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INITIATOR MIXTURE, COMPOSITION INCLUDING THE SAME, AND POLYMER FORMED FROM THE COMPOSITION

20260085043 ยท 2026-03-26

    Inventors

    Cpc classification

    International classification

    Abstract

    Provided is an initiator mixture including a multi-aromatic ring-containing compound, an ionic compound including iodine, an ionic compound including boron, a compound including a norbornene moiety which includes an oxo group (O), and a tertiary amine compound including an aromatic moiety, an ester group, and an amine group.

    Claims

    1. An initiator mixture comprising: a multi-aromatic ring-containing compound; an ionic compound comprising iodine; an ionic compound comprising boron; a compound comprising a norbornene moiety which comprises an oxo group (O); and a tertiary amine compound comprising an aromatic moiety, an ester group, and an amine group.

    2. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the initiator mixture generates radicals in response to visible light.

    3. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound comprises a first compound represented by Formula 1 below: ##STR00012## wherein R.sub.11 to R.sub.18 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), two or more adjacent ones of R.sub.11 to R.sub.18 are optionally linked to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, R.sub.10a is: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

    4. The initiator mixture of claim 3, wherein the first compound is represented by Formula 1-1 or Formula 1-2 below: ##STR00013## wherein, in Formula 1-1 and Formula 1-2, Z.sub.11 to Z.sub.18 are each independently hydrogen or the same as defined for R.sub.10a in Formula 3, and a11 to a18 are each independently an integer from 1 to 4.

    5. The initiator mixture of claim 3, wherein the first compound comprises at least one selected from compounds below: ##STR00014##

    6. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the ionic compound comprising iodine comprises a second compound represented by Formula 2: ##STR00015## wherein, in Formula 2, A.sub.2.sub. is a counter anion, R.sub.20 to R.sub.29 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), two or more adjacent ones of R.sub.20 to R.sub.29 are optionally linked to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, R.sub.10a is: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

    7. The initiator mixture of claim 6, wherein A.sub.2.sub. comprises a fluorine atom.

    8. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the ionic compound comprising iodine comprises at least one selected from compounds below: ##STR00016##

    9. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the ionic compound comprising boron comprises a third compound represented by Formula 3 below: ##STR00017## wherein, in Formula 3, A.sub.3.sub.+ is a counter cation, R.sub.31 to R.sub.34 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), two or more adjacent ones of R.sub.31 to R.sub.34 are optionally linked to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, R.sub.10a is: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

    10. The initiator mixture of claim 9, wherein A.sub.3.sub.+ is [P(R.sub.31a)(R.sub.31b)(R.sub.31c)(R.sub.31d)].sup.+ or [N(R.sub.32a)(R.sub.32b)(R.sub.32c)(R.sub.32d)].sup.+, R.sub.31a, R.sub.31b, R.sub.31c, R.sub.31d, R.sub.32a, R.sub.32b, R.sub.32c, and R.sub.32d are each independently a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and R.sub.10a is the same as defined for Formula 1.

    11. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the ionic compound comprising boron comprises at least one selected from compounds below: ##STR00018##

    12. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the norbornene moiety comprising an oxo group (O) comprises 2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.

    13. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the compound comprising the norbornene moiety which comprises an oxo group (O) comprises camphorquinone, 7,7-dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carboxylic acid, 7,7-dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carboxy-2-bromoethyl ester, 7,7-dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carboxy-2-methyl ester, 7,7-dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carboxylic acid chloride, or any combination thereof.

    14. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the aromatic moiety of the tertiary amine compound comprises a phenyl group.

    15. The initiator mixture of claim 1, wherein the aromatic moiety of the tertiary amine compound is a phenyl group, and the ester group and the amine group are linked to the phenyl group and are at para positions of the phenyl group.

    16. A composition comprising the initiator mixture of claim 1 and a monomer.

    17. The composition of claim 16, wherein a content of the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound is greater than 0 parts per million (ppm) and less than or equal to 200 ppm with respect to a total amount of the composition.

    18. The composition of claim 16, wherein a content of the ionic compound comprising iodine is in a range of about 500 parts per million (ppm) to about 6,000 ppm with respect to a total amount of the composition.

    19. The composition of claim 16, wherein a content of the ionic compound comprising boron is in a range of about 600 part per million (ppm) to about 4,000 ppm with respect to a total amount of the composition.

    20. A polymer formed by irradiating visible light onto the composition of claim 16.

    Description

    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

    [0010] The above and other aspects and features of certain embodiments will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

    [0011] FIG. 1 is a graph showing conversion rates over time of compositions of comparative examples and an example;

    [0012] FIG. 2 shows images showing results of evaluating deep curing over time of the compositions of comparative examples and an example; and

    [0013] FIG. 3 shows graphs showing results of evaluating deep curing over time of compositions of comparative examples and an example.

    DETAILED DESCRIPTION

    [0014] Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the FIGS., to explain aspects of embodiments of the present description. As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression at least one of a, b or c indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

    [0015] Although polymers prepared through photocuring have an advantage or feature in terms of taking a relatively short time (e.g., in terms of curing in a relatively short period of time), there is a limitation in wavelength range and/or the like of light used for photocuring.

    [0016] For example, when a composition is cured by ultraviolet (UV) rays, photocuring is difficult when a layer (for example, a polyimide film) that blocks (or reduces transmission of) UV rays is present on the composition.

    [0017] In order to further improve the physical properties of polymers using a curing system according to a related art, it is necessary to increase a conversion rate.

    [0018] After a long study, the inventors have developed a new initiator mixture that can be used as a new curing system.

    [0019] An initiator mixture according to an aspect of an embodiment may include a multi-aromatic ring-containing compound, an ionic compound including iodine, an ionic compound including boron, a compound including a norbornene moiety which includes an oxo group (O), and a tertiary amine compound including an aromatic moiety, an ester group, and an amine group.

    [0020] According to an embodiment, the initiator mixture may generate radicals in response to visible light. For example, a wavelength of the visible light may be a wavelength of blue light and/or a wavelength of green light. For example, the initiator mixture may generate radicals upon exposure to light having a wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm.

    [0021] The multi-aromatic ring-containing compound in the initiator mixture refers to a compound including a plurality of aromatic rings. For example, the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound may include a compound including nine or more phenyl moieties.

    [0022] According to an embodiment, the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound may include a first compound represented by Formula 1 below:

    ##STR00001## [0023] R.sub.11 to R.sub.18 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sup.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sup.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sup.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sup.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sup.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sup.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sup.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sup.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), [0024] two or more adjacent ones of R.sub.11 to R.sub.18 may be optionally linked to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0025] R.sub.10a may be: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and [0026] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently: be hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or [0027] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

    [0028] According to an embodiment, the first compound may be represented by Formula 1-1 or Formula 1-2 below:

    ##STR00002##

    [0029] In Formula 1-1 and Formula 1-2, [0030] Z.sub.11 to Z.sub.18 may each independently be hydrogen or defined as for R.sub.10a, and [0031] a11 to a18 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 4.

    [0032] According to an embodiment, the first compound may include at least one selected from compounds below:

    ##STR00003##

    [0033] According to an embodiment, the ionic compound including iodine may include a second compound represented by Formula 2 below:

    ##STR00004##

    [0034] In Formula 2, [0035] A.sub.2.sub. may be a counter anion, [0036] R.sub.20 to R.sub.29 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), [0037] two or more adjacent ones of R.sub.20 to R.sub.29 may be optionally linked to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0038] R.sub.10a may be: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and [0039] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

    [0040] According to an embodiment, A.sub.2.sub. may include a fluorine atom.

    [0041] According to an embodiment, the ionic compound including iodine may include at least one selected from compounds below:

    ##STR00005##

    [0042] According to an embodiment, the ionic compound including boron may include a third compound represented by Formula 3 below:

    ##STR00006##

    [0043] In Formula 3, [0044] A.sub.3.sub.+ may be a counter cation, [0045] R.sub.31 to R.sub.34 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), [0046] two or more adjacent ones of R.sub.31 to R.sub.34 may be optionally linked to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0047] R.sub.10a may be: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and [0048] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

    [0049] According to an embodiment, A.sub.3.sub.+ may be [P(R.sub.31a)(R.sub.31b)(R.sub.31c)(R.sub.31d)].sup.+ or [N(R.sub.32a)(R.sub.32b)(R.sub.32c)(R.sub.32d)].sup.+.

    [0050] R.sub.31a, R.sub.31b, R.sub.31c, R.sub.31d, R.sub.32a, R.sub.32b, R.sub.32c, and R.sub.32d may each independently be a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

    [0051] R.sub.10a may be as defined above.

    [0052] According to an embodiment, the ionic compound including boron may include at least one selected from compounds below:

    ##STR00007##

    [0053] According to an embodiment, the norbornene moiety including the oxo group (O) may include 2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.

    [0054] For example, the compound including the norbornene moiety which includes the oxo group (O) may include a fourth compound represented by Formula 4 below:

    ##STR00008##

    [0055] In Formula 4, [0056] R.sub.40 to R.sub.47 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sup.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), and [0057] R.sub.10a and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may be as defined above.

    [0058] According to an embodiment, the compound including the norbornene moiety which includes the oxo group (O) may include camphorquinone (CQ), 7,7-dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carboxylic acid, 7,7-dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carboxy-2-bromoethyl ester, 7,7-dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carboxy-2-methyl ester, 7,7-dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carboxylic acid chloride, or any combination thereof.

    [0059] According to an embodiment, the aromatic moiety of the tertiary amine compound may include a phenyl group.

    [0060] According to an embodiment, the aromatic moiety of the tertiary amine compound may be a phenyl group, and the ester group and the amine group may be linked to the phenyl group and may be at para positions of the phenyl group.

    [0061] According to an embodiment, the tertiary amine compound including the aromatic moiety, the ester group, and the amine group may include a fifth compound represented by Formula 5 below:

    ##STR00009##

    [0062] In Formula 5, [0063] R.sub.51 to R.sub.56 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), and [0064] R.sub.10a and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may be as defined above.

    [0065] According to an embodiment, the tertiary amine compound including the aromatic moiety, the ester group, and the amine group may include at least one selected from compounds below:

    ##STR00010##

    [0066] A composition according to another aspect of embodiments may include the initiator mixture and a monomer.

    [0067] According to an embodiment, a content (e.g., amount) of the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound may be greater than 0 ppm and less than or equal to 100 ppm (with respect to the total amount of the composition). For example, the content (e.g., amount) of the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound may be in a range of about 9 parts per million (ppm) to about 15 ppm. The range of the content (e.g., amount) of the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound may be consistent with a content (e.g., amount) of the fourth compound to be further described herein below and thus may be suitable, and the physical properties of the polymer formed using the initiator mixture may be excellent.

    [0068] According to an embodiment, a content (e.g., amount) of the ionic compound including iodine may be in a range of about 500 ppm to about 6,000 ppm (with respect to the total amount of the composition).

    [0069] According to an embodiment, a content (e.g., amount) of the ionic compound including boron may be in a range of about 600 ppm to about 4,000 ppm (with respect to the total amount of the composition).

    [0070] For example, the content (e.g., amount) of the ionic compound including iodine may be in a range of about 2,000 ppm to about 5,000 ppm, and the content (e.g., amount) of the ionic compound including boron may be in a range of about 1,000 ppm to about 3,000 ppm.

    [0071] When the content (e.g., amount) of the ionic compound including iodine and the content (e.g., amount) of the ionic compound including boron are within the above ranges, radicals utilized or required for curing the composition according to an embodiment may be continuously (e.g., substantially continuously) generated in accordance with the content (e.g., amount) of the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound.

    [0072] According to an embodiment, a content (e.g., amount) of the compound including the norbornene moiety which includes the oxo group (O) may be in a range of about 1,000 ppm to about 4,000 ppm (with respect to the total amount of the composition).

    [0073] According to an embodiment, a content (e.g., amount) of the tertiary amine compound including the aromatic moiety, the ester group, and the amine group may be 5 to 7 times the content (e.g., amount) of the compound including the norbornene moiety which includes the oxo group (O).

    [0074] For example, the content (e.g., amount) of the fourth compound, which is the compound including the norbornene moiety which includes the oxo group (O), may be in a range of about 1,500 ppm to about 4,000 ppm, and a content (e.g., amount) of the fifth compound, which is the tertiary amine compound including the aromatic moiety, the ester group, and the amine group, may be about 6 times the content (e.g., amount) of the compound including the norbornene moiety which includes the oxo group (O).

    [0075] When the contents (e.g., amounts) of the first to fifth compounds in the initiator mixture are each within the above range, the physical properties of the polymer formed using the same may be excellent.

    [0076] In embodiments, the total content (e.g., amount) of respective compounds in the initiator mixture may be 20,000 ppm or less. When the total content (e.g., amount) of the initiator mixture is up to 20,000 ppm, the total content (e.g., amount) may correspond to 2 wt % with respect to the composition and may be less than an initiator content (e.g., amount) of about 3 wt % to about 10 wt % used in a related art (for example, an acrylic resin composition).

    [0077] Because each of the compounds in the initiator mixture is decomposed during a reaction process, there is an advantage or feature in that an amount of outgas is relatively small.

    [0078] According to an embodiment, the monomer may include an acrylic monomer.

    [0079] According to an embodiment, a content (e.g., amount) of the acrylic monomer may be in a range of about 1 wt % to about 50 wt %. For example, the content (e.g., amount) of the acrylic monomer may be in a range of about 5 wt % to about 30 wt %. When the content (e.g., amount) of the acrylic monomer deviates from the above range, the physical properties of a formed polymer may not be excellent or suitable.

    [0080] According to an embodiment, the acrylic monomer may include a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, NCO, OH, or any combination thereof.

    [0081] For example, the acrylic monomer may include a monofunctional (meth)acrylate, a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof. The monofunctional (meth)acrylate may include methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, isooctyl (meth)acrylate, isodecyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, phenyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentanyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentenyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, methoxylated cyclodecatriene (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl (meth)acrylate, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, caprolactone-modified tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, N,N-siethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, t-butylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, ethoxycarbonylmethyl (meth)acrylate, phenol ethylene oxide-modified acrylate, phenol (2-mol ethylene oxide-modified) acrylate, phenol (4-mol ethylene oxide-modified) acrylate, paracumylphenol ethylene oxide-modified acrylate, nonylphenol ethylene oxide-modified acrylate, nonylphenol (4-mol ethylene oxide-modified) acrylate, nonylphenol (8-mol ethylene oxide-modified) acrylate, nonylphenol (2.5-mol propylene oxide-modified) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl carbitol acrylate, ethylene oxide-modified phthalic acid (meth)acrylate, ethylene oxide-modified succinic acid (meth)acrylate, trifluoroethyl (meth)acrylate, an acrylic acid, a methacrylic acid, a maleic acid, a fumaric acid, -carboxy-polycaprolactone mono(meth)acrylate, phthalic acid monohydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylic acid dimer, -(meth)acroyloxyethyl hydrogen succinate, n-(meth)acryloyloxyalkyl hexahydrophthalimid, a hydrophilic group substituent thereof, or a combination thereof.

    [0082] The polyfunctional (meth)acrylate may include a difunctional (meth)acrylate, a trifunctional (meth)acrylate, a tetrafunctional or higher (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.

    [0083] The difunctional (meth)acrylate may 1,3-butylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexadiol di(meth)acrylate, 1,9-nonanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, dicyclopentanyl di(meth)acrylate, 2-ethyl-2-butyl-propanediol (meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol-modified trimethylolpropane di(meth)acrylate, stearic acid-modified pentaerythritol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 2,2-bis(4-(meth)acryloxy diethoxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-(meth)acryloxy propoxyphenyl)propane or 2,2-bis(4-(meth)acryloxy tetraethoxyphenyl)propane, a hydrophilic group substituent thereof, or a combination thereof.

    [0084] The trifunctional (meth)acrylate may include trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, tris[(meth)acryloxyethyl]isocyanurate, a hydrophilic group substituent thereof, or a combination thereof.

    [0085] The tetrafunctional or higher (meth)acrylate may include dimethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritolethoxy tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate. dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, a hydrophilic group substituent thereof, or a combination thereof.

    [0086] In the composition according to an embodiment, excluding the content (e.g., amount) of the acrylic monomer, the content (e.g., amount) of the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound, and the contents (e.g., amounts) of the second to fifth compounds, the remainder may include other monomers (with respect to 100 wt % of the total amount of the composition).

    [0087] According to an embodiment, the other monomers may include a diisocyanate-based monomer.

    [0088] According to an embodiment, the other monomers may include 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, or any combination thereof.

    [0089] In the composition according to an embodiment, excluding the content (e.g., amount) of the monomer, the content (e.g., amount) of the multi-aromatic ring-containing compound, and the contents (e.g., amounts) of the second to fifth compounds, the remainder may include other monomers and a solvent (with respect to 100 wt % of the total amount of the composition). The solvent may include, for example, n-hexane, toluene, xylene, acetone, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or any combination thereof.

    [0090] According to another aspect of embodiments, there may be provided a polymer formed by irradiating visible light onto the composition.

    [0091] For example, the polymer according to an embodiment may be formed by curing the composition for about 0.1 seconds to about 20 minutes with visible light. For example, the polymer according to an embodiment may be formed by curing the composition for about 10 seconds to about 10 minutes with visible light.

    [0092] According to an embodiment, a peak top of a wavelength of the irradiated visible light may be in a range of about 400 nm to about 560 nm. For example, the peak top of the wavelength of the visible light may be in a range of about 430 nm to about 490 nm. For example, the peak top of the wavelength of the visible light may be in a range of about 450 nm to about 480 nm.

    DEFINITION OF TERMS

    [0093] As used herein, the term C.sub.3-C.sub.6 carbocyclic group refers to a cyclic group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and consisting only of carbon as a ring-forming atom, and the term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group refers to a cyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further including a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon. Each of the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic group having one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the number of ring-forming atoms of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be in a range of 3 to 61.

    [0094] As used herein, the term cyclic group includes both the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group.

    [0095] As used herein, the term electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group refers to a cyclic group that has 3 to 60 carbon atoms and does not include *N* as a ring-forming moiety, and the term electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group refers to a heterocyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and includes *N* as a ring-forming moiety.

    [0096] For example, the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group may be i) a group T1 or ii) a condensed ring group in which two or more groups T1 are condensed with each other (for example, a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group).

    [0097] The C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be i) a group T2, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T2 are fused with each other, or iii) a fused ring group in which one or more groups T2 and one or more groups T1 are fused with each other (for example, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, or an azadibenzofuran group).

    [0098] The electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) a group T1, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T1 are fused with each other, iii) a group T3, iv) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T3 are fused with each other, or v) a fused ring group in which one or more groups T3 and one or more groups T1 are fused with each other (for example, the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, or a benzothienodibenzothiophene group).

    [0099] The electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) a group T4, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more group T4 are fused with each other, iii) a fused ring group in which one or more groups T4 and one or more groups T1 are fused with each other, iv) a fused ring group in which one or more groups T4 and one or more groups T3 are fused with each other, or v) a fused ring group in which one or more groups T4G, one or more groups T1, and one or more groups T3 are fused with each other (for example, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, or an azadibenzofuran group).

    [0100] The group T1 may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group.

    [0101] The group T2 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group.

    [0102] The group T3 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group.

    [0103] The group T4 may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.

    [0104] As used herein, the term cyclic group, C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, or electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be a group condensed to an arbitrary cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a multivalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, or a tetravalent group) according to a structure of a formula in which the term is used. For example, a benzene group may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, or the like, which may be understood by those skilled in the art according to a structure of a formula including the benzene group.

    [0105] For example, examples of a monovalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and a monovalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed hetero-polycyclic group, and examples of a divalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and a divalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic condensed hetero-polycyclic group.

    [0106] As used herein, the term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, and the like. As used herein, the term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylene group refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group.

    [0107] As used herein, the term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group including one or more carbon-carbon double bonds at a main chain (e.g., in the middle) or a terminal end (e.g., a terminus) of a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, and the like. As used herein, the term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group.

    [0108] As used herein, the term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group including one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds at a main chain (e.g., in the middle) or a terminal end (e.g., a terminus) of a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and specific examples thereof include an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, and the like. As used herein, the term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynylene group refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group.

    [0109] As used herein, the term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group refers to a monovalent group having a formula of OA.sub.101, wherein A.sub.101 is the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropyloxy group, and the like.

    [0110] As used herein, the term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, adamantanyl, a norbornanyl group (or, a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group, and the like. As used herein, the term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group.

    [0111] As used herein, the term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydrothiophenyl group, and the like. As used herein, the term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group.

    [0112] As used herein, the term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group is a monovalent cyclic group which has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and refers to a group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a ring thereof but not having aromaticity (e.g., is not aromatic), and examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, and the like. As used herein, the term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group.

    [0113] As used herein, the term C.sub.1-Cia heterocycloalkenyl group is a monovalent cyclic group which has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, and has at least one double bond in a ring thereof. Examples of the C.sub.1-Cia heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group, and the like. As used herein, the term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.1-Cia heterocycloalkenyl group.

    [0114] As used herein, the term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system which has 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system which has 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, and the like. When the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group and the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other.

    [0115] As used herein, the term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group refers to a monovalent group further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms and having a heterocyclic aromatic system which has 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group refers to a divalent group further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms and having a heterocyclic aromatic system which has 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, and the like. When the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other.

    [0116] As used herein, the term monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) in which two or more rings are condensed with each other, which includes only carbon as a ring-forming atom, and of which the entire molecule has non-aromaticity (e.g., is not aromatic when considered as a whole). Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, an indenoanthracenyl group, and the like. As used herein, the term divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

    [0117] As used herein, the term monovalent non-aromatic condensed hetero-polycyclic group refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) in which two or more rings are condensed with each other, which further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, and of which the entire molecule has non-aromaticity (e.g., is not aromatic when considered as a whole). Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed hetero-polycyclic group include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group, and the like. As used herein, the term divalent non-aromatic condensed hetero-polycyclic group refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed hetero-polycyclic group.

    [0118] As used herein, the term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group refers to OA.sub.102, wherein A.sub.102 is the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, and the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group refers to SA.sub.103, wherein A.sub.103 is the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

    [0119] As used herein, the term C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group refers to -A.sub.104A.sub.105, wherein A.sub.104 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.54 alkylene group and A.sub.105 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.59 aryl group, and as used herein, the term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group refers to -A.sub.106A.sub.107, wherein A.sub.106 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 alkylene group and A.sub.107 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 heteroaryl group.

    [0120] As used herein, R.sub.10a may be: deuterium, F, CI, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, CI, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, CI, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32).

    [0121] As used herein, Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; F; CI; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

    [0122] As used herein, the term heteroatom refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Examples of the heteroatom include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.

    [0123] As used herein, the term third-row transition metal includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), or the like.

    [0124] As used herein, the term Ph refers to a phenyl group, the term Me refers to a methyl group, the term Et refers to an ethyl group, the term tert-Bu or Bu.sup.t refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term OMe refers to a methoxy group.

    [0125] As used herein, the term biphenyl group refers to a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group. The biphenyl group belongs to a substituted phenyl group of which a substituent is a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

    [0126] As used herein, the term terphenyl group refers to a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group. The terphenyl group belongs to a substituted phenyl group of which a substituent is a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group substituted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

    [0127] In the definition of a substituent, the number of carbon atoms merely an example. For example, in a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, C.sub.60 is merely an example, and the definition of an alkyl group is equally applied to a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group. The same may be applied to other embodiments and definitions herein.

    [0128] Any hydrogen in a compound structure of the present specification may be optionally substituted with deuterium.

    [0129] Spatially relative terms, such as below, beneath, lower, above, upper, and the like, may be used herein to easily describe a relationship between one device or components and other devices or components as illustrated in the drawings. Spatially relative terms are to be understood to include different orientations of a device when in use or operation in addition to the orientation illustrated in the drawings. For example, when a device shown in the drawings is turned over, devices described as below or beneath other devices may be above the other devices. Thus, the example term below may encompass both orientations of above and below. A device may be otherwise oriented, and thus spatially relative terms may be interpreted according to orientation.

    [0130] Hereinafter, a composition according to an embodiment will be described in more detail with reference to Examples.

    EXAMPLES

    Composition Preparation

    Comparative Example 1

    [0131] 4,000 ppm of CQ and 24,000 ppm of ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate [EDB] were used as an initiator mixture, isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) was mixed as the remainder (with respect to 100 wt % of the total amount of the composition), thereby preparing a composition.

    [0132] Contents (e.g., amounts) of the CQ and the EDB are selected as optimal contents (e.g., amounts) from among various suitable contents (e.g., amounts) of the CQ and the EDB.

    Comparative Example 2

    [0133] 25 ppm of 4DP-IPN and 3,000 ppm of compound 2-4, and 1,800 ppm of compound 3-2 were used as an initiator mixture, IBOA was mixed as the remainder (with respect to 100 wt % of the total amount of the composition), thereby preparing a composition.

    [0134] Contents (e.g., amounts) of the 4DP-IPN, compound 2-4, and compound 3-2 are optimal contents (e.g., amounts) selected from among various suitable contents (e.g., amounts) of the 4DP-IPN, compound 2-4, and compound 3-2.

    Example 1

    [0135] Predetermined amounts of CQ, EDB, 4DP-IPN, compound 2-4, and compound 3-2 were used as an initiator mixture, and bis-A type epoxy methacrylate (Bis A GMA) and 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) were mixed as the remainder (with respect to 100 wt % of the total amount of the composition/see Table 1), thereby preparing a composition.

    ##STR00011##

    DMAA

    Comparison of Conversion Rates of Polymers

    [0136] The compositions prepared in Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, and Example 1 were applied onto a substrate to a thickness of 30 m, and then each irradiated with light of 450 nm (100 MW/cm.sup.2) over time, and a degree of conversion of each formed polymer was measured and analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and shown in FIG. 1.

    [0137] Referring to FIG. 1, it can be seen that the polymer of Example 1 has a higher conversion rate than the polymers of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.

    [0138] A conversion rate when an irradiation time is 30 seconds is shown in Table 1 below.

    TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Initiator mixture (ppm) Conversion Comparative CQ 4,000 61.35% Example 1 EDB 24,000 Comparative 4DP-IPN 25 60.36% Example 2 Compound 2-4 3,000 Compound 3-2 1800 Example 1 CQ 2,000 71.88% EDB 12,000 4DP-IPN 10 Compound 2-4 3,000 Compound 3-2 1,800

    [0139] Referring to Table 1, it can be seen that, in an initial stage of a curing reaction, the conversion rate of the polymer of Example 1 is significantly higher than that of the polymers of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2. Moreover, a content (e.g., amount) of the 4DP-IPN of Example 1 is lower than that of Comparative Example 2 by 50% or more, and a content (e.g., amount) of the CQ of Example 1 is lower than that of Comparative Example 1 by 50% or more.

    Deep Curing Evaluation

    [0140] The compositions of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 were allowed to fill tubes having a certain standard and then cured over time at 480 nm (120 MW/cm.sup.2) to then compare curing depths.

    [0141] FIG. 2 shows images showing results of evaluating deep curing over time of the compositions of comparative examples and an example.

    [0142] FIG. 3 shows graphs showing results of evaluating deep curing over time of the compositions of comparative examples and an example.

    [0143] Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, it can be seen that Example 1 has a deeper curing depth than Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.

    [0144] From the above results, it is expected that a polymer formed from Example 1 will exhibit better physical properties than a polymer formed from Comparative Example 1 or Comparative Example 2.

    [0145] A polymer formed using an initiator mixture according to an embodiment has a higher conversion rate and deeper curing depth than curing systems of a related art.

    [0146] It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various suitable changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the following claims, and equivalents thereof.