STRUCTURAL ELEMENT, LAYOUT AND WALL FOR ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION, ESPECIALLY FRAME HOUSES

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of construction and, more specifically, to the structural elements used in the concrete frame technique in the construction of frame houses, without the use of a crane. The object of the invention is a structural element (1) in the form of a column, for architectural construction, especially of frame walls of buildings, which includes: a shaft (2) in the form of a vertical support beam, which shaft (2) has a bottom contact surface (2b) on its lower side: a head (3), which on the top surface of the head (3b) has at least two tongues (6), which on the top have a top contact surface (6a) and are located essentially at the edges (3c) of the head (3), and at least two grooves (5), which on the bottom have a bottom contact surface (5a), which grooves (5) are located essentially at the center of the top surface of the head (3b) and the shape of the individual tongue (6) corresponds to the shape of the individual groove (5). The invention also includes an arrangement for building a wall including structural elements (1). The invention also relates to a wall of buildings constructed using structural elements (1).

Claims

1. A structural element (1) in the form of a column, for architectural construction of frame walls of buildings, comprising: shaft (2) in the form of a vertical support beam, which shaft (2) has a bottom contact surface (2b) on the lower side; head (3) connected to the top of the shaft (2), which head (3) extends substantially horizontally, perpendicular to the Z-axis of the shaft (2) and symmetrical with respect to the shaft (2), in at least two opposite directions forming at least two side arms (4), and from above the head (3) includes the top surface of the head (3b); wherein the head (3) on the top surface of the head (3b) has at least two tongues (6), which on the top have an upper contact surface (6a) and are located essentially at the edges (3c) of the head (3), and at least two grooves (5), which on the bottom have a bottom contact surface (5a), which grooves (5) are located essentially at the center of the top surface of the head (3b) and the shape of the individual tongue (6) corresponds to the shape of the individual groove (5).

2. The structural element (1) of claim 1, wherein the tongues (6) have the profile of a right triangle, in which one of the right-angle side surfaces (6b) of the tongue (6) is perpendicular to the upper surface of the head (3b).

3. The structural element (1) of claim 1, wherein the upper contact surface (6a) forms an angle of 30 with respect to the horizontal or the upper surface of the head (3b) and/or the lower contact surface (5a) forms an angle of 30 with the upper surface of the head (3b) and the head (3) has a lower surface (3a), which lower surface (3a) forms an obtuse angle with the Z axis of the shaft (2) preferably an angle of 120.

4. The structural element (1) of claim 1, wherein at least two grooves (5) are connected to each other and form one double groove.

5. The structural element (1) of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the tongue (6) is substantially equal to the thickness calculated according to the formula: $\frac{\left(\tan x^{}\right)\left(0.5y\right)}{2}\cos x^{}=G$ Where x is the value of the inclination of the upper contact surface (6a) relative to the shaft (2), y is the overall width of the structural element (1), G is the thickness of the tongues (6).

6. The structural element (1) of claim 1, wherein two tongues (6) either extend beyond the edges of the head (3) or do not extend beyond the edges of the head (3) nor contact them.

7. The structural element (1) of claim 1, wherein the shaft (2) is essentially cuboidal, cube or cylindrical in shape and advantageously has additionally holes (7) adapted for placing elements therein and/or the side surface (2a) of the shaft (2) together with the lower surface (3a) of the head (3) form an arc.

8. The structural element (1) of claim 1, wherein the dimensions of the structural element (1) are: maximum width of 40 cm, maximum height of 40 cm, maximum thickness of 20 cm and the maximum weight of the structural element (1) is 30 kg and it is made of concrete, gypsum, ceramic, polymer or composite.

9. The structural element (1) of the claim 1, wherein comprising two structural elements (1) which are in accordance with claim 1 connected by bottom contact surfaces (2b) to form a column-shaped element with two heads.

10. An arrangement for the construction of a frame house wall frame comprising at least two structural elements (1) claim 1, configured to be aligned vertically and horizontally with respect to each other, advantageously the arrangement additionally comprises a structural or insulating part configured to be inserted in the hollow space between the structural elements (1) in the form of an insulating brick (8), advantageously in the shape of a substantially hexagonal, regular hexagon, circle or ellipse, which insulating brick (8) is advantageously made of insulating materials for example Styrofoam.

11. A frame wall of a house comprising at least two structural elements (1) of claim 1 connected to each other horizontally by means of the right-angle arm surfaces (6b) of the tongues (6), and vertically by means of the upper head surfaces (3b) and lower contact surfaces (5a) connected to the upper contact surfaces (6a).

12. The frame wall of a house claim 11, comprising structural elements (1) claim 1, advantageously arranged between starting elements (12) and ending elements (13) and/or system lintels (9), side elements (10) and vertical beams (11).

13. The frame wall of a house of claim 12, wherein the joints of the structural elements (1) are reinforced by means of bonding and/or reinforcement and/or assembly elements.

14. The frame wall of a house of claim 13, further comprising a structural or insulating part in the form of an insulating brick (8), which is advantageously configured as a finished exterior facade element of the building.

15. The frame wall of a house of claim 11, comprising structural elements (1) of claim 9, advantageously arranged between starting elements (12) and ending elements (13) and/or system lintels (9), side elements (10) and vertical beams (11).

16. The frame wall of a house of claim 13, further comprising a structural or insulating part in the form of an insulating brick (8), which is advantageously configured as a finished exterior facade element of the building.

17. The frame wall of a house of claim 15, further comprising a structural or insulating part in the form of an insulating brick (8), which is advantageously configured as a finished exterior facade element of the building.

18. An arrangement for the construction of a frame house wall frame comprising at least two structural elements (1) of claim 9, configured to be aligned vertically and horizontally with respect to each other, advantageously the arrangement additionally comprises a structural or insulating part configured to be inserted in the hollow space between the structural elements (1) in the form of an insulating brick (8), advantageously in the shape of a substantially hexagonal, regular hexagon, circle or ellipse, which insulating brick (8) is advantageously made of insulating materials for example Styrofoam.

19. The frame wall of a house comprising at least two structural elements (1) of claim 9 connected to each other horizontally by means of the right-angle arm surfaces (6b) of the tongues (6), and vertically by means of the upper head surfaces (3b) and lower contact surfaces (5a) connected to the upper contact surfaces (6a).

20. The frame wall of a house of claim 11, wherein the joints of the structural elements (1) are reinforced by means of bonding and/or reinforcement and/or assembly elements.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES DRAWINGS

[0074] FIG. 1 shows the structural element in an isometric view.

[0075] FIG. 2 shows an inverted structural element in an isometric view.

[0076] FIG. 3 shows a structural element with holes for reinforcement in an isometric view.

[0077] FIG. 4 shows the layout of the structural elements arranged side by side horizontally.

[0078] FIG. 5 shows an arrangement of structural elements aligned horizontally next to each other along with a structural element aligned vertically.

[0079] FIG. 6 shows the layout of the structural elements arranged side by side horizontally and vertically.

[0080] FIG. 7 shows a wall formed from structural elements.

[0081] FIG. 8 shows a wall formed from the structural elements from the second execution example.

[0082] FIG. 9 shows a cross-section of the structural element.

[0083] FIG. 10 shows a cross-section through the wall with the transmitted forces.

[0084] FIG. 11 shows a wall formed by structural elements, the empty openings of which form a circle.

[0085] FIG. 12 shows a wall skeleton with a door opening.

[0086] FIG. 13 shows an insulating brick.

[0087] FIG. 14 shows a wall frame partially filled with insulating bricks in a view from the outside of the building.

[0088] FIG. 15 shows a wall frame partially filled with insulating bricks from the inside of the building.

[0089] FIG. 16 shows a comparison of the contact surfaces for different angles of the tongues.

[0090] FIG. 17 shows a comparison of contact surfaces for various traditional building materials.

[0091] FIG. 18 shows either the starting or ending element in isometric view.

[0092] FIG. 19 shows either the starting or ending element from below in isometric view.

[0093] FIG. 20 shows the side element in isometric view.

[0094] FIG. 21 shows the vertical beam in isometric view.

A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A FAVORABLE EXAMPLE OF THE EXECUTION OF THE INVENTION

[0095] The invention will be described below with reference to the figures and the references therein. The invention presented herein relates to, among other things, the structural element 1 shown in FIG. 1, which is used in the erection of frame structures made of prefabricated elements (advantageously made of concrete) without the use of additional supports, formwork and without the need for cranes. Thanks to a design that uses, among other things, the principles of physics (architecture) involving the transfer of forces by means of architectural (structural) columns and arches, FIG. 10, smaller structural elements 1 are easily connected to form a larger structure-a wall that is rigid and stable. The contact surface (joining force) of structural elements 1 is comparable to that found in masonry buildings, which provides high rigidity to the framework. This is because each structural element 1 transfers forces from its own Z-axis to the two Z-axes of two other structural elements 1, at the same time it accepts force from two Z-axes of two other structural elements, through groove 5 on its own Z-axis. This mutual transmission of forces is made possible by the large contact surface of the elements, which at the same time ensures that they are firmly and stably connected.

[0096] An example of the execution of the invention is a structural element 1, in the form of a column, which is intended for the construction of frame walls of buildings. The structural element 1, in the form of a column, includes a shaft 2 and a head 3.

[0097] The elements, from which the object of the invention is constructed, are shown in FIG. 1-5. The shaft 2 is in the form of an elongated vertical beam, which has a bottom contact surface 2b on its lower, free side. In this example, the shaft 2 is substantially cuboidal in shape, and in other examples of execution it may be substantially cube or cylinder in shape. The shaft 2 has a Z-axis, shown in FIG. 1, which marks the center of symmetry of such shaft 2.

[0098] The shaft 2 can vary in height, but it cannot, including the height of the head 3, exceed the overall width of structural element 1, since such structural element 1 must be stable when the structure is being assembled. The overall width in this example is understood to be the largest dimension of the entire structural element 1 in the direction perpendicular to the Z axis.

[0099] The head 3 is permanently connected to the top of the shaft 2 and forms one rigid unit with it, i.e. it forms a column.

[0100] The head 3 extends essentially horizontally (essentially perpendicular with respect to the Z-axis), symmetrically with respect to the shaft 2, in at least two opposite directions to form two side arms, which arms are inscribed in the construction of a tensile-reinforced structural (architectural) arch, FIG. 10. Visible in FIG. 1 structural elements that are inscribed in the (architectural) arch are the two tongues 6 and the groove 5. The arch is tensile reinforced by the upper part of the head 3b with the top surface of the head 3b also constituting the only, essentially, horizontal element of the head structure. The head 3 (advantageously including tongues, grooves and the top surface 3b and the surface 3a) with the top surface of the head 3b, in addition to the function of tensile reinforcement of the arch, performs a stabilizing function, making it easy to stack the structural elements 1 on top of each other. The top surface of the head 3b can also serve as a base for the installation of additional reinforcement (reinforcement bars) of the wall horizontally, if necessary.

[0101] The head 3 has at least two tongues 6 on the top surface of the head 3b, which tongues 6 are placed symmetrically on both opposite arms of the head 3, at the end of these arms. The tongues 6 are the ends of the structural arch (FIG. 10) that crowns the head 3 and are the vertical-most parts of the head 3. The tongues 6 transfer forces in the skeleton from the Z-axis of the structural element 1 to the Z-axis of the next two structural elements 1, which are arranged as another layer of the skeleton. Each of the tongues 6 has an upper contact surface 6a. The tongues 6 are located at the edges 3c of the head 3 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 (fitting together with the groove 5 into the cross-section of the structural arch, FIG. 10).

[0102] In the upper part of the head, there is also a groove 5, which has a lower contact surface 5a on the bottom. The groove 5 is located symmetrically (centrally) with respect to the shaft 2, in the upper part of the head 3 on the upper surface of the head 3b and between the tongues 6. In this example of execution, there are at least two grooves 5 on the upper surface of the head 3b. The shape of the two tongues 6 corresponds to the shape of the same number of grooves 5, such that the tongues 6 fill the grooves 5. The grooves 6 may be separated from each other (not shown in the pictures).

[0103] Advantageously, the grooves 5 merge into one double groove consisting of two grooves 5, it is advantageous if the grooves 5 merge into one double groove, because then, when assembled, the tongues 6 of adjacent elements 1 are in contact with the surfaces 6b and transfer loads to each other. The groove 5 transfers the forces from the Z-axis of the structural element 1 to the ends of the structural arc, which are the tongues 6, of the subsequent structural element 1. The upper contact surface 6a of the tongue 6 corresponds to the lower contact surface 5a of the groove 5 as seen in FIG. 9.

[0104] In this example of execution, the tongues 6 have the shape of a right triangle. A connoisseur of the field will know, based on their knowledge, that it is possible to use tongues 6 of another shape such as a rectangle, square or semicircle. The rectangular triangle shape is the most optimal. It is important that the tongues 6 including the groove 5 fit into the cross-section of the structural arch (FIG. 10). In this execution example, one of the right-angle side surfaces 6b, visible in FIGS. 1 and 2, is verticalit is perpendicular to the top surface of the head 3b, it is in line with the direction determined by the Z-axis, which makes it easier to fit the skeleton elements when laying it out as can be seen in FIG. 4.

[0105] In this example, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the upper contact surface 6a of the tongues 6 forms an angle of 30 with the upper surface of the head 3b, with respect to the horizontal-perpendicular to the Z axis. The angle is shown in FIG. 9. The horizontal is determined by the top surface of the head 3b, perpendicular to the Z axis, which is defined as the plane perpendicular to the direction of gravity on or near the surface of the celestial body. Such an angle of inclination ensures the least weight of the structural element 1 and optimal stability of the structural element 1 during stacking of successive structural elements 1. Optimal stability and rigidity of the structure is achieved with an angle of inclination of the upper contact surfaces 6a of 30 with respect to the horizontal-perpendicular to the Z axis, because in such an arrangement the contact area of the structural elements 1 in relation to their total area (mass) is the largest. Thus, the structure is the strongest. Other than 30 angle of inclination (both smaller and larger) results in a worse ratio of the contact area of structural elements 1 to their total area (mass). Thus, a greater than 30 angle of inclination lengthens the element 1 vertically causes it to be less stable and heavier, or while keeping the same height of the element increases its weight. In both cases, the ratio of the contact area of structural element 1 to its weight (total mass) deteriorates.

[0106] A comparison of contact surfaces (other than vertical) for different angles of inclination of the tongues 6 of the structural element 1 is shown in the table in FIG. 16. Vertical contact surfaces were not considered for these calculations because vertical surfaces do not transmit gravitational force. At an angle of 30, the structural element 1 has the smallest weight and the largest contact area. At a larger angle 45, the performance is worse. At a smaller angle 0, the parameters also deteriorate. With an angle of 0, the tongues 6 and groove 5 are completely eliminated, which further results in the instability of such structural elements 1 during laying. The contact surface is the surfaces of the structural element 1 (other than vertical) that are in contact with the surfaces of subsequent structural element 1 laid on top of it. The front surface is the surface that is visible when looking from the front at the structural element 1 laid out in the skeleton. The front surface does not include the surface of the tongues, since the tongues are not visible when assembled into a skeleton.

[0107] A comparison of the contact area for different traditional building materials is shown in the table in FIG. 17. Double structural element 1 (2x structural element 1) has a very high contact area to front area ratio. It is inferior only to traditional flat brick, which has the best ratio of all building materials because it is the flattest. In addition, the structural element 1 is the only one in the list to have grooves 5 and tongues 6. The other building materials analyzed have a flat surface. The table shows that the design of the structural element 1 solves well the technical problem of low tangency of structural elements, which occurs in frame structures.

[0108] In the optimal execution example, the lower contact surface 5a of the groove 5 forms an angle of 30 with the upper surface of the head 3b, with the horizontal. Maintaining the same angles of the groove 5 and the tongues 6 allows the tongues 6 to fit properly into the groove 5 and fill them completely when assembling structural elements 1, resulting in a structure with greater strength, as can be seen in FIG. 5. FIGS. 1 and 2 show an example of execution where the tongues 6 fill the groove 5 completely.

[0109] The optimal thickness of tongues 6 is indicated in FIG. 9 by the reference designation G. The optimal thickness of the tongues is calculated from the formula:

[00002]$\frac{\left(\tan x\right)\left(0.5y\right)}{2}\cos x=G$

[0110] Where x is the value of the inclination of the upper contact surface 6a with respect to the level determined by the top surface of the head 3b, perpendicular to the Z axis, y is the overall width of the structural element 1.

[0111] Realistically, the thickness of the tongues may deviate from the calculated result by

[0112] The optimal thickness of the tongues 6 ensures full filling of the groove 5.

[0113] The optimal thickness of tongues 6 depends on the overall dimensional width of the entire structural element 1 and the angle of inclination of the upper contact surface 6a with respect to the Z axis of shaft 2. The greater the dimensional width of the structural element 1, the greater the thickness of tongues 6. The thickness of tongues 6 is not related to the thickness of shaft 2. The shaft 2 can have a smaller or larger thickness with the same thickness of tongues 6.

[0114] In one example of the design of FIG. 2, the head 3 has a lower surface 3a, symmetrical (or symmetrically arranged) with respect to the shaft 2, which forms an obtuse angle with the Z-axis of the shaft 2 as seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. In one example of FIG. 5, FIG. 6, FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, the obtuse angle is 120. In yet another example of the design of FIG. 11, the lower surface 3a of the head 3 forms an arc together with the side surface 2a of the shaft 2, FIG. 11. Such a design is heavier than the design with a 120 obtuse angle, but it is also more robust. The obtuse angle design is optimal considering the ratio of weight to the contact surfaces of the structural element 1.

[0115] FIG. 3 shows an example where the bottom contact surface 2b has holes 7 adapted to accommodate elements therein, which are reinforcement bars that can serve both to join two elements 1 together and can also serve as additional reinforcement for the skeleton vertically.

[0116] All parts of the structural element 1 can be formed from the same material or from a combination of different materials into a single unit. In the case of the same material in different examples of execution, it can be concrete (including reinforced), ceramic, polymer or composite. Currently, concrete is the cheapest material due to its low cost.

[0117] In this example of execution, the dimensions of the structural element 1 advantageously are: 40 cm wide, 37 cm high and 15 cm thick. The height should not be greater than the width so that the structural element 1 is stable during laying. The thickness must ensure stability during laying and be proportional to the element's width. In a favorable example, the mass of the entire structural element 1 made of concrete is less than 15 kg. This mass allows the structural element 1 to be carried without the use of a crane or other auxiliary machinery.

[0118] In another favorable design example, shown in part in FIG. 8, the structural element 1 is built from two structural elements 1 connected to each other with bottom contact surfaces 2b into a single unit, forming a structural element 1 with the shape of a column with two heads-FIG. 10. The structural element 1 in this shape is optimal from the point of view of speed and simplicity of construction of the structural skeleton.

[0119] The application discloses an arrangement for constructing a frame wall of a frame house using a structural element 1. The arrangement includes at least two interconnected structural elements 1 that are stacked on top of each other and side by side as shown in FIG. 4-8.

[0120] The structural elements 1 are connected horizontally to each other in the direction perpendicular to the Z-axis by means of contact surfaces, which consist of the lower contact surface 5a of the groove 5, the upper contact surface 6a of the tongues 6, and the upper surface of the head 3b.

[0121] Structural elements 1 arranged horizontally next to each other adhere to each other with their perpendicular surfaces 6b and lean against each other.

[0122] The structural elements 1 are connected to each other by the upper surfaces of the head 3b and the lower contact surfaces 5a of the groove 5, which are in contact with the upper contact surfaces 6a of the tongues 6. The vertical contact surfaces of the components are the right-angle arm surface 6b of the tongue 6 and the side surface 6c of the tongue and the side surface 5b of the groove 5.

[0123] Superimposed structural elements 1 press the structural elements 1 of the lower layer against each other. One structural element 1 is laid on top of two structural elements 1 arranged next to each other horizontally. This position allows the two structural elements 1 arranged next to each other horizontally to be pressed against each other by properly aligning the tongues 6 with the grooves 5. A well-fitted and stable structure in all directions is formed. Thanks to the structure, according to the favorable example of execution, the elements will stick to each other even without glue or mortar.

[0124] The stacked structural elements 1 transfer vertical forces from the Z-axis of one structural element 1 to the Z-axes of two more structural elements 1 as shown in FIG. 10.

[0125] In the illustrated execution examples, the connected structural elements 1 into a wall, form between the side surfaces 2a of the shaft 2 together with the bottom surfaces 3a of the head 3 a hollow space in the shape of a substantially hexagonal, regular hexagon, circle or ellipse, as can be seen in FIGS. 6-8 and 10-11. The arrangement in another execution example includes a structural or insulating part that is configured to be placed in the created voids of the structural framework formed by the arrangement of the structural elements 1. In other execution examples, the structural part of the wall or insulating part is an insulating brick 8, as seen in FIG. 13, made of insulating materials for example Styrofoam.

[0126] FIG. 12 shows a wall, which is the subject of the invention, using structural elements 1. In addition to the arrangement of elements 1 described above, the wall includes starting elements 12 and ending elements 13. Starting elements 12 and ending elements 13 contain some features of structural element 1, at least grooves 5 and tongues 6. Starting elements 12 and ending elements 13 in this example of execution have the same geometry and can be seen in FIGS. 18 and 19. In other execution examples, the wall includes a system lintel 9, side elements 10 and vertical beams 11. FIG. 20 shows an example of the execution of side element 10, and FIG. 21 shows an example of the execution of vertical beam 11. FIG. 14 shows such a wall from the outside of the building with insulating bricks 8 filled in.

[0127] Some openings can be left open for ventilation of the building. The wall from the outside can be covered with a thin-coat facade plaster, or it can be already finished insulating bricks 8 that are also a facade.

[0128] FIG. 15 shows the wall from the inside. The wall from the inside can be finished in any way, for example, with plaster on a grid or with gypsum boards. Additional layers of thermal or acoustic insulation can be applied to the wall.

[0129] An additional important feature of the presented wall erection technique is the fact that the spaces of the structural frame have regular, repeating shapes which makes the insulating bricks 8 used to fill them also the same size. This speeds up the process of insulating the building and eliminates waste. In addition, insulating bricks 8 can have different insulation and water vapor permeability parameters. Depending on the needs, the same wall can be insulated with insulating bricks 8 made of different materials. For example, at the ground of the wall can be insulated with insulating bricks 8 resistant to moisture. At the top of the wall, water vapor permeable bricks can be placed. This is a unique property of the wall based on the presented construction not available in alternative wall construction systems, including frame wall construction.