PRECAST BUILDING PANEL

Abstract

A method of constructing a reinforced concrete floor structure or wall structure, including: fabricating a precast panel substantially from concrete including a first set of parallel conduits extending through the panel, wherein the conduits open to opposite sides of the panel; moving the panel into its final position on a building site; and inserting tensioning cables through the conduits and tensioning the precast panel in the direction of the conduits to form a reinforced floor structure or wall structure, and a dowel connecting system for joining adjacent precast building panels, the system comprising elongated hollow dowel members cast in at the edges of two or more precast building panels such that when the building panels are positioned adjacent to each other their respective dowel members are co-linearly aligned; and a dowel piece to be inserted into a recess of the co-linearly aligned dowel members and to extend across the building panels, wherein the recess of the dowel members is adapted to be filled with grout to anchor the dowel piece therein and thereby structurally joining adjacent building panels.

Claims

1. A method of constructing a reinforced concrete floor structure or wall structure, the method comprising: fabricating a precast panel substantially from concrete including a first set of parallel conduits extending through the panel, wherein the conduits open to opposite sides of the panel; moving the panel into its final position on a building site; and inserting tensioning cables through the conduits and tensioning the precast panel in the direction of the conduits to form a reinforced floor structure or wall structure.

2. The method claimed in claim 1, including installing a second set of parallel conduits extending through the panel substantially orthogonally to the first set of conduits and opening to second opposite sides, and inserting tensioning cables through the second conduits and tensioning the precast panel in the direction of the second conduits.

3. The method claimed in claim 1, including forming conduit recesses at one or both sides to where the conduits open.

4. The method claimed in claim 1, including fabricating multiple precast panels; moving the panels into their final positions on a building site adjacent to each other and co-linearly aligning the conduit openings in adjacent panels; and inserting a tensioning cable through co-linearly aligned conduits and tensioning the cable through the co-linear conduits.

5. The method claimed in claim 4, including grouting a recess at the conduit opening to anchor the cable into the floor or wall structure.

6. The method claimed in claim 1, including using a concrete slurry containing metal fibre to fabricate the precast panel.

7. The method claimed in claim 1, including fabricating a precast corner wall panel comprising perpendicular side panels with cast-in horizontal conduits extending through each side panel; erecting the corner wall panel on site to form a corner wall of a building; inserting cables through the conduits, applying tension to the cables and anchoring the tensioned cables to reinforce the corner wall.

8. The method claimed in claim 4, including connecting adjacent panels using a dowel connecting system.

9. The method claimed in claim 8, including casting dowel connecting tubes at the edges of the precast panels having access slots leading from a front or upper face of the panel to respective recesses, aligning the recesses of the dowel connecting tubes in adjacent precast panels on site, inserting an elongated dowel piece through the access slot to enter the dowel tube such that the dowel piece extends between adjacent panels.

10. The method claimed in claim 9, including fixing the dowel piece in position by filling the dowel tubes with grout.

11. The method claimed in claim 1, including fabricating the precast panel upside down on a bed comprising a steel plate and a perimeter frame; providing formwork for recesses; placing a set of parallel post-tensioning conduits on the bed to follow a pre-calculated wave profile; pouring concrete slurry onto the bed and, when dry, lifting and turning the bed right side up; and releasing the precast panel from the bed.

12. Multiple building panels that are adjacently assembled to create a floor structure or wall structure, the multiple building panels comprising: building panels precast substantially from concrete and each panel including a first set of parallel conduits cast into the panels and opening to opposite sides of the panel, wherein the panels are assembled with conduits in one panel co-linearly aligned with conduits in another panel; and the floor structure or wall structure being reinforced by a tensioned cable extending through co-linearly aligned conduits.

13. Multiple building panels as claimed in claim 12, further comprising a second set of parallel conduits cast into the panels to extend in a direction substantially orthogonal to the first set of conduits and opening to opposite sides of the panel.

14. A dowel connecting system for joining adjacent precast building panels, the system comprising: elongated hollow dowel members cast in at the edges of two or more precast building panels such that when the building panels are positioned adjacent to each other their respective dowel members are co-linearly aligned; and a dowel piece to be inserted into a recess of the co-linearly aligned dowel members and to extend across the building panels, wherein the recess of the dowel members is adapted to be filled with grout to anchor the dowel piece therein and thereby structurally joining adjacent building panels.

15. The dowel connecting system claimed in claim 14, wherein the dowel member is a tube having a resting channel and an access slot providing a passage between the resting channel and an access opening of the dowel member.

16. The dowel connecting system claimed in claim 14, wherein the dowel piece is approximately twice as long as the dowel member.

17. The dowel connecting system claimed in claim 14, wherein the dowel piece is a single reinforcement rod, or comprises two parallel reinforcement rods connected by a spacer frame.

18. A method of joining adjacent precast building panels, the method comprising: casting elongated hollow dowel members at the edges of at least two precast building panels, such that the dowel members are aligned perpendicularly, and are open, to a side edge of the building panels, and are additionally accessible from an upper or front face of the panels; positioning the precast building panels adjacent each other so as to co-linearly align dowel members in the adjacent panels; inserting a dowel piece into a recess formed by the co-linearly aligned dowel members such that the dowel piece extends across both building panels; and filling the recess of the dowel members with a cementitious filler that once dry hardens to structurally join the adjacent building panels.

19. The method of joining adjacent precast building panels claimed in claim 18, including inserting the dowel piece into the recess by dropping the dowel piece through an access slot in each of the dowel members that communicates with a resting channel in which the dowel piece settles.

20. The method of joining adjacent precast building panels claimed in claim 19, including casting the dowel members such that after positioning the building panels adjacently the resting channel is located lower than the access slot.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0055] In order that the invention be more clearly understood and put into practical effect, reference will now be made to preferred aspects of the present invention. The following description is given by way of non-limiting example only and is with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0056] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of four building panels, in accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, arranged adjacent each other in a rectangular arrangement;

[0057] FIG. 1(a) is an enlargement of Area A taken from FIG. 1;

[0058] FIG. 1(b) is an enlargement of Area B taken from FIG. 1;

[0059] FIG. 1(c) is an enlargement of Area C taken from FIG. 1;

[0060] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a similar arrangement of building panels shown in FIG. 1 but including temporary support structures;

[0061] FIG. 2(a) is an enlargement of Area D taken from FIG. 2;

[0062] FIG. 2(b) is a side sectional view taken along section E-E in FIG. 2(a);

[0063] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a building panel in accordance with another aspect of the present invention;

[0064] FIG. 4 is an elevated side view of the building panel of FIG. 3;

[0065] FIG. 5(a) is a plan view of the building panel of FIG. 3;

[0066] FIG. 5(b) is a plan view of the building panel of FIG. 3 schematically showing construction of the building panel;

[0067] FIG. 6(a) is a schematic plan view illustrating the tendon connection between adjacent building panels such as those illustrated in FIG. 1;

[0068] FIG. 6(b) is a side sectional view taken at section F-F of FIG. 6(a).

[0069] FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) are schematic plan and side section views respectively illustrating post-tension duct arrangement between adjacent building panels;

[0070] FIG. 8(a) is a plan view of a dowel connecting system using a single dowel rod;

[0071] FIG. 8(b) is an underneath view of the dowel of FIG. 8(a);

[0072] FIG. 8(c) is a side sectional view taken at section C-C of FIG. 8(a);

[0073] FIG. 8(d) is an end view taken at section A-A of FIG. 8(b);

[0074] FIG. 9(a) is a plan view of a dowel connecting system using a double dowel rod;

[0075] FIG. 9(b) is an underneath view of the dowel of FIG. 9(a);

[0076] FIG. 9(c) is a side sectional view taken at section C-C of FIG. 9(a);

[0077] FIG. 9(d) is an end view taken at section A-A of FIG. 9(b);

[0078] FIG. 10(a) is a schematic front view of a dowel connecting system for use between adjacent upright panels; and

[0079] FIG. 10(b) is a side view of the dowel connecting system as seen at section X-X of FIG. 10(a).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0080] Various aspects of the invention are described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Several aspects are directed to the development of precast concrete building panels adapted to be formed off-site in a factory environment and then post-tensioned on-site after erection at a construction location. The concrete building panels are adapted for use as floors or walls in constructing a multi-level building. The building may be a low-rise or a high-rise building.

[0081] When the term ‘concrete’ panel is referred to herein, it is understood that this definition includes panels substantially made of concrete including, for example, concrete panels having a foam core, which may be useful for lightness or insulation if panel weight or thermal properties are important considerations. Further still, the term may include within it scope of definition panels made from a concrete composite, such as a geo-polymer concrete.

[0082] The post-tensioning of building panels poured and cast on-site is known. However, post-tensioning of precast panels that are made offsite then assembled and tensioned on site, is not known. Further still, post-tensioning of a precast panel in two lateral directions is not known.

[0083] Post-tensioning is a form of prestressing a reinforced concrete structure and has several advantages. Post-tensioning has the effect of placing a concrete structure, often a floor slab cast with metal reinforcement on site, under tension after the concrete has dried. Tension is applied between opposing ends of the structure, usually along its longer side, to compression stress the panel in an opposite direction to that which a load will be applied to the panel. For example, a second floor panel in a ten storey building will experience an amount of downward force from the load of the storeys above it that will cause the second floor panel to want to bend in a downward bowed direction in the areas where the panel is not directly supported underneath by support columns and walls. If prior to the application of the load the floor panel was prestressed in a direction to bow upwards, the end result after application of the load above will be a stronger floor panel having a straighter stress profile.

[0084] Flow on advantages of post-tensioning include the design of longer spans in elevated members, like floors or beams, with fewer support structures in between. Another advantage is that post-tensioning allows slabs and other structural members to be made thinner. Post-tensioning allows better building of slabs on expansive or soft soils. It also reduces shrinkage and cracking which means that fewer expansion joints/lines are needed. When cracks do form they are held tightly together and less likely to propagate.

[0085] Post-tensioning precast panels as described herein have advantages over simply using pre-stressed precast panels. One advantage is that, aside from the convenience and efficiencies of off-site fabrication, the precast panels can be post-tensioned across multiple panels. This means that the reinforcement provided by the tensioned tendons continuously extends across multiple panels. This provides a force distribution along the length of the tendons, not just the length of the panels, which provides a longer reinforced span. In pre-stressed precast panels, the distribution of reinforcement is confined to each panel as a discrete unit, without continuing to adjacent panels.

[0086] FIGS. 1 to 2(b) illustrate an example of precast building panels 10 designed to be post-tensioned. The building panels 10 are substantially cast from concrete into a rectangular planar slab structure having a panel thickness. FIG. 1 specifically illustrates a matrix of four panels 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D arranged adjacently in a rectangle to form a floor structure 11. The casting process of the preferred embodiment is carried out in a controlled factory setting away from the time and environmental pressures associated with on-site construction. However, of course, it is understood that the casting process may also be carried out on-site with equal success.

[0087] During pre-casting, tendon conduits are placed between opposite ends of a casting bed, which acts as the casting template for the panel. The conduits are hollow metal conduits (or could be plastic) that provide access for high tensile metal cables (wires/strands) to be threaded through after the dried panel is erected on site and then tensioned to apply end to end compression to the panel. Multiple strands are often threaded through the same conduit (which may be elongated in cross-profile). The wire strands may have a diameter of between 10.0 mm to 20.0 mm. Two examples of commercially available standard diameters include 12.7 mm or 15.2 mm.

[0088] Particular to the presently illustrated precast panels, conduits are placed to extend through the panel in two crossed directions so that the panel can be post-tensioned in orthogonal directions in the plane of the panel, namely bi-axial post-tensioning as indicated by directions x and y of FIG. 1. However, it is within the ambit of the present invention to only provide parallel conduits in one direction, for example only in the y-axis direction shown in FIG. 1. It may be suitable with some panel designs to only require post-tensioning of a precast panel in one direction. For example, with narrow, long precast panels post-tensioning parallel tendons need only be required through the panel in the direction of the longer side.

[0089] Referring to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings of a precast panel designed for post-tensioning in two perpendicular directions, FIGS. 1 and 2 show a first set of parallel conduits 12 positioned to extend through the panel in the x-direction from a first side 15 to an opposite third side 17, while a second set of parallel conduits 13 extend in a perpendicular direction to the first set and along the y-direction from a second side 16 of each panel 10 to the opposite fourth side 18. All conduits 12, 13 have open ends that open to the sides of each panel 10 so that they can be connected co-linearly to adjacent conduits to form a longer conduit opening and to receive insertion of a tendon cable for tensioning.

[0090] FIG. 1, and the enlarged views of FIGS. 1(a), 1(b) and 1(c), illustrate the four pre-cast panels 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D joined together in a rectangular floor structure 11 by a dowel system 50 (discussed in more detail below) and each panel having its own series of spaced apart parallel first conduit set 12 extending in the x-direction and second conduit set 13 extending in the y-direction in a space apart relationship. Also illustrated is a supporting wall 14 below the floor structure 11.

[0091] As best inferred from the enlarged views, the pre-cast panels are each formed along their sides 15, 16, 17 and 18 to have pockets or recesses to which the conduits communicate and terminate. FIG. 1(a) illustrates interconnecting duct joint pockets 20 for the ends of the first or second set of conduits formed in adjoining side edges of panels that together form a larger duct joint pocket 20 between adjacent panels. Duct joint pocket 20 is recessed from an upper surface 23 of the panels and allows an operator access to the tendon cable during the post-tensioning set-up process to assist in a threaded cable finding the next conduit and, if required, to join together two cable ends using a coupler. Interconnecting duct joint pockets 20 are formed at a panel edge and at an opening end of a conduit in either the first or second set of conduits, where that panel edge is to be placed alongside an adjacent panel edge, and namely does not form the end edge of the floor structure.

[0092] Different recesses are formed at the panel edges where those edges form the end edges of the larger assembled panel structure. Referring to FIG. 1(c), a post-tension end anchor 21 is formed as a small recess at the conduit openings along edge 18, which edge will remain exposed and not be adjoined to another edge. The end anchor 21 is reinforced with embedded anchor points so that the end of a tendon cable can be hooked on or otherwise fastened to the end anchor 21.

[0093] At the opposite end of the assembled panel structure (here floor structure 11) to the end anchor 21 and along each conduit line is a further recess in the form of a post-tension stressing anchor 22, as best seen in FIG. 1(b). This recess is a larger recess ramped down from edge 16 to allow space for inserting a tensioning machine that can be securely attached to a cable threaded through the conduit to then tightly pull the cable horizontally away from the structure thereby tensioning the panels in a planar direction.

[0094] After the post-tensioning process is completed, the pockets and recesses are filled with grout or concrete to level off against the upper surface 23 of the panel 10 and to anchor the cable in place where the cable transitions between panels.

[0095] Although in FIG. 1 post-stressing end anchors 21 and stressing anchors 22 are only illustrated at the ends of conduits extending in the y-direction, there could be similar stressing anchor pockets in the x-direction to receive tensioning machines to tension cables in the x-direction. However stressing anchor pockets in the x-direction are not shown in the drawings. Alternatively, if room permits edge stressing using the tensioning machines can be carried out at the side pockets shown without need for stressing anchor pockets. Accordingly, the panel 10 is stressed in the x-y plane in both the x and y directions forming a type of cross-hatch pattern of evenly distributed stressed lines throughout the panel.

[0096] The building panels 10 shown in FIGS. 1 to 2(b) need not necessarily contain metal reinforcement in order to provide the requisite strength to support its own load and the load above it including the building storeys above it and building contents. Depending on the spacing between the parallel post-tensioning conduits in the so-called “two-way” orthogonal post-tensioned panel structure, a structure with smaller spacing between tensioned cables could be sufficiently strong by virtue of the stressed structure that it may be devoid of any significant metal reinforcement. This is also true if the precast panels are not required to hold a heavy load or if the vertical supports of a precast floor panel are positioned closer together.

[0097] Reinforcement of precast and cast in-situ building panels is well known. Metal reinforcement structures such as bars/rods and mesh have been commonly used for decades to reinforce a concrete structure including panels. However, the strength to a panel provided by two-way post-tensioning described herein is sufficiently strong to by comparison reduce the amount of metal reinforcement structure. Structural engineering calculations may be used to optimise the balance between the spacing between post-tensioning conduits and the amount of reinforcement structure used. Cast-in reinforcement may be focused on the ‘hot spots’ in the panel, which are the points that in an assembled state will be subjected to greater loading than other points in the panel. Accordingly, the precast panels illustrated in the drawings need not include any substantial separate reinforcement to that already provided by the post-tensioned cables. As already discussed, it may however be desired to use additional reinforcement depending on the construction design for which the panel is formed and the particular placement a panel has in a broader construction. Consideration for adequate reinforcement should also be given with respect to the panel's strength in a transient, un-tensioned state, for example during transit, such that the panel is able to be safely transported without damage before it is tensioned on site.

[0098] Further still, in the pursuit of a more economically made structure that can provide greater strength by comparison, the inventor has discovered a new effective reinforcement. In combination with the two-way orthogonal post-tensioning technique described above, the precast concrete panel can be devoid of any significant reinforcing metal structures embedded in the concrete, and instead be reinforced by metal fibres initially mixed into the concrete slurry before precasting. On the whole, the amount of metal in the metal fibres is significantly less than the amount of metal used in reinforcement structures including steel rods and mesh. This is thought to be because metal fibres provide a more even, or homogenous, distribution of reinforcement throughout the concrete panel than the more localized reinforcement of rods, which provide lines of reinforcement with gaps of no reinforcement in between, or metal mesh that provides crossed lines of reinforcement with gaps in between.

[0099] Furthermore, the metal fibres proposed to be introduced into the concrete slurry are profiled with end hooks or anchors to make them ‘catch’ onto the dried concrete, that is also stressed by post-tensioning, thereby providing a holding force on the concrete which mitigates crack propagation and movement within the precast concrete panel.

[0100] FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) illustrate moment shear connections of post-tensioned cables 45 in conduits 12 at the post-tensioning duct joint pocket 20 between panels 10. The pockets 20 are illustrated in a finished form filled with grout 24. The tendons comprising conduits with cables do not run in a straight line through the precast panel but rather follow a sinusoidal, or wave-like, course through the panels where the tendons alternate with being closer to a top surface of the panel and a bottom surface. While not illustrated, the conduits 12 cast into panels 10 can be joined together at their ends to provide a continuous passage through which cable 45 can be inserted. Alternatively, a gap can remain between adjoining conduits as long as the cable can traverse the gap. Manual assistance may be required in threading the cable between panels. As discussed above, having a continuous cable or tendon extending through multiple precast panels applies a longitudinal reinforcement that continuous across the panels as if the panels in the area of the cables were one large elongated structure, like a beam. Added to this improved structural reinforcement is the advantage of precast panels and their efficiency in fabrication and installation.

[0101] FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) show the profile of the precast conduits 12, 13 in a plan view and a section view. The conduits are not necessarily cast in the panels 10 in a straight horizontal plane. To provide for an anticipated load on a panel, the conduits are cast in a profile that when cables inside are post-tensioned stresses the panel against the anticipated load by tensioning the panel in an opposite direction to the bending moment of the panel. This stressing provides for a stronger, optimised structure. The profile will vary according to the building plans. Specifically, the precast profile is in a wave-like or sinusoidal form that accounts for points of a panel designed to be supported below by a column requiring less strengthening and stressing, while the points in the panel that are midway between two supporting columns requiring more strengthening and therefore stressing.

[0102] FIG. 7(b) shows such an example of a panel 10 supported by a column 27. A single first conduit 12 from the first set of conduits is seen in longitudinal profile, and a number of second conduits 13 from the second orthogonal set are seen in cross-section overlapping and underlapping the first conduit 12. The first conduit 12 is cast into the panel to follow a wave-like or parabolic/sinusoidal path. The crest 43, also referred to as a high point, of the wave coincides with the column support, while the trough 44, also referred to as a low point, of the wave occurs where no under-support is provided, namely mid-span of the panel. When tension is applied to a wire within conduit 12, the tensile force will cause the wire to want to pull into a straight line which thereby applies a stress load at the crest 43 and trough 44 of the wave profile. Since the crest 43 of the wave in FIG. 7(b) sits above supporting column 27, there will not be much affect or movement on the crest of the wave profile. However, trough 44 being unsupported will tend to want to bend upwardly which has the affect of prestressing the panel 10 at trough 44 against a downward load on that same part of the panel.

[0103] The conduit profile of first conduit 12 as shown in FIG. 7(b) is replicated for all conduits in the first and second sets 12, 13 extending at right angles to each other. Understandably, design planning will need to be done to ensure that while each conduit follows an optimised wave profile, each conduit also needs to be spaced from and avoid intersecting with each other conduit. The result is a precast panel that is tensioned on site that is particularly strong as it is tensioned in two orthogonal directions with optimised stress profiles directly related to the building plan for construction.

[0104] Returning to FIG. 1, the panel 10 is illustrated pre-cast with fittings 25 such as plumbing pipes and service recesses 26 for access throughout the building to electrical and ventilation services and the like. Also illustrated are location lugs 28 protruding upwardly from the upper surface 23 of the panel 10 to locate wall panels and columns vertically on top of the floor structure 11. Attachment points 29 on the floor panels 10 are adapted to provide fastening locations for temporary support structures used in the construction process of a multi-level building.

[0105] FIGS. 2, 2(a) and 2(b) illustrate temporary support structures 30 used in the construction of multi-storey buildings using modular units. The apparatus and method relating to the illustrated temporary support structures is the subject of co-pending patent applications by the same applicant and published as WO2017/219064, which description is incorporated herein by reference.

[0106] The attachment points 29 are cast into each panel 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D and are used to anchor the temporary support structures 30. Anchoring of the temporary support structures is performed in the factory setting and each panel with temporary support structures anchored in place is then transported to the construction site where the panels are modularly assembled floor by floor using known assembling techniques and/or the methods described in co-pending patent application WO2017/219064 identified above.

[0107] A further method for connecting adjacent building panels, particularly but not exclusively, precast building panels, is described herein and involves a dowel connecting system 50 briefly alluded to above. The dowel connecting system minimises time and material in assembling building panels adjacently together to form a larger planar structure such as a floor or wall. It does this by minimising the amount of wet concrete required on-site to stitch the panels together.

[0108] The dowel connecting system 50 is best seen in FIGS. 2(a), 2(b), 8(a) to 8(d), 9(a) to 9(d), and 10(a) and 10(b).

[0109] The dowel connecting system 50 uses a dowel piece in the form of a rod-like member, which can be a hollow plastic tube or a solid structure such as a metal or wooden cylinder. In the embodiments shown the dowel connecting system comprises an elongated hollow dowel member in the form of a dowel grout tube 52 having a recess into which a dowel rod 51 is placed and grouted in. The recess of the dowel tube 52 is defined by an access slot 54 and a parallel resting channel 55. The dowel rod need not be circular in cross-section but could be square, or other shape. However, a circular cross section will assist in placement of the dowel, as discussed further below.

[0110] FIGS. 8(a) to 8(d) and 9(a) to 9(d) show that the precast panels are cast with the access slots 54 of the dowel tubes 52 opening up at an access opening 61 to a shallow depression or rebate 53 the upper surface 23 of each panel 10 and spaced around the panel along the edges at each panel side 15, 16, 17 and 18. The dowel tubes 52 are elongated and shaped similarly to the dowels, but larger than the dowels, for receiving the dowel. In some embodiments the dowel recesses are teardrop or upside-down keyhole shaped in cross-section. The length of the dowel tubes 52 in each panel is smaller than the length of the dowel rods 51 because dowel tubes 52 in adjacent panels are adapted to be aligned to create a single long dowel recess into which the dowel rod 51 can be inserted so that the dowel spans across two dowel recesses, and therefore two panels. The dowel tubes are cast into the panel so that the height of the tube is perpendicular to the top side edge of the panel.

[0111] Once the panels are assembled on site with dowel tubes in adjacent panels lining up in a co-linear arrangement, the dowel rod 55 is dropped into the aligned dowel tubes 52. Rebate 53 is wider than access slot 54 and runs a little longer than the length of dowel tube 52. Rebate 53 cast into the upper surface 23 of panel 10 also has ramped side walls that have the effect of encouraging rod 51 towards access slot 54 should the dowel rod be dropped into the rebate 53. Once the rod 51 enters the access slot 54 it drops into channel 55. Rod 51 may sit at the bottom of the channel 55 or, as shown in the drawings, be suspended by brackets or the like at the ends of the channel 55 to extend through the centre of the channel.

[0112] Two different embodiments of dowel rod 51 are illustrated in the drawings. FIGS. 8(a) to 8(d) illustrate a single dowel rod extending across the co-aligned cavities of the dowel recesses in tubes 52. FIGS. 9(a) to 9(d) illustrate a double dowel rod 51 which comprises two parallel reinforcement rods 51 attached together in a spaced-apart relationship by a spacer frame 56. A double dowel rod 51 provides a stronger connecting anchor between the panels than a single dowel rod.

[0113] Once the dowel rods 51 have been inserted in position in the tubes 52, the tubes are filled with a cementitious filler, foreseeably concrete, cement or a grout mix 24, which dries and hardens to fix the dowel in place thereby providing a permanent structural connection between the two adjacent panels.

[0114] As shown in FIGS. 2(b), 8(d) and 9(d), the access slot 54 opens to the upper surface 23 of the panel 10 where the panel is a floor slab or the outer vertical surface where the panel is a wall thereby allowing an installer to insert a dowel into the access slot. The access slot is narrower than the resting channel to discourage the dowel dislodging from the channel, however this is unlikely to occur because the configuration of the dowel recess in the panel is such that, whether the panel is for use as a horizontal floor panel or a vertical wall panel, the resting channel 55 is located lower than the access slot 54 so that gravity will assist in locating the inserted dowel in the channel and prevent its unintentional removal.

[0115] This feature of a lower resting channel 55 compared to the access slot 54 can be seen in the floor panels of FIGS. 2(b), 8(c), 8(d), 9(c) and 9(d), while FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b) illustrate the dowel system in a wall panel 40. Here it can be seen that the access slot 54 opens up to a front, outer wall surface 41 and is cast to angle downwardly to the cylindrical resting channel 55 formed internally of the wall panel 40. The access slots and resting channels of adjacent wall panels 40 align together to receive the dowel 51 that spans across both slots and channels in both wall panels 40.

[0116] FIGS. 3, 4 and 5(a) and 5(b) illustrate an aspect of a building panel described herein in the form of a precast L-shaped corner panel 32 that has been cast in one casting process as a single component and comprises two adjacent planar wall parts 33, or side panels, provided at substantially 90° to each other to form a corner panel. Each planar wall part has cast-in post-tensioning conduits 35 extending horizontally through the planar wall part along the wall's plane so that post tensioning cables can be inserted through the conduits to tension the corner panel horizontally through both planar wall parts.

[0117] Each planar side wall part preferably comprises a height, defining the height of the panel, the length, which defines the span of the panel, and a width, which can also be described as the depth of the wall part. The plane of the planar wall part is defined by the plane of the wall part height and the wall part length or in other words the x-y plane, using the cartesian coordinates referred to in respect of the floor panel structure. The horizontal conduits 35, also referred to herein as duct lines, extend along the plane of each wall part 33 so that the conduits in each respective wall part run at right angles relative to each other, as will the post-tensioning cables that are inserted through each conduit and pulled in tension.

[0118] So that the tensioning cables can be pulled in both right angle directions and to avoid interference and overlapping with each other, the conduits in the adjacent wall parts are staggered to not meet at the corner 36. As with the floor panels 10A-10D, the wall parts 33 are cast with conduit recesses at the ends of the conduits where they open at the side edges of the wall parts 33. FIGS. 3 to 5(a) illustrate post-tensioning pockets 37 vertically cast along the corner 36 alternatingly communicating with one wall part then the next. These pockets 37 can act to anchor the end of a tension cable or to allow access to post-tensioning equipment for carrying out the post-tensioning process. The opposite end of each conduit 35 opens to a duct joint recess 38 that can be aligned with similar horizontal duct joint recesses in adjacent panels, which are likely to be straight panels and not corner panels. The duct joint recesses are to join cables together and/or strengthen the through-cable with couplers.

[0119] In the embodiment of the corner panel 32 illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 5(a), the panel is reinforced with metal reinforcement bars 31. The bars are precast vertically into the wall parts 33 but staggered evenly one to either side of the conduits 35 to avoid protruding into the conduits 35. A similar arrangement would apply with the floor panels 10A-10D should reinforcement bars be used in that floor structure arrangement. Alternatively, the corner panel 32 may not require a reinforcement structure such as metal rods if the concrete mixture includes metal fibres, as described in the embodiments above.

[0120] FIGS. 3, 4 and 5(a) also illustrate the corner panel 32 having a dowel connecting system 50 where the dowel pieces in the form of dowel rods 51 insertable in dowel tubes 52 are vertically spaced along vertical edges of the corner panel. A dowel connecting system such as that shown in FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b) would be suitable for the corner panel 32. It is also envisage that, as also illustrated in FIG. 10(a), vertically-oriented dowel rods 51 and dowel tubes 52 could be used to connect panels adjacently located one above another. The theory behind this vertical connection using the dowel connecting system 50 is the same as the horizontal connections described above, namely dowel rods 51 would be received in dowel tubes 52 of adjacently aligned panels, and then the recesses in the tubes 52 filled with grout or a concrete mixture in order to set the dowels permanently in place thereby fixing together the two panels.

[0121] The method of making flat panels or corner panels in a factory setting involves transposing design drawings of the desired flat or corner panel onto a casting template in the form of a welded bed. The casting process for the corner panel is schematically illustrated in FIG. 5(b).

[0122] For forming the L-shaped corner panel, a vertical formwork structure 57 is used as shown in FIG. 5(b), which shows the vertical structure in plan view. The structure includes a fixed L-shaped shutter 58, where the shutter can be made of known formwork materials such as a timber frame and form board. A nested moveable L-shaped shutter 59 moves towards the fixed shutter 58 leaving a space 60 which creates a corner cavity into which concrete is provided to from a corner wall. The movable shutter 59 moves away from the fixed shutter 58 in the direction of the arrow after the concrete has dried in order to release the dried corner wall 32 from the form structure. The movable shutter may have set distances away from the fixed shutter to vary the thickness of the corner panel to be formed.

[0123] Fittings, moulds and recesses similar to those used in the flat panel are welded or otherwise attached to the vertical formwork structure. Lifting lugs may also be cast into the top of the resulting structure to allow it to be lifted after forming. A self-compacting concrete, which is a flowable fill, is pumped into the space between the shutters from a bottom opening in the formwork structure to fill the corner cavity upwardly until the requisite corner wall height is reached. As the concrete fills the space the flowable nature of the concrete compacts upon itself, which has the effect of mitigating aeration in the resulting structure and increasing strength. After the concrete dries, the moveable shutter is moved away from the dried corner wall whereby the corner wall can be cracked away from the shutters and lifted or otherwise removed from the corner mould.

[0124] Reinforcement is assembled in the space before filling. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 5(b) the reinforcement is a combination of horizontal post-tensioning tendons and vertical steel rods. However, in the process described above any suitable reinforcement may be used including a steel mesh structure, steel rods or merely post-tensioning conduits for receiving cables to be post-tensioned.

[0125] Any suitable flowable fill may be used as the material for pumping into the corner panel. In the preferred embodiment the fill is a flowable concrete using an aggregate cement mix combined with a plasticizer.

[0126] Forming a flat panel involves a casting process that is carried out upside-down on a welded bed. The bed is a steel plate with a perimeter frame forming the perimeter of the precast panel. All necessary fittings and penetrations are welded to the bed to provide for location anchors, plumbing and electrical services, etc. Fixed moulds are used to form the recesses in the panel for dowel recesses and post-tensioning pockets. Post-tensioning conduits are then placed in a first direction and a second perpendicular direction, and held in position in the bed following an undulating wave profile calculated for optimisation in the planning process.

[0127] Once all fittings, moulds and conduits are in place the panel is cast using a concrete slurry, which in one preferred embodiment includes metal reinforcement fibres, as discussed above. If reinforcement fibres are not added to the concrete slurry then reinforcement structures in the form of metal mesh or rods will need to be laid in the bed before casting. Extra reinforcement at ‘hot spots’ may be required, regardless.

[0128] Once dry, the concrete panel and bed are tilted upwards using a gantry and turned upside, whereby the panel is released from the bed. The same bed could be used to make 20-30 panels. The upper surface of the panel will be smooth and even because the upper surface was formed upside down facing the smooth steel plate of the welded bed. Such a smooth finish is desirable in some design circumstances where a polished concrete floor is desired as the surface will require less honing and finishing to achieve an aesthetic result compared to a concrete floor cast in-situ or facing upwardly.

[0129] The above description details improvements in forming, strengthening and joining concrete panels, particularly panels that are precast and modularly assembled on a building site. Previously, it has not been known to provide post-tensioning conduits in precast panels, in one or two directions. Post-tensioning has been commonly associated with in-situ casting of panels and slabs. However, there are significant advantages that derive from the presently described precasting technique. Advantages include those already discussed above, namely a reduction in materials used without compromising structural strength, and reduction in labour and speedier construction times, which also translate to cost reductions. The cost savings over a 10-20 storey building can be substantial. Furthermore, strengthening the span of floor panels in multi-storey buildings means smaller columns can be used to support the structure between floors. Not only do smaller columns require less material but they also provide greater floor space.

[0130] The presently described technique for forming precast corner panels means that a complete building wall structure can be created in a factory setting. Previously, while flat wall panels were created in a factory setting, corner panels needed to be cast on-site. Alternatively, flat panels can be butt-jointed into a corner on site but joining flat panels at a corner creates its own set of problems and can result in points of structural weakness.

[0131] The products and methods described above also provide for greater flexibility in building design in that the concepts can be used to form any size floor or wall panel according to the corresponding architectural design. Notably, the concepts described herein lend towards maximising in-factory fabrication of buildings or part of buildings. In particular, the presently described techniques are suitable for manufacturing modular building components, such as pods or part pods, that can be transported and modularly assembled on-site in a fast and efficient manner.

[0132] It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country.

[0133] In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” is used in an inclusive sense, namely, to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention.

[0134] It is to be understood that the aforegoing description refers merely to preferred embodiments of invention, and that variations and modifications will be possible thereto without departing from the invention, the ambit of which is to be determined from the following claims.