Composition for improving vascular endothelial function

Abstract

The present invention provides a composition for improving vascular endothelial function, comprising: an ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof as an active ingredient, in which the ratio of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more to the total fatty acids in the composition is 10 wt % or greater. The present invention also provides a composition for improving sleep, comprising an ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof as an active ingredient.

Claims

1. A method of improving vascular endothelial function, including: administering a composition comprising an effective amount of an ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof as an active ingredient to a human subject, wherein in the composition the ratio of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more to the total fatty acids in the composition is 10 wt % or greater, wherein the effective amount increases a flow-mediated dilatation value in the human subject, and wherein the active ingredient is orally administered to the human subject for four weeks or more in an amount from 2 mg/kg weight/day to 92 mg/kg weight/day, based on the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the active ingredient is an ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof, an ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof, or combinations thereof.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the active ingredient is a glyceride containing the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more as a constituent fatty acid.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the glyceride is a triglyceride.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition further includes an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and wherein the area ratio of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid to the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid is 4.0 or greater.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the active ingredient is derived from a fish oil.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the fish oil is a saury oil.

8. The method according to claim 1, including orally administering the active ingredient for four weeks or more in an amount of 20 mg/kg weight/day to 92 mg/kg weight/day, based on the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the effective amount reduces a possibility of suffering from a disease due to vascular endothelial disorders in the human subject.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a food composition.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1-1 is a diagram representing changes in FMD values of subjects before and after ingestion, when the subjects ingested the capsule of the saury oil of Example 1. The figure illustrates the FMD values increased by about 44% after ingestion. The double black starts indicate the significant difference (p=0.0003).

(2) FIG. 1-2 is a diagram representing changes in FMD values of subjects before and after ingestion, when the subjects ingested the can of the saury of Example 1. The figure shows the FMD values increased by about 12% after ingestion.

(3) FIG. 1-3 is a diagram representing changes in FMD values of six subjects before and after ingestion and after a 1 month wash-out period after the end of consumption, in which six subjects have increased FMD values after ingestion among subjects ingesting the capsule of the saury oil of Example 1. The figure illustrates that the FMD values increased by about 82% after ingestion, and that the value decreased by 20% after the washout period. The single black star indicates the significant difference (p=0.0402).

(4) FIG. 1-4 is a diagram representing changes in FMD values of three subjects before and after ingestion and after a 1 month wash-out period after the end of consumption, in which three subjects have increased FMD values after ingestion among subjects ingesting the can of the saury of Example 1. The figure illustrates that the FMD values increased by about 66% after ingestion, and the value decreased by 18% after the washout period.

(5) FIG. 1-5 is a diagram representing changes in FMD values of four subjects before and after ingestion, in which the four subjects have FMD values outside of normal range (less than 6%) before ingestion and suspected vascular endothelial disorder among subjects ingesting the capsule of the saury oil of Example 1. The figure illustrates the FMD values increased by about 253% after ingestion.

(6) FIG. 1-6 is a diagram representing changes in FMD values of four subjects before and after ingestion, in which the four subjects have FMD values outside of normal range (less than 6%) before ingestion and suspected vascular endothelial disorder among subjects ingesting the can of the saury of Example 1. The figure illustrates the FMD values increased by about 45% after ingestion.

(7) FIG. 2 is a diagram representing changes in wakefulness of subjects before and after ingestion, when the subjects ingested the capsule of the saury oil of Example 1. It is a relative quantified evaluation of the mood upon wake-up of the subject when the condition in which the subject can wake up comfortably in the morning is taken as 100, and the condition in which the subject can not wake up comfortably at all is taken as 0. Higher values indicate better awake. The figure illustrates morning awake was 14% improved after ingestion compared to before ingestion.

(8) FIG. 3 is a diagram representing changes in somatic fat volumes of subjects before and after ingestion, when the subjects ingested the capsule of the saury oil of Example 1. The figure illustrates the somatic fat volumes decreased by about 0.7% after ingestion. The double black stars indicate the significant difference (p=0.0057).

(9) FIG. 4 is a diagram representing changes in FMD values of subjects before and after ingestion, when the subjects ingested the capsule of the saury oil or the capsule of blended oil of Example 2. *** indicates the significant difference (p=0.0008).

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(10) The present invention will be specifically described below.

(11) Note that the following abbreviations may be used herein:

(12) MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acid

(13) LC-MUFA: Long chain monounsaturated fatty acid, in particular, the generic name of isomers of C20:1 and C22:1

(14) PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid

(15) Composition for Improving Vascular Endothelial Function

(16) The present invention provides a composition for improving vascular endothelial function, including an ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof as an active ingredient, in which the ratio of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more to the total fatty acids in the composition is 10 wt % or greater (hereinafter may be referred to as “composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention”).

(17) The monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, or an ester thereof used in an embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as they may be acceptable for pharmaceutical use or food use. The glyceride containing the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more as the constituent fatty acid can be produced by known methods. For example, the glyceride can be also produced as oil and fats derived from natural products by the boiling and extracting method described in WO 1996/26647. Oil and fats derived from natural products include marine oils (e.g., fish oils such as saury oil, fats and oils of mammals such as earless seal and whale), and microbial oils. As described below, fish oils have a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms or more. Therefore, it is preferred that the active ingredient in the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention is derived from fish oils (e.g. saury oil). In addition, free monounsaturated fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and esters other than glycerides can be prepared by known methods using, for example, the glyceride described above as the raw material.

(18) For example, saury crude oil is typically taken by the following method, similar to other fish oils. Whole saury or the processed residues such as fish heads, skins, backbones, and viscus gained by fish processing are crushed, steamed and simmered, and then squeezed to separate them into broth (stickwater, SW) and squeezed meal. The oil and fat obtained together with the broth are separated from the broth by centrifugal separation.

(19) The Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2015 Version (Seven Revised Edition) describes that fatty acids of saury (with skins, raw) contain 26.0 wt % of docosenoic acid (C22:1), 17.6 wt % of icosenoic acid (C20:1), and the total amount of monounsaturated fatty acids is 54.2 wt %. Saury oil is characterized by having a larger content of monounsaturated fatty acids among fish oils.

(20) The crude oil of fish oil is converted to a refined fish oil by purification steps such as degum, deacid, bleaching, and deodorizing. The refined fish oil can also be used as a source for the ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof.

(21) In one aspect, an oil having higher concentration of the monounsaturated fatty acid may be used as a source for the ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof. In this case, an MUFA concentrated triglyceride can be obtained by a method of concentrating using a lipase reaction, or a method of ethyl-esterificating of the monounsaturated fatty acid and concentrating the ethyl ester, and then trans-esterifying with glycerin to reconstitute into the triglyceride.

(22) Monounsaturated fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms or more include monounsaturated fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms (C20:1) (for example, C20:1 n-11, C20:1 n-9, and C20:1 n-7), monounsaturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms (C22:1) (for example, C22:1 n-11, C22:1 n-9, C22:1 n-7, and C22:1 n-13), and monounsaturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms (C24:1) (for example, C24:1 n-9). In a preferred aspect, the active ingredient of the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention is an ingredient selected from C20:1, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof, an ingredient selected from C22:1, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof, or combination thereof.

(23) The content of C22:1 and C20:1 varies depending on the type of fish. Examples of fish with the high content of C22:1 and C20:1 include fish of Scomberesocidae such as saury, fish of Gadidae such as Pacific cod, Alaska pollock, Atlantic cod, and Sablefish, fish of Salmonida such as Chum salmon, Silver salmon, Sockeye salmon, pink salmon, Atlantic Salmon, and Rainbow trout, fish of Osmeriformes such as Capellin and Smelt, and Clupeidae such as Pacific herring. In addition, a relatively large amount of LC-MUFAs is also contained in fish such as Sand lance, tuna, Mackerel, and Alfonsino. A large amount of LC-MUFAs is also contained in liver oil of sharks such as spiny dogfish, basking shark, and silver chimaera. In an embodiment of the present invention, fish oils prepared from these fish can be used as they are, or can be used after purifying or concentrating.

(24) The ratio of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more to the total fatty acids in the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention is 10 wt % or greater, for example, 11 wt % or greater, 12 wt % or greater, 13 wt % or greater, 14 wt % or greater, 15 wt % or greater, 16 wt % or greater, 17 wt % or greater, 18 wt % or greater, 19 wt % or greater, 20 wt % or greater, 21 wt % or greater, 22 wt % or greater, 23 wt % or greater, 24 wt % or greater, 25 wt % or greater, 26 wt % or greater, 27 wt % or greater, 28 wt % or greater, 29 wt % or greater, 30 wt % or greater, 40 wt % or greater, 50 wt % or greater, 60 wt % or greater, 70 wt % or greater, 80 wt % or greater, or 90 wt % or greater.

(25) In an embodiment of the present specification, the ratio of the fatty acid to the total fatty acids in the composition (wt %) is calculated by the value measured by gas chromatography after esterifying the ingredient in the composition according to AOCS official method Ce1b-89, unless otherwise specified. By the content of fatty acids, it also means the ratio of the fatty acid (wt %) to the total fatty acids described above. The analytical conditions used for gas chromatography are listed below.

(26) Instrument: Agilent 6890 GC system (Agilent Technologies)

(27) Column: DB-WAX (Agilent Technologies, 30 m×0.25 mm ID, 0.25 μm film thickness)

(28) Carrier gas: helium (1.0 mL/min, constant flow)

(29) Inlet temperature: 250° C.

(30) Injected quantity of sample: 1 μL

(31) Injection method: split

(32) Split ratio: 20:1

(33) Column oven: 180° C.—3° C./min—230° C.

(34) Detector: FID

(35) Detector temperature: 250° C.

(36) Examples of salts of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more in an embodiment of the present invention include potassium salts and sodium salts. In addition, examples of esters of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more include esters of a lower alcohol having 5 carbon atoms or less (for example, methyl esters, ethyl esters, n-propyl esters, i-propyl esters, n-butyl esters, s-butyl esters, t-butyl esters, and n-pentyl esters), esters with glycerin such as monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides (i.e., glycerides), and phospholipids. In a preferred aspect, the active ingredient of the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention is a glyceride containing a monounsaturated fatty acid having from 20 carbon atoms or more as the constituent fatty acid, and more preferably triglycerides.

(37) As the monounsaturated fatty acid having from 20 carbon atoms or more in the present invention, oils and fats derived from natural products containing free monounsaturated fatty acids having from 20 carbon atoms or more can be used as they are, or can be used after purifying or concentrating. In addition, as esters of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, oil and fats derived from natural products containing a glyceride containing monounsaturated fatty acids having from 20 carbon atoms or more as the constituent fatty acid can be used as they are, or can be used after purifying or concentrating.

(38) Furthermore, a fractionated oil obtained by esterifying oil and fats derived from natural products and then fractionating them by high performance liquid chromatography can be used as esters of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more. Fractionated oils include C20:1 concentrated fractionated oils, C22:1 concentrated fractionated oils, and C24:1 concentrated fractionated oils.

(39) The composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention may further include an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. In this case, the area ratio of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid to the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid is 4.0 or greater, for example, 5.0 or greater, 6.0 or greater, 7.0 or greater, 8.0 or greater, 9.0 or greater, or 10.0 or greater. In the present specification, the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms or more and having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and having the first double bond between the third and the fourth carbon atoms, numbering from the carbon of methyl group in the terminal of fatty acid chain. Examples include α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3), octadecatetraenoic acid (C18:4 n-3), eicosatetraenoic acid (C20:4 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). In addition, the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms or more and having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and having the first double bond between the sixth and the seventh carbon atoms, numbering from the carbon of methyl group in the terminal of fatty acid chain. Examples include linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6). In the present specification, the area ratio of the fatty acid refers to the ratio of the peak area detected by gas chromatography after esterifying the fatty acid in the composition according to AOCS official method Ce1b-89. The analytical conditions used for gas chromatography are listed above.

(40) In an embodiment of the present invention, improving vascular endothelial function refers to improving the function of vascular endothelial cells, for example, improving the function of regulating vasoconstriction and relaxation of vascular walls by secreting vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin. As methods for assessing the function of such vascular endothelial cells (vascular endothelial function), for example, strain-gauged plethysmography, FMD (flow-mediated dilatation), and RH-PAT (reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry) are known (“Guideline for the Noninvasive Assessment of Vascular Function”, guideline 2013 for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease, p. 3 to 112, The Japanese Circulation Society). In a preferred aspect of the invention, FMD is used for assessing vascular endothelial function. The FMD value (%) is the ratio of the maximum expanded width to the resting vessel diameter and is calculated by the following equation:
FMD Value (%)=maximum expanded width (mm)/resting vessel diameter (mm)×100

(41) The composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention can be used as a composition for improving Flow Mediated Dilation, because the composition can improve the FMD value.

(42) The test in the Examples described below is directed to healthy individuals. Improving FMD value in the test is not meant to treat diseases such as arteriosclerosis, but may further encourage normal vascular endothelial function or improve the condition of vascular endothelial disorders, and thereby reduce the risk of suffering from a disease due to vascular endothelial disorders. Thus, in one aspect, the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention is a composition for reducing the possibility of suffering from a disease due to vascular endothelial disorders. Here, vascular endothelial disorders refer to a condition in which arterial sclerosis has not been achieved, but the vascular endothelial function is reduced. For example, even if no atherosclerotic plaque is found in the blood vessel, it is suspected to be vascular endothelial disorder when the FMD value is less than 5%. The disease due to vascular endothelial disorders includes cardiovascular diseases such as arterial sclerosis, hypertension, periodontal disease, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.

(43) The subject for administering the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention is a mammal, and preferably a human. The age of the subject to be administered is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention can be achieved. In one aspect, the age of the subject to be administered is 20 or greater, for example, 25 or greater, 30 or greater, 35 or greater, 40 or greater, 45 or greater, 50 or greater, 55 or greater, and 60 or greater.

(44) When the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, or an ester thereof is administered to a subject having a FMD value of less than 6%, the effect of improving the FMD value may be more significant. Thus, in one aspect, the subject for administering the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention has an FMD value of less than 6%. For example, the age of the subject to be administered may be 20 or greater, for example, 25 or greater, 30 or greater, 35 or greater, 40 or greater, 45 or greater, 50 or greater, 55 or greater, and 60 or greater and the subject may have an FMD value of less than 6%.

(45) The composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention can be prepared in the form suitable for a pharmaceutical composition, a food composition (for example, functional food products, health food products, and supplements), various solid formulations such as a granule (including a dry syrup), a capsule (soft capsule or hard capsule), a tablet (including a chewable tablet), a powder (a powder formulation), and a pill, or liquid formulations such as oral liquid formulations (including a liquid, a suspension, and a syrup). For example, the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention can be formulated as a soft capsule in which a purified fish oil is filled into a gelatin coating.

(46) Examples of additives that help with formulation include excipients, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, fluidization agents, dispersing agents, wetting agents, preservatives, thickening agents, pH adjusting agents, colorants, corrigents, surfactants, and solubilization agents. Additionally, prepared as a liquid formulation, thickening agents such as pectin, xanthan gum, guar gum, and the like can be compounded. Moreover, the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention can be formed into a coated tablet formulation by using a coating agent, or be formed into a paste-like gelatin formulation. Furthermore, even when preparing the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention in other forms, it is sufficient to follow known methods.

(47) The composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention can take the form of a food composition. In an embodiment of the present invention, the food composition means general food products including beverages. The food composition includes foods for specified health uses and foods with nutrient function defined in the health-promoting food regulations of the Consumer Affairs Agency in addition to general food products including health food products such as supplements. For example, functional food products are provided that have an indication that they have an improved effect on vascular endothelial function. For example, fish oil-containing food products can be provided as are. The food composition according to an embodiment of the present invention also includes a food material for imparting an improved effect in vascular endothelial function by adding, mixing or applying to other food products. In addition to food products, it can also be provided as animal feeds or the like.

(48) When the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention is in the form of a food product, the food product is not particularly limited. The food product may be beverages, confectionaries, breads, or soups. Examples include common retort foods, frozen food, ready-to-drink (such as noodles), cans, sausage, cookies, biscuits, cereal bars, crackers, snacks (such as potato chips), pastry, cakes, pies, candies, chewing gum (including pellets and sticks), jellies, soups, ices, dressings, yogurts, or the like, supplements in the form of a tablet, a capsule, and an emulsion, and soft drinks. The method for manufacturing these food products is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention is not impaired, and may be according to the method used by the person skilled in the art for each food products.

(49) It is within the scope of the invention to display the benefits according to an embodiment of the composition for improving vascular endothelial function according to an embodiment of the present invention in packaging containers, product instructions, and brochures and to sell the products according to the present invention. It is also within the scope of the present invention to display the benefits of the present invention on television, Internet websites, brochures, newspaper, magazines, and to advertise and sell the products according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(50) The amount of the ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof ingested by the subject in an embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, the ingredient is ingested in an amount equal to or greater than the effective amount for obtaining the desired effect. Here, the effective amount for obtaining the desired effect refers to the amount required to improve vascular endothelial function. For example, in the case of an adult, depending on the conditions such as age, weight, and health conditions of the subject, 2 mg/kg weight/day or greater, for example, 3 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 4 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 5 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 6 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 7 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 8 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 9 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 10 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 11 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 12 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 13 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 14 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 15 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 16 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 17 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 18 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 19 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 20 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 21 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 22 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 23 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 24 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 25 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 30 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 40 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 50 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 100 mg/kg weight/day or greater, or 200 mg/kg weight/day or greater of the active ingredient based on the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more can be ingested for 4 weeks or more, for example, 5 weeks or more, 6 weeks or more, 7 weeks or more, 8 weeks or more, 9 weeks or more, 10 weeks or more, 11 weeks or more, 12 weeks or more. In addition, since the ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof does not have a strong side effect, there is no restriction on the daily amount of ingestion.

(51) Composition for Improving Sleep

(52) The present invention also provides a composition for improving sleep, comprising an ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof as an active ingredient (hereinafter may be referred to as “composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention”).

(53) The monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, or an ester thereof used in an embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as they may be acceptable for pharmaceutical use or food use. The glyceride containing the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more as the constituent fatty acid can be produced by known methods. For example, the glyceride can be also produced as oils and fats derived from natural products by the boiling and extracting method described in WO 1996/26647. Oils and fats derived from natural products include marine oils (e.g., fish oils such as saury oil, oils and fats of mammals such as earless seal and whale), and microbial oils. As described below, fish oils have a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms or more. Therefore, it is preferred that the active ingredient in the composition for improving sleep of the present invention is derived from fish oils (e.g. saury oil). In addition, free monounsaturated fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and esters other than glycerides can be prepared by known methods using, for example, the glyceride described above as the raw material.

(54) For example, saury crude oil is typically taken by the following method, similar to other fish oils. Whole saury or the processed residues such as fish heads, skins, backbones, and viscera generated by fish processing are crushed, steamed and simmered, and then squeezed to separate them into broth (stickwater, SW) and squeezed meal. The oil and fat obtained together with the broth are separated from the broth by centrifugal separation.

(55) The Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2015 Version (Seven Revised Edition) describes that fatty acids of saury (with skins, raw) contain 26.0 wt % of docosenoic acid (C22:1), 17.6 wt % of icosenoic acid (C20:1), and the total amount of monounsaturated fatty acids is 54.2 wt %. Saury oil is characterized by having a larger content of monounsaturated fatty acids among fish oils.

(56) The crude oil of fish oil is converted to a refined fish oil by purification steps such as degum, deacid, bleaching, and deodorizing. The refined fish oil can also be used as a source for the ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof.

(57) In one aspect, an oil having higher concentration of the monounsaturated fatty acid may be used as a source for the ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof. In this case, an MUFA concentrated triglyceride can be obtained by a method of concentrating using a lipase reaction, or a method of ethyl-esterificating the monounsaturated fatty acid and concentrating the ethyl ester, and then trans-esterifying with glycerin to reconstitute into the triglyceride.

(58) Monounsaturated fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms or more include monounsaturated fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms (C20:1) (for example, C20:1 n-11, C20:1 n-9, and C20:1 n-7), monounsaturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms (C22:1) (for example, C22:1 n-11, C22:1 n-9, C22:1 n-7, and C22:1 n-13), and monounsaturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms (C24:1) (for example, C24:1 n-9). In a preferred aspect, the active ingredient of the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention is an ingredient selected from C20:1, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof, an ingredient selected from C22:1, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof, or combination thereof.

(59) The content of C22:1 and C20:1 varies depending on the type of fish. Examples of fish with the high content of C22:1 and C20:1 include fish of Scomberesocidae such as saury, fish of Gadidae such as Pacific cod, Alaska pollock, Atlantic cod, and Sablefish, fish of Salmonida such as Chum salmon, Silver salmon, Sockeye salmon, pink salmon, Atlantic Salmon, and Rainbow trout, fish of Osmeriformes such as Capellin and Smelt, and Clupeidae such as Pacific herring. In addition, a relatively large amount of LC-MUFAs is also contained in fish such as Sand lance, tuna, Mackerel, and Alfonsino. A large amount of LC-MUFAs is also contained in liver oil of sharks such as spiny dogfish, basking shark, and silver chimaera. In an embodiment of the present invention, fish oils prepared from these fish can be used as they are, or can be used after purifying or concentrating.

(60) The ratio of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more to the total fatty acids in the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention is 10 wt % or greater, for example, 11 wt % or greater, 12 wt % or greater, 13 wt % or greater, 14 wt % or greater, 15 wt % or greater, 16 wt % or greater, 17 wt % or greater, 18 wt % or greater, 19 wt % or greater, 20 wt % or greater, 21 wt % or greater, 22 wt % or greater, 23 wt % or greater, 24 wt % or greater, 25 wt % or greater, 26 wt % or greater, 27 wt % or greater, 28 wt % or greater, 29 wt % or greater, 30 wt % or greater, 40 wt % or greater, 50 wt % or greater, 60 wt % or greater, 70 wt % or greater, 80 wt % or greater, or 90 wt % or greater.

(61) Note that, in the present specification, the ratio of the fatty acid to the total fatty acids in the composition (wt %) is calculated by the value measured by gas chromatography after esterifying the ingredient in the composition according to “Manual for Analyzing the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, Five Revised and Enlarged Edition” (the document in Resource Survey Subcommitttee, Science and Technology, and Academic Council, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2004)). By the content of fatty acids, it also means the ratio of the fatty acid (wt %) to the total fatty acids described above. The analytical conditions used for gas chromatography are listed below.

(62) Instrument: Agilent 6890 GC system (Agilent Technologies)

(63) Column: DB-WAX (Agilent Technologies, 30 m×0.25 mm ID, 0.25 μm film thickness)

(64) Carrier gas: helium (1.0 mL/min, constant flow)

(65) Inlet temperature: 250° C.

(66) Injected quantity of sample: 1 μL

(67) Injection method: split

(68) Split ratio: 20:1

(69) Column oven: 180° C.—3° C./min—230° C.

(70) Detector: FID

(71) Detector temperature: 250° C.

(72) Examples of salts of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more in an embodiment of the present invention include potassium salts and sodium salts. In addition, examples of esters of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more include esters of a lower alcohol having 5 carbon atoms or less (for example, methyl esters, ethyl esters, n-propyl esters, i-propyl esters, n-butyl esters, s-butyl esters, t-butyl esters, and n-pentyl esters), esters with glycerin such as monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides (i.e., glycerides), and phospholipids. In a preferred aspect, the active ingredient of the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention is a glyceride containing a monounsaturated fatty acid having from 20 carbon atoms or more as the constituent fatty acid, and more preferably a triglyceride.

(73) As the monounsaturated fatty acid having from 20 carbon atoms or more in the present invention, oils and fats derived from natural products containing free monounsaturated fatty acids having from 20 carbons or more can be used as they are, or can be used after purifying or concentrating. In addition, as esters of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, oils and fats derived from natural products containing monounsaturated fatty acids having from 20 carbon atoms or more as the constituent fatty acid can be used as they are, or can be used after purifying or concentrating.

(74) Furthermore, a fractionated oil obtained by esterifying oils and fats derived from natural products and then fractionating them by high performance liquid chromatography can be used as esters of the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more. Fractionated oils include C20:1 concentrated fractionated oils, C22:1 concentrated fractionated oils, and C24:1 concentrated fractionated oils.

(75) The composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention may further include an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. In this case, the area ratio of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid to the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid is 4.0 or greater, for example, 5.0 or greater, 6.0 or greater, 7.0 or greater, 8.0 or greater, 9.0 or greater, or 10.0 or greater. In the present specification, the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms or more and having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and having the first double bond between third and fourth carbon atom, numbering from the carbon of methyl group in the terminal of fatty acid chain. Examples include α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3), octadecatetraenoic acid (C18:4 n-3), eicosatetraenoic acid (C20:4 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). In addition, the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms or more and having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and having the first double bond between sixth and seventh carbon atom, numbering from the carbon of methyl group in the terminal of fatty acid chain. Examples include linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6). In the present specification, the area ratio of the fatty acid refers to the ratio of the peak area detected by gas chromatography after esterifying the fatty acid in the composition according to AOCS official method Ce1b-89. The analytical conditions used for gas chromatography are listed above.

(76) In an embodiment of the present invention, improving sleep means improving sleep quality, and does not include treatment of sleep disorders, including insomnia and hyperdrosis. Improving sleep includes improving subjective symptoms, for example, improving the mood in morning awake, ease of sleep, and the depth of sleep. In one aspect, the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention is for improving awake.

(77) The subject for administering the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention is a mammal, and preferably a human.

(78) The composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention can be prepared in the form suitable for a pharmaceutical composition, a food composition (for example, functional food products, health food products, and supplements), various solid formulations such as a granule (including a dry syrup), a capsule (soft capsule or hard capsule), a tablet (including a chewable tablet), a powder (a powder formulation), and a pill, or liquid formulations such as oral liquid formulations (including a liquid, a suspension, and a syrup). For example, the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention can be formulated as a soft capsule in which a purified fish oil is filled into a gelatin coating.

(79) Examples of additives that help with formulation include excipients, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, fluidization agents, dispersing agents, wetting agents, preservatives, thickening agents, pH adjusting agents, colorants, corrigents, surfactants, and solubilization agents. Additionally, prepared as a liquid formulation, thickening agents such as pectin, xanthan gum, guar gum, and the like can be compounded. Moreover, the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention can be formed into a coated tablet formulation by using a coating agent, or be formed into a paste-like gelatin formulation. Furthermore, even when preparing the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention in other forms, it is sufficient to follow known methods.

(80) The composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention can take the form of a food composition. In an embodiment of the present invention, the food composition means general food products including beverages. The food composition includes foods for specified health uses and foods with nutrient function defined in the health-promoting food regulations of the Consumer Affairs Agency in addition to general food products including health food products such as supplements. For example, functional food products are provided that have an indication that they have an improved effect on sleep. For example, fish oil-containing food products can be provided as is. The food composition according to an embodiment of the present invention also includes a food material for imparting an improved effect in sleep by adding, mixing or applying to other food products. In addition to food products, it can also be provided as animal feeds or the like.

(81) When the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention is in the form of a food product, the food product is not particularly limited. The food product may be beverages, confectionaries, breads, or soups. Examples include common retort foods, frozen food, ready-to-drink (such as noodles), cans, sausage, cookies, biscuits, cereal bars, crackers, snacks (such as potato chips), pastry, cakes, pies, candies, chewing gum (including pellets and sticks), jellies, soups, ices, dressings, yogurts, or the like, supplements in the form of a tablet, a capsule, and an emulsion, and soft drinks. The method for manufacturing these food products is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention is not impaired, and may be according to the method used by the person skilled in the art for each food products.

(82) It is within the scope of the invention to display the benefits of the composition for improving sleep according to an embodiment of the present invention in packaging containers, product instructions, and brochures and to sell the products according to the present invention. It is also within the scope of the present invention to display the benefits of the present invention on television, Internet websites, brochures, newspaper, magazines, and to advertise and sell the products according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(83) The amount of the ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof, and an ester thereof ingested by the subject in an embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, the ingredient is ingested in an amount equal to or greater than the effective amount for obtaining the desired effect. Here, the effective amount for obtaining the desired effect refers to the amount required to improve sleep. For example, in the case of an adult, depending on the conditions such as age, weight, and health conditions of the subject, 2 mg/kg weight/day or greater, for example, 3 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 4 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 5 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 6 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 7 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 8 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 9 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 10 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 11 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 12 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 13 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 14 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 15 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 16 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 17 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 18 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 19 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 20 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 21 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 22 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 23 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 24 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 25 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 30 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 40 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 50 mg/kg weight/day or greater, 100 mg/kg weight/day or greater, or 200 mg/kg weight/day or greater of the active ingredient based on the monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more can be ingested for 4 weeks or more, for example, 5 weeks or more, 6 weeks or more, 7 weeks or more, 8 weeks or more, 9 weeks or more, 10 weeks or more, 11 weeks or more, 12 weeks or more. In addition, since the ingredient selected from a monounsaturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms or more, a salt thereof does not have a strong side effect, there is no restriction on the daily amount of ingestion.

EXAMPLES

(84) The present invention is described specifically below by citing Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples.

(85) Note that in the Examples, the value represented in % is wt %, unless otherwise indicated.

(Example 1) Intervention Study 1

(86) (1) Test Method

(87) a) Test Food Product: the capsule containing 0.35 g of fish oils derived from saury (containing about 29% of LC-MUFA to all fatty acids (27 wt % to the total weight of the fish oils) and the can of baked saury with salt (commercially available from Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd.).

(88) Fatty acid compositions of purified saury oil in the capsule and the can of baked saury with salt are shown in Table 1. The fatty acid composition of the purified saury oil was calculated by the value measured by gas chromatography after esterifying the ingredient in the composition according to AOCS official method Ce1b-89. The fatty acid composition of the can of baked saury with salt is the result of analysis by the Japan Food Research Laboratories. The analytical conditions for gas chromatography according to AOCS official method Ce1b-89 are listed below.

(89) Instrument: Agilent 6890 GC system (Agilent Technologies)

(90) Column: DB-WAX (Agilent Technologies, 30 m×0.25 mm ID, 0.25 μm film thickness)

(91) Carrier gas: helium (1.0 mL/min, constant flow)

(92) Inlet temperature: 250° C.

(93) Injected quantity of sample: 1 μL

(94) Injection method: split

(95) Split ratio: 20:1

(96) Column oven: 180° C.—3° C./min—230° C.

(97) Detector: FID

(98) Detector temperature: 250° C.

(99) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Can of baked saury with salt Purified saury oil Fatty acid (Lot. 120823) composition Fatty acid (%) composition Fatty acid Broth Solid Fatty acid (%) C14:0 6.1 5.7 C14:0 6.7 C16:0 9.9 10.7 C16:0 11.2 C16:1n7 3.0 2.9 C16:1n-7 2.7 C18:0 1.6 1.9 C18:0 1.7 C18:1n9 5.0 4.7 C18:1n-9 5.2 C18:1n7 1.0 1.0 C18:1n-7 1.0 C18:2n6 1.6 1.4 C18:2n-6 1.7 C18:3n3 1.4 1.2 C18:3n-3 1.6 C18:4n3 4.7 4.2 C18:4n-3 5.9 C20:0 0.2 0.2 C20:0 0.2 C20:1n11 13.3 12.4 C20:1n-11 10.3 C20:1n9 2.7 2.8 C20:1n-9 2.7 C20:1n7 0.2 0.2 C20:1n-7 0.2 C20:4n6 0.4 0.5 C20:4n-6 0.6 C20:4n3 1.1 1.0 C20:4n-3 1.2 C20:5n3 7.1 6.3 C20:5n-3 6.3 C22:1n11 17.7 17.2 C22:1n-11 15.4 C22:1n9 0.7 0.7 C22:1n-9 0.6 C22:1n7 0.2 0.2 C22:1n-7 0.2 C22:5n3 1.5 1.5 C22:5n-3 1.3 C22:6n3 12.3 15.0 C22:6n-3 11.8 C24:0 0.9 0.9 others 11.6 others 7.7 7.5 LCMUFA 29.4 LCMUFA 34.6 33.5 EPA + DHA + DPA 19.4 EPA + DHA + DPA 20.9 22.8

(100) The general ingredient table and fatty acid contents of the capsule of saury oil are shown in Table 2. The general ingredient table and fatty acid contents of the can of baked saury with salt are shown in Table 3. Analytical results (acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, and lipid composition) of the purified saury oil in the capsules are shown in Table 4.

(101) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 <Capsule of saury oil> General ingredient table (per 12 capsules) Calorie 45 kcal Protein 1.4 g Lipid 4.2 g Carbohydrate 0.2 g Sodium 1.1 mg Fatty acid per 12 composition (%) capsules C20:1 13.2 518 mg C22:1 16.2 635 mg EPA 6.3 246 mg DHA 11.8 449 mg LC-MUFA 29.4 1153 mg EPA + DHA 18.1 695 mg

(102) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 <Can of baked saury with salt> General ingredient table (per one 75-g can) Moisture 44 g Protein 14.9 g Lipid 14.6 g Carbohydrate 0 g Ash 1.5 g Calorie 191 kcal Sodium 214 mg Salt equivalent (expressed as sodium) 0.7 g Fatty acid composition and content in solid Fatty acid Content composition (%) (g/can) C20:1 15.4 2.25 C22:1 18.1 2.64 EPA 6.3 0.92 DHA 15 2.19 LC-MUFA 33.5 4.89 EPA + DHA 21.3 3.11

(103) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Analytical results of the saury oil [Sample] Sample 1. Purified saury oil (Lot. 120823) [Analyzing items] Items Analyzing method Acid value Ph. Eur. Peroxide value Ph. Eur. p-anisidine value Ph. Eur. Lipid composition TLC-FID [Result of analysis] Analyzing items Sample 1 Acid value 0.03 Peroxide value 0.6 meq/kg p-anisidine value 6.8 Lipid composition TAG 98.0% FFA 0.0% DAG 2.0% MAG 0.0% PL 0.0%

(104) b) Subjects: 49 healthy adult individuals including students of the Tokushima University having age of 20 or more were divided two groups (a capsule ingestion group and a can ingestion group). As the capsule ingestion group, 24 individuals having age of 22 in average (average weight: 53.2 kg (before ingestion) and 52.9 kg (after ingestion)) were participated in. As the can ingestion group, 25 individuals having age of 21 in average (average weight: 53.3 kg (before ingestion) and 53.0 kg (after ingestion)) were participated in (Tables 7-1 and 7-2). During the study, one individual of the capsule ingestion group stopped the test because neutral fat showed high value, and one individual in the can ingestion group was excluded because of the violation of the intake criteria.

(105) c) Test condition: the capsule ingestion group ingested 12 capsules per day for 4 weeks. The can ingestion group ingested at a rate of 4 cans per a week for a total of 4 weeks. The 12 capsules contained 4.2 g of saury oil. The subjects would ingest about 1.1 gas LC-MUFA per day. The can of baked saury with salt contained about 15 g of oils and fats per one can (75 g). The subjects would ingest about 4.9 g as LC-MUFA per day.

(106) Blood test and biochemistry tests, QOL questionnaires, and vascular endothelial function measurements were taken before the start of the study and at 4 weeks after ingestion.

(107) Blood test and biochemistry tests were performed on SRL Corporation.

(108) QOL questionnaires were conducted with VAS (visual analogue scale) for six questionnaires (fasting, swell, fatigue, wakefulness, tasty, and enjoyment). Subjects answered their current states in the rate of 0 to 100 for each questionnaire. For example, for wakefulness, it is a relative quantified evaluation of the mood upon wake-up of the subject when the condition in which the subject can wake up comfortably in the morning is taken as 100, and the condition in which the subject can not wake up comfortably at all is taken as 0. Higher values indicate the improvement of awake.

(109) Vascular endothelial function was evaluated by measuring FMD values using a Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) test device UNEX EF (manufactured by UNEX corporation). The FMD Value (%) was calculated by maximum expanded width (mm)/resting vessel diameter (mm)×100.

(110) Statistical software Graphpad Prism (from MDF Co., Ltd.) was used for statistical processing. Multiple groups of tests were performed using a one-way variance analysis method, and a Tukey's multiple comparisons test was used for the multiple comparison test. For intergroup comparison between two groups, unpaired t-test which is an independent comparison of two groups was used. For intragroup comparison, paired t-test which is a dependent comparison of two groups was used.

(111) d) Run time: From Apr. 5, 2016 to Jun. 30, 2016

(112) (2) Test Results

(113) (2-1) FMD Test

(114) As shown in Table 5 and FIGS. 1-1 and 1-2, significant improvement of FMD values was observed for both groups compared to before ingestion and at 4 weeks after the start of ingestion of the capsule or the can. The improvement in FMD value of about 44% was observed in the capsule ingestion group. The improvement in FMD value of about 12% was observed in the can ingestion group.

(115) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Individual data representing changes in FMD values of subjects before and after ingestion in the capsule group and the can group Before After After ID ingestion ingestion washout Capsule group 1 10.2 13.2  5.5 2 3.3 18.4 12.8 3 4.5 8.4  6.6 4 13.5 17.1 n.t. 5 6.9 9.5 10.2 6 8.3 15.3 n.t. 7 13 15.1 16   8 6.2 16.1 13.8 9 9.1 10.3 n.t. 10 8.4 10.8 n.t. 11 5 10.9 n.t. 12 7.4 9.7 n.t. 13 16.6 16 n.t. 14 11.9 11.9 n.t. 15 6 10.9 n.t. 16 7.3 6.1 n.t. 17 12.3 19.9 n.t. 18 10.1 6.6 n.t. 19 4.3 5.8 n.t. 20 8.7 16 n.t. 21 8.6 12.8 n.t. 22 6.3 6.3 n.t. 23 8.1 12.9 n.t. av 8.5 12.2 Can group 24 14.5 19.2 n.t. 25 13 20.7 14.3 26 2.9 1.9 n.t. 27 10.9 11.7 n.t. 28 10.5 9.4 n.t. 29 8.7 8.8 n.t. 30 14 15.9 n.t. 31 8.4 8.1 n.t. 32 12.6 12.1 n.t. 33 6.4 16.4 10.1 34 5.1 7 n.t. 35 8.3 8.9 13.1 36 11.1 11.3 n.t. 37 10.8 7.6 n.t. 38 16.1 15.6 n.t. 39 7.5 10.5 n.t. 40 5.9 8.8 n.t. 41 5.9 10.6 n.t. 42 12.1 10.1 n.t. 43 14.6 10.1 n.t. 44 5.9 8.8 n.t. 45 9.5 11.3 n.t. 46 11.3 8.1 n.t. av 9.8 11.0 av: Average value; n.t.: Not tested

(116) In addition, for nine subjects in which the increase of FMD value was observed, the FMD value was measured again by providing a washout period of 4 weeks after the end of ingestion. As a result, as illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 and 1-4, a tendency was observed in which the FMD value declined after the washout period. This confirmed that the ingestion of fish oil likely increased the FMD value.

(117) In addition, when data was analyzed for subjects having FMD values of less than 6% before ingestion and suspected vascular endothelial disorder, both groups tended to increase FMD values after ingestion. This suggests that the ingestion of saury oil may not only increase vascular endothelial function in subjects with FMD values within normal range, but also improve vascular endothelial disorders in subjects with FMD values outside of normal range. Also, since the saury oil is enriched in LC-MUFA, the possibility that LC-MUFA influences vascular endothelium and improves vascular endothelial function was shown.

(118) (2-2) QOL Questionnaires

(119) As shown in Tables 6-1 and 6-2 and FIG. 2, awaking was improved in the capsule group.

(120) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6-1 Individual data representing results of QOL questionnaires before and after ingestion of subjects in capsule group Capsule group Fasting Swell Fatigue Wakefulness Tastiness Enjoyment Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After ID ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion 1 88 48 49 59 10 30 41 31 97 100 97 100 2 87 81 18 32 40 8 6 72 100 100 100 100 3 24 62 82 23 72 25 23 75 92 93 92 93 4 81 23 30 49 14 90 81 99 99 100 93 100 5 21 0 70 100 18 85 15 31 100 100 99 100 6 51 44 83 44 84 46 17 80 86 15 100 15 7 13 98 86 97 46 75 32 100 100 98 100 99 8 50 45 78 94 35 20 35 19 87 84 89 85 9 79 49 14 29 58 22 74 77 79 77 80 79 10 58 80 9 50 31 55 19 69 89 91 99 97 11 91 78 89 41 25 74 48 30 95 94 98 97 12 42 36 15 50 15 29 17 16 80 69 81 90 13 21 49 78 42 34 42 48 40 98 60 98 60 14 14 100 100 100 79 100 80 85 100 100 100 100 15 45 42 53 63 56 52 77 44 99 86 99 87 16 78 83 19 94 63 52 96 95 95 96 96 96 17 48 91 90 45 71 93 95 94 95 94 70 68 18 37 86 61 85 60 65 93 76 100 100 100 100 19 39 60 37 36 43 44 19 33 86 74 84 91 20 35 49 50 49 50 50 30 28 65 50 76 81 21 20 47 2 47 47 63 30 79 96 99 98 99 22 9 82 100 0 24 83 33 61 100 100 100 100 23 30 65 61 63 20 37 60 47 67 77 78 82

(121) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6-2 Individual data representing results of QOL questionnaires before and after ingestion of subjects in can group Can Fasting Swell Fatigue Wakefulness Tastiness Enjoyment ID Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After 24 78 72 99 50 74 50 98 50 99 99 99 99 25 79 70 45 74 42 45 26 34 92 91 94 91 26 23 41 22 40 51 49 77 88 76 70 61 70 27 89 77 92 92 91 83 95 84 100 95 100 96 28 21 31 45 59 36 31 34 88 73 88 73 87 29 51 12 19 74 68 47 46 48 86 72 84 77 30 10 27 48 19 1 21 29 68 100 100 100 100 31 96 19 91 92 51 17 74 63 99 100 99 100 32 49 49 97 28 3 25 12 25 96 98 98 85 33 80 79 56 67 63 77 93 88 90 85 91 86 34 21 30 21 6 78 47 77 82 80 39 90 61 35 47 45 49 88 39 34 50 60 77 60 79 82 36 50 81 83 82 27 72 84 83 96 96 97 97 37 89 78 85 21 50 22 11 19 95 89 96 87 38 86 24 47 77 72 46 97 47 98 95 98 96 39 97 99 97 97 74 96 98 96 97 97 95 98 40 81 73 26 72 48 87 98 99 97 97 96 96 41 27 68 88 22 40 66 20 76 94 91 98 93 42 21 22 62 37 23 67 93 79 93 78 91 86 43 72 80 22 59 42 61 75 85 100 81 100 100 44 85 79 92 97 71 91 63 56 100 100 100 100 45 100 22 56 15 52 88 52 50 82 87 82 87 46 95 90 95 90 52 8 92 66 94 65 94 68 47 33 64 53 63 57 22 67 63 100 99 100 99
(2-3) Body Composition Measurement

(122) Body composition evaluations (weight, body fat, fat removal mass, muscle mass, body moisture content, and BMI) were measured using a Dual Frequency Total Body Composition Analyzer (DC—320, available from TANITA corporation). As shown in Tables 7-1 and 7-2 and FIG. 3, the capsule group significantly reduced body fat percentage.

(123) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 7-1 Individual data representing changes in body composition of subjects before and after ingestion in capsule group Body fat Age (year-old) Height (cm) Weight (kg) percentage (%) Fat mass (kg) Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After ID ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion 1 21 21 161.0 161.0 51.4 50.5 27.7 27.4 14.2 13.8 2 21 21 156.0 156.0 50.1 50.1 31 32.2 15.5 16.1 3 21 21 166.0 166.0 47 47.1 23.7 24.5 11.1 11.5 4 20 20 168.0 168.0 47.5 46.9 23.9 23.7 11.4 11.1 5 24 24 165.2 165.0 64.3 64.3 36 35.3 23.1 22.7 6 20 20 173.0 173.8 69 70.0 18.7 18.3 12.9 12.8 7 23 23 164.5 164.7 54.1 53.7 25.8 23.7 14 12.7 8 22 22 153.0 153.0 42.2 42.6 22.1 21.3 9.3 9.1 9 21 22 159.0 159.0 60.1 61.9 32.8 33.2 19.7 20.6 10 20 20 157.0 157.0 46.8 46.5 27.6 26.6 12.9 12.4 11 20 21 166.0 166.0 55.1 54.7 28.1 26.4 15.5 14.4 12 20 20 163.4 163.4 57.7 57.2 29 28.4 16.7 16.2 13 21 21 157.5 157.5 50.6 49.6 29.1 28.2 14.7 14 14 22 22 163.0 163.5 49 48.2 22.3 22 10.9 10.6 15 21 21 170.8 170.8 61.5 62.3 12.9 14.2 7.9 8.8 16 33 33 168.0 168.0 56.2 54.5 26.6 25.8 14.9 14.1 17 20 20 161.8 161.8 54.4 54.0 29.1 27.4 15.8 14.8 18 22 22 159.5 159.5 45.3 44.5 22.6 20.9 10.2 9.3 19 22 22 161.0 161.0 50.5 50.4 28 27.6 14.1 13.9 20 21 21 153.0 153.0 50.6 49.3 31 30 15.7 14.8 21 20 21 160.4 160.4 52.3 52.2 28.9 28.6 15.1 14.9 22 20 20 169.0 169.0 54.3 54.5 30.6 29.3 16.6 16 23 20 20 148.5 148.5 53.4 51.1 39.4 35.6 21 18.2 Fat removal mass Body moisture (kg) Muscle mass (kg) content (kg) BMI Before After Before After Before After Before After ID ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion 1 37.2 36.7 35.1 34.6 25.4 24.7 19.8 19.5 2 34.6 34 32.7 32.2 24.1 23.6 20.6 20.6 3 35.9 35.6 33.9 33.6 23 22.7 17.1 17.1 4 36.1 35.8 34.1 33.8 22.8 22.6 16.8 16.6 5 41.2 41.6 38.8 39.1 27.7 28.7 23.6 23.6 6 56.1 57.2 53.2 54.2 38.4 39.6 23.1 23.2 7 40.1 41 37.8 38.6 27.7 28.4 20 19.8 8 32.9 33.5 31.2 31.7 22.8 23.3 18 18.2 9 40.4 41.3 38 38.9 29.3 30.9 23.8 24.5 10 33.9 34.1 32.1 32.3 22.9 23.3 19 18.9 11 39.6 40.3 37.3 37.9 26.8 27.3 20 19.9 12 41 41 38.6 38.6 28.8 28.9 21.6 21.4 13 35.9 35.6 33.9 33.6 24.9 24.6 20.4 20 14 38.1 37.6 35.9 35.5 25.7 25.3 18.4 18 15 53.6 53.5 50.8 50.7 36.7 36.8 21.1 21.4 16 41.3 40.4 38.9 38 27.7 27.2 19.9 19.3 17 38.6 39.2 36.4 36.9 26.8 27.5 20.8 20.6 18 35.1 35.2 33.2 33.3 23.7 23.8 17.8 17.5 19 36.4 36.5 34.4 34.5 24.5 24.6 19.5 19.4 20 34.9 34.5 33 32.6 25 24.5 21.6 21.1 21 37.2 37.3 35.1 35.2 25.6 25.8 20.3 20.3 22 37.7 38.5 35.6 36.3 24 24.7 19 19.1 23 32.4 32.9 30.7 31.2 22.4 23.8 24.2 23.2

(124) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 7-2 Individual data representing changes in body composition of subjects before and after ingestion in can group Body fat Age(year-old) Height (cm) Weight (kg) percentage (%) Fat mass (kg) Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After ID ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion 24 25 25 149.0 148.5 54.9 54.8 36 36.5 19.8 20 25 21 21 152.0 152.0 46 45.9 27.5 27.2 12.6 12.5 26 20 21 160.0 161.0 60.8 60.6 32.7 33 19.9 20 27 20 20 156.0 156.6 67.1 66.7 38 37.4 25.5 24.9 28 21 21 173.0 173.0 79.3 78.3 21.5 21.8 17 17.1 29 20 20 160.0 160.0 63.7 64.8 35.8 36.1 22.8 23.4 30 20 21 156.5 156.5 53.3 53.5 33.5 34.1 17.9 18.2 31 20 20 167.7 167.0 62.7 63.4 17.1 17.9 10.7 11.3 32 20 20 170.0 169.0 53.9 54.9 23.3 25.1 12.6 13.8 33 20 20 163.0 163.0 56 58.6 25.7 27.2 14.4 15.9 34 21 21 151.0 151.0 44.3 43.5 23.6 22.4 10.5 9.7 35 20 20 168.0 169.0 55.7 53.7 12.5 11.1 7 6 36 24 24 171.0 171.0 69.5 70.1 19.6 20.3 13.6 14.2 37 20 20 161.3 161.5 51.8 51 29.6 29.2 15.3 14.9 38 20 21 157.2 156.2 44.3 42.7 21.7 20.1 9.6 8.6 39 20 20 149.0 149.0 46 44.9 27.3 25 12.6 11.2 40 20 20 160.0 160.0 43.7 43 12.3 12 5.4 5.2 41 20 20 160.0 160.0 51.4 51.9 16.4 17.6 8.4 9.1 42 20 20 161.0 161.0 56.2 57.4 24.9 25.7 14 14.8 43 21 21 160.0 160.0 50 49.8 25.4 23.4 12.7 11.7 44 20 20 157.0 157.0 52.6 52.9 26.9 26.9 14.1 14.2 45 20 20 153.3 153.3 53.2 52.5 32.5 32.3 17.3 17 46 20 20 161.0 161.0 53.7 52.3 24.5 24.1 13.2 12.6 47 20 20 164.9 164.9 58.7 57.7 29.3 27.6 17.2 15.9 Fat removal mass Body moisture (kg) Muscle mass (kg) content (kg) BMI Before After Before After Before After Before After ID ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion 24 35.1 34.8 33.2 32.9 26.5 26.3 24.7 24.9 25 33.4 33.4 31.6 31.6 23.5 23.6 19.9 19.9 26 40.9 40.6 38.5 38.2 29.7 29.3 23.8 23.4 27 41.6 41.8 39.1 39.3 32.7 32.7 27.6 27.2 28 62.3 61.2 59.1 58 45.1 43.7 26.5 26.2 29 40.9 41.4 38.5 38.9 29.9 30.6 24.9 25.3 30 35.4 35.3 33.5 33.4 25 23.6 21.8 21.8 31 52 52.1 49.3 49.4 35.6 35.7 22.3 22.7 32 41.3 41.1 38.9 38.7 27.5 27.6 18.7 19.2 33 41.6 42.7 39.1 40.1 29.2 31 21.1 22.1. 34 33.8 33.8 32 32 24.1 24.1 19.4 19.1 35 48.7 47.7 46.2 45.2 33.1 31.8 19.7 18.8 36 55.9 55.9 53 53 39 38.8 23.8 24 37 36.5 36.1 34.5 34.1 24.6 24.2 19.9 19.6 38 34.7 34.1 32.8 32.3 23.7 23.3 17.9 17.5 39 33.4 33.7 31.6 31.9 24.2 24.3 20.7 20.2 40 38.3 37.8 36.1 35.7 26 25.7 17.1 16.8 41 43 42.8 40.4 40.2 30.2 30.9 20.1 20.3 42 42.2 42.6 39.7 40 30.6 31.6 21.7 22.1 43 37.3 38.1 35.2 35.9 25.8 26.5 19.5 19.5 44 38.5 38.7 36.3 36.5 27.6 28 21.3 21.5 45 35.9 35.5 33.9 33.6 26.1 25.7 22.6 22.3 46 40.5 39.7 38.1 37.4 28.8 27.7 20.7 20.2 47 41.5 41.8 39 39.3 29.2 29.3 21.6 21.2
(2-4) Blood Test, Blood Biochemistry Test

(125) No abnormalities were observed in both groups in the blood test (Table 8). Blood biochemistry was found to reduce the neutral fat (TG) concentration after ingestion in the capsule group (Table 9).

(126) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 8 Individual data representing results of blood test before and after ingestion of subjects in the capsule group and the can group Items Before ingestion After ingestion Capsule group WBC  4978.3 ± 1428.0  4952.2 ± 1254.8 RBC 452.7 ± 31.7 446.3 ± 31.3 Hb 13.0 ± 1.6 12.9 ± 1.7 Ht 41.6 ± 4.4 41.1 ± 4.1 MCV 91.9 ± 6.6 92.1 ± 6.7 MCH 28.8 ± 2.9 28.9 ± 3.0 MCHC 31.2 ± 1.5 31.3 ± 1.4 Number of 28.2 ± 5.5 26.8 ± 5.0 thrombocyte Can group WBC  5045.8 ± 1472.3  5004.2 ± 1121.5 RBC 454.1 ± 6.2  449.2 ± 34.0 Hb 13.7 ± 0.9 13.6 ± 1.1 Ht 42.9 ± 2.7 42.7 ± 3.4 MCV 94.6 ± 3.0 95.0 ± 2.8 MCH 30.2 ± 0.9 30.2 ± 0.9 MCHC 32.0 ± 1.1 31.8 ± 0.9 Number of 26.6 ± 5.1 25.9 ± 6.4 thrombocyte Each value in the table represents an average +/− standard deviation.

(127) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 9 Individual data representing results of blood biochemistry test before and after ingestion of subjects in capsule group and the can group Items Before ingestion After ingestion Capsule group Glucose (mg/dL) 90.9 ± 11.1 88.4 ± 7.2  NEFA (mg/dL) 319.4 ± 201.7 445.4 ± 302.0 TP (g/dL) 7.1 ± 0.1 7.0 ± 0.3 HDL-C (mg/dL) 66.9 ± 12.2 65.8 ± 12.5 LDL-C (mg/dL) 90.6 ± 19.2 92.7 ± 18.2 RLP-C (mg/dL) 3.1 ± 1.2  2.8 ± 1.1* Alb (g/dL) 4.5 ± 0.3 4.5 ± 0.2 TG (mg/dL) 59.7 ± 22.7  52.6 ± 21.2* TC (mg/dL) 168.0 ± 17.2  171.2 ± 19.9  UN (mg/dL) 12.8 ± 3.5  12.9 ± 3.8  Cre (mg/dL) 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 UA (mg/dL) 4.2 ± 0.7 4.2 ± 0.7 Na (mEQ/L) 141.1 ± 1.3  140.8 ± 0.9  Cl (mEQ/L) 105.3 ± 1.4  106.0 ± 1.3  K (mEQ/L) 4.2 ± 0.3 4.1 ± 0.2 AST (U/L) 17.2 ± 2.7  16.8 ± 2.3  ALT (U/L) 11.8 ± 3.6  12.0 ± 3.0  LDH (U/L) 141.5 ± 25.9  137.6 ± 21.9  ALP (U/L) 173.0 ± 42.0  165.9 ± 33.7  γ-GTP (U/L) 14.7 ± 9.3  13.4 ± 4.9  Can group Glucose (mg/dL) 93.8 ± 7.8  92.7 ± 6.8  NEFA (mg/dL) 376.0 ± 186.8 365.9 ± 135.8 TP (g/dL) 7.2 ± 0.4 7.2 ± 0.5 HDL-C (mg/dL) 72.3 ± 17.4 69.6 ± 14.5 LDL-C (mg/dL) 96.2 ± 21.9 96.8 ± 22.7 RLP-C (mg/dL) 3.3 ± 1.3 2.8 ± 1.1 Alb (g/dL) 4.5 ± 0.3 4.5 ± 0.3 TG (mg/dL) 56.3 ± 22.0 49.1 ± 15.4 TC (mg/dL) 178.5 ± 33.0  178.6 ± 29.8  UN (mg/dL) 12.0 ± 3.2  12.8 ± 2.6  Cre (mg/dL) 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 UA (mg/dL) 4.5 ± 0.7 4.6 ± 1.0 Na (mEQ/L) 140.4 ± 1.2  140.9 ± 1.5*  Cl (mEQ/L) 104.0 ± 1.6  104.6 ± 1.7  K (mEQ/L) 4.3 ± 0.3 4.3 ± 0.2 AST (U/L) 23.5 ± 20.2 17.4 ± 3.6  ALT (U/L) 16.2 ± 10.1 13.1 ± 4.2* LDH (U/L) 175.5 ± 52.0  160.8 ± 35.5  ALP (U/L) 190.8 ± 74.6  176.4 ± 47.7  γ-GTP (U/L) 15.0 ± 6.8  15.5 ± 7.0  Each value in the table represents an average +/− standard deviation.

(Example 2) Intervention Study 2

(128) (1) Test Method

(129) (a) Test Food Product: the capsule of saury oil contained 0.35 g of fish oils derived from saury containing about 29% of LC-MUFA to all fatty acids. The capsule of blended oil contained 0.35 g of mixed oil containing tuna oil and purified olive oil at the weight ratio of 1:1 (containing LC-MUFA to all fatty acids in the ratio of about 1.8%). The total of EPA+DPA+DHA in the fatty acid composition of the capsule of saury oil and the capsule of blended oil was 19.4% and 19.7%, respectively, which were approximately equivalent.

(130) The fatty acid compositions in the capsule of saury oil and the capsule of blended oil are shown in Table 10. The fatty acid composition was calculated by the value measured by gas chromatography after esterifying the ingredient in the composition according to AOCS official method Ce1b-89.

(131) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 10 Capsule of saury oil Capsule of blended oil Fatty acid Fatty acid composition composition Fatty acid (%) Fatty acid (%) C14:0 6.7 C14:0 1.0 C15:0 0.8 C15:0 0.2 C16:0 11.2 C16:0 9.7 C16:1n-7 2.7 C16:1n-7 2.5 C18:0 1.7 C18:0 3.0 C18:1n-9 5.2 C18:1n - 9 47.3 C18:1n-7 1.0 C18:1n-7 2.1 C18:2n-6 1.7 C18:2n-6 4.6 C18:3n-3 1.6 C18:3n-3 0.7 C18:4n-3 5.9 C18:4n-3 0.5 C20:0 0.2 C20:0 0.3 C20:1n-11 10.3 C20:1n-11 0.2 C20:1n-9 2.7 C20:1n-9 1.0 C20:1n-7 0.2 C20:1n-7 0.1 C20:4n-6 0.6 C20:3n-6 0.1 C20:4n-3 1.2 C20:4n-6 1.2 C20:5n-3 6.3 C20:5n-3 4.3 C22:0 0.1 C22:0 0.1 C22:1n-11 15.4 C22:1n-11 0.4 C22:1n-9 0.6 C22:1n-9 0.1 C22:1n-7 0.2 C22:1n-7 0.0 C22:5n-3 1.3 C22:5n-3 1.0 C22:6n-3 11.8 C22:6n-3 14.4 others 11.6 others 5.3 LCMUFA 29.4 LCMUFA 1.9 EPA + DPA + DHA 19.4 EPA + DPA + DHA 19.7

(132) (b) Subjects: 52 healthy adult individuals including students of the Tokushima University having age of 20 or more were divided two groups (a saury oil capsule ingestion group and a blended oil capsule ingestion group). As the saury oil capsule ingestion group, 26 individuals having age of 21 in average (average weight: 54.2 kg (before ingestion) and 54.8 kg (after ingestion)) were participated in. As the blended oil capsule ingestion group, 26 individuals having age of 21 in average (average weight: 52.8 kg (before ingestion) and 53.0 kg (after ingestion)) were participated in (Table 11).

(133) (c) Test condition: the subjects ingested 12 capsules per day for 4 weeks. The 12 capsules of saury oil contained 4.2 g of saury oil. The subjects would ingest about 1.1 g of LC-MUFA and about 0.7 g of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA+DPA+DHA) per day. The 12 capsules of blended oil contained 2.1 g of tuna oil and 2.1 g of purified olive oil. The subjects would ingest about 0.07 g of LC-MUFA per day and about 0.7 g of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA+DPA+DHA) per day. Thus, although the amount of ingestion of LC-MUFA in each capsule group was different, the amount of ingestion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA+DPA+DHA) would be about the same.

(134) Vascular endothelial function measurements were taken before the start of the study and at 4 weeks after ingestion. Vascular endothelial function was evaluated by measuring FMD values using a Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) test device UNEX EF (manufactured by UNEX corporation). The FMD Value (%) was calculated by maximum expanded width (mm)/resting vessel diameter (mm)×100.

(135) Statistical software Graphpad Prism (from MDF Co., Ltd.) was used for statistical processing. Multiple groups of tests were performed using a one-way variance analysis method, and a Tukey's multiple comparisons test was used for the multiple comparison test. For intergroup comparison between two groups, unpaired t-test which is an independent comparison of two groups was used. For intragroup comparison, paired t-test which is a dependent comparison of two groups was used.

(136) (d) Run time: From Oct. 17, 2017 to Dec. 7, 2017

(137) (2) Test Results

(138) (2-1) FMD Test

(139) As shown in Table 11 and FIG. 4, in each group, the improvement of FMD values were observed compared to before ingestion at 4 weeks after the start of ingestion of the capsule. The improvement in FMD value of about 44% was observed in the saury oil capsule ingestion group. The improvement in FMD value of about 21% was observed in the blended oil capsule ingestion group. Since the amount of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid was same in each capsule, the possibility of encouraging vascular endothelial function by the action of LC-MUFA was shown.

(140) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 11 Individual data representing changes in FMD values of subjects before and after ingestion in the saury oil capsule group and the blended oil capsule ingestion group Saury oil capsule group Blended oil capsule group Before After Before After ID ingestion ingestion ID ingestion ingestion 1 9.1 12.4 31 10.3 15 2 8.7 9.1 32 13.1 5.5 3 10.1 14.7 34 12.6 12.2 4 9.1 14.8 35 23.7 13.5 5 9.4 9.5 36 7.9 11.6 6 14.7 15.3 37 12.5 10.2 7 5.4 9.6 38 12.3 9.3 8 11.3 17.6 39 8.4 13 9 10.1 10.5 40 4.4 14.2 10 12.6 5.2 41 13.4 14.2 12 8.9 21 42 7.1 12.1 13 6.1 24.1 43 9.7 14.7 14 2.1 10.9 44 4.9 6.9 15 6.3 14.2 45 5.3 10.2 16 6.4 17.3 46 9.4 5.7 17 10.9 15.1 47 7.5 6.9 18 7.1 12.9 48 20.1 20.4 19 13.3 12.1 49 16 14.9 21 11.4 21.8 50 6.2 21.1 22 12.4 18 51 10 16.3 23 10 6.3 52 11.3 8.7 24 10.1 10.2 53 11.3 15.4 25 10.2 22.5 54 7.7 13.4 27 10.2 10.7 55 15.6 17.5 28 10.5 10.5 57 6.7 11.6 30 10.9 10.9 58 5.6 15 Average 9.5 13.7 Average 10.5 12.7 value value

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

(141) In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a food composition and a pharmaceutical composition that reduces the possibility of suffering from a disease due to vascular endothelial disorders. In accordance with the present invention, there is also provided a food composition and a pharmaceutical composition that improves wakefullness and quality of life.