a fragmentary sectional view along the line A-A of FIG. 1; and

[0023] FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of one of the neutralizers of FIG. 1 in detail in a fragmentary sectional view along the line B-B of FIG. 1.

[0024] FIG. 1 shows an ion thruster 1 for propulsion of a spacecraft S, e.g., a satellite, only a part of which is shown. The ion thruster 1 comprises an ion emitter 2 for emitting ions of a propellant from a reservoir (not visible in FIG. 1) inside the ion thruster 1 and an extractor 3 facing the ion emitter 2 for extracting and accelerating the ions from the ion emitter 2.

[0025] The depicted ion thruster 1 is of field-emission electric propulsion (FEEP) type. Ion thrusters 1 of this type use liquid metal as propellant, e.g. Caesium, Indium, Gallium or Mercury, which is heated above the liquefaction temperature in the reservoir, fed from the reservoir towards the ion emitter 2 and ionized by field-emission. Alternatively, the ion thruster 1 can use gas, e.g. xenon, as propellant, which is ionized by extracting electrons from the atoms. In a further alternative, the ion thruster 1 may be of colloid type using ionic liquid, e.g., room temperature molten salts, as propellant. The extractor 3 extracts and accelerates the (here: positive) ions of the propellant by means of a strong electric field in the range from several hundred to several thousand volts, thereby generating thrust for propulsion of the spacecraft S.

[0026] The ion thruster 1 comprises one or more (in the example of FIG. 1: two) electron sources, also known in the art as “neutralizers”, 4 to the sides of the ion emitter 2 for avoiding an unwanted charging of the ion thruster 1—and thus of the spacecraft S—due to emission of positively charged ions.

[0027] FIG. 2 shows a neutralizer 4′ according to prior art. The neutralizer 4′ of FIG. 2 has a cathode 5 which, e.g., by thermionic emission, emits electrons 6 for compensating the emission of positively charged ions by the ion emitter 2 of the ion thruster 1. The neutralizer 4′ further comprises a support 7 which is substantially cup-shaped and has an opening 8 on top. The cathode 5 is supported inside the opening 8 in a manner radially spaced from the support 7. Moreover, an electrically conducting shielding 9 which is electrically insulated from the support 7 surrounds said opening 8. The electrical insulation is achieved, e.g., by a gap or a dielectric between the support 7 and the shielding 9, or by a dielectric material the support 7 is optionally made of, as will be explained in greater detail further below.

[0028] The shielding 9—at least partially—shields the strong electric field applied to the ion emitter 2 by the extractor 3. For this purpose, the shielding 9 is typically connected to ground (electrical “zero potential”) of the ion thruster 1, e.g., by attaching it to the grounded metallic top plate 10 of the ion thruster 1.

[0029] For directing the electrons 6 away from the cathode 5 and, thus, away from the spacecraft S—the cathode 5 is generally negatively charged with respect to ground of the ion thruster 1. However, a considerable number of electrons 6 emitted by the cathode 5 are continuously attracted and absorbed by the grounded shielding 9.

[0030] With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the neutralizers 4 of FIG. 1 shall now be explained in greater detail. Similar components of the neutralizers 4 of FIGS. 3 and 4 and of the neutralizer 4′ of FIG. 2 are designated with the same reference numerals.

[0031] Each neutralizer 4 of FIGS. 3 and 4 has an additional ring 11 which is mounted between the shielding 9 and the cathode 7. The ring 11 is electrically insulated from the shielding 9 and is radially spaced from the cathode 7 such that the electrons 6 pass through the ring 11 when emerging from the opening 8 of the neutralizer 4.

[0032] In the example of FIG. 3, the support 7, the shielding 9 and the ring 11 are symmetrical about a common central axis 12. Moreover, the cathode 5 is supported in a way that it is in the centre of the opening 8 of the support 7. It shall be noted that, in this context, the term “symmetrical” refers to a support 7, a shielding 9 and/or a ring 11, which is generally rotationally symmetrical about the central axis 12, e.g., has a regular polygonal cross-section, or is circularly symmetrical about the central axis 12, i.e., has an annular cross-section. Moreover, the support 7, the shielding 9 and the ring 11 do not necessarily share the same symmetry and/or do not even need to be symmetrical at all. Furthermore, the cathode 5 may be located other than centrally in the opening 8.

[0033] The cathode 5 is, e.g., a thermionic cathode 5, or may be of any other type known in the art. Moreover, in the optional embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4, the cathode 5 is a disc- or wire-shaped plate which is optionally also symmetrical about the central axis 12.

[0034] In one embodiment, the ring 11 is both electrically conductive and electrically insulated from the shielding 9. In this case, the ring 11 may be negatively pre-charged by means of a respective controlled voltage supply (not shown). Alternatively, the electrically conductive ring 11 is electrically “floating”, i.e., electrically insulated from any other component and without applying any voltage supply or control, such that it will accrue electrostatic charges by electrons 6 initially emitted by the cathode 5 and absorbed by the ring 11 until a respective electrostatic charging level of the ring 11 is reached.

[0035] In an alternative embodiment, the ring 11 is made of a dielectric material, particularly the ring 11 may be ceramic. In this case, some electrons 6 initially emitted from the cathode 5 attach to the inner face 13 of the ring 11 and thereby gradually establish an electrostatic charging on the inner face 13 without applying any voltage supply or control. In each of the aforementioned embodiments of the ring 11, an electric field resulting from the electrostatic charging of the ring 11 counteracts the electrostatic attraction of electrons 6 by the grounded shielding 9 such that further electrons 6 emitted by the cathode 5 are kept away from the ring 11 and, thus, from the shielding 9 and a beam 14 of electrons 6 may form.

[0036] In the example of FIG. 3, a gap 15 between the shielding 9 and the ring 11 ensures electrical insulation of the ring 11 from the shielding 9. When the ring 11 is dielectric, particularly ceramic, the gap 15 is not required as electrical insulation is achieved by the dielectric ring 11 itself. However, the gap 15 further increases the resilience and helps to avoid an electrically conductive path between the ring 11 and the shielding 9, e.g., due to some propellant eventually depositing on the surface of the ion thruster 1 during its lifetime. In the absence of the gap 15, the ring 11 may optionally be formed as an inner layer on the shielding 9 such that the shielding 9 and the ring 11 together form a single part having the shielding 9 as an electrically conductive outer layer and the ring 11 as a dielectric, particularly ceramic, inner layer.

[0037] In a further embodiment, the inner face 13 of the ring 11 widens in axial direction, i.e., in the direction of the central axis 12, with increasing distance from the support 7. Thereby, the inner face 13 of the ring 11 has a frustoconical shape which facilitates the forming of the beam 14 of electrons 6. However, different shapes of the ring 11 and its inner face 13 are feasible.

[0038] As depicted by a difference d.sub.1 in the example of FIG. 3, the ring 11 optionally extends further from the support 7 in axial direction than the shielding 9. The further extending portion of the ring 11 may even radially project away from the central axis 12 and—at least partly—overlap the shielding 9 (not shown).

[0039] In the present example, also the support 7 is ceramic such that the shielding 9 (and/or the ring 11) may be affixed thereto. Some electrons 6 initially emitted by the cathode 5 attach to the surface of the ceramic support 7 and, thus, gradually establish an electrostatic charging resulting in an electrical field that counteracts an attraction of further electrons 6 by the initially uncharged or partially charged support 7. This supports the formation of the beam 14 of electrons 6. It is understood, however, that a similar effect can be achieved by a different dielectric material or, alternatively, by an electrically conductive support 7, as explained earlier with respect to the ring 11.

[0040] There are different ways of supporting the cathode 5 inside the opening 8 of the support 7, e.g., by means of brackets, clamps etc. as known in the art. In the present example, the cathode 5 has supply wires 16 for connecting to a respective power supply (not shown). Via these supply wires 16 the cathode 5 is mounted to the support 7, in the depicted embodiment, to a bottom plate 17 of the support 7. The bottom plate 17 optionally has one or more bores 18 and, together with a shell (here: an annular shell) 19, which extends from the bottom plate 17 to the opening 8, constitutes the support 7. It is understood that the bottom plate 17 and the shell 19 are either a single, unitary part or are assembled from two or more separate parts to form the support 7. Moreover, the bottom plate 17 is optional, such that the support 7 may have a shape other than cup-shape, e.g., the support 7 be annular, conical, frustoconical, or the like.

[0041] In the example of FIG. 4, the ring 11 and the support 7 are a single, unitary part 20, i.e., cannot be separated from each other without destruction. This unitary part 20 has a first portion, i.e., the support 7, supporting the cathode 5 and having the opening 8, and a second portion, i.e., the ring 11, between the shielding 9 and the cathode 5 which second portion is electrically insulated from the shielding 9 and radially spaced from the cathode 5. The part 20 may have a suit-able shape, e.g., an annular, conical, frustoconical, cylindrical, or cup shape, or the like; it optionally has a—unitary—bottom plate 17 and shell 19.

[0042] Moreover, the shielding 9, in axial direction, extends further from the support 7 than the ring 11 as depicted by a difference d.sub.2 in this example. Furthermore, the shielding 9 has an oblique top face 21, i.e., the shielding 9 extends further from the support 7 on one side of the opening 8 (here: on the side facing the ion emitter 2) than on the opposite side of the opening 8. Such an asymmetric shielding 9 supports compensation of an asymmetry in the strong electrical field around the neutralizer 4, particularly in the electrical field of the extractor 3 of the ion emitter 2. However, the oblique top face 21 is optional and independent of the total extension of the shielding 9 from the support 7, i.e., of a potential difference d.sub.2. Moreover, an asymmetric electrical field around the neutralizer 4 may alternatively be compensated by an optional further shielding (not shown) which is also connected to ground of the ion thruster 1 and extends from the top plate 10 thereof, e.g., between the aforementioned shielding 9 and the extractor 3 of the ion emitter 2. To this end, the further shielding may at least partially surround and/or overlap the extractor 3 or said shielding 9.

[0043] For further supporting the directing and forming of the electron beam 14 emitted by the cathode 5, the cathode 5 may be supported at different heights inside the opening 8, e.g., at a height H.sub.2 (FIG. 4) or at a lower height H.sub.1 (FIG. 3).

[0044] Moreover, the neutralizer 4 may be arranged at different heights with respect to the top plate 10 of the ion thruster 1. Particularly, the neutralizer 4 may be arranged such that the top face 21 of the shielding 9 is flush with the top plate 10. In this case, the shielding 9 may be integrated into or unitary with the top plate 10.

[0045] The invention is not restricted to these specific embodiments described in detail herein but encompasses all variants, combinations—particularly combinations of embodiments described above with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4—and modifications thereof that fall within the frame of the appended claims.