Low-smoke, flame-retardant data communication cables

Abstract

A data communication cable includes a jacket layer surrounding a cable core, which includes at least one pair of twisted electric conductors electrically insulated with a flame-retardant polypropylene (FRPP)-based material. The FRPP-based material includes a char enhancer, a halogenated flame retardant; and a flame retardant additive. The FRPP-based material is free from flame-retardant hydrated mineral filler.

Claims

1. A data communication cable for use in a plenum comprising: a cable core comprising a plurality of pairs of twisted electric conductors, wherein at least one pair of twisted electric conductors of the plurality of pairs of twisted electric conductors is electrically insulated with a flame-retardant polypropylene (FRPP)-based material comprising: a polymer base comprising 5-25 phr of a polypropylene homopolymer, 1-20 phr of a polar-modified polypropylene homopolymer or copolymer, and the remaining portion of the polymer base being formed from a polypropylene copolymer; from 25 to 60 phr of a char enhancer; a halogenated flame retardant; and a flame-retardant additive; wherein the FRPP-based material is free from flame-retardant hydrated mineral filler; and a jacket layer surrounding the cable core.

2. The data communication cable of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of pairs of twisted electric conductors is electrically insulated with the flame-retardant polypropylene (FRPP)-based material.

3. The data communication cable of claim 1, wherein at least another pair of twisted electric conductors of the plurality of pairs of twisted electric conductors is electrically insulated with a fluoropolymer material.

4. The data communication cable of claim 3, wherein the fluoropolymer material comprises fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP).

5. The data communication cable of claim 3, wherein the at least another pair of twisted electric conductors comprises three pairs of twisted electric conductors electrically insulated with a fluoropolymer material and the at least one pair of twisted electric conductors comprises one pair of twisted electric conductors electrically insulated with the FRPP-based material.

6. The data communication cable of claim 3, wherein the at least another pair of twisted electric conductors comprises two pairs of twisted electric conductors electrically insulated with a fluoropolymer material and the at least one pair of twisted electric conductors comprises two pairs of twisted electric conductors electrically insulated with the FRPP-based material.

7. The data communication cable of claim 3, wherein the at least another pair of twisted electric conductors comprises one pair of twisted electric conductors electrically insulated with a fluoropolymer material and the at least one pair of twisted electric conductors comprises three pairs of twisted electric conductors electrically insulated with the FRPP-based material.

8. The data communication cable of claim 1, wherein the data communication cable exhibits a dielectric constant of less than 2.6 as measured in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 4566-98.

9. The data communication cable of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene copolymer forming the remaining portion of the polymer base is a polypropylene heterophase copolymer.

10. The data communication cable of claim 1, wherein the char enhancer comprises talc.

11. The data communication cable of claim 1, wherein the FRPP-based material comprises from 25 to 60 phr of the halogenated flame retardant.

12. The data communication cable of claim 1, wherein the FRPP-based material comprises an amount of the halogenated flame retardant and an amount of the flame retardant additive that is 25% to 30% of the amount of the halogenated flame retardant.

13. The data communication cable of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant additive comprises antimony oxide.

14. The data communication cable of claim 1, wherein the jacket layer is made of a polymer material having an oxygen index of at least 40% as measured in accordance with ASTM D2863 (2012).

15. The data communication cable of claim 1, further comprising a cable separator, wherein the cable separator comprises a flame-retardant, low-smoke polymer material.

16. A data communication cable for use in a plenum comprising: a cable core comprising a pair of twisted electric conductors that is electrically insulated with a flame-retardant polypropylene (FRPP)-based material comprising: a polymer base comprising 5-25 phr of a polypropylene homopolymer, 1-20 phr of a polar-modified polypropylene homopolymer or copolymer, and the remaining portion of the polymer base being formed from a polypropylene copolymer; from 25 to 60 phr of a char enhancer; a halogenated flame retardant; and a flame-retardant additive; wherein the FRPP-based material is free from flame-retardant hydrated mineral filler; and a jacket layer surrounding the cable core.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) A more complete appreciation of the disclosure and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.

(2) FIG. 1 depicts a cross-sectional view of a data communication cable having a cable core including three pairs of twisted electric conductors electrically insulated with a fluoropolymer material (hereinafter also referred to as first pair/s) and one pair of twisted electric conductors electrically insulated with a FRPP-based material according to the present disclosure (hereinafter also referred to as second pair/s), the cable core being surrounded by a jacket layer according to one embodiment.

(3) FIG. 2 depicts a cross-sectional view of a data communication cable having a cable core with two first pairs and two second pairs surrounded by a jacket layer according to one embodiment.

(4) FIG. 3 depicts a cross-sectional view of a data communication cable having a cable core with one first pair and three second pairs surrounded by a jacket layer according to one embodiment.

(5) FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional view of a data communication cable having a cable core with four second pairs surrounded by a jacket layer according to one embodiment.

(6) FIG. 5 depicts a cross-sectional view of a data communication cable having a cable core like that of FIG. 1 and further comprising a flat separator surrounded by a jacket layer according to one embodiment.

(7) FIG. 6 depicts a cross-sectional view of a data communication cable having a cable core like that of FIG. 1 and further comprising a cross-web separator surrounded by a jacket layer according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

(8) For the purpose of the present description and of the appended claims, except where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing amounts, quantities, percentages, and so forth, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term about. Also, all ranges include any combination of the maximum and minimum points disclosed and include any intermediate ranges therein, which may or may not be specifically enumerated herein.

(9) The present disclosure, in at least one of the mentioned aspects, can be implemented according to one or more of the present embodiments, optionally combined together.

(10) For the purpose of the present description and of the appended claims, the words a or an should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the disclosure.

(11) Data communication cables for use in plenums, including those described herein, may be required to meet several standards. For example, such data communication cables may be required to pass testing relating to flame propagation and smoke emission, such as the Underwriter's Laboratory (UL) 1581 (2001) VW-1 flame test, UL 444 (2002) plenum testing, and testing according to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards (e.g., NFPA 262, 2011). Such data communication cables may be also required to exhibit strong electrical insulating properties, such as a sufficiently low dielectric constant. Such data communication cables can further be required meet the standards of ANSI/TIA-568.2-D (2018) of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) with respect to, for example, Category 5e, Category 6, and Category 6A cables.

(12) The data communication cables described herein can pass VW-1 flame testing and testing for UL 444 (2002) and NFPA 262 (2011), meet the standards for a Category 5e, Category 6, and Category 6A cables under ANSI/TIA-568.2-D (2018), exhibit a dielectric constant of less than 2.6 (as measured according to ASTM 4566-98) and suitable mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus.

(13) Among other things, insulation having a sufficiently low dielectric constant can allow for the reduction of insulation wall thickness and diameter, thereby resulting in a lesser volume of combustible material. A lower dielectric constant can also allow for faster processing speeds and tighter pair lays with the data communication cable.

(14) An illustrative data communication cable is depicted in FIG. 1. The data communication cable 10 in FIG. 1 includes a cable core 12 having four pairs (e.g., 14, 16). Each pair comprises two electric conductors 18, each surrounded by an electrically insulating layer (e.g., 20, 22). As shown in FIG. 1, the insulating layer 20 for three of the pairs 14 (i.e., first pair/s) is formed from a fluoropolymer material, while the insulating layer 22 for the pair 16 (i.e., second pair) is formed from a FRPP-based material comprising a polypropylene base, a char enhancer, a halogenated flame retardant, and a flame retardant additive according to the present disclosure. The data communication cable further includes a jacket layer 24 surrounding the cable core 12. As can be appreciated, variations are possible.

(15) In certain embodiments, the electric conductors can be solid or stranded and can be formed of any suitable electrically conductive metal including, for example, copper, aluminum, or an alloy thereof. In certain embodiments, the electric conductors can be coated with a corrosion resistant metal, such as tin, to facilitate termination of a communication cable in areas with harsh environmental conditions (e.g., hot or humid areas, etc.). In certain embodiments, the electric conductors can advantageously be formed of copper due to copper's high electrical conductivity relative to volume.

(16) As can be appreciated, stranded conductors can be advantageous in certain embodiments due to the mechanical and electrical advantages exhibited by stranded conductors. For example, stranded conductors can exhibit increased flexibility and conductivity compared to solid ones of identical gauge. In certain embodiments, the electric conductors can be a stranded copper conductor.

(17) Generally, the insulated electric conductors in a data communication cable can be of any suitable wire gauge. For example, in certain embodiments, the insulated wires can be sized in accordance with American Wire Gauge (AWG) standards and each wire can have a size between 14 AWG and 40 AWG. For example, suitable data communication cables can include a four-pair 23 AWG configuration. As can be appreciated, selection of the wire gauge can vary depending on factors such as the desired cable operating distance, the desired electrical performance, and physical parameters such as the thickness of the data communication cable.

(18) In certain embodiments, at least one pair comprises two electric conductors insulated by a fluoropolymer material. For example, suitable fluoropolymer materials can include FEP, ECTFE, MFA, and PFA, among others. Relative to other insulation materials, such as polyolefins, for example, fluoropolymers can be advantageous due to the superior electrical properties, especially in terms of the dielectric properties exhibited by such materials. In one embodiment, at least one pair includes two electric conductors insulated with FEP.

(19) In certain embodiments, at least one pair includes two electric conductors insulated with a FRPP-based material comprising a polypropylene base, a char enhancer, a halogenated flame retardant, and a flame retardant additive.

(20) In certain embodiments, the FRPP-based material suitable as electric insulation in the present data communication cable may include at least one polypropylene heterophase copolymer.

(21) In an embodiment, the FRPP-based material may include a polypropylene heterophase copolymer as a sole polypropylene base, such that the polypropylene heterophase copolymer may be present in an amount of 100 phr.

(22) In another embodiment, the polypropylene base of the FRPP-based material of the present disclosure may include a minor amount of a polar-modified polypropylene homopolymer or copolymer. In such embodiments, the polar-modified polypropylene homopolymer or copolymer can be present in the polypropylene base in an amount from 1 phr to 20 phr: in certain embodiments, from 3 phr to 15 phr; and in certain embodiments, from 5 phr to 10 phr. Suitable examples of the polar-modified polypropylene homopolymer or copolymer can include maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene. It will be appreciated that any of a variety of suitable forms of polar-modified polypropylene can be employed in the FRPP-based material.

(23) In another embodiment, the polypropylene base of the FRPP-based material of the present disclosure may include a minor amount of a polypropylene homopolymer. In such embodiments, the polypropylene homopolymer can be present in the polypropylene base in an amount from about 5 phr to 25 phr: in certain embodiments, from 8 phr to 20 phr; and in certain embodiments, from 10 phr to 15 phr. It will be appreciated that any of a variety of suitable forms of polar-modified polypropylene can be employed in the FRPP-based material.

(24) In certain embodiments, the FRPP-based material can include from about 55 phr to about 94 phr, of polypropylene heterophase copolymer, from about 5 phr to about 25 phr, of the polypropylene homopolymer, and from about 1 phr to about 20 phr, of the polar-modified polypropylene homopolymer or copolymer.

(25) The FRPP-based material can further include a char former. Suitable char formers can include talc, silicone, silica, and mica. In one embodiment, the char former can be talc. The FRPP-based material can include, in certain embodiments, about 30 phr or more of the char former.

(26) The FRPP-based material can further include a halogenated flame retardant. Suitable halogenated flame retardant can include brominated phthalimides, such as ethylenebistetra-bromophthalimide, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO), and chlorinated products, such as Dechlorane Plus 25 (marketed by OxyChem, Dallas, TX). The FRPP-based material can include, in certain embodiments, about 25 phr, or more of the halogenated flame retardant.

(27) The FRPP-based material can further include a flame retardant additive. Suitable flame retardant additives can include antimony oxides, a mixture of antimony trioxide and zinc borate and/or and a mixture magnesium oxide/zinc oxide. The FRPP-based material can include an amount of the flame retardant additive that is, in certain embodiments, about 20% to about 35%; in certain embodiments, about 22% to about 32%; in certain embodiments, about 25% to about 30%; and in certain embodiments, about 27% to about 29% of the amount of the halogenated flame retardant.

(28) In certain embodiments, the FRPP-based material can be free of a flame retardant hydrated mineral filler. For example, in certain embodiments, the FRPP-based material can be free of a metal hydroxide and/or metal carbonate, such as magnesium hydroxide (both synthetic and naturally occurring), aluminum hydroxide, hydrated magnesium carbonate, hydrated calcium carbonate, mixed magnesium/calcium carbonates and hydroxides, such as naturally occurring mixtures of huntite, boehmite, magnesite and hydromagnesite.

(29) In certain embodiments, the FRPP-based material can further include one or more antioxidants. Suitable antioxidants for inclusion in the insulation composition can include, for example, amine-antioxidants, such as 4,4-dioctyl diphenylamine, N,N-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, and polymers of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline: phenolic antioxidants, such as thiodiethylene bis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate], 4,4-thiobis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol), 2,2-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butyl-phenol), benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)4-hydroxy benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-C13-15 branched and linear alkyl esters, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid C7-9-branched alkyl ester, 2,4-dimethyl-6-t-butylphenol tetrakis{methylene-3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenol)propionate}methane or tetrakis {methylene3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydrocinnamate}methane, 1,1,3tris(2-methyl-4-hydroxyl-5-butylphenyl) butane, 2,5, di t-amyl hydroquinone, 1,3,5-tri methyl2,4,6tris(3,5di tert butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, 1,3,5tris(3,5di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 2,2-methyl-ene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert butyl-phenol), 6,6-di-tert-butyl-2,2-thiodi-p-cresol or 2,2-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 2,2-ethylenebis(4,6-di-t-butylphenol), triethyleneglycol bis{3-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-5methylphenyl)propionate}, 1,3,5-tris(4tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-benzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)trione, 2,2-methylenebis{6-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-p-cresol}; sterically hindered phenolic antioxidants such as pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) and 2,3-bis[[3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]-propionyl]]propionohydrazide: hydrolytically stable phosphite antioxidants such as tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)phosphite: toluimidazole, and/or sulfur antioxidants, such as bis(2-methyl-4-(3-n-alkylthiopropionyloxy)-5-t-butylphenyl) sulfide, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and its zinc salts, pentaerythritol-tetrakis(3-lauryl-thiopropionate), dilauryl thiodipropionate (DLTDP) or distearyl thiodipropionate (DSTDP) and combinations thereof. Antioxidants can be included in compositions at concentrations about 5 phr or less of the composition in certain embodiments; from about 0.1 phr to about 4 phr, in certain embodiments; and from about 0.2 phr to about 3 phr, in certain embodiments. In one embodiment, the insulation composition can comprise pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert.butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] and/or 2,3-bis[[3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionyl]]propionohydrazide. As can be appreciated, it can be advantageous in certain embodiments to use a blend of multiple antioxidants.

(30) In certain embodiments, the insulation composition can further include one or more metal deactivators. Suitable metal deactivator can include, for example, N,N-bis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl)hydrazine, 3-(N-salicyloyl)amino-1,2,4-triazole, and/or 2,2-oxamidobis-(ethyl 3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate). Metal deactivators can be included in compositions at concentrations about 5 parts, by weight, or less of the composition in certain embodiments: from about 0.1 parts to about 4 parts, by weight, in certain embodiments; and from about 0.2 parts to about 3 parts, by weight, in certain embodiments.

(31) In certain embodiments, a processing aid can be included in the FRPP-based material to improve the processability thereof. The processing aid can generally be a lubricant, such as ultra-low molecular weight polyethylene (e.g., polyethylene wax), stearic acid, silicones (e.g., polysiloxane dispersed in polypropylene), anti-static amines, organic amides, ethanolamides, mono- and di-glyceride fatty amines, ethoxylated fatty amines, fatty acids, zinc stearate, stearic acids, palmitic acids, calcium stearate, oligomeric olefin oil, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, a lubricant can be included from about 1 part to about 5 parts, by weight: in certain embodiments, from about 2.5 parts to about 4.5 parts, by weight: in certain embodiments, from about 3 parts to about 4 parts, by weight, of the insulation composition.

(32) As shown in FIGS. 1-5, the jacket layer 24 surrounds the cable core 12. In certain embodiments, the jacket layer can be formed of a PVC. The jacket layer can further include flame retardants, as described herein, and/or smoke suppressants and can be lead-free. Alternatively, the jacket layer can also be formed of a fluoropolymer material. For example, suitable fluoropolymer materials can include FEP, ECTFE, MFA, PFA, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), among others. It will be appreciated, however, that a jacket layer can be formed from any of a variety of suitable materials like low-smoke, zero-halogen polyolefins and polyethylene. Examples of suitable jacket layers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 10,246,639, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

(33) As can be appreciated, each of the FRPP-based material and jacket layer material described herein can optionally further include additional components. For example, each of the FRPP-based material insulation or jacket layer can further include antioxidants, as described herein: processing aids, as described herein; colorants; and stabilizers in various embodiments. As can be appreciated, any of the additional components can be directly added to compositions forming the respective FRPP-based material insulation or jacket layer described herein or can be introduced using a masterbatch. Generally, any additional components can be included at about 1% to about 10%, by weight, of the respective insulation composition or jacket layer.

(34) While FIG. 1 depicts a data communication cable 10 including a cable core 12 having a 31 configurationi.e., the insulation 20 for three of the first pairs 14 is formed from a fluoropolymer material and the insulation 22 for the one second pair 16 is formed from the FRPP-based material insulation composition as described hereinother configurations are possible. For example, FIG. 2 depicts a data communication cable 110 including a cable core 112 having a 22 configuration, where the insulation 120 for two of the first pairs 114 is formed from a fluoropolymer material, while the insulation 122 for two of the second pairs 116 is formed from the FRPP-based material. Further, FIG. 3 depicts a data communication cable 210 including a cable core 212 having a 13 configuration, where the insulation 220 for the one first pair 214 is formed from a fluoropolymer material, while the insulation 222 for three of the second pairs 216 is formed from the FRPP-based material. In addition, FIG. 4 depicts a data communication cable 310 including a cable core 312 having a 04 configuration, where the insulation 322 for all of the pairs of the cable are formed from the FRPP-based material according to the present disclosure, i.e., all of the pairs of the cable 310 are second pairs 316.

(35) As can be appreciated, the data communication cables can include additional components in certain embodiments. For example, in certain embodiments, like those shown by FIGS. 5 and 6, a cable separator (e.g., 426, 526) can be included to further provide mechanical and electrical separation of the pairs. As shown in FIG. 5, the data communication cable 410 can include a flat separator 426 in the cable core 412, while FIG. 6 depicts a similar data communication cable 510 having a cross-web separator 528 in the cable core 512. Use of a cable separator can improve the electrical performance characteristics of the data communication cable and can, for example, enable the cable to meet the performance requirements of Category 6 or Category 6A cables. In certain embodiments, suitable cable separators can be formed of a low-smoke polymer, such as PVC; flame-retardant, zero-halogen polyolefins; and polyethersulfone. In certain embodiments, suitable cable separators can be formed of compositions as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 10,246,639. It will be appreciated, however, that a cable separator can be formed from any of a variety of suitable materials in any of a variety of suitable shapes or configurations. In certain embodiments, the cable separator can be made of a foamed or solid material.

(36) Generally, the data communication cables described herein can be constructed in a process similar to known data communication cables. For example, the data communication cables can be formed by twisting insulated electric conductors together to form both pairs and a cable core. Optionally, a cable separator can be further included within the cable core. A jacket layer can then be extruded around the cable core.

EXAMPLES

(37) Table 1 shows FRPP-based material formulations for each of Comparative Examples (CE) CE1-CE9 and Inventive Example (IE) IE1, where the amount of each component is provided in phr.

(38) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 FRPP-Based Material Example Formulations Component CE1 CE2 CE3 CE4 CE5 CE6 CE7 CE8 CE9 IE1 Polypropylene 87 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 43.5 67 Heterophase Copolymer Polypropylene Random Copolymer 20.0 43.5 Polypropylene Homopolymer 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 Polyproylene-g-MAH 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 Magnesium Hydroxide 78.3 78.3 59 39 39 20 20 20 Talc 26.1 26.1 20.0 13.0 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 39 N,N- 21.7 21.7 16 10 21.7 21.7 21.7 21.7 21.7 32 ethylenebis(tetrabromophthalimide) Antimony Trioxide 6.0 6.0 4.5 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 Antioxidant 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Processing Aid 4.8 4.8 4 3.4 4 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.6

(39) In Table 1, the polypropylene heterophase copolymer is a copolymer obtained by Catalloy process technology and having a melting enthalpy of about 27 J/g and a melt flow rate of about 0.7 g/10 min. The polypropylene random copolymer has a melting enthalpy of about 67 J/g and a melt flow rate of about 1.8 g/10 min. The polypropylene homopolymer has a melt flow rate of about 3.5 g/10 min. The polypropylene-g-MAH is a polypropylene copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (polar-modified polypropylene copolymer). Magnesium hydroxide is a hydrated mineral flame-retardant. Talc acts as a char former. N,N-ethylene-bis(tetrabromophthalimide) is a halogenated flame-retardant, and antimony trioxide is a flame-retardant additive.

(40) Table 2 shows results relating to testing of each of CE1-CE9 and IE1 in form of different sample types. For example, sample type 1 is a 14 AWG conductor with a 0.25 mm-thick single layer of insulation. Sample type 2 is a 1 mm-thick extruded tape of insulating material. Sample type 3 refers to a 23 AWG data communication cable. In Table 2, the cable is provided in a 31 configuration, where the insulation (0.241 mm thick, single layer) for three of the pairs (i.e., first pairs) was formed from FEP material and the insulation for the remaining pair (i.e, second pair) was formed from the respective example FRPP-based material, with a flat separator formed of smoke-suppressant PVC and a low-smoke PVC jacket layer.

(41) Burn performance is tested in accordance with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards, specifically NFPA 262 (2011). In such testing, smoke performance is measured by the average optical density and peak optical density of smoke. The UL 1581 VW-1 (2001) vertical flame test requires cables to extinguish a flame within 60 seconds after a specified flame is applied to the cable. Additionally, a paper sample located above the cable should not catch on fire. Samples are required to pass at least 3 consecutive samples to pass the respective flame tests.

(42) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Results from Testing of FRPP-Based Material Example Formulations as Different Types of Insulation, Including Insulation for One Twisted Wire Pair in a 3 1 Configuration Sample Test Type CE1 CE2 CE3 CE4 CE5 CE6 CE7 CE8 CE9 IE1 Tensile Strength 1 18 16.5 17.6 18 16 16 19 17.5 19.8 17 (min 8 MPa) Elongation 1 280 174 293 425 277 407 359 349 348 204 at break (min 100%) 100% Modulus 1 13.7 15.5 15 13.7 14 13.5 15.7 15 17.7 16.3 (min 14 MPa) VW-1 Flame Test 1 Pass Pass Fail Fail Pass Pass Fail Pass Pass Pass Dielectric 1 2.92 2.96 2.89 2.75 2.79 2.69 2.51 2.74 2.68 2.57 Constant (<2.6 @ 1 MHz) Peak Smoke 3 0.29 0.303 (max 0.5) Average Smoke 3 0.05 0.043 (max 0.15) Flame Spread 3 27.4 39.6 (max 150 cm) 60-cm Tunnel 2 25.4 30.0 19.8 28.0 38.0 19.0 16.5 Avg. Smoke Obscuration (%)

(43) In Table 2, the values in parentheses under the test name, when present, indicate the sought result (as in the case of dielectric constant) or the standard requirement.

(44) As shown in Table 2, the material of IE1 allowed the respective sample to pass VW-1 testing and the smoke testing and meet the requisite standards for each of tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus. The dielectric constant of the material of IE1 is lower than 2.6. None of the materials of CE1-CE9 were able to meet all of such standards. For example, only the material of CE7 exhibited a dielectric constant of less than 2.6, but the material of CE7 failed to pass VW-1 flame test. IE1 clearly outperformed CE1-CE9 when used as insulation for a twisted wire pair.

(45) Table 3 shows results relating to testing of each of CE1 and IE1. As noted in Table 3, the sample type used for burn performance testing is sample type 3. For the results in Table 3, the data communication cables were formed in a 22 configuration, where the insulation for two of the pairs (i.e., first pairs) was formed from FEP and the insulation for the remaining two pairs (i.e., second pairs) were formed from the respective example FRPP-based materials. As with the results for Table 2, each data communication cable also included a flat separator formed of smoke-suppressant PVC and a low-smoke PVC jacket layer. Similarly, for tunnel testing, the respective example insulation composition was formed on a conductive wire and tested without a separator or jacket layer. As noted above, burn performance is tested in accordance with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards, specifically NFPA 262. In such testing, smoke performance is measured by the average optical density and peak optical density of smoke.

(46) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Results from Testing of FRPP-Based Material Example Formulations as Insulation for Two Twisted Wire Pairs in a 2 2 Configuration Test Sample Type CE1 IE1 Peak Smoke 3 0.414 0.385 (max 0.5) Average Smoke 3 0.072 0.065 (max 0.15) Flame Spread 3 100.5 94.5 (max 150 cm)

(47) As shown in Table 3, the insulation formed from IE1 allowed the respective sample to pass burn performance testing two times. While CE1 was also meet the requisite standards, IE 1 outperformed CE1 in each tested category.

(48) Table 4 shows results relating to testing of each of CE1 and IE1. Sample type 3 data communication cables were formed in a 31 configuration, where the insulation for three of the pairs was formed from FEP and the insulation for the remaining pair was formed from the respective example insulation composition. The insulation of the two sample was sized in view of the dielectric constant of the insulating material CE1 and IE1.

(49) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Measurements of FRPP-Based Material Example Formulations as Insulation for One Twisted Wire Pair in a 3 1 Configuration Test IE1 CE1 Dielectric Constant (<2.6 @ 1 MHz) 2.57 2.92 Insulation Outer Diameter (mm) 0.96 1.04 Insulation Relative Volume 100% 124% Insulation Thickness (mm) 0.226 0.266

(50) Table 4 shows measurements for each of CE1 and IE1 insulating layer, relative to the dielectric constant determined in Table 2. As shown in Table 4, an insulation layer made of the FRPP-based material according to the present disclosure can be manufactured with a reduced diameter and thickness and, accordingly, less of material than an insulation layer made of a comparative FRPP-based material having a greater dielectric constant because of the presence of a flame-retardant hydrated mineral filler.

(51) The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value.

(52) It should be understood that every maximum numerical limitation given throughout this specification includes every lower numerical limitation, as if such lower numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every minimum numerical limitation given throughout this specification will include every higher numerical limitation, as if such higher numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every numerical range given throughout this specification will include every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein.

(53) Every document cited herein, including any cross-referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any disclosed or claimed matter herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests, or discloses any such matter. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in the document shall govern.

(54) The foregoing description of embodiments and examples has been presented for purposes of description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the forms described. Numerous modifications are possible in light of the above teachings. Some of those modifications have been discussed and others will be understood by those skilled in the art. The embodiments were chosen and described for illustration of various embodiments. The scope is, of course, not limited to the examples or embodiments set forth herein, but can be employed in any number of applications and equivalent articles by those of ordinary skill in the art. Rather it is hereby intended the scope be defined by the claims appended hereto.