ATHLETIC SYSTEMS

Abstract

An article of footwear with an upper and a sole structure coupled to the upper. The sole structure has a first plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the first plate including a first set of knobs extending outwards from the second surface and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and the second surface; a second plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface of the second plate, the second plate including a second set of knobs extending outwards from the first surface of the second plate and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and the second surface of the second plate; and at least one cushioning element disposed between the first plate and the second plate.

Claims

1. An article of footwear comprising: an upper; and a sole structure coupled to the upper, the sole structure comprising: a first plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the first plate including a first set of knobs extending outwards from the second surface and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and the second surface; a second plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface of the second plate, the second plate including a second set of knobs extending outwards from the first surface of the second plate and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and the second surface of the second plate; at least one cushioning element disposed between the first plate and the second plate; and a fin extending from the first surface of the second plate, wherein at least a portion of the fin is disposed along an outer periphery of the second plate, and the at least one cushion element is located solely on one side of the fin.

2. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the cushioning element is a fluid-filled bladder.

3. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the first set of knobs are disposed between the second set of knobs.

4. The article of footwear of claim 3, wherein the first set of knobs are disposed on a lateral side of the first plate, and the second set of knobs are disposed on a lateral side of the second plate.

5. The article of footwear of claim 4, wherein the first set of knobs and the second set of knobs are coupled to one another via a pin.

6. The article of footwear of claim 5, wherein the cushioning element is disposed on a medial side of the article of footwear, and the first plate is configured to compress the cushioning element in response to a force being applied to the first plate.

7. (canceled)

8. The article of footwear of claim 1, wherein the first plate includes one or more protrusions.

9. The article of footwear of claim 8, wherein the one or more protrusions align with a first aperture and a second aperture of the one or more apertures of the second plate; and wherein a first fastener is disposed through the one or more protrusions and the first aperture of the second plate, and a second fastener is disposed through the one or more protrusions of the first plate and the second aperture of the second plate.

10. An article of footwear configured to transition between a neutral position and a banked position, the article of footwear comprising: an upper; and a sole structure coupled to the upper, the sole structure comprising: a first plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a second plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface of the second plate; a fin extending from the first surface of the second plate, wherein at least a portion of the fin is proximate an outer periphery of the second plate; and at least one cushioning element disposed between the first plate and the second plate, the at least one cushioning element is configured to transition between a resting state and a compressed state; wherein in the resting state, a plane extending along the second surface of the first plate is parallel with a ground surface; wherein, in the compressed state, the second surface of the first plate is positioned such that the plane forms an angle with the ground surface; wherein, in the neutral position, the at least one cushioning element is in the resting state; and wherein, in the banked position, the at least one cushioning element is in the compressed state.

11. The article of footwear of claim 10, wherein the angle is greater than 0 degrees and less than 20 degrees.

12. The article of footwear of claim 10, wherein the at least one cushioning element is a fluid-filled bladder.

13. The article of footwear of claim 10, wherein the article of footwear is one of a pair of articles of footwear and the at least one cushioning element is positioned on a medial side of the article of footwear.

14. The article of footwear of claim 10, wherein the article of footwear is one of a pair of articles of footwear and the at least one cushioning element is positioned on a lateral side of the article of footwear.

15. The article of footwear of claim 10, wherein the second plate is configured to form a ground-engaging surface of the article of footwear.

16. The article of footwear of claim 10, wherein the second plate includes one or more traction elements.

17. An article of footwear comprising: an upper; and a sole structure coupled to the upper, the sole structure comprising: a first plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the first plate including a first set of knobs extending from the second surface and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and through the second surface; a second plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface of the second plate, the second plate including a second set of knobs extending outward from the first surface of the second plate and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and the second surface of the second plate; a first cushioning element disposed between the first plate and the second plate; a second cushioning element disposed between the first plate and the second plate; and a fin disposed on the first surface of the second plate, wherein the first cushioning element is positioned between the fin and a medial side of the article of footwear, and wherein the second cushioning element is positioned between the first cushioning element and an anterior end of the article of footwear.

18. The article of footwear of claim 17, wherein the second plate includes a support plate and a base plate that are coupled to one another to form a continuous surface extending across a longitudinal length of the second plate.

19. The article of footwear of claim 18, wherein the first cushioning element is disposed between the base plate and the first plate, and the second cushioning element is disposed between the support plate and the first plate.

20. The article of footwear of claim 17, wherein the first set of knobs includes a first knob and a second knob, and the second set of knobs includes a first knob and a second knob.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] The detailed description of the invention will be described in relation to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, the following figures have the following general nature:

[0005] FIG. 1 is a front view of an article of footwear;

[0006] FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a sole structure of the article of footwear of FIG. 1;

[0007] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a first plate of the sole structure of FIG. 2;

[0008] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a cushioning element of the sole structure of FIG. 2;

[0009] FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a second plate of the sole structure of FIG. 2;

[0010] FIG. 5B is a bottom perspective view of the second plate of FIG. 5A;

[0011] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the sole structure of FIG. 2;

[0012] FIG. 7A is an exemplary view of a runner wearing the article of footwear of FIG. 1;

[0013] FIG. 7B is a front view of the article of footwear of FIG. 1 in a first configuration;

[0014] FIG. 7C is a front view of the article of footwear of FIG. 1 in a second configuration;

[0015] FIG. 8 is a front view of another article of footwear;

[0016] FIG. 9 is an exploded view of a sole structure of the article of footwear of FIG. 8;

[0017] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a first plate of the sole structure of FIG. 9;

[0018] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a cushioning element of the sole structure of FIG. 9;

[0019] FIG. 12A is a perspective view of a second plate of the sole structure of FIG. 9;

[0020] FIG. 12B is a bottom perspective view of the second plate of FIG. 12A;

[0021] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the sole structure of FIG. 9;

[0022] FIG. 14A is an exemplary view of a runner wearing the article of footwear of FIG. 8;

[0023] FIG. 14B is a front view of the article of footwear of FIG. 8 in a first configuration;

[0024] FIG. 14C is a front view of the article of footwear of FIG. 8 in a second configuration; and

[0025] FIG. 15 is an exploded view of a sole structure of an alternative article of footwear.

[0026] Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] Example configurations will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Example configurations are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those of ordinary skill in the art. Specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of configurations of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example configurations may be embodied in many different forms, and that the specific details and the example configurations should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure.

[0028] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing exemplary configurations only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular articles a, an, and the may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms comprises, comprising, including, and having, are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. Additional or alternative steps may be employed.

[0029] When an element or layer is referred to as being on, engaged to, connected to, attached to, or coupled to another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected, attached, or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being directly on, directly engaged to, directly connected to, directly attached to, or directly coupled to another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., between versus directly between, adjacent versus directly adjacent, etc.). As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0030] The terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections. These elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer, or section. Terms such as first, second, and other numerical terms do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the example configurations. In the discussion that follows, terms about, approximately, substantially, and the like, when used in describing a numerical value, denote a variation of +/10% of that value, unless specified otherwise.

[0031] When an element or layer includes a directional and/or spatial term (e.g., top, bottom, medial, lateral, etc.), the directional and/or spatial term is used relative to a user's foot anatomy when the article of footwear is being worn by a user. The user is considered to be standing on a flat, level surface.

[0032] The subject matter of embodiments of the present disclosure is described with specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. But the description itself is not intended to necessarily limit the scope of claims. Rather, the claimed subject matter might be embodied in other ways to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individual steps is explicitly stated.

[0033] Articles of footwear include different types of shoes, sandals, boots, heels, sneakers, foot apparel, or the like. For the sake of clarity, articles of footwear will be discussed herein as shoes; however, embodiments are not limited solely to shoes. The technology disclosed herein may equally be used to create footwear other than shoes. To alleviate confusion and to provide a more readable disclosure, embodiments simply reference shoes. To that end and to provide a robust disclosure, different component portions of shoes are discussed herein, including uppers, midsoles, and outsoles. One skilled in the art will understand that shoes may include an upper and a sole structure, with the latter comprising an outsole, a midsole, and perhaps an insole.

[0034] FIG. 1 depicts an article of footwear 100. The article of footwear 100 includes a first (right) shoe 102 of the article of footwear 100 and a second (left) shoe 104 of the article of footwear 100. Each of the shoes 102, 104 of the article of footwear 100 has an upper 105 coupled to a sole structure 106. Each sole structure 106 includes a first plate 108 and a second plate 110. A cushioning element 112 is disposed between the first plate 108 and the second plate 110. In an example, when assembled, a space is formed between the first plate 108 and the second plate 110. The space formed between the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 provides room and/or clearance for the cushioning element 112 to be received therebetween. In such an example, the cushioning element 112 contacts and/or abuts surfaces of the first plate 108 and the second plate 110, as described below. The second plate 110 is an outsole of the article of footwear 100. The second plate 110 is configured to be a ground-engaging or ground-contacting surface of the article of footwear 100.

[0035] Portions of the sole structure 106 and the corresponding article of footwear 100 may be identified based on regions of the foot located at or near that portion of the article of footwear 100 when the article of footwear 100 is worn on the proper foot. For example, the article of footwear 100 is divided into a forefoot region, a mid-foot region, and a heel region. The forefoot region including a toe portion corresponding to the phalanges of the foot, and a ball portion corresponding to a metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The mid-foot region corresponding with an arch area of the foot. The heel region corresponding with rear portions of the foot, including a calcaneus bone. The article of footwear 100 includes an anterior end 18 including a forward-most point of the forefoot region, and a posterior end 20 including a rearward-most point of the heel region. For ease of discussion, the article of footwear 100 is discussed with reference to a longitudinal axis A.sub.L (shown in FIG. 2), a medial-lateral axis A.sub.ML, and a vertical axis A.sub.V (FIG. 2), where the longitudinal axis A.sub.L, the medial-lateral axis A.sub.ML, and the vertical axis A.sub.V are each perpendicular to each other. The longitudinal axis A.sub.L of the article of footwear 100 extends along a longitudinal length of the respective article of footwear 100 from the anterior end 18 to the posterior end 20, and generally divides the respective article of footwear 100 into a medial side 22 and a lateral side 24. The medial-lateral axis A.sub.ML extends from medial side 22 to lateral side 24. Accordingly, the medial side 22 and the lateral side 24 respectively correspond with opposite sides of the respective article of footwear 100, and extend from the anterior end 18 to the posterior end 20. The vertical axis A.sub.V extends from a bottom (e.g., ground-contacting portion) of the article of footwear 100 to a top of the article of footwear 100.

[0036] Still referring to FIG. 1, the upper 105 includes interior surfaces that define an interior void configured to receive and secure a foot of a user onto the sole structure 106. The upper 105 may be formed from one or more materials that are stitched, adhesively bonded, knitted, woven, or otherwise joined together to form the interior void. Suitable materials of the upper 105 may include, but are not limited to, mesh, textiles, foam, leather, and synthetic leather. The materials are configured and located to impart properties of durability, air-permeability, wear-resistance, flexibility, and/or comfort.

[0037] In some examples, the upper 105 includes a strobel (not shown) having a bottom surface opposing the sole structure 106, and an opposing top surface defining a footbed of the interior void. Stitching or adhesives secure the strobel to the upper 105. The footbed is contoured to conform to a profile of the bottom surface (e.g., plantar surface) of the foot of the user. Optionally, the upper 105 may incorporate additional layers such as an insole or sockliner (not shown) that are disposed on the strobel and reside within the interior void of the upper 105 to receive a plantar surface of the foot to enhance the comfort of the article of footwear 100 during use. The article of footwear 100 includes an ankle opening 103 that provides access to the interior void. For example, the ankle opening 103 receives a foot of a user to secure the foot within the interior void, and facilitates entry and removal of the foot from and to the interior void. In some examples, one or more fasteners 114 are positioned and/or extend along the upper 105 to adjust a fit of the interior void around the foot, and to accommodate entry and removal of the foot therefrom. The fasteners 114 may include one or more laces, straps, cords, hook-and-loops, pins, zippers, or any other suitable type of fastener. The upper 105 can include a tongue portion 107 that is positioned and/or extends between the interior void and the fasteners 114.

[0038] Sole structures 106 can be configured to provide and/or enhance traction for the article of footwear 100, as well as provide a support structure that supports the foot of a user during walking, running, or other ambulatory activities. The configuration of sole structures 106 can vary based on use, including the type of ground surfaces on which the sole structures 106 are intended to be used (e.g., road surfaces, track surfaces, natural turf, synthetic turf, dirt, and other surfaces).

[0039] FIG. 2 illustrates an exploded view of the sole structure 106 of each of the pair of shoes 102, 104 of the article of footwear 100. Each sole structure 106 includes the first plate 108, the second plate 110, the cushioning element 112, a pin 202, one or more traction elements 204, and one or more fasteners 206. The first plate 108 includes a first surface 302 and a second surface 304 disposed opposite the first surface 302. The second plate 110 includes a first surface 502 and a second surface 504 disposed opposite the first surface 502. The first plate 108 includes one or more knobs 208 and one or more apertures 210a, 210b. The second plate 110 includes one or more knobs 212, a fin 214, and one or more apertures 216. The one or more fasteners 206 may include, but are not limited to, pins, bolts, nuts, or any other suitable type of fastener. The first plate 108 is disposed adjacent the upper 105 (shown in FIG. 1). The second plate 110 forms a ground-engaging surface of the article of footwear 100. The first plate 110 is disposed near the upper 105 relative to the second plate 110. As will be described in greater detail herein and shown in FIG. 6, the pin 202 and the one or more fasteners 206 connect the first plate 108 to the second plate 110, and the pin 202 allows for the sole structure 106 to move relative to the medial-lateral axis A.sub.ML (see FIG. 1).

[0040] For clarity purposes, the following description is in reference to the first shoe 102. In some examples, the second shoe 104 is a mirror of the first shoe 102. In some examples, the first shoe 102 and the second shoe 104 are symmetric such that a cross-sectional profile of the respective sole structures 106 mirror one another with respect to the longitudinal axis A.sub.L. In other examples, the first shoe 102 and the second shoe 104 are asymmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis A.sub.L. In examples where the first shoe 102 and the second shoe 104 are symmetric, the cushioning element 112 of the first shoe 102 is disposed on the medial side 22. In examples where the first shoe 102 and the second shoe 104 are symmetric, the cushioning element 112 of the second shoe 104 is disposed on the lateral side 24. Such a configuration aids a user of the article of footwear 100 when performing banking maneuvers (e.g., when turning on a track).

[0041] FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of the first plate 108. The first plate 108 further includes a first (anterior) end 306 and a second (posterior) end 308. The first end 306 is disposed at the anterior end 18 of the sole structure 106 (see FIG. 1). The second end 308 is disposed at the posterior end 20 of the sole structure 106 (see FIG. 1). The one or more apertures 210a, 210b are disposed through the first surface 302 and the second surface. In an example, the first plate 108 is generally pear-shaped. In other examples, the first plate 108 may have a generally consistent shape and/or cross-sectional profile along its longitudinal length. The first plate 108 may be shaped in any manner to provide a desired form of cushioning and support to a foot of a user of the article of footwear 100.

[0042] In examples, the first plate 108 has a variable width. In an example, the first plate 108 includes a first width 108.sub.W. The first width 108.sub.W is a width of a narrow portion of the first plate 108. The narrow portion of the first plate 108 corresponds with rear portions of the first plate 108 adjacent to the second end 308. In other words, the narrow portion of the first plate 108 is disposed in the heel region of the sole structure 106. In an example, the first plate 108 includes a second width 108.sub.W2. The second width 108.sub.W2 is a width of a wide portion of the first plate 108. The wide portion of the first plate 108 corresponds with forward portions of the first plate 108 adjacent to the first end 306. In other words, the wide portion of the first plate 108 is disposed in the forefoot region of the sole structure 106. In an example, the first width 108.sub.W is smaller than the second width 108.sub.W2. In some examples, about 50% of the first plate 108 has a first width that is the first width 108.sub.W while about 50% of the first plate 108 has a second width that is the second width 108.sub.W2. In some examples, between about 10% to about 60% of the first plate 108 has a first width that is the first width 108.sub.W while about 40% to about 90% of the first plate 108 has a second width that is the second width 108.sub.W2.

[0043] The first surface 302 of the first plate 108 may be coupled to the upper 105 (see FIG. 1). The second surface 304 faces a ground surface. The second surface 304 includes one or more protrusions 310 that are positioned and/or extend outwards from the second surface 304 toward a ground surface (not shown), such as in a downwards direction from an exterior of the second surface 304. The one or more apertures 210a, 210b are positioned on and/or extend through the one or more protrusions 310. A first aperture 210a may be disposed adjacent to the anterior end 306. A second aperture 210b may be disposed adjacent to the posterior end 308. A first protrusion 310a may be disposed adjacent to the anterior end 306. A second protrusion (not shown) may be disposed adjacent to the posterior end 308. The one or more protrusions 310 aid in securing the first plate 108 to the second plate 110. As will be described in detail below, the protrusions 310 provide a coupling point for the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 to couple with one another.

[0044] The one or more knobs 208 are positioned and/or extend outwards from the second surface 304 toward a ground surface (not shown), such as in a downwards direction from an exterior of the second surface 304. The one or more knobs 208 include a first knob 208a and a second knob 208b. The one or more knobs 208 each include an opening. The first knob 208a includes a first opening 312a. The second knob 208b includes a second opening 312b. The one or more knobs 208 are disposed near the anterior end 306 relative to the posterior end 308. In an example, the first knob 208a is disposed near the anterior end 306 relative to the second knob 208b. The first knob 208a and the second knob 208b are positioned in longitudinal alignment with one another along the second surface 304 such that a center of each of the openings 312a, 312b are coaxial with one another. In an example, each of the one or more knobs 208 are rounded. In other examples, the one or more knobs 208 may be triangular, square, hexagonal, or any other shape without departing from a scope of this disclosure.

[0045] FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of the cushioning element 112. The cushioning element 112 may be a fluid-filled bladder, for example, that may be inflated to provide a desired form of cushioning and support to a foot of a user, as well as a desired form of shock absorption to the foot of the user. Cushioning element 112 may be formed from a pair of barrier layers 402, 404, which when joined together may define an enclosed inner volume (or hollow interior) for receiving, for example, a pressurized fluid (e.g. a gas). The barrier layers 402, 404 may be joined to each other at discrete locations to define an overall shape of the cushioning element 112. In an exemplary embodiment, the cushioning element 112 may include a first, upper barrier layer 402 and a second, lower barrier layer 404. The upper barrier layer 402 may be attached to the lower barrier layer 404 by applying heat and pressure at a perimeter of the upper barrier layer 402 and the lower barrier layer 404 to define a peripheral seam 406. The peripheral seam 406 may seal the cushioning element 112 and may define the peripheral profile of the cushioning element 112. In an example, the peripheral seam 406 extends radially outwards from an exterior surface of the barrier layers 402, 404.

[0046] As used herein, the term barrier layer (e.g., barrier layers 402, 404) may encompass both monolayer and multilayer films. In some embodiments, one or both of barrier layers 402, 404 may each be produced (e.g., thermoformed or blow molded) from a monolayer film (a single layer). In other embodiments, one or both of barrier layers 402, 404 may each be produced (e.g., thermoformed or blow molded) from a multilayer film (multiple sublayers). In either embodiment, each layer or sublayer can have a film thickness ranging from about 0.2 micrometers to about be about 1 millimeter. In further embodiments, the film thickness for each layer or sublayer can range from about 0.5 micrometers to about 500 micrometers. In yet further embodiments, the film thickness for each layer or sublayer can range from about 1 micrometer to about 100 micrometers. It is contemplated that the cushioning element 112 may have a thickness ranging from about 6 mm to about 10 mm, although other suitable values are contemplated. In an exemplary embodiment, cushioning element 112 may have a thickness of about 8 mm.

[0047] One or both of barrier layers 402, 404 may be transparent, translucent, and/or opaque. As used herein, the term transparent for a barrier layer 402, 404 and/or a fluid-filled chamber means that light passes through the barrier layer 402, 404 in substantially straight lines and a viewer can see through the barrier layer 402, 404. In comparison, for an opaque barrier layer 402, 404, light does not pass through the barrier layer 402, 404 and one cannot see clearly through the barrier layer 402, 404 at all. A translucent barrier layer 402, 404 falls between a transparent barrier layer 402, 404 and an opaque barrier layer 402, 404, in that light passes through a translucent barrier layer 402, 404 but some of the light is scattered so that a viewer cannot see clearly through the barrier layer 402, 404.

[0048] The barrier layers 402, 404 may each be produced from an elastomeric material that includes one or more thermoplastic polymers and/or one or more cross-linkable polymers. In an embodiment, the elastomeric material can include one or more thermoplastic elastomeric materials, such as one or more thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) copolymers, one or more ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymers, and the like.

[0049] The cushioning element 112 may be produced from the barrier layers 402, 404 using any suitable technique, such as thermoforming (e.g. vacuum thermoforming), blow molding, extrusion, injection molding, vacuum molding, rotary molding, transfer molding, pressure forming, heat sealing, casting, low-pressure casting, spin casting, reaction injection molding, radio frequency (RF) welding, and the like. In an embodiment, the barrier layers 402, 404 can be produced by co-extrusion followed by vacuum thermoforming to produce cushioning element 112, which can optionally include one or more valves (e.g., one way valves) that allows cushioning element 112 to be filled with a fluid (e.g., gas).

[0050] The cushioning element 112 may be provided in a fluid-filled or in an unfilled state. The cushioning element 112 is configured and/or biased to return towards its original shape via restorative forces present in the cushioning element 112 from either the fluid present therein or the natural elasticity of the upper barrier layer 402 and the lower barrier layer 404. The cushioning element 112 may be filled to include any suitable fluid, such as a gas or a liquid. In an embodiment, the gas may include air, nitrogen (N2), or any other suitable gas. In other embodiments, the cushioning element 112 may alternatively include other media, such as pellets, beads, ground-recycled material, and the like (e.g., foamed beads and/or rubber beads). The fluid provided in the cushioning element 112 can result in the cushioning element 112 being pressurized. In some examples, the cushioning element 112 may have a pressure ranging from about 15 psi (pounds per square inch) to about 25 psi. In other examples, the cushioning element 112 may have a pressure ranging from about 20 psi to about 25 psi. In some examples, the cushioning element 112 may have a pressure of about 20 psi. In other examples, the cushioning element 112 may have a pressure of about 25 psi. Alternatively, the fluid provided in the cushioning element 112 may be at atmospheric pressure such that the cushioning element 112 is not pressurized but, rather, contains a volume of fluid at atmospheric pressure.

[0051] The cushioning element 112 desirably has a low gas transmission rate to preserve its retained gas pressure. In some embodiments, the cushioning element 112 may have a gas transmission rate for nitrogen gas that is at least about ten (10) times lower than a nitrogen gas transmission rate for a butyl rubber layer of substantially the same dimensions. In an embodiment, the cushioning element 112 may have a nitrogen gas transmission rate of about 15 cubic-centimeter/square-meter.Math.atmosphere.Math.day (cm3/m2.Math.atm.Math.day) or less for an average film thickness of about 500 micrometers (based on thicknesses of barrier layers 402, 404). In further embodiments, the transmission rate may be about 10 cm3/m2.Math.atm.Math.day or less, about 5 cm3/m2.Math.atm.Math.day or less, or about 1 cm3/m2.Math.atm.Math.day or less.

[0052] In the example, cushioning element 112 may be substantially rectangular. The cushioning element 112 abuts against respective surfaces of the first plate 108 and the second plate 110. For example, the upper barrier layer 402 contacts the second surface 304 of the first plate 108. The lower barrier layer 404 contacts the first surface 502 of the second plate 110. In other examples, the cushioning element 112 may be circular, ovular, irregular, or any other shape suitable for providing a desired form of cushioning, stability, or support.

[0053] In some examples, the cushioning element 112 may receive one or more tensile elements therein. Each tensile element may include a series of tensile strands disposed and/or extending between an upper tensile sheet (not shown) and a lower tensile sheet (not shown). The upper tensile sheet may be attached to the upper barrier layer 402 while the lower tensile sheet may be attached to the lower barrier layer 404. In this manner, when the cushioning element 112 receives the pressurized fluid, the tensile strands of the tensile elements are placed in tension. Because the upper tensile sheet is attached to the upper barrier layer 402 and the lower tensile sheet is attached to the lower barrier layer 404, the tensile strands retain a desired shape of the cushioning element 112 when the pressurized fluid is injected into the chamber.

[0054] In an alternative embodiment, the cushioning element 112 may include a polymer foam and/or particulate matter in one or more (e.g., all) regions of the cushioning element 112 corresponding to the enclosed inner volume of the cushioning element 112. For example, the cushioning element 112 may include a plurality of fluid-filled chambers arranged in the forefoot region, as described in greater detail below. Additionally or alternatively, the cushioning element 112 may be replaced or supplemented with other cushioning elements. For example, the cushion may include one or more foam blocks that replaces or supplements the pressurized fluid. The foam block(s) may be received between the upper barrier layer 402 and the lower barrier layer 404. Positioning the foam block(s) between the upper barrier layer 402 and the lower barrier layer 404 may allow the barrier layers 402, 404 to restrict expansion of the foam block(s) beyond a predetermined amount when subjected to a predetermined load. Accordingly, the overall shape and, thus, the performance of the foam block(s) may be controlled by allowing the foam block(s) to interact with the barrier layers 402, 404 during loading. While the foam block(s) are described as being received between the barrier layers 402, 404, the foam block(s) may alternatively be positioned between the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 absent the barrier layers 402, 404. In such a configuration, the foam block(s) may be directly attached to the second surface 304 of the first plate 108 and the first surface 502 of the second plate 110, respectively.

[0055] FIG. 5A illustrates a top perspective view of the second plate 110. The second plate 110 includes a first (anterior) end 506 and a second (posterior) end 508. The first end 506 is disposed at the anterior end 18 of the sole structure 106 (FIG. 1). The second end 508 is disposed at the posterior end 20 of the sole structure 106 (FIG. 1). The one or more apertures 216 are disposed in the first surface 502. In an example, the second plate 110 is generally pear-shaped. The second plate 110 may be shaped to compliment the shape of the first plate 108. In other examples, the second plate 110 may have a generally consistent shape and/or cross-sectional profile along its longitudinal length. The second plate 110 may be shaped in any manner to provide a desired form of cushioning and support to a foot of a user of the article of footwear 100. As will be described in further detail below, the second plate 110, particularly adjacent the second end 508, is configured to operate as a torsion bar suspension for the sole structure 106.

[0056] In examples, the second plate 110 has a variable width. In an example, the second plate 110 includes a first width 110.sub.W. The first width 110.sub.W is one width of a narrow portion of the second plate 110. The narrow portion of the second plate 110 corresponds with rear portions of the second plate 110 adjacent to the second end 508. In other words, the narrow portion of the second plate 110 is disposed in the heel region of the sole structure 106. In an example, the second plate 110 includes a second width 110.sub.W2. The second width 110.sub.W2 is one width of a wide portion of the second plate 110. The wide portion of the second plate 110 corresponds with forward portions of the second plate 110 adjacent to the first end 506. In other words, the wide portion of the second plate 110 is disposed in the forefoot region of the sole structure 106. In an example, the first width 108.sub.W is smaller than the second width 110.sub.W2. In some examples, about 50% of the second plate 110 has a first width that is the first width 110.sub.W while about 50% of the second plate 110 has a second width that is the second width 110.sub.W2. In some examples, between about 10% to about 60% of the second plate 110 has a first width that is the first width 110.sub.W while about 40% to about 90% of the second plate 110 has a second width that is the second width 110.sub.W2.

[0057] The first surface 502 of the second plate 110 faces the upper 105 (see FIG. 1). The second surface 504 faces a ground surface (not shown). The second surface 504 includes the one or more traction elements 204. The one or more traction elements 204 are positioned and/or extend outwards from the second surface 504 toward a ground surface (not shown), such as in a downwards direction from an exterior of the second surface 504. The second surface 504 and the traction elements 204 form a ground-engaging surface of the article of footwear 100. The one or more apertures 216 extend through the first surface 502 and the second surface 504. The one or more apertures 216 may be disposed adjacent to the posterior end 508.

[0058] The one or more knobs 212 are positioned on and/or extend outwardly from the first surface 502 toward the upper 105 (see FIG. 1), such as in an upwards direction from an exterior of the first surface 502. The one or more knobs 212 include a first knob 212a and a second knob 212b. The one or more knobs 212 each include an opening. The first knob 212a includes a first opening 512a and the second knob 212b includes a second opening 512b. The one or more knobs 212 are disposed near the anterior end 506 relative to the posterior end 508. In an example, the first knob 212a is disposed near the anterior end 506 relative to the second knob 212b. The first knob 212a and the second knob 212b are positioned in longitudinal alignment with one another along the first surface 502 such that a center of each of the openings 512a, 512b are coaxial with one another. In the example, each of the one or more knobs 212 are rounded. In other examples, the one or more knobs 212 may be triangular, square, hexagonal, or any other shape.

[0059] The pin 202 is configured to extend through each of the first knob 212a and the second knob 212b via the first opening 512a and the second opening 512b. The pin 202 is also configured to extend through each of the first knob 208a and the second knob 208b via the first opening 312a and the second opening 312b, as shown in FIG. 6. The pin 202 remains disposed within the first opening 512a and the second opening 512b in response to the pin 202 engaging a fastener 514. The fastener 514 may be, for example, a nut, a bolt, or the like. The pin 202 is substantially cylindrical in shape. In some examples, the pin 202 may be hexagonal, conical, triangular, or any other shape suitable for extending through the first opening 512a and the second opening 512b. The pin 202 forms a rotation point for the sole structure 106 when coupled to the knobs described above, thereby providing a rocking mechanism for the article of footwear 100.

[0060] The fin 214 is positioned on and/or extends outwards from and along the first surface 502, such as in an upwards direction from an exterior of the first surface 502. In some examples, the fin 214 is disposed centrally along the first surface 502 between the opposing outer edges of second plate 110. In some examples, the fin 214 is positioned at various other regions within the inner boundary of the first surface 502. The fin 214 may be positioned at various suitable locations along the first surface 502 as desired to aid medial and lateral movement of the first plate 108. For example, the fin 214 is sized, shaped, and/or otherwise configured to provide a fulcrum on the second plate 110 to facilitate the corresponding movement for the first plate 108 relative to the second plate 110.

[0061] Referring to FIG. 5B, a bottom perspective view of the second plate 110 is shown. The second surface 504 includes a support structure 516, a protrusion 518, and a receiving aperture 520. The protrusion 518 is disposed adjacent the posterior end 508. The protrusion 518 is positioned on and/or extends outwardly away from the second surface 504, such as in a downwards direction from an exterior of the second surface 504. The one or more apertures 216 extend through the protrusion 518. The receiving aperture 520 is disposed adjacent to the anterior end 506. The receiving aperture 520 extends through the second surface 504. The receiving aperture 520 may have a hexagonal shape. In some examples, the receiving aperture 520 may be round, triangular, ovular, or any shape suitable for receiving a fastening element. The one or more traction elements 204 extend outwardly away from the second surface 504, such as in a downwards direction from an exterior of the second surface 504. For example, the one or more traction elements 204 are spikes that are configured and operable to engage, contact, pierce, and/or otherwise interface with a ground surface (not shown) that the article of footwear 100 is positioned and/or received on during use to enhance a traction and controlled movability for the user. In some examples, the one or more traction elements 204 are permanently affixed to the second surface 504. In other examples, the one or more traction elements 204 are removably coupled to the second plate 110 along the second surface 504, such that traction elements 204 are configured to be selectively removed from the second plate 110 and replaced with additional traction elements 204.

[0062] FIG. 6 shows the sole structure 106 in its fully assembled configuration with the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 coupled to one another along various connection points positioned therebetween. The aperture 216 of the second plate 110 is aligned with the second aperture 210b of the first plate 108. A first fastening mechanism (e.g., a bolt, a nut, etc.), which is not shown, may be disposed through the aperture 216 and the second aperture 210b, and secured by the one or more fasteners 206. This alignment and securement provides a secure connection between the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 adjacent to the posterior end 20. The connection of the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 adjacent to the posterior end 20 is configured to allow for minimal movement of the first plate 108 relative to the second plate 110, such as in a lateral and/or a longitudinal direction, while remaining securely coupled to one another.

[0063] In an example, the cushioning element 112 is disposed adjacent the medial side 22 between the first plate 108 and the second plate 110. In another example, the cushioning element 112 may be disposed adjacent the lateral side 24 between the first plate 108 and the second plate 110. In a symmetric configuration of the article of footwear 100, the first (right) shoe 102 includes the cushioning element 112 disposed on the medial side 22. In the symmetric configuration of the article of footwear 100, the second (left) shoe 104 includes the cushioning element 112 disposed on the lateral side 24. The cushioning element 112 contacts both the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 simultaneously when disposed therebetween.

[0064] The first protrusion 310a and first aperture 210a are aligned with the receiving aperture 520. A second fastening mechanism (e.g., a bolt, a nut, etc.), which is not shown, may be disposed through the receiving aperture 520, the first protrusion 310a, and the first aperture 210a, and secured by the one or more fasteners 206. This alignment and connection of the first protrusions 310a, the first aperture 210a, the receiving aperture 520, and second fastening mechanism provides a coupling between the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 adjacent to the anterior end 18. The connection of the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 adjacent to the anterior end 18 allows for lateral movement of the first plate 108. The connection of the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 adjacent to the posterior end 20 provides an anterior pivot point for the first plate 108.

[0065] With the first plate 108 and the second plate 110 coupled to one another, the first knob 208a and the second knob 208b are disposed between the first knob 212a and the second knob 212b. The pin 202 is disposed through each of the second knob 212b, the second knob 208b, the first knob 208a, and the first knob 212a, respectively. The pin 202 is secured against the first knob 212a by the fastener 514. The pin 202 is configured to move, such as, for example, rotate, within each of the first knob 208a, the second knob 208b, the first knob 212a, and the second knob 212b. The connection of the pin 202 within the first knob 208a, the second knob 208b, the first knob 212a, and the second knob 212b provides an attachment point on the lateral side 24 of the article of footwear 100. This connection of the pin 202 within the first knob 208a, the second knob 208b, the first knob 212a, and the second knob 212b allows the sole structure 106 to move (e.g., pivot or twist) toward the medial side 24 and the cushioning element 112. Additionally, the connection of the pin 202 within the first knob 208a, the second knob 208b, the first knob 212a, and the second knob 212b allows the sole structure 106 to operate as a torsion bar suspension system. For example, the sole structure 106 is held in place at the posterior end 20 and moves (e.g., pivots or twists) adjacent the anterior end 18.

[0066] As will be described, to provide the banking angle relative to a ground surface shown in FIG. 7A, the cushioning element 112 of the first shoe 102 is positioned on the medial side 22 and the cushioning element 112 of the second shoe 104 is position on the lateral side 24, as shown in FIG. 1. The banking angle is an angle formed along the second surface 304 of the first plate 108 relative to the ground surface when the user of the article of footwear 100 is, for example, turning around a corner on a track.

[0067] FIGS. 7A-7C show a banking angle that is variable (i.e., changing) for both the first shoe 102 and the second shoe 104 of the article of footwear 100. FIG. 7A shows a user of the article of footwear 100 banking while using the article of footwear 100. As shown in FIG. 7B, a neutral position of the article of footwear 100 is shown when the user is moving (e.g., walking, jogging, running, etc.) in a generally straight direction, and a plane 700 extending along the second surface 304 of the first plate 108 is substantially parallel with the ground surface 600. In the neutral position, each shoe 102, 104 is substantially parallel to the ground surface 600 and has a minimum banking angle relative to the ground surface 600, which in some examples will be approximately zero or a zero-banking angle. As shown in FIG. 7C, a banked position of the article of footwear 100 is shown when the user is running along a bank (e.g., a sloped surface on a track) and the article of footwear 100 tilts to form an angle 702 (e.g., a banking angle) between the ground surface 600 and the plane 700. As the user moves along a banked surface, the user's weight moves (e.g., pivots) the first plate 108 onto the cushioning element 112. The first plate 108 compresses the cushioning element 112. The cushioning element 112 may be compressed to a maximum compression limit of the cushioning element 112. As the user comes out of the bank, the cushioning element 112 is configured to apply restorative forces to push the first plate 108 back towards the neutral position shown in FIG. 7A in response to the user exiting the bank and the user's weight shifting. As the first plate 108 returns to the neutral position after banking, the first plate 108 is given the freedom to extend past the neutral position to accommodate shifting of the weight of the user. The freedom of the first plate 108 to extend past the neutral position is moderated by the attachment of the first plate 108 to the second plate 110.

[0068] In some examples, the cushioning element 112 may be fully compressed to 100% of the compression limit of the cushioning element 112. In some examples, the cushioning element 112 may be partially compressed to any percentage of the compression limit of the cushioning element 112 corresponding to the force applied by the user of the article of footwear 100. In some examples, the cushioning element 112 may be partially compressed to about 75% of the compression limit of the cushioning element 112. In some examples, the cushioning element 112 may be partially compressed to about 50% of the compression limit of the cushioning element 112. In some examples, the cushioning element 112 may be partially compressed to about 25% of the compression limit of the cushioning element 112.

[0069] The cushioning element 112 is configured such that its compression provides the desired banking angle 702 between the first plate 108 and the second plate 110, which can vary depending on a use application of the article of footwear 100. For example, with a maximum banking angle 702 of about 20 degrees, the desired banking angle would be able to vary between about 0 to about 20 degrees. In some examples, higher or lower maximum banking angles can be achieved. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 702 is about 30 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 702 is about 50 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 702 is about 80 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 702 is about 18 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 702 is about 15 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 702 is about 10 degrees.

[0070] FIG. 8 depicts an article of footwear 800. Article of footwear 800 may be substantially similar to the article of footwear 100 except as described below such that like reference numerals are used to identify similar components. The article of footwear 800 includes a first (right) shoe 802 of the article of footwear 800 and a second (left) shoe 804 of the article of footwear 800. Each of the shoes 802, 804 of the article of footwear 800 includes the upper 105 coupled to a sole structure 806. Each sole structure 806 includes a first plate 808 and a second plate 810. A first cushioning element 812 is disposed between the first plate 808 and the second plate 810. A second cushioning element 826 is disposed between the first plate 808 and the second plate 810. In an example, when assembled, a space is formed between the first plate 808 and the second plate 810. The space formed between the first plate 808 and the second plate 810 provides room and/or clearance for the first cushioning element 812. In such an example, the first cushioning element 812 abuts surfaces of the first plate 808 and the second plate 810, as described below. Additionally, the space formed between the first plate 808 and the second plate 810 provides room and/or clearance for the second cushioning element 826. In such an example, the second cushioning element 826 abuts surfaces of the first plate 808 and the second plate 810, as described below. The second plate 810 defines an outsole of the article of footwear 800 that is configured to be a ground-engaging or ground-contacting surface of the article of footwear 800.

[0071] FIG. 9 illustrates an exploded view of the sole structure 806 of each of the pair of shoes 802, 804 of the article of footwear 800. Each sole structure 806 includes the first plate 808, the second plate 810, the first cushioning element 812, the second cushioning element 826, a first pin 902a, a second pin 902b, one or more traction elements 904, and one or more fasteners 906. The first plate 808 includes a first surface 1002 and a second surface 1004 disposed opposite to the first surface 1002. The second plate 810 includes a first surface 1202 and a second surface 1204 disposed opposite to the first surface 1202. The first plate 808 includes one or more knobs 908a, 908b and one or more apertures 910. The second plate 810 includes one or more knobs 912a, 912b, a fin 914, and one or more apertures 916. The one or more fasteners 906 may include pins, bolts, nuts, or any other suitable type of fastener. The first plate 808 is disposed adjacent to the upper 105 (shown in FIG. 8). The second plate 810 forms a ground-engaging surface of the article of footwear 800. The first plate 808 is disposed near the upper 805 relative to the second plate 810. As will be described in greater detail herein and shown in FIG. 13, the pins 202a, 202b and the one or more fasteners 906 are collectively configured to connect the first plate 808 and the second plate 810 to allow for the sole structure 806 to move relative to the medial-lateral axis A.sub.ML.

[0072] For clarity purposes, the following description is in reference to the first shoe 802. In some examples, the second shoe 804 is a mirror of the first shoe 802. In some examples, the first shoe 802 and the second shoe 804 are symmetric such that respective sole structures 806 are mirrors of one another with respect to the longitudinal axis A.sub.L. In other examples, the first shoe 802 and the second shoe 804 are asymmetric such that respective sole structures 806 include first cushioning element 812 on opposing medial and lateral sides 22, 24 with respect to the longitudinal axis A.sub.L. In examples where the first shoe 802 and the second shoe 804 are symmetric, the first cushioning element 812 of the first shoe 802 is disposed on the medial side 22. In examples where the first shoe 802 and the second shoe 804 are symmetric, the first cushioning element 812 of the second shoe 804 is disposed on the lateral side 24. Such a configuration aids a user of the article of footwear 800 when performing banking maneuvers (e.g., when turning on a track).

[0073] FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of the first plate 808. The first plate 808 further includes a first (anterior) end 1006 and a second (posterior) end 1008. The first end 1006 is disposed at the anterior end 18 of the sole structure 806 (see FIG. 8). The second end 1008 is disposed at the posterior end 20 of the sole structure 806 (see FIG. 8). The one or more apertures 910 are disposed through the first surface 1002 and the second surface 1004. The first surface 1002 of the first plate 808 may be coupled to the upper 105 (see FIG. 8). The second surface 1004 faces a ground surface (not shown).

[0074] In examples, the first plate 808 has a variable width. In an example, the first plate 808 includes a first width 808.sub.W. The first width 808.sub.W is a width of a narrow portion of the first plate 808. The narrow portion of the first plate 808 corresponds with rear portions of the first plate 808 adjacent to the second end 1008. In other words, the narrow portion of the first plate 808 is disposed in the heel region of the sole structure 806. In an example, the first plate 808 includes a second width 808.sub.W2. The second width 808.sub.W2 is a width of a wide portion of the first plate 808. The wide portion of the first plate 808 corresponds with forward portions of the first plate 808 adjacent to the first end 1006. In other words, the wide portion of the first plate 808 is disposed in the forefoot region of the sole structure 806. In an example, the first width 808.sub.W is smaller than the second width 808.sub.W2. In some examples, about 50% of the first plate 808 has a first width that is the first width 808.sub.W while about 50% of the first plate 808 has a second width that is the second width 808.sub.W2. In some examples, between about 10% to about 60% of the first plate 808 has a first width that is the first width 808.sub.W while about 40% to about 90% of the first plate 808 has a second width that is the second width 808.sub.W2.

[0075] The one or more knobs 908 are positioned on and/or extend outwardly from the second surface 1004 toward a ground surface (not shown), such as in a downwards direction from an exterior of the second surface 1004. The one or more knobs 908 include a first knob 908a and a second knob 908b. The one or more knobs 908a, 908b each include an opening. The first knob 908a includes a first opening 1012a. The second knob 908b includes a second opening 1012b. The one or more knobs 908 are disposed near the anterior end 1006 relative to the posterior end 1008. In an example, the first knob 908a is disposed near the anterior end 1006 relative to the second knob 908b. The first knob 908a and the second knob 908b are positioned in longitudinal alignment with one another along the second surface 1004 such that a center of each of the openings 1012a, 1012b are coaxial with one another. In an example, each of the one or more knobs 908 are rounded. In other examples, the one or more knobs 908 may be triangular, square, hexagonal, or any other shape.

[0076] FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of the cushioning element 812. The cushioning element 812 may be a fluid-filled bladder, for example, that may be inflated to provide a desired form of cushioning and support. The first cushioning element 812 may be substantially similar to the cushioning element 112 shown and described above.

[0077] FIG. 12A illustrates a top perspective view of the second plate 810. The second plate 810 includes a first (anterior) end 1206 and a second (posterior) end 1208. The first end 1206 is disposed at the anterior end 18 of the sole structure 806. The second end 1208 is disposed at the posterior end 20 of the sole structure 806. The one or more apertures 916 are disposed through the first surface 1202 and second surface 1204. As will be described in further detail below, the second plate 810, particularly adjacent to the second end 1208, is configured to operate as a torsion bar suspension for the sole structure 806.

[0078] In examples, the second plate 810 has a variable width. In an example, the second plate 810 includes a first width 810.sub.W. The first width 810.sub.W is a width of a narrow portion of the second plate 810. The narrow portion of the second plate 810 corresponds with rear portions of the second plate 810 adjacent to the second end 1208. In other words, the narrow portion of the second plate 810 is disposed in the heel region of the sole structure 806. In an example, the second plate 810 includes a second width 810.sub.W2. The second width 810.sub.W2 is a width of a wide portion of the second plate 810. The wide portion of the second plate 810 corresponds with forward portions of the second plate 810 adjacent to the first end 1206. In other words, the wide portion of the second plate 810 is disposed in the forefoot region of the sole structure 806. In an example, the first width 108.sub.W is smaller than the second width 810.sub.W2. In some examples, about 50% of the second plate 810 has a first width that is the first width 810.sub.W while about 50% of the second plate 810 has a second width that is the second width 810.sub.W2. In some examples, between about 10% to about 60% of the second plate 810 has a first width that is the first width 810.sub.W while about 40% to about 90% of the second plate 810 has a second width that is the second width 810.sub.W2.

[0079] The first surface 1202 of the second plate 810 faces the upper 105 (see FIG. 8). The second surface 1204 faces a ground surface (not shown). The second surface 1204 includes the one or more traction elements 904. The one or more traction elements 904 are positioned on and/or extend outwardly from the second surface 1204 toward a ground surface (not shown), such as in a downwards direction from an exterior of the second surface 1204. The second surface 1204 and the traction elements 904 form a ground-engaging surface of the article of footwear 800. The one or more apertures 916 extend through the first surface 1202 and the second surface 1204. The one or more apertures 916 may be disposed adjacent to the posterior end 1208. In the example, the second plate 810 includes one aperture 916 extending through the first surface 1202 and the second surface 1204 at the posterior end 1208.

[0080] The one or more knobs are positioned on and/or extend outwardly from the first surface 1202 toward the upper 105 (FIG. 8), such as in an upwards direction from an exterior of the first surface 1202. The one or more knobs include a first knob 912a and a second knob 912b. The one or more knobs 912a, 912b each include an opening. The first knob 912a includes a first opening 1212a and the second knob 912b includes a second opening 1212b. The one or more knobs 912a, 912b are disposed near the anterior end 1206 relative to the posterior end 1208. In an example, the first knob 912a is disposed near the anterior end 1206 relative to the second knob 912b. The first knob 912a and the second knob 912b are positioned in longitudinal alignment with one another along the first surface 1202 such that a center of each of the openings 1212a, 1212b are coaxial with one another. In an example, each of the one or more knobs 912a, 912b are rounded. In other examples, the one or more knobs 912a, 912b may be triangular, square, hexagonal, or any other shape.

[0081] The first pin 902a is configured to extend through the first opening 1212a. The second pin 902b is configured to extend through the second opening 1212b. The first pin 902a is disposed within the first opening 1212a. The second pin 902b is disposed within the second opening 1212b. The first pin 902a is securely coupled to and/or fixedly held within the first opening 1212a of the first knob 912a, such as, for example, by a mechanical fit (e.g., press-fit, interference-fit, frictional interference, etc.). The second pin 902b is securely coupled to and/or fixedly held within the second opening 1212b of the second knob 912b, such as, for example, by a mechanical fit (e.g., press-fit, interference-fit, frictional interference, etc.). The first pin 902a and the second pin 902b are substantially cylindrical in shape. In some examples, the pins 902a, 902b may be hexagonal, conical, triangular, or any other shape suitable for extending through the first opening 1212a and/or the second opening 1212b. The pins 902a, 902b form a rotation point for the sole structure 806 when coupled to the knobs described above, thereby providing a rocking mechanism for the article of footwear 800.

[0082] The fin 914 is positioned on and/or extends outwards from and along the first surface 1202, such as in an upwards direction from an exterior of the first surface 1202. In an example, the fin 914 has a longitudinal length that extends from a first end 914a disposed adjacent to the one or more apertures 916 to a second end 914b disposed adjacent to the second knob 912b. In some examples, the fin 914 is disposed centrally along the first surface 1202. The fin 914 may be positioned at various suitable locations along the first surface 1202 as desired to aid medial and lateral movement of the first plate 808. For example, the fin 914 is sized, shaped, and/or otherwise configured to provide a fulcrum on the second plate 810 to facilitate the corresponding movement for the first plate 808 relative to the second plate 810.

[0083] The second cushioning element 826 is disposed adjacent to the anterior end 1206. In an example, the second cushioning element 826 is a foamed element. The second cushioning element 826 includes a rounded first end 826a and a substantially flat second end 826b (shown in FIG. 12B). The second cushioning element 826 includes a first surface 828a and a second surface 828b (shown in FIG. 12B) opposite the first surface 828a. The first surface 828a faces the upper 105 (see FIG. 8). The second surface 828b faces the ground surface (not shown). The first surface 828a is configured to contact and/or abut the first plate 808 via adhesive (e.g., glue, wet cement bonding, or the like). The second surface 828b is configured to contact and/or abut the second plate 810 via adhesive (e.g., glue, wet cement bonding, or the like). The second cushioning element 826 is configured to moderate the medial and lateral movements of the first plate 808 relative to the second plate 810. In other words, the second cushioning element 826 limits the movement of the first plate 808 relative to the second plate 810.

[0084] Referring to FIG. 12B, a bottom perspective view of the second plate 810 is shown. The second surface 1204 includes a support structure 1216. The support structure 1216 is positioned on and/or extends outwardly away from the second surface 1204, such as in a downwards direction from an exterior of the second surface 1204. Support structure 1216 is disposed adjacent the second end 1208. In an example, the second plate 810 includes a base plate 1218a coupled to a support plate 1218b. In some examples, the base plate 1218a and the support plate 1218b form a cross-sectional profile of the second plate 810. In other examples, the base plate 1218a and the support plate 1218b are compositely formed such that they are not in contact with another. For example, the base plate 1218a and the support plate 1218b may only be connected to other portions of the sole structure 806, but not one another. The one or more apertures 916 extend through the support structure 1216. The one or more traction elements 904 are positioned on and/or extend outwardly from the second surface 1204, such as in a downwards direction from an exterior of the second surface 1204. The one or more traction elements 904 may be disposed on one or both of the base plate 1218a and the support plate 1218b. In some examples, the one or more traction elements 904 are permanently affixed to the second surface 1204. In other examples, the one or more traction elements 904 are removably coupled to the base plate 810, such that traction elements 904 are configured to be selectively removed from the second plate 810 and replaced with additional traction elements 904.

[0085] FIG. 13 shows the sole structure 806 in its fully assembled configuration with the first plate 808 and the second plate 810 coupled to one another along various connection points positioned therebetween. The one or more apertures 916 of the second plate 810 are aligned with the one or more apertures 910 of the first plate 808. A first fastening mechanism (e.g., a bolt, a nut, etc.), which is not shown, may be disposed through the one or more apertures 916 and the one or more apertures 910, and secured by the one or more fasteners 906 (not shown). This alignment and securement provides a secure connection between the first plate 808 and the second plate 810 adjacent to the posterior end 20. The connection of the first plate 808 and the second plate 810 adjacent to the posterior end 20 is configured to allow for minimal movement of the first plate 808 relative to the second plate 810, such as in a lateral and/or a longitudinal direction, while remaining securely coupled to one another.

[0086] When the first plate 808 and second plate 810 are coupled in the assembled configuration of the sole structure 806, the first knob 908a and the second knob 908b are disposed between the first knob 912a and the second knob 912b. The pin 902a is disposed through the first opening 1212a of the first knob 912a and the first opening 1012a of the first knob 908a. The pin 902a is configured to move, such as, for example, rotate within each of the first knob 908a and the first knob 912a. Similarly, the pin 902b is disposed through the second opening 1212b of the second knob 912b and the second opening 1012b of the second knob 908b. The pin 902b is configured to move, such as, for example, rotate, within each of the second knob 908b and the second knob 912b. The connection of the pins 902a, 902b within the respective first knob 908a, the second knob 908b, the first knob 912a, and the second knob 912b provides an attachment point on the lateral side 24 of the article of footwear 800. The cushioning element 812 is disposed to adjacent to the medial side 22 between the first plate 808 and the second plate 810. This connection of the pins 902a, 902b within the first knob 908a, the second knob 908b, the first knob 912a, and the second knob 912b allows the sole structure 806 to move (e.g., pivot) toward the medial side 24 and the cushioning element 812. Additionally, the connection of the pins 902a, 902b within the respective first knob 908a, the second knob 908b, the first knob 912a, and the second knob 912b allows the sole structure 806 to operate as a torsion bar suspension system. For example, the sole structure 806 is held in place at the posterior end 20 and moves (e.g., pivots or twists) adjacent the anterior end 18.

[0087] As will be described herein, the article of footwear 800 is configured to provide a banking angle relative to a ground surface shown in FIG. 14A by positioning the cushioning element 812 of the first shoe 802 on the medial side 22 and the cushioning element 812 of the second shoe 804 on the lateral side 24, as shown in FIG. 8. The banking angle is an angle formed along the second surface 1004 of the first plate 808 relative to the ground surface when the user of the article of footwear 800 is, for example, turning around a corner on a track.

[0088] FIGS. 14A-14C show a banking angle that is variable (i.e., changing) for both the first shoe 802 and the second shoe 804 of the article of footwear 800. FIG. 14A shows a user of the article of footwear 800 banking while using the article of footwear 800. As shown in FIG. 14B, a neutral position of the article of footwear 800 is shown, such as when the user is moving (e.g., walking, jogging, running, etc.) in a generally straight direction, and a plane 1400 extending along the second surface 1004 of the first plate 808 being substantially parallel with the ground surface 1300. In the neutral position, each shoe 802, 804 is substantially parallel to the ground surface 1300 and has a minimum banking angle relative to the ground surface 600, which in some examples will be approximately zero or a zero-banking angle. As shown in FIG. 14C, a banked position of the article of footwear 800 is shown when the user is moving (e.g., walking, jogging, running, etc.) along a bank (e.g., a sloped surface on a track) and the article of footwear 800 tilts to form an angle 1402 (e.g., a banking angle) between the ground surface 1300 and the plane 1400. As the user moves along a banked surface, the user's weight moves (e.g., pivots, shifts, tilts, etc.) the first plate 808 onto the cushioning element 812. The first plate 808 compresses the cushioning element 812. The cushioning element 812 may be compressed to a maximum compression limit of the cushioning element 812. As the user comes out of the bank, the cushioning element 812 is configured to apply restorative forces to push the first plate 808 back towards the neutral position shown in FIG. 14A in response to the user exiting the bank and the user's weight shifting. As the first plate 808 returns to the neutral position after banking, the first plate 808 is given the freedom to extend past the neutral position to accommodate shifting of the weight of the user.

[0089] In some examples, the cushioning element 812 may be fully compressed to 100% of the compression limit of the cushioning element 812. In some examples, the cushioning element 812 may be partially compressed to any percentage of the compression limit of the cushioning element 812 corresponding to the force applied by the user of the article of footwear 800. In some examples, the cushioning element 812 may be partially compressed to 75% of the compression limit of the cushioning element 812. In some examples, the cushioning element 812 may be partially compressed to 50% of the compression limit of the cushioning element 812. In some examples, the cushioning element 812 may be partially compressed to 25% of the compression limit of the cushioning element 812.

[0090] The cushioning element 812 is configured to compress (e.g., radially, laterally, longitudinally, etc.), which can vary depending on application, to generate the banking angle 1402 that is optimally desired for the user during use of the article of footwear 800. For example, with a maximum banking angle 1402 of about 20 degrees, the desired banking angle 1402 would be able to vary between about 0 to about 20 degrees. In some examples, higher or lower maximum banking angles 1402 can be achieved. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 1402 is about 30 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 1402 is about 50 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 1402 is about 80 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 1402 is about 18 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 1402 is about 15 degrees. In some examples, the maximum banking angle 1402 is about 10 degrees.

[0091] As discussed above, the sole structures 106 and 806 described herein comprise an adaptive-height sole structure 106 and 806 that can vary the nature of the support of the sole structure 106 and 806 to provide an article of footwear 100 and 800 that supports the user's foot in a manner that can vary in angle, curvature, orientation, and/or shape of the surface receiving the user's foot. In this manner, the sole structure 106 and 806 can adapt or change to provide a desired form of cushioning, stability, support, and/or comfort in situations where a non-flat orientation of the user's foot is desirable. More specifically, the sole structure 106 and 806 can provide a desired form of cushioning, stability, support, and/or comfort during banking while the user is using the article of footwear 100 and 800 on a track, a road, or other ground surface. For example, the sole structure 106 and 806 can provide increased stability performance when the user is turning while moving (e.g., walking, jogging, or running) on a track (or other surface), such as when the user is moving counterclockwise on a curved portion of a track, as shown and described in FIGS. 7A and 14A.

[0092] FIG. 15 depicts an alternate sole structure 1500. The alternate sole structure 1500 is similar to 806 except as indicated. Like reference numerals are used for sole structure 1500 where similar to sole structure 806. The sole structure 1500 includes a first plate 1502, a support plate 1504, a cap 1510, the one or more fasteners 906, and the second plate 810. While not explicitly shown, the sole structure 1500 can be employed similarly to the sole structure 806 and can include the cushioning elements 812 and 826.

[0093] The first plate 1502 includes a first surface 1502a and a second surface 1502b disposed opposite to the first surface 1502a. The first plate extends from a first end 1502c to a second end 1502d. The first plate 1502 is similarly shaped to the first plate 808. The first surface 1502a of the first plate 1502 is configured to abut or otherwise attached to the upper 105 (not shown).

[0094] The support plate 1504 includes a first surface 1508a and a second surface 1508b disposed opposite to the first surface 1508a. The support plate extends from a first end 1508c to a second end 1508d. The support plate 1504 includes an aperture 1514 disposed through support plate 1504. The aperture 1514 is disposed adjacent the second end 1508d of the support plate 1504. The first surface 1508a is a recessed surface of the support plate 1504 such that a lip 1512 is formed surrounding the first surface 1508a. In other words, the first surface 1508a is recessed relative to the lip 1512. The first surface 1508a is configured to receive the first plate 1502 within an inner boundary of the lip 1512. The second surface 1502b of the first plate 1502 abuts the first surface 1508a of the support plate 1504. When the first plate 1502 is disposed within the lip 1512 and contacting the first surface 1508a, the first plate 1502 inhibits or otherwise blocks the aperture 1514 at the first surface 1508a.

[0095] The support plate 1504 includes a first knob 1506a and a second knob 1506b. The first knob 1506a and the second knob 1506b each extend from the second surface 1508b of the support plate 1504. The first knob 1506a and the second knob 1506 are similar to the first knob 908a and the second knob 908b.

[0096] The cap 1510 includes a body 1602, one or more openings 1604, and a stem 1606. The one or more openings 1604 are disposed within a structure of the body 1602. The one or more openings 1604 have a circular shape. In some examples, he one or more openings 1604 are separated by the structure of the body 1602. The structure of the body 1602 is rounded and surrounds an interior volume. The one or more openings 1604 provide ingress to the interior volume of the body 1602. The stem 1606 extends through the structure of the body 1602 into the interior volume of the body 1602. The stem 1606 includes a scoop 1608. The scoop 1608 facilitates coupling of the cap 1510 to portions of the sole structure 1500. For example, when assembled, the cap 1510 is configured to couple to portions of the second plate 810. The scoop 1608 accommodates the shape of portions of the second plate 810.

[0097] In some examples, the cap 1510 may be removably attached to the sole structure 1500. The cap 1510 may protect respective portions of the sole structure 1500 when desired by the user. In other examples, the cap 1510 may be permanently attached to the sole structure 1500.

[0098] In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosed invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims. We therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims.

[0099] The following clauses provide an exemplary configuration for an article of footwear and sole structure described above.

[0100] Clause 1. An article of footwear comprising: an upper; and a sole structure coupled to the upper, the sole structure comprising: a first plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the first plate including a first set of knobs extending outwards from the second surface and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and the second surface; a second plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface of the second plate, the second plate including a second set of knobs extending outwards from the first surface of the second plate and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and the second surface of the second plate; and at least one cushioning element disposed between the first plate and the second plate.

[0101] Clause 2. The article of footwear of Clause 1, wherein the cushioning element is a fluid-filled bladder.

[0102] Clause 3. The article of footwear of Clause 1, wherein the first set of knobs are disposed between the second set of knobs.

[0103] Clause 4. The article of footwear of Clause 3, wherein the first set of knobs are disposed on a lateral side of the first plate, and the second set of knobs are disposed on a lateral side of the second plate.

[0104] Clause 5. The article of footwear of Clause 4, wherein the first set of knobs and the second set of knobs are coupled to one another via a pin.

[0105] Clause 6. The article of footwear of Clause 5, wherein the cushioning element is disposed on a medial side of the article of footwear, and the first plate is configured to compress the cushioning element in response to a force being applied to the first plate.

[0106] Clause 7. The article of footwear of Clause 1, wherein the second plate includes a fin that is disposed centrally along and extends outwardly from the first surface of the second plate.

[0107] Clause 8. The article of footwear of Clause 1, wherein the first plate includes one or more protrusions.

[0108] Clause 9. The article of footwear of Clause 8, wherein the one or more protrusions align with a first aperture and a second aperture of the one or more apertures of the second plate; and wherein a first fastener is disposed through the one or more protrusions and the first aperture of the second plate, and a second fastener is disposed through the one or more protrusions of the first plate and the second aperture of the second plate.

[0109] Clause 10. An article of footwear configured to transition between a neutral position and a banked position, the article of footwear comprising: an upper; and a sole structure coupled to the upper, the sole structure comprising: a first plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a second plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface of the second plate; and at least one cushioning element disposed between the first plate and the second plate, the at least one cushioning element is configured to transition between a resting state and a compressed state; wherein in the resting state, a plane extending along the second surface of the first plate is parallel with a ground surface; wherein, in the compressed state, the second surface of the first plate is positioned such that the plane forms an angle with the ground surface; wherein, in the neutral position, the at least one cushioning element is in the resting state; and wherein, in the banked position, the at least one cushioning element is in the compressed state.

[0110] Clause 11. The article of footwear of Clause 10, wherein the angle is greater than 0 degrees and less than 20 degrees.

[0111] Clause 12. The article of footwear of Clause 10, wherein the at least one cushioning element is a fluid-filled bladder.

[0112] Clause 13. The article of footwear of Clause 10, wherein the article of footwear is one of a pair of articles of footwear and the at least one cushioning element is positioned on the medial side of the article of footwear.

[0113] Clause 14. The article of footwear of Clause 10, wherein the article of footwear is one of a pair of articles of footwear and the at least one cushioning element is positioned on the lateral side of the article of footwear.

[0114] Clause 15. The article of footwear of Clause 10, wherein the second plate is configured to form a ground-engaging surface of the article of footwear.

[0115] Clause 16. The article of footwear of Clause 10, wherein the second plate includes one or more traction elements.

[0116] Clause 17. An article of footwear comprising: an upper; and a sole structure coupled to the upper, the sole structure comprising: a first plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the first plate including a first set of knobs extending from the second surface and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and through the second surface; a second plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface of the second plate, the second plate including a second set of knobs extending outward from the first surface of the second plate and one or more apertures disposed through the first surface and the second surface of the second plate; a first cushioning element disposed between the first plate and the second plate; and a second cushioning element disposed between the first plate and the second plate.

[0117] Clause 18. The article of footwear of Clause 17, wherein the second plate includes a support plate and a base plate that are coupled to one another to form a continuous surface extending across a longitudinal length of the second plate.

[0118] Clause 19. The article of footwear of Clause 18, wherein the first cushioning element is disposed between the base plate and the first plate, and the second cushioning element is disposed between the support plate and the first plate.

[0119] Clause 20. The article of footwear of Clause 17, wherein the first set of knobs includes a first knob and a second knob, and the second set of knobs includes a first knob and a second knob.

[0120] Clause 21. The article of footwear of Clause 20, wherein each knob of the first set of knobs includes an opening, and each knob of the second set of knobs includes an opening.

[0121] Clause 22. The article of footwear of Clause 21, wherein a first pin is disposed between a first opening of the first knob of the first set of knobs and a first opening of the first knob of the second set of knobs; and wherein a second pin is disposed between a second opening of the second knob of the second set of knobs and a second opening of the second knob of the first set of knobs.