A GLASSY SOLID, METHODS OF ITS PRODUCTION AND USES THEREOF

Abstract

The present invention relates to glassy solids which are obtainable by carbonation of a solid glassy precursor, said glassy precursor having a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 65 wt. %. The invention further relates to a mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid and methods of its production. The invention further relates to uses of the (mechanochemically carbonated) glassy solid, for example as a filler. The invention further relates to compositions comprising the (mechanochemically carbonated) glassy solid and a further material selected from the group consisting of asphalt, cement, geopolymer, polymers and combinations thereof. The invention further relates to a method of preparing concrete.

Claims

1-22. (canceled)

23. A carbonated glassy solid which is obtainable by carbonation of a solid glassy precursor, said glassy precursor having a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 65 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor) and a total carbon content of at least 0.1 wt. %.

24. The carbonated glassy solid of claim 23, which has one of the following characteristics: a D10 within the range of 0.005-5 m; a D50 within the range of 0.1-50 m; a D90 within the range of 0.5-100 m.

25. The carbonated glassy solid of claim 23, which has all of the following characteristics: a D10 within the range of 0.005-5 m; a D50 within the range of 0.5-25 m; a D90 within the range of 1-50 m.

26. The carbonated glassy solid of claim 23, which has a strength activity index, SAI, at day 28 determined according to ASTM C311/C311M-22 which is at least 80%.

27. The carbonated glassy solid of claim 23, which has a strength activity index, SAI, at day 28 determined according to ASTM C311/C311M-22 which is at least 100%.

28. The carbonated glassy solid of claim 23, wherein said glassy precursor has: a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 70 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor); and/or a total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides of less than 20 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor).

29. The carbonated glassy solid of claim 23, wherein said glassy precursor comprises recycled glass.

30. The carbonated glassy solid of claim 23, which is obtainable by concomitant carbonation and size reduction of a solid glassy precursor wherein the ratio of the D50 of the carbonated glassy solid to the D50 of the glassy precursor is less than 0.5:1.

31. The carbonated glassy solid of claim 23, which has a total carbon content of at least 0.2 wt. %.

32. A method for producing a mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid, said method comprising the following steps: a) providing a feedstock comprising or consisting of a solid glassy precursor; b) providing a gas comprising CO.sub.2; c) introducing said feedstock and said gas into a mechanical agitation unit; and d) subjecting the material of said feedstock to a mechanical agitation operation in the presence of said gas in said mechanical agitation unit to obtain the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the feedstock provided in step (a) is a solid feedstock.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the feedstock provided in step (a) has a moisture content of less than 30 wt. % (by total weight of the solid feedstock).

35. The method of claim 32, wherein the mechanical agitation operation of step (d) comprises grinding or milling.

36. The method of claim 32, wherein the glassy precursor is selected from soda-lime glass, lead glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, fused silica glass, quartz glass.

37. The method of claim 32, wherein the gas provided in step (b) is a combustion flue gas.

38. The method of claim 32, wherein step (d) is performed: at a pressure of less than 1000 kPa; and at a temperature of less than 150 C.

39. The method of claim 32, wherein carbonation, size reduction and/or surface area increase are effected during step (d) such that the method has one of the following characteristics: the ratio of the total carbon content of the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) to the total carbon content of the solid glassy precursor of step (a) is at least 1.5:1; the ratio of the D50 of the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) to the D50 of the solid glassy precursor of step (a) is less than 1.5:1; the ratio of the specific surface area of the glassy solid to the specific of the solid glassy precursor is at least 3:1.

40. The method of claim 32, wherein carbonation, size reduction and/or surface area increase are effected during step (d) such that the method has all three of the following characteristics: the ratio of the total carbon content of the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) to the total carbon content of the solid glassy precursor of step (a) is at least 1.5:1; the ratio of the D50 of the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) to the D50 of the solid glassy precursor of step (a) is less than 1.5:1; the ratio of the specific surface area of the glassy solid to the specific of the solid glassy precursor is at least 3:1.

41. The method of claim 32, wherein said glassy precursor has a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 65 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor).

42. A mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid obtainable by the method of claim 32.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0051] The expression comprise and variations thereof, such as, comprises and comprising as used herein should be construed in an open, inclusive sense, meaning that the embodiment described includes the recited features, but that it does not exclude the presence of other features, as long as they do not render the embodiment unworkable.

[0052] The expressions one embodiment, a particular embodiment, an embodiment etc. as used herein should be construed to mean that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of such expressions in various places throughout this specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. For example, certain features of the disclosure which are described herein in the context of separate embodiments are also explicitly envisaged in combination in a single embodiment.

[0053] The singular forms a, an, and the as used herein should be construed to include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term or is generally employed in its broadest sense, that is as meaning and/or unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0054] Whenever reference is made throughout this document to a compound which is a salt, this should be construed to include the anhydrous form as well as any solvates (in particular hydrates) of this compound.

[0055] The term solid glassy precursor as used herein should be construed to include any amorphous solid material, typically obtained by melt-casting. The solid glassy precursor is preferably silica based (i.e. a solid material comprising SiO.sub.2). The solid glassy precursor is preferably transparent. In all embodiments of the invention described herein, it is preferred that the solid glassy precursor is in the form of a monolithic glass, such as a melt-cast monolithic glass. It is preferred that the solid glassy precursor is essentially free of crystalline phases. In some embodiments, the amount of crystalline phases as determined by X-ray diffraction is less than 5 vol % of the solid glassy precursor or the solid feedstock, preferably less than 2 vol %, more preferably less than 1 vol % of the solid glassy precursor or the solid feedstock. A phase is considered crystalline if the intensity of its reflection if more than 10% above the background.

[0056] The term carbonated glassy solid is used herein to refer to a glassy solid obtainable by any process of direct carbonation, including dry carbonation and aqueous carbonation. Thus, it will be understood that the expression carbonated glassy solid as used herein covers a carbonated glassy solid obtainable via the dry mechanochemical carbonation described herein, via an aqueous carbonation process or via any other carbonation route, unless stated otherwise (e.g., by specifying mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid).

[0057] The term mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid is used herein to refer to a glassy solid obtainable by the mechanochemical carbonation method of the present invention.

[0058] In accordance with the invention, the BET surface area as referred to herein is determined at a temperature of 77K using a sample mass of 0.1-0.5 g. The BET surface area as referred to herein is determined using nitrogen. A preferred analysis method to determine the BET surface area comprises heating samples to 400 C. for a desorption cycle prior to surface area analysis. A suitable and thus preferred analysis apparatus for determining the BET surface area is a Micromeritics Gemini VII 2390 Surface Analyzer preferably equipped with a Micromeritics FlowPrep 060 flowing-gas degassing unit.

[0059] TGA as used herein refers to Thermogravimetric Analysis, a technique known to the person skilled in the art. A preferred TGA setup in the context of the present invention is a Setaram TAG 16 TGA/DSC dual chamber balance employing a 0.1-2 mg sample. In accordance with the invention, the TGA is performed under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon.

[0060] In accordance with the invention, the particle size distribution characteristics referred to herein such as D10, D50 and D90 as well as the specific surface area (unless explicitly mentioned to be BET surface area) are determined by measuring with a laser light scattering particle size analyzer utilizing the Fraunhofer theory of light scattering, such as the Brookhaven laser particle sizer, Model Microbrook 2000LD or another instrument of equal or better sensitivity and reporting the data using a volume equivalent sphere model. As is known to the skilled person, the D50 is the mass median diameter, i.e. the diameter at which 50% of a sample's mass is comprised of smaller particles. Similarly, the D10 and D90 represent the diameter at which 10 or 90% of a sample's mass is comprised of smaller particles.

[0061] The Total Carbon (TC) content referred to herein is preferably determined in accordance with the method described on Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, 2nd Ed., CRC Press (2008), p. 244 and further, incorporated herein by reference. The Total Carbon (TC) content is always expressed herein as wt. % based on the total weight of the composition being measured, i.e. based on the total weight of the solid glassy precursor, or based on the total weight of the carbonated glassy solid.

[0062] In accordance with the invention, the compressive strength, strength-activity index and water demand as referred to herein is determined in accordance with ASTM C311/C311M-22. As will be evident to the skilled person, in performing these tests, the glassy precursor or the carbonated glass of the present invention was used instead of the fly ash or natural pozzolan specified by the standard.

[0063] For the purposes of the present disclosure, ideal gas law is assumed such that the vol % of a gas is considered as equal to the mol %.

Carbonated Glassy Solid

[0064] As is shown in the appended examples, the present inventors have found (i) that it is possible to efficiently carbonate high silica content glassy precursors (such as soda-lime glass), and (ii) that it is possible to provide the corresponding carbonated glassy solids in a form which exhibits excellent performance in concrete. Hence, in a first aspect the invention provides a carbonated glassy solid obtainable by carbonation of a solid glassy precursor, said glassy precursor having a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 65 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor).

Properties of the Carbonated Glassy Solid

[0065] In preferred embodiments the carbonated glassy solid meets the strength requirements set out in ASTM C618-12a (2012) and/or CSA A3001-18 (2018).

[0066] In embodiments, the carbonated glassy solid has a specific surface area of at least or more than 0.3 m.sup.2/g, preferably at least or more than 0.5 m.sup.2/g, more preferably at least or more than 0.8 m.sup.2/g. For example, the carbonated glassy solid has a specific surface area of at least 0.3 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.35 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.40 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.45 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.50 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.55 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.70 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.65 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.70 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.75 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.8 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.85 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.90 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.95 m.sup.2/g, at least 1.0 m.sup.2/g, etc.

[0067] In preferred embodiments, the carbonated glassy solid has a specific surface area of less than or at most 50 m.sup.2/g, preferably less than or at most 30 m.sup.2/g, more preferably less than or at most 10 m.sup.2/g. For example, the carbonated glassy solid has a specific surface area of at most 50 m.sup.2/g, at most 48 m.sup.2/g, at most 46 m.sup.2/g, at most 44 m.sup.2/g, at most 42 m.sup.2/g, at most 40 m.sup.2/g, at most 38 m.sup.2/g, at most 36 m.sup.2/g, at most 34 m.sup.2/g, at most 32 m.sup.2/g, at most 30 m.sup.2/g, at most 28 m.sup.2/g, at most 26 m.sup.2/g, at most 24 m.sup.2/g, at most 22 m.sup.2/g, at most 20 m.sup.2/g, at most 18 m.sup.2/g, at most 16 m.sup.2/g, at most 14 m.sup.2/g, at most 12 m.sup.2/g, at most 10 m.sup.2/g, at most 8 m.sup.2/g, at most 6 m.sup.2/g, at most 4 m.sup.2/g, at most 2 m.sup.2/g, etc.

[0068] In more preferred embodiments, the carbonated glassy solid has a specific surface area of less than 5 m.sup.2/g, preferably less than 3 m.sup.2/g, more preferably less than 2 m.sup.2/g. For example, the carbonated glassy solid has a specific surface area of less than 5.0 m.sup.2/g, less than 4.5 m.sup.2/g, less than 4.0 m.sup.2/g, less than 3.5 m.sup.2/g, less than 3.0 m.sup.2/g, less than 2.5 m.sup.2/g, less than 2.0 m.sup.2/g, less than 1.5 m.sup.2/g, etc.

[0069] The inventors have observed that a carbonated glassy solid having a specific surface area within specific ranges provided surprising results of the carbonation when compared to untreated precursors. Hence, in accordance with highly preferred embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid has a specific surface area of 0.3-50 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.5-50 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.8-50 m.sup.2/g, such as a specific surface area in the range of 0.3-50 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.3-30 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.3-10 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.5-50 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.5-30 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.5-10 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.8-50 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.8-30 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.8-10 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.3-5.0 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.3-3.0 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.3-2.0 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.5-5.0 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.5-3.0 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.5-2.0 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.8-5.0 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.8-3.0 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.8-2.0 m.sup.2/g.

[0070] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the present inventors believe that the specific surface area increase effected by the dry mechanochemical carbonation method of another aspect of the invention (which is described herein elsewhere) is associated with the beneficial properties observed (such as the excellent strength activity index, and reduced water demand). Hence, in embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid described herein is provided which is obtainable by concomitant carbonation and specific surface area increase of a solid glassy precursor wherein a ratio of the specific surface area of the carbonated glassy solid to the specific surface area of the solid glassy precursor is at least 5:1, preferably at least 7:1, more preferably at least 10:1.

[0071] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the present inventors believe that the BET surface area increase effected by the dry mechanochemical carbonation method of another aspect of the invention (which is described herein elsewhere) is associated with the beneficial properties observed (such as the excellent strength activity index, and reduced water demand). Hence, in embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid described herein is provided which is obtainable by concomitant carbonation and BET surface area increase of a solid glassy precursor wherein the ratio of the BET surface area of the carbonated glassy solid, preferably the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid to the BET surface area of the glassy precursor is at least 4:1, preferably at least 8:1, more preferably at least 15:1.

[0072] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the present inventors believe that the BET surface area increase effected by the dry mechanochemical carbonation method of another aspect of the invention (which is described herein elsewhere) may largely be attributed to an increase in the number of pores, observed by a decrease in the average pore width and an increase in the total pore surface area. Hence, in embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid is provided which is obtainable by concomitant carbonation and BET surface area increase of a solid glassy precursor wherein the BJH desorption cumulative surface area of pores of the carbonated glassy solid, preferably the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid, is at least 110%, preferably at least 120%, more preferably at least 150%, of the BJH desorption cumulative surface area of pores of the solid glassy precursor and the desorption average pore width (4V/A by BET) of the carbonated glassy solid, preferably the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid, is no more than 90%, preferably no more than 85%, more preferably no more than 80%, of the desorption average pore width (4V/A by BET) of the solid glassy precursor.

[0073] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid has one, two, or three, preferably three, of the following characteristics: [0074] a D10 within the range of 0.005-5 m, preferably 0.01-2 m, most preferably 0.1-1.5 m; [0075] a D50 within the range of 0.1-50 m, preferably 0.5-25 m, most preferably 1-10 m; [0076] a D90 within the range of 0.5-100 m, preferably 1-50 m, most preferably 5-25 m.

[0077] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid described herein is provided which is obtainable by concomitant carbonation and size reduction of a solid glassy precursor wherein the ratio of the D50 of the carbonated glassy solid, preferably the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid to the D50 of the glassy precursor is less than 0.5:1, preferably less than 0.1:1, more preferably less than 0.05:1.

[0078] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid has a total carbon content of at least 0.1 wt. %, preferably at least 0.15 wt. %, more preferably at least 0.2 wt. %.

[0079] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid has a strength activity index (SAI) at day 7 which is at least 60%, preferably at least 80%.

[0080] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid has a strength activity index (SAI) at day 28 which is at least 80%, preferably at least 100%.

[0081] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid has a water demand which is less than 96%, preferably less than 95%.

[0082] The inventors have found that the preferred methods to produce the carbonated glassy solid described herein elsewhere, in particular those which take place on a solid feedstock do not result in significant sodium loss from the precursor. Hence, in embodiments of the invention the sodium content of the carbonated glassy solid is at least 3.75 wt % (by total weight of the carbonated glassy solid), preferably at least 7.5 wt. % (by total weight of the carbonated glassy solid). In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid described herein is provided which is obtainable by carbonation of a solid glassy precursor wherein the ratio of the sodium content of the carbonated glassy solid, preferably the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid, to the sodium content of the glassy precursor is within the range of 0.8 to 1.2, preferably within the range of 0.9 to 1.1, more preferably within the range of 0.92 to 1.05.

Properties of the Glassy Solid Precursor

[0083] In embodiments, the solid glassy precursor comprises recycled glass, preferably recycled soda-lime glass, more preferably recycled soda-lime container glass or flat glass, most preferably recycled soda-lime container glass. Typical examples are soda-lime glass bottles or jars which have been used and afterwards crushed or ground to form a recycled or waste particulate glass material which can be carbonated to form the carbonated glassy solid of the present invention.

[0084] In embodiments of the invention, the solid glassy precursor has: [0085] a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 70 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor); and/or. [0086] a total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides of less than 20 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably less than 15 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor).

[0087] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the solid glassy precursor has: [0088] a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 70 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor; [0089] a B.sub.2O.sub.3 content of at least 5 wt % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably at least 7 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor); and [0090] preferably a total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides of less than 4 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably less than 1 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor). Such a glass corresponds to a borosilicate glass.

[0091] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the glassy precursor has: [0092] a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 70 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor; [0093] a Na.sub.2O content of at least 5 wt % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably at least 10 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor); and [0094] preferably having a total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides of at least 5 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably at least 10 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor). Such a glass corresponds to a soda-lime glass.

[0095] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the presence of at least some alkaline earth metal oxides or hydroxides facilitates carbonation. Hence, according to embodiments or preferred embodiments of the invention, the solid glassy precursor, as described herein, has a total of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides of at least 0.01 wt. %, preferably at least 0.05 wt. %. Therefore, it will be understood that according to some (preferred) embodiments the solid glassy precursor has a total of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides in the range of 0.01-20 wt. %.

Method for the Production of Mechanochemically Carbonated Glassy Solid and Mechanochemically Carbonated Glassy Solid Obtainable Thereby

[0096] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the present inventors believe that the dry mechanochemical carbonation method of the present invention imparts unique and desirable properties to the carbonated glass obtainable by this method. For example, it is believed that the unique surface area and pore properties effected by the dry mechanochemical carbonation method of the present invention is important to achieve the surprising performance of the materials in e.g. concrete.

[0097] In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for producing a mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid, said method comprising the following steps: [0098] a) providing a feedstock comprising or consisting of a solid glassy precursor, [0099] b) providing a gas comprising CO.sub.2; [0100] c) introducing said feedstock and said gas into a mechanical agitation unit; and [0101] d) subjecting the material of said feedstock to a mechanical agitation operation in the presence of said gas in said mechanical agitation unit to obtain the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid.

[0102] The feedstock is preferably a solid feedstock such that the invention preferably provides a method for producing a mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid, said method comprising the following steps: [0103] a) providing a solid feedstock comprising or consisting of a solid glassy precursor; [0104] b) providing a gas comprising CO.sub.2; [0105] c) introducing said solid feedstock and said gas into a mechanical agitation unit; and [0106] d) subjecting the material of said solid feedstock to a mechanical agitation operation in the presence of said gas in said mechanical agitation unit to obtain the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid.

Process Description

[0107] The term solid feedstock is to be interpreted as a solid material consisting of or comprising a solid glassy precursor. The solid glassy precursor may be mixed with other materials (e.g. fly ash) to form the solid feedstock. However, preferably, the solid feedstock consists essentially of a solid glassy precursor and optionally water, as this allows optimisation of process conditions to achieve the desired carbonated glass properties without having to take into account the properties of other materials present in the feedstock.

[0108] It is within the capacity of one skilled in the art, in light of the guidance provided in the present disclosure, to adapt the relevant process parameters such that a mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid is obtained which has the properties recited herein.

[0109] The gas provided in step (b) may be any gas stream comprising CO.sub.2, such as regular air, a waste gas stream having a low CO.sub.2 concentration, or concentrated CO.sub.2 streams.

[0110] In embodiments of the method described herein the gas provided in step (b) is regular air.

[0111] In highly preferred embodiments of the method described herein the gas provided in step (b) is a combustion flue gas, in particular a flue gas from fossil fuel combustion, wood pellet combustion, biomass combustion or municipal waste combustion. Fossil fuel combustion may be coal, petroleum coke, petroleum, natural gas, shale oil, bitumens, tar sand oil, or heavy oils combustion, or any combination thereof. The combustion flue gas may optionally have been treated to reduce the water content, the SO.sub.2 content, and/or the NOx content.

[0112] The CO.sub.2 concentration in the gas provided in step (b) is preferably at least 0.1 vol %, more preferably at least 0.5 vol %. Typical CO.sub.2 concentrations for combustion flue gas are in the range of 1-15 vol %, such as 2-10 vol %, such that it is preferred that the gas provided in step (b) has a CO.sub.2 concentration in the range of 1-15 vol %, such as 2-10 vol %. In alternative embodiments of the invention, the gas provided in step (b) comprises at least 80 vol % CO.sub.2, preferably at least 95 vol % CO.sub.2. In some embodiments of the invention, the gas provided in step (b) comprises at least 80 vol % CO.sub.2, preferably at least 95 vol % CO.sub.2 and less than 1000 ppm (v/v) H.sub.2O, preferably less than 100 ppm (v/v) H.sub.2O. In some embodiments, the gas provided in step (b) comprises CO.sub.2 in at least 0.1 vol % and H.sub.2O in the range of 5-25 vol %. For example, in case of flue gas, the gas provided in step (b) preferably comprises CO.sub.2 in the range of 1-15 vol %, such as 2-10 vol % and H.sub.2O in the range of 5-25 vol %, such as 15-20 vol %. The gas is typically not in a supercritical state as this is not necessary for the mild mechanochemical carbonation process of the present invention. Hence in any embodiment of the invention, it is highly preferred that the gas is not in a supercritical state.

[0113] In some embodiments of the invention, the method described herein is provided with the provision that the temperature and pressure during step (d) are such that the pressure is lower than the saturated vapour pressure of water at the temperature in the mechanical agitation unit.

[0114] The expression in the presence of said gas in step (d) should be construed to mean that the atmosphere inside the mechanical agitation unit consists essentially of the gas provided in step (b) when step (d) is initiated. It will be understood by the skilled person that the composition of the gas will change as the reaction progresses unless the reactor (the mechanical agitation unit) is continuously purged or replenished.

[0115] In general, step (d) can be performed at atmospheric pressure, below atmospheric pressure or above atmospheric pressure. In general, it is preferred that step (d) is performed at or above atmospheric pressure. Hence, it is preferred that step (d) is performed at a pressure of at least about 100 kPa (e.g. at least 101.325 kPa). In preferred embodiments of the invention, step (d) is performed at a pressure of more than around 300 kPa (e.g., 303.975 kPa), preferably more than around 600 kPa (e.g., 607.95 kPa). In alternative embodiments of the invention, step (d) is performed at pressures of less than around 100 kPa (e.g. at least 101.325 kPa), such as less than 50 kPa or less than 10 kPa. It will be understood by the skilled person that (if not actively maintained) the pressure of the gas will change as the reaction progresses. In these embodiments, it should be understood that the pressure inside the mechanical agitation unit is as specified herein when step (d) is initiated. In some embodiments, the pressure inside the mechanical agitation unit is as specified herein throughout a majority or substantially all of step (d).

[0116] In highly preferred embodiments of the method described herein, step (d) is performed at pressures below the critical pressure of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, the inventors have found that very high pressures are not required to prepare the carbonated glassy solid of the present invention such that the method can be performed in a very energy-efficient manner. Hence, it is preferred that step (d) is performed at pressures less than 10000 kPa, preferably less than 5000 kPa, more preferably less than 2500 kPa and most preferably less than 1000 kPa. It will be understood by the skilled person that (if not actively maintained) the pressure of the gas will change as the reaction progresses. In these embodiments, it should be understood that the pressure inside the mechanical agitation unit is as specified herein at at least one point in time during step (d), for example when step (d) is initiated. In some embodiments, the pressure inside the mechanical agitation unit is as specified herein throughout most or substantially all of step (d).

[0117] In highly preferred embodiments of the method described herein, in order to stimulate carbonation, step (d) is performed at a temperature of less than 150 C., preferably less than 100 C., preferably less than 90 C., more preferably less than 80 C., most preferably less than 75 C. In highly preferred embodiments of the invention, step (d) is performed at a temperature within the range of 45-85 C., preferably 55-70 C. In preferred embodiments of the invention, no active heating is applied and any increase in temperature is attributed to friction resulting from the mechanical agitation or to exothermic reactions taking place during the mechanochemical carbonation. The temperature is preferably determined on the solid material in the reactor (i.e. the mechanical agitation unit) during processing.

[0118] In embodiments of the invention, step (d) is performed for at least 1 minute, preferably at least 30 minutes, such as at least 1 hour, at least 4 hours, or at least 8 hours.

[0119] In preferred embodiments of the invention, step (d) is substantially free of CO.sub.2 solubilizers such as glycerin (propane-1,2,3-triol). Such CO.sub.2 solubilizing agents act to enhance the solubility of carbon dioxide in an aqueous solution and allow the formation of carbonic acid concentration for sequestering carbon dioxide.

[0120] The low temperature requirement of the present process means that no fossil fuels are required, and electric heating means (or low caloric value green fuel sources) can realistically be used to supply heat in case friction caused by the mechanical agitation is insufficient to reach the desired temperature, such as more than 45 C. In this way, fossil fuels can be avoided throughout the whole production chain.

[0121] As with any chemical process, the appropriate reaction time is highly dependent on the extent of carbonation desired, the surface area desired, as well as the pressure, temperature and mechanochemical agitation applied and can easily be determined by sampling material on a regular basis and monitoring reaction progress e.g. via BET analysis, specific surface area, particle size analysis and Total Carbon determination as explained herein.

[0122] The present inventors have furthermore found that the mechanochemical carbonation methods described herein may advantageously be performed without employing additional oxidizing agents such as acids. Hence, the mechanochemical carbonation methods described herein are preferably performed without employing a strong acid, preferably without employing any further oxidizing agent other than the gas provided in step (b).

[0123] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the mechanical agitation operation of step (d) comprises grinding, milling, mixing, stirring (such as low-speed stirring or high-speed stirring), shearing (such as high-torque shearing), shaking, blending, pulverizing, powderizing, crushing, crumbling, a fluidized bed or ultrasonication, preferably grinding, milling, mixing, stirring (such as low-speed stirring or high-speed stirring), shearing (such as high-torque shearing), or ultrasonication. The present inventors have found that the mechanochemical carbonation process is facilitated if the mechanochemical agitation operation of step (d) the mechanochemical agitation operation of step (d) is performed in the presence of grinding or milling media, preferably balls or beads. A preferred material is stainless steel or aluminum oxide. In such highly preferred embodiments, the mechanical agitation operation may be simply rotating the mechanical agitation unit containing the solid feedstock, the grinding or milling media, and the gas. For example, grinding or milling media can be made from steel (e.g. AISI H.sub.13, modified H.sub.10), aluminium oxide, chrome white cast irons (e.g. ASTM A532), molybdenum steel (e.g. AISI M2, M4, M-42), chromium-based steels (e.g. H11, H12, H13 CPM V9, ZDP-189) or other media with a target HRC hardness of 60. Such grinding media can be utilized with or without surface treatments such as nitriding and carburizing. This can conveniently be performed in a rotating drum. It will be understood that the product obtainable by the process of the invention when performed in a rotating drum, may also be obtainable using alternative grinding or milling techniques known to the skilled person.

[0124] In preferred embodiments of the invention, step (d) is performed in the presence of a catalyst, preferably a metal oxide catalyst, such as a transition metal oxide catalyst. Examples of suitable catalysts are selected from the group consisting of iron oxides, cobalt oxides, ruthenium oxides, titanium oxides, nickel oxides, aluminium oxides and combinations thereof.

[0125] Hence, as will be understood from the above, in highly preferred embodiments of the invention, step (d) comprises grinding, milling, mixing, stirring (such as low-speed stirring or high-speed stirring), shearing (such as high-torque shearing), shaking, blending, pulverizing, powderizing, crushing, crumbling, a fluidized bed or ultrasonication, preferably grinding, milling, mixing, stirring (such as low-speed stirring or high-speed stirring), shearing (such as high-torque shearing), or ultrasonication, in the presence of grinding or milling media and a metal oxide catalyst.

[0126] The present inventors have found that it is advantageous with a view to the efficiency of the mechanochemical carbonation (e.g. reaction time, CO.sub.2 absorption and particle size reduction) to employ media as described herein before comprising (e.g. coated with) said metal oxide catalyst and/or to employ a mechanical agitation unit (or parts thereof) which comprises (or is coated with) said metal oxide catalyst, for example on one or more surfaces contacting the feedstock during step (d). As explained herein elsewhere, the mechanical agitation operation may be simply rotating the mechanical agitation unit containing the solid feedstock or the solid glassy precursor for mechanochemical carbonation, the grinding or milling media, the metal oxide catalyst and the gas. This can conveniently be performed in a rotating drum.

[0127] As will be clear from the present description, in highly preferred embodiments step (d) is a substantially dry process. While some moisture may be present and is beneficial for carbonation efficiency, step (d) is highly preferably not performed on an aqueous solution or slurry. The present inventors have found that performing step (d) on a solid greatly improves energy efficiency (as no water has to be removed afterwards) and imparts unique properties on the resulting carbonated glassy solids, yielding materials which are substantially different from e.g. aqueous carbonation materials. This is also reflected in their distinct properties, e.g. when used as a filler in concrete.

[0128] In accordance with highly preferred embodiments of the invention, the feedstock provided in step (a) is a solid feedstock. The solid feedstock provided in step (a) highly preferably has a moisture content of less than 30 wt. % (by total weight of the solid feedstock), preferably less than 20 wt. %, more preferably less than 15 wt. %. With a view to carbonation efficiency, the solid feedstock preferably has a moisture content of at least 2 wt. % (by total weight of the solid feedstock), preferably at least 5 wt. %, more preferably at least 10 wt. %. At moisture contents of less than 30 wt. % (by total weight of the solid feedstock), the feedstock still is and behaves like a solid. In some embodiments of the invention the solid feedstock may have a moisture content of less than 10 wt. % (by total weight of the solid feedstock), less than 5 wt. %, or less than 2 wt. %. The solid feedstock preferably has the moisture content specified herein at at least one point in time during step (d), for example when step (d) is initiated. In some embodiments, the moisture content of the feedstock is as specified herein throughout a majority or substantially all of step (d).

[0129] It is within the routine capabilities of the skilled person to adjust the moisture content of the feedstock based on the guidance provided herein, for example by spraying spraying the solid feedstock with an aqueous composition such as water before and/or during step (d).

[0130] In other embodiments, the feedstock provided in step (a) is an aqueous slurry, solution or suspension, for example an aqueous slurry. The aqueous slurry, solution or suspension feedstock provided in step (a) may have a water content of more than 50 wt. % (by total weight of the aqueous slurry, solution or suspension feedstock), for example more than 70 wt. %. The aqueous slurry, solution or suspension feedstock preferably has the water content specified herein at at least one point in time during step (d), for example when step (d) is initiated. In some embodiments, the water content of the aqueous slurry, solution or suspension feedstock is as specified herein throughout a majority or substantially all of step (d).

[0131] In some embodiments, step (d) is followed by a dewatering step to reduce the water content of the obtained mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid.

[0132] In particular, the present inventors have found that it is important that step (d) is carried out such that certain extents of carbonation, size reduction and/or surface area increase are effect during step (d), i.e. during the combined carbonation and mechanical agitation. This results in markedly different materials from materials which were e.g. milled and subsequently carbonated. To obtain these effects it is preferred that step (a) of the method comprises providing a solid feedstock as described herein earlier, and that step (d) is performed on the solid feedstock provided in step (a).

[0133] Thus, in highly preferred embodiments, the method of the invention is provided wherein carbonation, size reduction and/or surface area increase are effected during step (d) such that the method has one, two or all three, preferably all three, of the following characteristics: [0134] the ratio of the total carbon content of the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) to the total carbon content of the solid glassy precursor of step (a) is at least 1.5:1, preferably at least 2:1, more preferably at least 3:1; [0135] the ratio of the D50 of the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) to the D50 of the solid glassy precursor of step (a) is less than 0.5:1, preferably less than 0.1:1, more preferably less than 0.05:1; [0136] the ratio of the specific surface area of the glassy solid to the specific of the solid glassy precursor is at least 3:1, preferably at least 6:1, more preferably at least 10:1. In some embodiments of the invention, the specific surface are of the glassy solid to the specific of the solid glassy precursor is at least 15:1.
The skilled person will understand that, as the material of step (a) is fed to step (d), this means that the carbonation, size reduction and/or surface area specified above is effected during step (d).

[0137] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the present inventors believe that the BET surface area increase effected by the dry mechanochemical carbonation method is associated with the beneficial properties observed (such as the excellent strength activity index, and reduced water demand). Hence, in embodiments of the invention, the method of the invention is provided wherein carbonation and BET surface area increase are effected during step (d) such that the ratio of the BET surface area of the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid to the BET surface area of the glassy precursor is at least 4:1, preferably at least 8:1, more preferably at least 15:1.

[0138] The inventors have found that the preferred methods to produce the carbonated glassy solid described herein, in particular those which take place on a solid feedstock do not result in significant sodium loss from the precursor. Hence, in embodiments of the invention, the method of the invention is provided wherein the ratio of the sodium content of the carbonated glassy solid, preferably the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid, to the sodium content of the glassy precursor is within the range of 0.8 to 1.2, preferably within the range of 0.9 to 1.1, more preferably within the range of 0.92 to 1.05.

[0139] In particularly preferred embodiments of the method of the invention, the BJH desorption cumulative surface area of pores of the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) is at least 110%, preferably at least 120%, more preferably at least 150%, of the BJH desorption cumulative surface area of pores of the solid glassy precursor and the desorption average pore width (4V/A by BET) of the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) is no more than 90%, preferably no more than 85%, more preferably no more than 80%, of the desorption average pore width (4V/A by BET) of the solid glassy precursor.

[0140] In embodiments of the invention, the method described herein does not comprise a solid-liquid separation step selected from filtration, decantation, and gravitational separation (e.g. using cyclones) after step (d), preferably the method of the invention does not comprise any solid-liquid separation step after step (d).

[0141] In embodiments of the invention, the method described herein does not comprise a size-selection step, such as a screening or sieving step, after step (d).

Properties of the Glassy Solid Precursor Used in the Mechanochemical Carbonation Method of the Present Invention

[0142] In preferred embodiments of the method described herein, the solid glassy precursor for mechanochemical carbonation is a particulate solid material, such as a powder.

[0143] In preferred embodiments of the method described herein, the solid glassy precursor is a particulate solid material which has a specific surface area of less than 0.5 m.sup.2/g, preferably less than 0.2 m.sup.2/g, more preferably less than 0.1 m.sup.2/g.

[0144] In embodiments of the method described herein, the solid glassy precursor for mechanochemical carbonation has one, two, or three, preferably three, of the following characteristics: [0145] a D10 within the range of 10-200 m, preferably 20-150 m, most preferably 35-60 m; [0146] a D50 within the range of 30-500 m, preferably 50-300 m, most preferably 80-250 m; [0147] a D90 within the range of 100-1000 m, preferably 125-750 m, most preferably 150-500 m.

[0148] In preferred embodiments of the method described herein, the solid glassy precursor for mechanochemical carbonation is selected from soda-lime glass, lead glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, fused silica glass, quartz glass, preferably soda-lime glass. In highly preferred embodiments, the solid glassy precursor for mechanochemical carbonation comprises recycled glass, preferably recycled soda-lime glass, more preferably recycled soda-lime container glass or flat glass, most preferably recycled soda-lime container glass. Recycled as used in this context means that the glass is not virgin material but has been used. Typical examples are soda-lime glass bottles or jars which have been used and afterwards crushed or ground to form a recycled or waste particulate glass material which can be used as a feedstock for the method of the present invention.

[0149] In embodiments of the invention, the solid glassy precursor has: [0150] a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 70 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor); and/or [0151] a total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides of less than 20 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably less than 15 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor).

[0152] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the solid glassy precursor has: [0153] a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 70 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor; [0154] a B.sub.2O.sub.3 content of at least 5 wt % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably at least 7 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor); and [0155] preferably a total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides of less than 4 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably less than 1 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor). Such a glass corresponds to a borosilicate glass.

[0156] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the glassy precursor has: [0157] a SiO.sub.2 content of at least 70 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor; [0158] a Na.sub.2O content of at least 5 wt % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably at least 10 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor); and [0159] preferably having a total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides of at least 5 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor), preferably at least 10 wt. % (by total weight of the glassy precursor). Such a glass corresponds to a soda-lime glass.

[0160] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the presence of at least some alkaline earth metal oxides or hydroxides facilitates carbonation. Hence, according to embodiments or preferred embodiments of the invention, the solid glassy precursor, as described herein, has a total of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides of at least 0.01 wt. %, preferably at least 0.05 wt. %. Therefore, it will be understood that according to some (preferred) embodiments the solid glassy precursor has a total of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides in the range of 0.01-20 wt. %.

Properties of the Carbonated Glassy Solid Obtained in Step (d)

[0161] In preferred embodiments the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) meets the strength requirements set out in ASTM C618-12a (2012) and CSA A3001-18 (2018). In particular embodiments, the method described herein does not comprise a size-selection step, such as a screening or sieving step, after step (d) and the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) meets the strength requirements set out in ASTM C618-12a (2012) and CSA A3001-18 (2018).

[0162] In embodiments, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has a specific surface area of at least or more than 0.3 m.sup.2/g, preferably at least or more than 0.5 m.sup.2/g, more preferably at least or more than 0.8 m.sup.2/g. For example, the carbonated glassy solid has a specific surface area of at least 0.3 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.35 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.40 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.45 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.50 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.55 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.70 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.65 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.70 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.75 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.8 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.85 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.90 m.sup.2/g, at least 0.95 m.sup.2/g, at least 1.0 m.sup.2/g, etc.

[0163] In preferred embodiments, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has a specific surface area of less than or at most 50 m.sup.2/g, preferably less than or at most 30 m.sup.2/g, more preferably less than or at most 10 m.sup.2/g. For example, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has a specific surface area of at most 50 m.sup.2/g, at most 48 m.sup.2/g, at most 46 m.sup.2/g, at most 44 m.sup.2/g, at most 42 m.sup.2/g, at most 40 m.sup.2/g, at most 38 m.sup.2/g, at most 36 m.sup.2/g, at most 34 m.sup.2/g, at most 32 m.sup.2/g, at most 30 m.sup.2/g, at most 28 m.sup.2/g, at most 26 m.sup.2/g, at most 24 m.sup.2/g, at most 22 m.sup.2/g, at most 20 m.sup.2/g, at most 18 m.sup.2/g, at most 16 m.sup.2/g, at most 14 m.sup.2/g, at most 12 m.sup.2/g, at most 10 m.sup.2/g, at most 8 m.sup.2/g, at most 6 m.sup.2/g, at most 4 m.sup.2/g, at most 2 m.sup.2/g, etc.

[0164] In more preferred embodiments, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has a specific surface area of less than 5 m.sup.2/g, preferably less than 3 m.sup.2/g, more preferably less than 2 m.sup.2/g. For example, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has a specific surface area of less than 5.0 m.sup.2/g, less than 4.5 m.sup.2/g, less than 4.0 m.sup.2/g, less than 3.5 m.sup.2/g, less than 3.0 m.sup.2/g, less than 2.5 m.sup.2/g, less than 2.0 m.sup.2/g, less than 1.5 m.sup.2/g, etc.

[0165] The inventors have observed that a carbonated glassy solid having specific surface area within specific ranges have particular properties when considering performance, handling, etc. in comparison to untreated precursors or even carbonated materials with other surface areas. Hence, in accordance with highly preferred embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid has specific surface area of 0.3-50 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.5-50 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.8-50 m.sup.2/g, such as a specific surface area in the range of 0.3-50 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.3-30 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.3-10 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.5-50 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.5-30 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.5-10 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.8-50 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.8-30 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.8-10 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.3-5.0 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.3-3.0 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.3-2.0 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.5-5.0 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.5-3.0 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.5-2.0 m.sup.2/g; a specific surface area in the range of 0.8-5.0 m.sup.2/g, preferably 0.8-3.0 m.sup.2/g, more preferably 0.8-2.0 m.sup.2/g.

[0166] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has one, two, or three, preferably three, of the following characteristics: [0167] a D10 within the range of 0.005-5 m, preferably 0.01-2 m, most preferably 0.1-1.5 m; [0168] a D50 within the range of 0.1-50 m, preferably 0.5-25 m, most preferably 1-10 m; [0169] a D90 within the range of 0.5-100 m, preferably 1-50 m, most preferably 5-25 m.

[0170] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has a total carbon content of at least 0.1 wt. %, preferably at least 0.15 wt. %, more preferably at least 0.2 wt. %.

[0171] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has a strength activity index (SAI) at day 7 which is at least 60%, preferably at least 80%.

[0172] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has a strength activity index (SAI) at day 28 which is at least 80%, preferably at least 100%.

[0173] In embodiments of the invention, the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) has a water demand which is less than 96%, preferably less than 95%.

[0174] In embodiments of the invention the sodium content of the carbonated glassy solid obtained in step (d) is at least 3.75 wt % (by total weight of the carbonated glassy solid), preferably at least 7.5 wt. % (by total weight of the carbonated glassy solid).

The Carbonated Glassy Solid Obtainable by the Method Described Herein

[0175] The present inventors have found that the mechanochemical carbonation described herein imparts unique properties on the resulting carbonated glassy solids, yielding materials which are substantially different from e.g. aqueous carbonation materials. This is also reflected in their distinct properties, e.g. when used as a filler in concrete. In particular, the present inventors have found that it is important that step (d) is carried out such that certain extents of carbonation, size reduction and/or surface area increase are effect during step (d), i.e. during the combined carbonation and mechanical agitation. This results in markedly different materials from materials which were e.g. carbonated in an aqueous environment, or even materials which were milled and subsequently carbonated.

[0176] Hence, in another aspect the invention provides the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid obtainable by the method for producing mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid described herein.

Composition Comprising a Carbonated Glassy Solid, and Method for the Preparation Thereof

[0177] Hence, in another aspect the invention provides a composition comprising a carbonated glassy solid as described herein and a further material selected from the group consisting of asphalt, geopolymers, cement, polymers, and combinations thereof, preferably cement, more preferably Portland cement. The glassy solid is preferably the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid described herein.

[0178] In embodiments, the further material is a polymer selected from thermoplastic polymers and thermosetting polymers. In preferred embodiments, the further component is a polymer selected from the group consisting of epoxide resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, polyalkylene terephthalate (preferably polyethylene terephthalate), polalkylene adipate terephthalate (preferably polybutylene adipate terephthalate), polyalkylene isosorbide terephthalate (preferably polyethylene isosorbide terephthalate), polyalkylene aromatic polyamide (preferably polyethylene aromatic polyamide), polyacrylonitrile, polyacetal, polyimide, aromatic polyester, polyisoprene (preferably cis-1,4-polyisoprene), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate, polyamide, polyether, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polylactic acid, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, nitrile rubber, styrenebutadiene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, copolymers thereof and combinations thereof, more preferably a polyolefin, such as polypropylene, polyethylene, copolymers thereof and combinations thereof. The term polymer as used herein includes copolymers, such as block copolymers.

[0179] In highly preferred embodiments the further material is selected from cement, asphalt, geopolymer or combinations thereof.

[0180] In accordance with the invention, the cement may be a hydraulic or non-hydraulic cement. In preferred embodiments, the cement is a hydraulic cement, such as Portland cement. In highly preferred embodiments of the invention, the cement is one of the cements defined in EN197-1 (2011), preferably Portland cement as defined in EN197-1 (2011).

[0181] In embodiments of the invention, the composition comprises more than 0.1 wt. % (by total weight of the composition), preferably more than 1 wt. %, more preferably more than 5 wt. % of the carbonated glassy solid and/or more than 0.1 wt. % (by total weight of the composition), preferably more than 1 wt. %, more preferably more than 20 wt. % of the further material.

[0182] In embodiments of the invention, the composition comprises less than 60 wt. % (by total weight of the composition), preferably less than 50 wt. %, more preferably less than 45 wt. % of the carbonated glassy solid and/or less than 95 wt. % (by total weight of the composition), preferably less than 90 wt. %, more preferably less than 80 wt. % of the further material.

[0183] In embodiments of the invention, the composition is provided wherein the weight:weight ratio of the carbonated glassy solid to the further material is within the range of 1:9 to 2:1, preferably within the range of 1:8 to 1:1, more preferably within the range of 1:6 to 5:6.

[0184] In embodiments of the invention, the composition comprises 5-70 wt. % (by total weight of the composition), preferably 10-60 wt. %, more preferably 20-50 wt. % of the carbonated glassy solid and 30-95 wt. % (by total weight of the composition), preferably 40-90 wt. %, preferably 50-80 wt. % of the further material.

[0185] In embodiments of the invention, the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % (by total weight of the composition water, preferably less than 1 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.1 wt. %. The amount of water can suitably be determined as the mass loss up to 120 C. measured by TGA employing a temperature trajectory wherein the temperature was increased from room temperature to 800 C. at a rate of 10 C./min.

[0186] In embodiments of the invention, the composition consists of the carbonated glassy solid and the further material.

[0187] In another aspect the invention provides a method for preparing a composition as described herein, said method comprising the following steps: [0188] (i) providing a carbonated glassy solid as described herein, preferably a mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid as described herein; [0189] (ii) providing a further material selected from the group consisting of asphalt, cement, geopolymers, polymers and combinations thereof; [0190] (iii) combining the carbonated glassy solid of step (i) with the material of step (ii).

Concrete or Mortar Comprising a Composition and a Carbonated Glassy Solid, and Method for the Preparation Thereof

[0191] In another aspect the invention provides a method for preparing concrete or mortar, said method comprising the following steps: [0192] (i) providing a carbonated glassy solid as described herein, in particular a mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid as described herein and a further material which is selected from the group consisting of asphalt, cement, geopolymers, and combinations thereof, optionally in the form of the composition as described herein wherein the further material is selected from the group consisting of asphalt, cement, geopolymers, and combinations thereof; [0193] (ii) providing a construction aggregate; [0194] (iii) contacting, preferably mixing the carbonated glassy solid and the further material of step (i) with the construction aggregate of step (ii) and optionally water.

[0195] In another aspect, the invention provides concrete or mortar obtainable by the method for preparing concrete described herein.

[0196] In embodiments of the invention, the construction aggregate is selected from the group consisting of sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete, clay, pumice, perlite, vermiculite and combinations thereof. In preferred embodiments the construction aggregate is one of the aggregates defined in EN 13043 (2002), EN 13383 (2019), EN 12620 (2013) or EN 13242 (2013), preferably the construction aggregate is one of the aggregates defined in EN 12620 (2013).

[0197] In preferred embodiments of the invention, step (iii) further comprises contacting, preferably mixing the carbonated glassy solid and the further material of step (i) with the construction aggregate of step (ii) and water. In accordance with the invention, the carbonated glassy solid and the further material of step (i), the construction aggregate of step (ii) and the water may be contacted, preferably mixed at substantially the same time, or in a step-wise manner wherein the composition of step (i) is first contacted, preferably mixed with water, before being contacted, preferably mixed with the construction aggregate of step (ii).

[0198] In another aspect the invention provides the use of a carbonated glassy solid as described herein, in particular of a mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid as described herein: [0199] as a filler, preferably as a filler in a material selected from the group consisting of asphalt, geopolymer, cement, mortar, polymers and combinations thereof; [0200] as a partial replacement for asphalt, geopolymer, or cement in concrete or mortar; [0201] to increase the compressive strength of concrete or mortar; [0202] to improve the durability of concrete or mortar; [0203] to reduce the expansion of concrete; [0204] to improve the durability of concrete or mortar by reducing chloride permeability and/or porosity; [0205] to improve the strength activity index of concrete or mortar; and/or [0206] to reduce the water demand of concrete or mortar, [0207] preferably, [0208] to concomitantly improve the strength activity index of concrete and reduce the water demand of concrete; or [0209] to concomitantly improve the strength activity index of mortar and reduce the water demand of mortar.

[0210] It will be understood by the skilled person that the embodiments of the invention described herein in the context of the (mechanochemically) carbonated glassy solid or the composition, especially in relation to the features of the (mechanochemically) carbonated glassy solid or in relation to the features of the further material, are equally applicable to the method for preparing said composition described herein, the method for preparing concrete described herein and the uses of the (mechanochemically) carbonated glassy solid described herein.

EXAMPLES

[0211] Particle Size Distribution and specific surface area measurements were carried out on a Brookhaven laser particle sizer, Model Microbrook 2000LD using utilizing the Fraunhofer theory of light scattering and reporting the data using a volume equivalent sphere model.

[0212] Compressive strength, strength activity index and water demand was measured in accordance with ASTM C311/C311M-22. As will be evident to the skilled person, in performing these tests, the glassy precursor and the carbonated glass of the present invention was used instead of the fly ash or natural pozzolan specified by the standard.

[0213] Total carbon content was determined in accordance with the method described on Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, 2nd Ed., CRC Press (2008), pg. 244 and further.

Example 1

[0214] Mechanochemically carbonated glassy solids were produced by inserting 2.1 kg of solid glassy precursor (crushed recycled soda-lime glass) into a pressure cell with 150 kg of milling media (ceramic ball bearings of 10 mm size). The cell is pressurized with concentrated CO.sub.2 gas (>95 vol %) to an initial pressure of 441 kPa, and rotated on rollers at 38 RPM for 24 hours to obtain mechanochemically carbonated glass. The reaction was initiated at room temperature and no heating or cooling was applied. The ceramic bearings have an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 content of 92 wt. % such that they also served as catalyst. The properties of the glassy precursor and the obtained mechanochemically carbonated glass are shown in the below table.

TABLE-US-00001 DLS specific Total % SAI SAI D10 D50 D90 surface area Carbon Water 7-day, 28-day, (m) (m) (m) (m.sup.2/g) (wt. %) Demand % % Glassy 30.5 110.0 215.8 0.062 0.071 97.9 59.07 67.6 precursor Carbonated 0.9 2.6 12.8 1.097 0.265 94.4 87.6 111.0 material

[0215] As can be observed from the Strength Activity Index (SAI) measurements and the water demand measurements, the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid of the present invention provides an unexpectedly reduced water demand and increased strength compared to the uncarbonated counterpart and even compared to the Portland cement control.

Example 2

[0216] Mechanochemically carbonated glassy solids were produced by inserting 5.1 kg of glassy precursor into a pressure cell with 150 kg of milling media (ceramic ball bearings of 10 mm size). The cell is pressurized with flue gas (CO.sub.2: 8-10 vol %; H.sub.2O: 18-20 vol %; O.sub.2: 2-3 vol %; N.sub.2: 67-72 vol %) to an initial pressure of 448 kPa, and rotated on rollers at 38 RPM for 3 days to obtain mechanochemically carbonated glass. The reaction was initiated at room temperature and no heating or cooling was applied. The ceramic bearings have an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 content of 92 wt. % such that they also served as catalyst. The properties of the glassy precursor and the obtained mechanochemically carbonated glass are shown in the below table.

[0217] The glassy precursor was waste glass material from hollow microsphere manufacturing having: [0218] (a) between 50 wt % and 90 wt % of SiO.sub.2; [0219] (b) between 2 wt % and 20 wt % of alkali metal oxides; [0220] (c) between 1 wt % and 30 wt % of B.sub.2O.sub.3; [0221] (d) between 0 wt % to 0.5 wt % of sulfur; [0222] (e) between 0 wt % and 25 wt % divalent metal oxides; [0223] (f) between 0 wt % and 10 wt % of tetravalent metal oxides other than SiO.sub.2; [0224] (g) between 0 wt % and 20 wt % of trivalent metal oxides; [0225] (h) between 0 wt % and 10 wt % of oxides of pentavalent atoms; and [0226] (i) between 0 wt % and 5 wt % fluorine.

TABLE-US-00002 DLS specific Total % SAI SAI D10 D50 D90 surface area Carbon Water 7-day, 28-day, (m) (m) (m) (m.sup.2/g) (wt. %) Demand % % Glassy 1.651 10.93 52.18 0.493 0.078 99.6 83.8 83.8 precursor Carbonated 0.835 2.880 16.56 1.106 1.6 95.9 94.9 100.8 material

Example 3

[0227] Mechanochemically carbonated glassy solids were produced by inserting 5.0 kg of glass precursor (ground glassy pozzolan) into a pressure cell with 200 kg of milling media (ceramic ball bearings of 10 mm size). The cell is pressurized with flue gas (CO.sub.2: 8-10 vol %; H.sub.2O: 18-20 vol %; O.sub.2: 2-3 vol %; N.sub.2: 67-72 vol %) to an initial pressure of 414 kPa, and rotated on rollers at 38 RPM for 3 days to obtain mechanochemically carbonated glass. The reaction was initiated at room temperature and no heating or cooling was applied. The ceramic bearings have an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 content of 92 wt. % such that they also served as catalyst. The performance of the glassy precursor and the obtained mechanochemically carbonated glass is shown in the below table.

TABLE-US-00003 % Water demand SAI 7-day, % SAI 28-day, % Glassy precursor 96.1 87.2 96.9 Carbonated material 91.5 128.0 139.2

[0228] As can be observed from the Strength Activity Index (SAI) measurements and the water demand measurements, the mechanochemically carbonated glassy solid of the present invention provides an unexpectedly reduced water demand and increased strength compared to the uncarbonated counterpart and even compared to the Portland cement control.

Example 4

[0229] Mechanochemically carbonated glassy solids were produced by inserting 2.1 kg of glass precursor (ground Ruby Lake glass oven dried to remove moisture) into a pressure cell with 150 kg milling media (ceramic bearings of 10 mm size). The cell is pressurized with CO.sub.2 gas (99 vol %) to an initial pressure of 448 kPa and rotated on rollers at 38 RPM for 24 hours to obtain mechanochemically carbonated glass. The performance of the glassy precursor and the obtained mechanochemically carbonated glass is shown in the below table.

TABLE-US-00004 % Water demand SAI 7-day, % SAI 28-day % Glassy precursor 97.9 83.9 95.4 Carbonated material 95.0 120.8 135.8

[0230] The particle size distribution measurements of the glassy precursor and the obtained mechanochemically carbonated glass are shown in the table below.

TABLE-US-00005 D10 (m) D50 (m) D90 (m) Glassy precursor 30.54 110 215.8 Carbonated material 0.905 2.641 12.82

[0231] The carbonated glassy solid meets the strength and water requirements set out in ASTM C618 and/or CSA A3001.