Aqueous Ink Jet Composition for Textile Printing

Abstract

Aqueous ink for textile printing comprising a disperse dye, a dispersant and lignin. A manufacturing method of this ink is provided. An inkjet recording method on textile fabric using the aqueous ink comprising a disperse dye, a dispersant and lignin is also provided.

Claims

1-13. (canceled)

14. An aqueous ink for textile printing comprising a disperse dye, a dispersant, and lignin.

15. The aqueous ink of claim 14, wherein the dispersant is a non-ionic polymer.

16. The aqueous ink of claim 14, wherein the dispersant is a copolymer of an acrylate and an alkylene oxide.

17. The aqueous ink of claim 14, wherein the disperse dye is a mixture of DR 60, DY54, and DB360.

18. The aqueous ink of claim 16, wherein the disperse dye is a mixture of DR 60, DY54, and DB360.

19. The aqueous ink of claim 14, wherein the amount of lignin is from 0.1 to 5 wt. % with respect to the total weight of the ink.

20. The aqueous ink of claim 18, wherein the amount of lignin is from 0.1 to 5 wt. % with respect to the total weight of the ink.

21. The aqueous ink of claim 14, further containing a water-soluble organic solvent.

22. The aqueous ink of claim 18, further containing a water-soluble organic solvent.

23. The aqueous ink of claim 14, further containing an acetylene glycol (alcohol)-based surfactant.

24. The aqueous ink of claim 18, further containing an acetylene glycol (alcohol)-based surfactant.

25. An aqueous inkjet ink set wherein at least one aqueous inkjet ink comprises a disperse dye, a dispersant, and lignin.

26. The aqueous inkjet ink of claim 25, wherein the at least one aqueous inkjet ink is a black ink or a cyan ink.

27. An inkjet recording method comprising the following steps: a) jetting of an aqueous ink according to claim 14 onto a fabric comprising hydrophobic fibres so as to obtain an image comprising disperse dyes: and b) applying heat to the fabric so as to fix the disperse dye onto the hydrophobic fibres.

28. An inkjet recording method comprising the following steps: a) jetting of an aqueous ink according to claim 14 onto a transfer medium so as to obtain an image comprising disperse dye: b) bringing the transfer medium into contact with a fabric comprising hydrophobic fibres; and c) applying heat to the transfer medium and/or the fabric so as to fix the disperse dyestuff onto the hydrophobic fibres of the fabric.

29. A method of preparing an aqueous ink according to claim 14, comprising the following steps: a) preparing a disperse dye dispersion by applying high shear forces or milling onto a mixture comprising water, a disperse dye, a dispersant and lignin: and b) adding water, a water-soluble organic solvent, and a surfactant to the disperse dye dispersion of step a).

30. A polymer containing fabric comprising a disperse dye, a dispersant, and lignin.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

A. AQUEOUS INKJET INK COMPOSITION

[0015] The ink for inkjet textile printing of the present invention comprises water, a disperse dye, a dispersant and lignin.

A.1. Lignin

[0016] Lignin is a highly heterogeneous polymer derived from a handful of precursor lignols that may crosslink in diverse ways.

[0017] The lignols that crosslink are of three main types, all derived from phenylpropane: coniferyl alcohol (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylpropane) (G, its radical is sometimes called guaiacyl), sinapyl alcohol (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpropane) (S, its radical is sometimes called syringyl), and paracoumaryl alcohol (4-hydroxyphenylpropane) (H, its radical is sometimes called 4-hydroxyphenyl).

[0018] The amount of lingin in the aqueous ink according to the invention is from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. %, more preferably from 0.5 wt. % to 3 wt. % with respect to the total weight of the ink. If the amount of lignin is below 0.5 wt. %, the lowering of the feathering gets strongly reduced. If the amount of lignin gets below 0.1 wt. %, the effect on image quality such as feathering is minimal. An amount above 3 wt. % of lignin reduces too much the hue of coloured inks such as cyan and yellow due to colour contamination from the lignin itself.

[0019] Lignin is hydrophobic and shows a low solubility in water. A preferred way to introduce lignin in the aqueous ink of the invention, is to add lignin during the preparation of the dispersion of the disperse dye. In order to facilitate the introduction of lignin in the disperse dye dispersion, some extra dispersant can be added before or during the preparation of the dispersion. Preferred dispersants are non-ionic dispersants, and more preferred dispersants are copolymers of an acrylate and an alkylene oxide.

[0020] Lignin as such may also act as a dispersant. An additional dispersant is then not required during the preparation of the disperse dye dispersion.

[0021] Another suitable way of incorporating lignin into the aqueous ink of the invention is as a solution of the lignin in an organic solvent or in aqueous alkaline media.

A.2. Dispersion of Disperse Dye

[0022] The colorant of the aqueous ink of the present invention is the disperse dye which has to be dispersed in the aqueous vehicle of the ink. This dispersion comprises a vehicle which is preferably water, at least one disperse dye, a dispersant and lignin.

A.2.1. Preparation of the Disperse Dye Dispersion

[0023] The method for dispersing comprises first a step of making a pre-mix of the vehicle and the dispersant. After the formation of the pre-mix, a pre-dispersion is made by mixing the disperse dye with the pre-mix. The lignin can be added in the pre-mix or in the pre-dispersion.

[0024] In another embodiment, the pre-dispersion can be directly made by mixing the vehicle with the disperse dye, the dispersant and the lignin in one step.

[0025] The lignin is a solid and the addition is preferably done slowly to avoid clumping during the preparation of the pre-dispersion.

[0026] Subsequently, high shear forces or milling is applied onto the obtained pre-dispersion such as to obtain a stable dispersion of the disperse dyes.

[0027] The dispersion method for obtaining the stable dispersion of the disperse dyes, can be arbitrarily selected as long as this is a method for braking agglomerates of particles and evenly dispersing the disperse dyes in the vehicle.

[0028] Equipment suitable for dispersing the disperse dyes include a pressure kneader, an open kneader, a planetary mixer, a dissolver, and a Dalton Universal Mixer. Other suitable milling and dispersion equipment include a ball mill, a pearl mill, a colloid mill, a high-speed disperser, double rollers, a bead mill, a paint conditioner, and triple rollers. The dispersion may also be prepared using ultrasonic energy.

[0029] Many different types of materials may be used as milling media, such as glasses, ceramics, metals, and plastics. In a preferred embodiment, the grinding media can comprise particles, preferably substantially spherical in shape, e.g. beads consisting essentially of a polymeric resin or yttrium stabilized zirconium oxide beads.

[0030] In the process of mixing, milling and dispersion, each process is preferably performed with cooling to prevent build-up of heat.

[0031] The addition of the lignin can take place before, during or after the process of applying the high shear forces or the milling.

[0032] The ratio of the amount of dispersant with respect to the amount of disperse dye is preferably 12 to 32, more preferably 12 to 25, most preferably 10 to 20.

[0033] With respect to disperse dye dispersions without lignin, the amount of dispersant is usually higher as a part of the dispersant can be required for dispersing the lignin.

[0034] Without being bound by a theory, it is thought that lignin works as a kind of synergist together with the dispersant which results in stable dispersions leading to stable and high performing inks. It is further thought that the Oswald ripening of the disperse dyes is decreased. The alleged functioning as a synergist of lignin further results in an increased milling efficiency.

[0035] The concentration of the disperse dye with respect to the total weight of the dispersion of the present invention is 10 to 60 wt. %, preferably 15 to 55 wt. %, and more preferably 20 to 50 wt. %.

[0036] The particle size of the disperse dye can be controlled by the treatment time of the high shear application or of the milling. More particularly, by increasing the treatment time, the disperse dye particles can be made smaller and the amount of particle oversizers can be reduced.

[0037] Preferably the disperse dye particles of the present invention have an average particle diameter of 1 m or less, preferably 500 nm or less, more preferably 250 nm or less. If the average particle size is higher than these values, jetting reliability problems will occur due to clogging of inkjet head nozzles. At the same time the amount of particle oversizers having a particle size more than 1.125 m should be lower than 10.10.sup.6 is to assure a reliable jetting of the ink wherein the disperse dye dispersion is included.

[0038] By means of the production method described above, a stable disperse dye dispersion is obtained which can be used in the preparation of disperse dye inkjet ink according to the invention.

A.2.2. Disperse Dye

[0039] The ink compositions according to the invention include at least one disperse dye.

[0040] Suitable disperse dyes include any dye identified as a disperse dye by Colour Index International in the Colour Index, www. colour-index. corn, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Examples of disperse dyes are given in the Colour Index, 3 Edition, pages 2479 to 2742, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Each of the disperse dyes described therein is also incorporated herein by reference.

[0041] Suitable disperse dyes that may be used in the inks described herein include all dyestuffs that are considered disperse.

[0042] Examples of the disperse dyes used in the present invention include an azo dye, an anthraquinone dye, a quinophthalone dye, a styryl dye, an oxazine dye, a xanthene dye, a methine dye, and an azomethine dye. Of such dyes, examples of a yellow disperse dye include C.I. Disperse Yellow 3, 4, 5, 7, 9,13, 23, 24, 30, 33, 34, 42, 44, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 98, 99, 100, 104, 108, 114, 116, 118, 119, 122, 124, 126, 135, 140, 141, 149, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 192, 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, 210, 211, 215, 216, 218, 224, 227, 231and 232. Examples of an orange disperse dye include C.I.Disperse Orange 1, 3, 5, 7,11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 119, 127, 130, 139, 142 and 155. Examples of a red disperse dye include C.I. Disperse Red 1, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 27, 43, 44, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 65, 67.1, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 121, 122, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 143, 145, 146, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 159, 164, 167, 169, 177, 179, 181, 183, 184, 185, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 210, 221, 224, 225, 227, 229, 239, 240, 257, 258, 277, 278, 279, 281, 288, 298, 302, 303, 310, 311,312, 320, 324, 328 and 343. Examples of a blue disperse dye include C.I. Disperse Blue 3, 7, 9, 14, 16, 19,20, 26, 27, 35, 43, 44, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 71, 72, 77, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, 106, 108, 112, 113, 115, 118, 120,122, 125, 128, 130, 139, 141, 142, 143, 146, 148, 149, 153,154, 158, 165, 167, 171, 173, 174, 176, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187,189, 197, 198, 200, 201, 205, 207, 211, 214, 224, 225, 257, 259, 267, 268, 270, 281, 284, 285, 287, 288, 291, 293, 295, 297, 301, 315, 330, 333, 354, 359, 360, 366 and 367. Most preferably, Disperse Blue 359 as disperse dyestuff for the aqueous inkjet ink of the invention, is used. Examples of other disperse dyestuff include C.I. Disperse Violet 1, 4, 8, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31,33, 35, 36, 38, 40, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 69, 77 and 93. Examples of a black disperse dye, which are not particularly limited, include C.I. Disperse Black 1, 3, 10, and 24. Examples of types of dyes other than the above-described dyes include C.I. Solvent Yellow 160 and 163, C.I. Vat Red 41 and Solvent Green 3.

[0043] Generally, these disperse dye preferably are contained in an amount of 0.2 to 12 wt. %, and more preferably 0.5 to 10 wt. %, with respect to the total mass of the ink. If the disperse dye concentration is with these limits a dispersion stability can be maintained which is useful in an industrial environment for preparing inks and a high colour density of the printed images can be achieved.

A.2.3. Dispersant

[0044] The inkjet ink composition according to the invention includes a dispersant. The dispersion stability of the disperse dye in the ink jet ink is improved, and the storage stability of the ink jet ink composition for sublimation transfer and the discharging stability of the ink for sublimation transfer over a long period of time are improved. Examples of the dispersant, which are not particularly limited, include an anionic dispersant, a non-ionic dispersant, and a polymer dispersant. Typical anionic and non-ionic dispersants are surfactants.

[0045] Preferably the inkjet ink according to the invention comprises a polymeric dispersant. Examples of useful polymer dispersants, which are not particularly limited, include polyacrylic acid partial alkyl ester, polyalkylene polyamine, polyacrylate, a styrene acrylic acid copolymer, a co-polyacrylate-alkylene oxide, a polyacrylate having a backbone with alkylene oxide groups as side chains and a vinyl naphthalene-maleic acid copolymer.

[0046] Examples of the anionic dispersant, which are not particularly limited, include a salt of aromatic sulfonic acid (for example, a sodium salt or an ammonium salt, the same shall apply hereinafter), a salt of formalin condensate and B-naphthalene sulfonic acid, a salt of formalin condensate, and alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid, a salt of formalin condensate and creosote oil sulfonic acid, or a formalin condensate.

[0047] Examples of the salt of aromatic sulfonic acid, which are not particularly limited, include creosote oil sulfonic acid, cresol sulfonic acid, phenol sulfonic acid, B-naphthol sulfonic acid, alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acids such as methyl naphthalene sulfonic acid and butyl naphthalene sulfonic acid, a mixture of B-naphthalene sulfonic acid and B-naphthol sulfonic acid, a mixture of cresol sulfonic acid and 2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid, and lignin sulfonic acid.

[0048] Examples of a useful nonionic dispersant, which are not particularly limited, include an ethylene oxide adduct of phytosterol and an ethylene oxide adduct of cholestanol.

[0049] The content of the dispersant is preferably 1 to 200 wt. %, more preferably 10 to 150 wt. %, most preferably 30 to 60 wt. % with respect to the total amount of the disperse dye stuff included in the ink jet ink composition of the invention. When the content of the dispersant is in the above-described range, there is a tendency that the dispersion stability of the disperse dyestuff is further improved.

A.3. Water-Miscible Solvent

[0050] The aqueous inkjet ink according to the invention may contain a water-miscible organic solvent. In the present invention this can include glycerin, diglycerin, polyglycerin, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 2-pyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, and sulfolane.

[0051] From the water-miscible organic solvents, it is preferable to use glycerin, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (average molecular weight of 200 to 600), dipropylene glycol, and tripropylene glycol, and more preferably glycerin, diethylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol, from the viewpoint of moisturizing properties. Of these solvents, glycerin is particularly preferable to avoid clogging of the nozzles and drying at the nozzle plate of the inkjet head.

[0052] Other examples include propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 3-methyl-1, 3-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 2-methyl-2, 4-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1, 5-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol and 1,6-hexanediol.

[0053] Examples of the glycol ether include monoalkyl ethers of glycol selected from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and tripropylene glycol. More specifically, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether can be preferably exemplified. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

[0054] These water-miscible organic solvents preferably are contained in an amount of 1 to 50 wt. %, more preferably 30 to 45 wt. %, and particularly preferably 30 to 40 wt. %, with respect to the total mass of the ink, from the viewpoint of the viscosity adjustment of the ink and the prevention of clogging of nozzles of the inkjet print head by the moisturizing effect.

A.4. Surfactant

[0055] To adjust the surface tension of the ink, a surfactant can be used, and examples thereof include anionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, cationic surfactants, and non-ionic surfactants.

[0056] Examples of the anionic surfactant include alkyl sulfocarboxylate, a-olefin sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether acetate, N-acylamino acid and salt thereof, N-acylmethyl taurine salt, alkyl sulfate polyoxy alkyl ether sulfate, alkyl sulfate polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate, rosin acid soap, sulfate esters of castor oil, lauryl alcohol sulfate ester, alkyl phenol type phosphate ester, alkyl-type phosphate ester, alkyl aryl sulfonate, diethyl sulfosuccinate, diethyl hexyl sulfosuccinate, and dioctyl sulfosuccinate.

[0057] Examples of the amphoteric surfactant include lauryl dimethylaminoacetic acid betaine, 2-alkyl-N-carboxymethyl-N-hydroxyethyl imidazolinium betaine, coconut oil fatty acid amide propyldimethylaminoacetic acid betaine, polyoctylpolyaminoethylglycine, and other imidazoline derivatives thereof.

[0058] Examples of the cationic surfactant include 2-vinylpyridine derivatives and poly 4-vinylpyridine derivatives. Further examples of cationic surfactants are quaternary ammonium salts of long chain aliphatic tertiary amines such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and hydroxyethyl dimethyl dodecyl ammonium chloride and quaternary salts of nitrogen containing heteroaromatic rings such as hexadecyl pyridinium bromide and quaternized imidazoles and benzimidazoles. Other examples are protonated long chain aliphatic amines such as the hydrochloric acid salt of dimethyl hexadaceyl amine and the toluene sulfonic acid salt of diethyl dodecyl amine.

[0059] Examples of the nonionic surfactant include ether based surfactants such as polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene dodecyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether; ester-based surfactants such as polyoxyethylene oleic acid ester, polyoxyethylene distearate, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, polyoxyethylene monooleate, and polyoxyethylene stearate.

[0060] Other preferable non-ionic surfactants are acetylene glycol (alcohol)-based surfactants such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol, 3,6-dimethyl-4-octyne-3,6-diol, and 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyne-3-ol.

B. INKJET INK SET

[0061] It is further a preferred embodiment of the invention, that an aqueous inkjet ink set is made wherein at least one of its inks is an aqueous ink containing a dispersed dye, a dispersant and lignin.

[0062] More preferably, the cyan ink, the black ink and the magenta ink of a CMY or CMYK inkjet ink set, are aqueous inks containing a dispersed dye, a dispersant and lignin.

C. INKJET RECORDING METHOD

[0063] A method of inkjet recording, more particularly of inkjet textile printing using the ink of the present invention as described above can be performed as follows. First, the ink for inkjet textile printing is set in a piezo-type, thermal-type or continuous inkjet printer and then can be ejected on a fabric comprising hydrophobic fibres such as polyester fibres. Onto the hydrophobic fibres, a pre-treatment may have been applied to prevent blur.

[0064] After the jetting step, the fabric is optionally heated to dry the image, followed by heating the printed fabric at a temperature from 150 C. to 220 C. for 0.5 to 15 minutes under pressure. Preferably, the heating time is 40 to 60 seconds. Several means of heating can be used, but preferably calandering and steam heating is used. The hydrophobic fibres, such as polyester fibres are dyed with the disperse dye of the ink. Thereafter the non-fixed disperse dyes, the additives such as a dispersant, the pre-treatment agent, the lignin may be removed by washing or reduction cleaning or reduction clearing and washing with water. After drying the fabric, a dyed product on which an image is printed is provided. The dyed product further contains the dispersant and the lignin present in the ink

[0065] The inkjet recording method according to the invention may also comprise a transferring step to a fabric or an object coated with synthetic polymers suitable to accepts disperse dyes, using an intermediate transfer medium. As the intermediate transfer medium, which is not particularly limited, for example, paper such as plain paper or a recording medium provided with an ink absorbing layer based on porosity or swellability (which is referred to as paper for exclusive use for ink jet or coated paper) can be used. Among these, paper provided with an ink absorbing layer which is formed of inorganic fine particles such as silica is preferable. In the process of drying the ink jet ink composition for sublimation transfer attached to the intermediate transfer medium, it is possible to obtain the intermediate transfer medium in which bleeding is suppressed, and in the following transferring step, there is a tendency that the sublimation of the disperse dye proceeds more smoothly.

[0066] The transferring step is a step of transferring the disperse dye included in the ink jet ink composition to a fabric or an object coated with synthetic polymers suitable to accepts disperse dyes, by heating in a state in which a surface of the intermediate transfer medium on which the ink jet ink according to the invention has been jetted and a surface of the fabric or an object coated with e.g. PES face each other.

[0067] The heating temperature in the transferring step, which is not particularly limited, is preferably 160 C. to 220 C., and more preferably 170 C. to 200 C. When the heating temperature is in the above-described range, the sublimation of the dyes is sufficient to achieve a high colour density while shrinking and deformation of the fabric is avoided.

[0068] The heating time in the step, which also depends on the heating temperature, is 30 seconds to 150 seconds, and more preferably 45 seconds to 90 seconds. When the heating time is in the above-described range, there is a tendency that the energy required for transferring can be smaller and the productivity of the recorded matter is improved.

D. EXAMPLES

D.1. Materials

[0069] All materials used in the following examples were readily available from standard sources such as Merck and ACROS (Belgium) unless otherwise specified. The water used was deionized water. [0070] DB 360: Disperse blue 360 is a disperse dye bought under the tradename Riaplas Blue DB TP, supplied by Rialco. [0071] DO 25: Disperse orange 25 is a disperse dye with tradename Riaplas orange 2 RL TP, supplied by Rialco [0072] DY 54: Disperse yellow 54 is a disperse dye bought under the tradename Riaplas Yellow 3 GL TP, supplied by Rialco. [0073] DR 60: Disperse red 60 is a disperse dye with tradename Riaplas Red 2 BL TP, supplied by Rialco [0074] DB359: Disperse blue 359 is a disperse dye bought under the tradename Riaplas blue 3GL-TPM, supplied by Rialco [0075] Disperbyk 2010 is a 40% solution of a copolymer of an acrylate and an alkylene oxide, provided by BYK Chemie [0076] Edaplan 482 is a polymeric dispersant from MUNZING [0077] Dispex Ultra PX 4585 is a high-molecular-weight dispersing agent available as (50% aqueous solution) from BASF [0078] Proxelk-D3798 is a 5% solution of CASRN127553-58-6 manufactured by PROM CHEM UK [0079] Indulin AT is a purified form of kraft pine lignin supplied by Ingevity UK LTD [0080] VANI is Vanisperse CB, a lignosulfonate supplied by Borregaard [0081] GLY is glycerin [0082] PD is 1,3 propanediol, supplied by IMCD [0083] SURF1 is Surfynol 104H produced by Evonik [0084] SURF2 is Byk 333 manufactured by Byk [0085] DI water is deionised water

D.2. Measuring Methods

D.2.1. Average Particle Size of the Disperse Dye Dispersion

[0086] The average particle size of the disperse dye particles was measured using a Zetasizer Nano-S (Malvern Instruments, Goffin Meyvis) based upon the principle of dynamic light scattering. For reliable ink jetting characteristics (jetting quality and print quality), the average particle size of the dispersed particles in the ink is preferably below 250 nm.

D.2.2. Viscosity of the Dispersion

[0087] The viscosity of the NIR absorbing particle dispersion was evaluated with an Anton Paar MCR302 Rheometer in a cone plate set-up. The viscosity is measured at a shear rate of 10 s.sup.1 at a temperature of 25 C.

D.2.3. Measurement of amount of particle oversizers

[0088] The amount of particle oversizers of the disperse dye dispersion was evaluated with a Mastersizer III from Malvern Pananalytical. A measuring tube of 50 um (range 1-30 m) was used and the electrolyte was a 0.1 M NaCl solution. A sample (1 or 2 mL) of the disperse dye dispersion was diluted to 200 mL, and 0.5 mL of this dilution was then measured.

[0089] An amount of particles/ml sample having a particle size less than 1.125 um below 10.10.sup.6 is considered as a low amount of particle oversizers. An amount of particles/mL sample having a particle size less than 1.125 m between 10.10.sup.6 and 50.10.sup.6 is considered as a medium amount of particle oversizers. If the number of particles/mL sample having a particle size less than 1.125 m is larger than 50.10.sup.6, it is considered a high amount of particle oversizers are present. It is then expected that jetting reliability problems may occur if this dispersion in used in an inkjet ink formulation.

D.2.4. Coating of Comparative and Inventive Inks

[0090] A 4 m bar coating of an ink was made using an Elcometer 4340 using a spiral bar of 4 m on a polyester backlit substrate and sublimated using a calander (with belt and heated oil rotating drum) at 190 C. with a contact time of 54 seconds.

D.2.5. L Value of the Ink

[0091] The ink was diluted 10 times with deionised water and coated according to D.2.4. The colour of the ink coating was measured using a Gretag SPM50 with D65 illumination under an observer angle of 10. Evaluation was done according to Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 L value Score <26 A 26-28 B >28 C

D.2.6. Wet Crock Fastness

[0092] The ink was coated undiluted according to D.2.4, after which a wet crock fastness test is done according to ISO105-X12 with a Crockmeter SDL ATLAS M238AA. The coloration of the white rubbing cloth was given a AE according to the Cielab colour space and scored according to Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 E Score <15 A 15-20 B 21-30 C

D.2.6. Feathering

[0093] The ink was coated undiluted according to D.2.4. on the rough side of Be.tex display 210 FR supplied by Berger, Germany (instead of backlit). Feathering was evaluated according to Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Observation Score No/slight feathering A Intermediate feathering B Severe feathering C

D.2.7. Open Head Time

[0094] Inks were filtered over a 1 m filter, degassed and jetted using a Kyocera KJ4B-300 print head at 32 C. with a 2 dpd waveform using an Image Xpert drop watcher setup. The reference voltage of the head was used. After start up, jetting was paused and the set up was left for x minutes. After x minutes, jetting was restarted and 1328 nozzles were inspected after this restart. Evaluation was done based on the percentage of nozzles that showed aberrant jetting behaviour after x minutes of pausing. Evaluation criteria are shown in Error! Reference source not found.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Observation after 5 minutes of jetting Score <10% of missing nozzles + side shooters after x = 20 A minutes pause <10% of missing nozzles + side shooters after x = 10 B minutes pause 10% of missing nozzles + side shooters after x = 10 C minutes pause

D.2.8. Storage Stability of Ink

[0095] To evaluate the storage stability of inks, the average particle size of the ink was firstly measured with dynamic light scattering by photon correlation spectroscopy at a wavelength of 633 nm with a 4 mW HeNe laser on a diluted sample of the ink. This was done using a Nicomp 380, available from Particle Size Solutions. Samples were measured fresh as well as after ageing 2 weeks in an oven at 60 C. The relative change in particle size (PS) was calculated as follows: [(PS (2 weeks 60 C.)-PS (fresh))/PS (fresh)] and scored according to Table 5.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Relative change of PS (%) Score <10% A 10-20% B >20% C

D.3. Preparation of Disperse Dye Dispersions

[0096] In all below dispersion preparations, quantities of compounds are given in wt. % with respect to the total weight of the dispersion.

Preparation of the Comparative Black Disperse Dye Dispersion DISP-COMP-1

[0097] 49.5 wt. % of distilled water, 30 wt. % of Disperbyk 2010 and 0.5 wt. % of Proxelk-D3798 were premixed in a vessel using a mechanical stirrer. One by one, the following products were sprinkled in the premix using the following order of addition. First, 8 wt. % of DB 360 was added, followed by, 8 wt. % of DO 25, 2 wt. % of DY54 and 2 wt. % of DR 60. The obtained pre-dispersion was mixed for 30 minutes.

[0098] A DynoMill-RL mill was filled for 42% with 0.4 mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (high wear resistant zirconia grinding media from TOSOH Co.). The mill was pre-washed with deionised water. The pre-dispersion was pumped into the bead mill and the milling was started in re-circulation mode at a rotation speed of 11.8 m/s. After 25 min residence time, the mill was emptied by pumping the obtained dispersion into a vessel.

[0099] The black disperse dye dispersion contains particles with an average particle size of 132 nm and a viscosity of 22 mPa.s.

Preparation of the Comparative Black Disperse Dye Dispersion DISP-COMP-2

[0100] 49.5 wt. % of distilled water, 30 wt. % of Disperbyk 2010 and 0.5 wt. % of Proxelk-D3798 were premixed in a vessel using a mechanical stirrer. One by one, the following products were sprinkled in the premix using the following order of addition. First, 12.64 wt. % of DB 360 was added, followed by, 12.64 wt. % of DO 25, 3.23 wt. % of DY54 and 3.49 wt. % of DR 60. The obtained pre-dispersion was mixed for 30 minutes.

[0101] A DynoMill-RL mill was filled for 42% with 0.4 mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (high wear resistant zirconia grinding media from TOSOH Co.). The mill was pre-washed with deionised water. The pre-dispersion was pumped into the bead mill and the milling was started in re-circulation mode at a rotation speed of 11.8 m/s. After 25 min residence time, the mill was emptied by pumping the obtained dispersion into a vessel.

[0102] The black disperse dye dispersion contains particles with an average particle size of 124 nm and a viscosity of 189 mPa.s.

Preparation of the Inventive Black Disperse Dye Dispersion DISP-INV-1

[0103] 44.5 wt. % of deionised water, 30 wt. % of Disperbyk 2010 and 0.5 wt. % of the biocide (Proxelk-D3798) were premixed in a vessel using a mechanical stirrer. One by one, the following products were sprinkled in the premix using the following order of addition. First, 5 wt. % of Indulin AT 5 was added, followed by 8 wt. % of DB 360, 8 wt. % of DO 25, 2 wt. % of DY54 and 2 wt. % of DR 60. The obtained pre-dispersion was mixed for 30 minutes.

[0104] A DynoMill-RL mill was filled for 42% with 0.4 mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (high wear resistant zirconia grinding media from TOSOH Co.). The mill was pre-washed with deionised water. The pre-dispersion was pumped into the bead mill and the milling was started in re-circulation mode at a rotation speed of 11.8 m/s.

[0105] After 25 min residence time, the mill was emptied by pumping the obtained dispersion in a vessel.

[0106] The black disperse dye dispersion with lignin contains particles with an average particle size of 154 nm and a viscosity of 213 mPa.s.

Preparation of the Inventive Black Disperse Dye Dispersion DISP-INV-2 to DISP-INV-4

[0107] 62.98 wt. % of deionised water, 12 wt. % of a dispersant and 0.02 wt. % of the biocide (Proxelk-D3798) were premixed in a vessel using a mechanical stirrer. One by one, the following products were sprinkled in the premix using the following order of addition. First, 5 wt. % of Indulin AT 5 was added, followed by 8 wt. % of DB 360, 8 wt. % of DO 25, 2 wt. % of DY54 and 2 wt. % of DR 60. The obtained pre-dispersion was mixed for 30 minutes.

[0108] The vessel was loaded with 160 g of 1 mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (high wear resistant zirconia grinding media from TOSOH Co.). The vessels were placed on a roller bench for 7 days after which the liquid was separated from the beads.

[0109] The properties of DISP-INV-2, DISP-INV-3 and DISP-INV-4 are listed in Table 6.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Particle Viscosity Viscosity Dispersion Dispersant size (nm) (mPa .Math. s) profile DISP-INV-2 Disperbyk 2010 134 34 Newtonian behaviour DISP-INV-3 Edaplan 482 123 36 Newtonian behaviour DISP-INV-4 Dispex ultra 128 35 Newtonian PX4585 behaviour

[0110] From Table 6 it can be observed that the particle size of the particles in the dispersions is small, that the viscosity profile showed to be Newtonian (viscosity is independent from the shear rate) and that the viscosity values are low. From these results it can be concluded that stable dispersions can be obtained by combining different dispersants with lignin in order to make a black disperse dye dispersion.

Preparation of the Comparative Blue Disperse Dye Dispersion DISP-COMP-3

[0111] 65.78 wt. % of deionised water, 13.33 wt. % of Bykjet 9170 and 0.02 wt. % of the biocide (Proxelk-D3798) with respect to the total weight of the dispersion, were premixed in a vessel using a mechanical stirrer. First, 20 wt. % of DB359 was sprinkeled in the solution, after which the pH was increased to a value of 8.5-9 by adding triethanolamine. The obtained pre-dispersion was mixed for 30 minutes.

[0112] An ECM Multilab mill was filled for 42% with 0.4 mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (high wear resistant zirconia grinding media from TOSOH Co.). The mill was rinsed with deionised water after which the pre-dispersion was pumped into the mill. Milling was started in re-circulation mode at a rotation speed of 13 m/s, with a flow of 0.2 L/min. Samples of the dispersion were analysed every 2 minutes of residence time to determine the required milling time. After 30 min of residence time, the particle size showed to be low enough for ink jetting purposes (see Table 7). However, it was decided to finish the milling after 70 minutes of milling time to decrease the population of oversizers to a low level such as to guarantee no jetting problems.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Residence time Particle size Level of particle (min) (nm) oversizers 10 277 High 30 171 High 50 163 Medium 70 151 Low

[0113] A milling time of 70 minutes is considered as rather long in a production environment. The mill was emptied by pumping the obtained dispersion in a vessel.

Preparation of the Inventive Blue Disperse Dye Dispersion DISP-INV-5

[0114] 60.78 wt. % of deionised water, 13.33 wt. % of Bykjet 9170 and 0.02 wt. % of the biocide (Proxelk-D3798) with respect to the total weight of the dispersion, were premixed in a vessel using a mechanical stirrer. First, 20 wt. % of DB359 was sprinkled in the solution, followed by 5 wt. % of Indulin AT, after which the pH was increased to a value of 8.5-9 by adding triethanolamine. The obtained pre-dispersion was mixed for 30 minutes.

[0115] An ECM Multilab mill was filled for 42% with 0.4 mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (high wear resistant zirconia grinding media from TOSOH Co.). The mill was rinsed with deionised water after which the pre-dispersion was pumped into the mill. Milling was started in re-circulation mode at a rotation speed of 13 m/s, with a flow of 0.2 L/min. Samples were analysed every 20 minutes of residence time to determine the required milling time. After 30 min of residence time, the particle size showed to be low enough for ink jetting purposes (see Table 8). After 50 min of residence time, the dispersion reached a good quality as also the oversizer population had obtained a low level guaranteeing no jetting problems of the ink. The mill was emptied by pumping the obtained dispersion in a vessel. A milling time of 50 minutes is considered as acceptable in a production environment.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Residence time Particle size Level of particle (min) (nm) oversizers 10 370 High 30 230 Medium 50 140 Low 70 125 Low

[0116] Dispersing DB359 in water is known to be very challenging. Long milling times, at least 50 min, are required to obtain a stable dispersion with small particle sizes and a low amount of particle oversizers. In order to have a reliable jetting of an ink, the amount of particle oversizers should be preferably low.

[0117] The addition of lignin during the preparation of the disperse dye dispersion results in a significant reduction of the required milling time leading to an increase of production efficiency in the production of aqueous disperse dye inks. As such, the lignin improves the interaction between the dyes and the dispersing agent and works as a milling enhancing agent.

D.4. Ink Formulations

D.4.1. Black Inks

[0118] Inventive and comparative inks were formulated according to Table 9, using black disperse dye dispersions prepared in D.3.

[0119] INK-COMP-1 is an ink without lignin or lignin sulfonate, but has a slightly lower dye load than the other inks. INK-COMP-2 contains a lignin sulfonate (VANI) as well and an identical dye load as the Inventive ink (INK-INV-1). The Inventive ink (INK-INV-1) contains lignin instead of a lignin sulfonate. INK-COMP-3 has the same composition as INK-INV-1 but without the lignin.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 INK- INK- INK- INK- COMP-1 COMP-2 INV-1 COMP-3 GLY 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 PD 22.0 19.5 19.5 19.5 SURF1 0.67 VANI 3 DISP-COMP-2 15.63 18.75 DISP-INV-1 30.00 DISP-COMP-1 30.00 DI water Balance to Balance to Balance to Balance to 100% 100% 100% 100%

D.4.2. Cyan Inks

[0120] Inventive and comparative inks were formulated according to Table 10, using cyan disperse dye dispersions prepared in D.3.

[0121] INK-COMP-4 is an ink without lignin. The Inventive ink INK-INV-2 contains lignin.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 INK-COMP-4 INK-INV-2 GLY 16 16 PD 20 20 SURF1 0 0 SURF2 0 0 DISP-COMP-3 30 0 DISP-INV-5 0 30 DI water Balance to Balance to 100% 100%

D.5. Evaluation

D.5.1. Black Disperse Dye Inks

[0122] From Table 11 it follows that both inks with lignin and lignin sulfonate (INK-INV-1 and INK-COMP-2) significantly lower the L value of the coatings, but the lignin sulfonate clearly worsen the wet crock fastness, contrary to lignin. The same trend can be seen for feathering, where lignin (INK-INV-1) brings most advantage with respect to the lignin sulfonate and the lignin free ink suffering most from feathering

[0123] Regarding jetting reliability, measured as open head time, the presence of lignin in the ink (INK-INV-1) clearly results in better latency compared to the reference without lignin (INK-COMP-1) or the ink containing lignin sulfonate (INK-COMP-2), despite the lower dye load of the first. A lower dye load in the ink usually improves the open head time.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 INK- INK- INK- INK- COMP-1 COMP-2 INV-1 COMP-3 L value B A C Crock C A A fastness Feathering C B A C Open head B C A time

D.5.2. Cyan Disperse Dye Inks

[0124] From Table 12. it follows that the inks with lignin significantly lower the feathering, while the storage stability of the ink remains unchanged.

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 INK-COMP-4 INK-INV-2 Storage stability A A L-value 56.5 54.9 Feathering C B