LEAD-FREE THREE-COMPONENT PIEZOELECTRIC POLYMER COMPOSITE

Abstract

A polymer composite exhibiting piezoelectric properties can be formed for flexible and/or thin film applications, in which the polymer composite includes a polymer matrix and a piezoelectric ceramic filler embedded in the polymer matrix. The polymer matrix may include at least two polymers: a first polymer and a second polymer. The first polymer may be a fluorinated polymer, and the second polymer may be compatible with the first polymer and have a dielectric constant of less than approximately 20. The piezoelectric ceramic filler may be a lead-free ceramic filler, such as barium titanate, and be approximately 40-70% by volume of the polymer composite. The remaining 30-60% by volume may be the polymer matrix, which may itself be approximately 5-20% by weight second polymer and 80-95% fluorinated polymer.

Claims

1. A polymer composite, comprising: a polymer matrix comprising at least two polymers: a first polymer comprising a fluorinated polymer; and a second polymer having a dielectric constant of less than approximately 20, in which the polymer matrix comprises approximately 5-20 percent by weight or more of the second polymer; and a piezoelectric ceramic filler embedded in the polymer matrix.

2. The polymer composite of claim 1, in which the piezoelectric ceramic filler comprises approximately 40-70% by volume of the polymer composite.

3. The polymer composite of claim 1, in which the second polymer is compatible with the fluorinated polymer.

4. The polymer composite of claim 1, in which the polymer composite exhibits piezoelectric properties.

5. The polymer composite of claim 1, in which the first polymer comprises PVDF-TrFE-CFE.

6. The polymer composite of claim 1, further comprising a flexible substrate attached to the polymer composite thin film, and in which the polymer composite thin film is a mechanically-flexible thin film.

7. The polymeric composite of claim 1, wherein the film or sheet has thickness 50-200 micron.

8. The polymer composite of claim 1, in which the piezoelectric ceramic filler is a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic filler.

9. The polymer composites of claim 1, in which the polymer composite exhibiting piezoelectric properties has: a piezoelectric strain constant of between approximately 30 and approximately 70 pC/N; and a piezoelectric voltage constant between approximately 100 and approximately 300 mV.Math.m/N.

10. A method of manufacturing a thin film using the polymer composite as claimed in claim 1.

11. The method of claim 10, in which the method comprises: dissolving the first polymer into a solution of the second polymer in a solvent to form a two-polymer solution wherein the solvent has a dielectric constant of at least 20 and a boiling point of at least 80 degrees C.; adding the piezoelectric ceramic filler to the two-polymer solution to form a dispersion or suspension; forming the polymer composite thin film by casting and drying the solvent; and subjecting the polymer composite thin film to an electric polarization.

12. The method of claim 11, in which dissolving the first polymer into the solution of the second polymer produces the two-polymer solution comprising 5 to 20 wt/vol % of polymer, and preferably 10 wt/vol % to 12 wt/vol % of polymer.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising annealing the polymer composite thin film in an inert atmosphere.

14. A piezoelectric sensor comprising the polymer composite thin film of claim 1, in which the piezoelectric sensor is configured to generate an analog signal proportional to an amount of deflection applied to the piezoelectric sensor by a user, in which the piezoelectric sensor is integrated in a mobile device.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] For a more complete understanding, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0023] FIG. 1 shows a method of manufacturing a piezoelectric polymer composite according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 2 shows DSC thermograms for the blends of PVDF-TrFE-CFE with each of the example second polymers as well as for neat PVDF-TrFE-CFE according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

[0025] FIGS. 3A-D shows scanning electron microscopy micrographs of top (FIG. 3A & FIG. 3C) and bottom (FIG. 3B and FIG. 3D) surfaces of a three-component piezoelectric polymer composite with 10 weight % PPO in the matrix with films in FIGS. 3A-B prepared with MEK solvent and films in FIGS. 3C-D prepared using DMAc solvent according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 4 shows graphs for dielectric constant as a function of frequency for PVDF-TrFE-CFE/BT, and three component piezoelectric polymer composite having 60 volume percent BT loading and with 10 weight % second polymer in the matrix, PVDF, PVDF-TrFE, PC, PPO, with composites are prepared using DMAc according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 5 shows graphs for dielectric constant as a function of frequency of piezoelectric polymer composites with and without PPO in the matrix for composites prepared using MEK according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 6. shows graphs for dielectric constant as a function of frequency for three-component piezoelectric polymer composite prepared using MEK and DMAc according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0029] A polymer composite exhibiting piezoelectric properties can be formed for film, sheet, or coating applications, in which the polymer composite includes a polymer matrix and a piezoelectric ceramic filler embedded in the polymer matrix. Although film examples are described in certain embodiments, the materials described may be used or adapted for sheets or coatings. The polymer matrix may include at least two polymers: a first polymer and a second polymer. The first polymer may be a fluorinated polymer, and the second polymer may be compatible with the first polymer and have a dielectric constant of less than approximately 20. The piezoelectric ceramic filler may be a lead-free ceramic filler, such as barium titanate, and be approximately 40-70% by volume of the polymer composite.

[0030] A method of manufacturing a piezoelectric polymer composite is shown in FIG. 1. The method 100 begins at block 102 with dissolving the two polymers in a solvent to form a two-polymer solution, which may form a two-polymer solution having a concentration of polymer to solvent of at least approximately 12%, such as formed by means 12g PVDF-TrFE-CFE resin dissolved in 100 mL solvent. The polymer concentration in the solution used for making piezocomposites may be 5-20% (wt/v), or more preferably 8-15%, or more preferably 10-13% (wt/v). A composite with less than 5% (wt/v) may result in a non-continuous film Concentrations above 20% (wt/v) may result in difficulty creating high filler loading. In some embodiments, less than 5% (wt/v) may be possible with different manufacturing techniques to still obtain desirable piezoelectric and other properties. Then, at block 104, the method 100 continues with optionally adding the piezoelectric ceramic filler to the two-polymer solution to form a dispersion. In some embodiments, such as a polymer blend manufactured as a piezoelectric material will not include piezoelectric ceramic filler. At block 106, the polymer composite thin film may be formed by casting on a substrate and drying the solvent. At block 108, the cast piezocomposite film is subjected to an electric polarization. The method 100 may be performed without exceeding a temperature of about 120 degrees C., such that the manufacturing process can be used for the manufacturing of the piezoelectric composites on flexible substrates. The temperature may be selected as approximately the Curie temperature of the barium titanate piezoelectric ceramic filler and approximately the melting temperature of the PVDF-TrFE-CFE polymer matrix. In some embodiments, after casting the film on the substrate, the piezoelectric composite is annealed in an inert atmosphere (such as nitrogen gas). Although embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to blocks of FIG. 1, it should be appreciated that operation of the present invention is not limited to the particular blocks and/or the particular order of the blocks illustrated in FIG. 1. Accordingly, embodiments of the invention may provide functionality as described herein using various blocks in a sequence different than that of FIG. 1.

[0031] Several piezoelectric composite films based on the semi-crystalline terpolymer, Poly(vinylidene fluoride-triflouroethylene-chloroflouroethylene), PVDF-TrFE-CFE, as a first polymer in the polymer matrix were prepared and characterized as described below. Four different polymers were tested as the second polymer to prepare three-component piezoelectric composite compositions. The example material compositions for piezoelectric composite films according to different embodiments of the invention are shown in Table 1.

[0032] For collection of the data in Table 1, The second polymer was dissolved in the solvent followed by PVDF-TrFE-CFE resin powder. The concentration of the solution was approximately 12% (wt/vol). The desired amount of barium titanate (BT) was then added slowly under stirring at 200-250 rpm using a magnetic stirrer. After stirring for 30 minutes, the mixture was casted into a thin film using doctor blade on to a substrate, followed by drying in open air. The drying time was adjusted depending on the solvent used for making the composites. After drying, the films were peeled off from the glass plate and annealed under nitrogen. The composition of the polymer composite prepared following the procedure mentioned above and the solvent used for making the composites are provided in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Piezoelectric polymer composite compositions (e.g., films or coatings) using PVDF-TrFE-CFE as the first polymer in the polymer matrix. Barium Solvent used titanate Polymer 2 for solution loading Example no. Polymer 2 weight(%) casting (vol %) 1 PVDF 10 DMAc 60 2 PVDF-TrFE 10 DMAc 60 3 PC 10 DMAc 60 4 PPO 5 DMAc 60 5 PPO 10 DMAc 60 6 PPO 20 DMAc 60 7 PPO 10 MEK 40 8 PPO 10 DMAc 40

[0033] Table 2 describes the aspects of the second polymers used in the polymer matrix according to some embodiments of the invention. In each of these samples, the second polymers has a dielectric constant of less than 20.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Physical properties of sample second polymers for the polymer matrix. Melting Glass transition Polymer 2 Dielectric constant temperature (° C.) temperature (° C.) PVDF 8-12 169.5 — PVDF-TrFE 9-12 151 — PC ~3 — 151 PPO 2-3  — 135

[0034] The assessment of compatibility for these second polymers with PVDF-TrFE-CFE is determined based on the shift of the melting temperature of the second polymer when in the blend with PVDF-TrFE-CFE compared to the melting temperature of the neat polymers. FIG. 2 shows DSC thermograms for the blends of PVDF-TrFE-CFE with each of the example second polymers as well as for neat PVDF-TrFE-CFE according to some embodiments of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, in blends, the melting transition of PVDF-TrFE and PVDF are 142 (ΔT.sub.m˜9° C.) and 168.5° C. (ΔT.sub.m˜1° C.), respectively. Unlike PVDF and PVDF-TrFE, PPO is completely amorphous polymer, and PVDF-TrFE-CFE is semi-crystalline, the melting peak in DSC thermogram only arise from PVDF-TrFE-CFE. The melting point of PVDF-TrFE-CFE in the blend with PPO is broadened as compared to that in the neat terpolymer, and the enthalpy of fusion is reduced to 11 J/g from 17 J/g. The compatibilities for PVDF, PVDF-TrFE, and PPO with PVDF-TrFE-CFE based on these criteria are incompatible, partially compatible, and compatible, respectively.

[0035] Two different solvents, MEK and DMAc having dielectric constant of 18.5 and 47 and boiling point of 80 and 189° C. respectively, were chosen to fabricate the piezoelectric polymer composite films. FIGS. 3A-D shows scanning electron microscopy micrographs of top (FIG. 3A & FIG. 3C) and bottom (FIG. 3B and FIG. 3D) surfaces of a three-component piezoelectric polymer composite with 10 weight % PPO in the matrix having PPO as polymer 2 and 40 volume percent barium titanate loading, fabricated using MEK and DMAc with films in FIGS. 3A-B prepared using MEK solvent and films in FIGS. 3C-D prepared using DMAc solvent according to some embodiments of the disclosure. As seen in SEM micrographs, the barium titanate particles in composites form aggregates which are nearly spherical in shape. In Example 7, the filler particles protrude out from the film top surface due to the rapid evaporation of the low boiling solvent, MEK and towards the bottom, polymers form an insulating layer over the filler particles. In Example 8, depressions are seen at the top surface, which appears due to the settling down of the high-density filler particles before the evaporation of the high boiling solvent. Spherical interconnected filler particles are seen at the bottom surface, the polymer forms network structure. Solvents having different dielectric constants and boiling points impact the filler dispersion in the polymer composite. Table 3 shows the effect of different low dielectric polymers on piezoelectric strain constant, d.sub.33 and piezoelectric voltage constant, g.sub.33, and dielectric constant of piezoelectric polymer composite.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Effect of second polymer in polymer matrix on piezoelectric and dielectric properties of piezoelectric composite compositions (e.g., films or coatings). Example no. d.sub.33 (pC/N) ∈.sub.r g.sub.33 (mV .Math. m/N) 1 49.2 57.2 97.1 2 41.9 47.1 100.4 3 42.2 22   216.7 4 2.7 — — 5 37.5 15.9 231.7 6 6.1 — — 7 19.3 69.6 31.4 8 24 14.7 184 PVDF-TrFE-CFE/BT(60) 50 55.1 102.5

[0036] A comparison of the PVDF-TrFE-CFE/PVDF-based piezoelectric composite and a composite with only PVDF-TrFE-CFE as polymer matrix shows that effect of PVDF on d.sub.33 and ε.sub.r in not significant (as shown in Table 3 and FIG. 4) because PVDF is incompatible with PVDF-TrFE-CFE. FIG. 4 shows graphs for dielectric constant as a function of frequency for PVDF-TrFE-CFE/BT, and three component piezoelectric polymer composite having 60 volume percent BT loading and with 10 weight % second polymer in the matrix, PVDF, PVDF-TrFE, PC, PPO, with composites are prepared using DMAc according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

[0037] A comparison of the other example polymer matrices (PVDF-TrFE-CFE/PVDF-TrFE, PVDF-TrFE-CFE/PC and PVDF-TrFE-CFE/PPO) and a film with only PVDF-TrFE-CFE as polymer matrix shows PVDF-TrFE, PC and PPO as second polymer result in a reduction of d.sub.33 and ε.sub.r (as shown in FIG. 4). This conclusion is further supported by the piezoelectric polymer composites having 40 volume percent barium titanate loading, fabricated using MEK as solvent, as shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows graphs for dielectric constant as a function of frequency of piezoelectric polymer composites with and without PPO in the matrix for composites prepared using MEK according to some embodiments of the disclosure. The effect of PPO as the second polymer of the polymer matrix, may be significant as compared to a composite having PVDF-TrFE-CFE as polymer matrix. The reduction of d.sub.33 and ε.sub.r can be attributed to the compatibility between PVDF-TrFE-CFE and second polymers with a low dielectric constant below approximately 20.

[0038] FIG. 6 shows the effect of two different solvents on the dielectric constant of three-component piezocomposite according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Comparison of example 7 and 8 prepared using MEK and DMAc, respectively, reveals that high boiling solvent having high dielectric constant can reduce the dielectric constant of the composite significantly as compared to low boiling solvent having low dielectric constant. A lower dielectric constant of the polymer composite results in an improvement of g.sub.33. PVDF-TrFE, PC and PPO are only three example second polymers with dielectric constants below 20, compatible with PVDF-TrFE-CFE. Other polymers may be compatible with PVDF-TrFE-CFE and used in a polymer matrix of a piezoelectric composite film to achieve the desired piezoelectric characteristics. Additionally, another polymer, other than PVDF-TrFE-CFE may be used as the first polymer, and second polymers with dielectric constants below 20 compatible with that first polymer. Additionally, although each of the example films has a 90%/10% ratio of first polymer to second polymer, other ratios may be used to obtain different characteristics in the piezoelectric composite film.

[0039] When forming the piezoelectric composite, the solvent used to combine the first and second polymer should have a dielectric constant greater than 20 and a boiling point ≥80° C. in order to achieve desirable d.sub.33 and g.sub.33 values and desired mechanical characteristics. In some embodiments, the boiling point can be significantly higher than 1000 degrees Celsius, such as around 1800 degrees Celsius or more, while having a dielectric constant of greater than 20. Although solvent mixing process is described herein for manufacturing the example piezoelectric composite films, other manufacturing processes may be used such as standard melt mixing to create these same blends with desirable piezoelectric characteristics.

[0040] An example solvent mixing process for the lead-free three-component PVDF-TrFE-CFE-based piezoelectric composite material begins with dissolving the second polymer in a solvent. The second polymer as described above should be selected to be compatible with PVDF-TrFE-CFE and have a dielectric constant of less than 20. The solvent as described above should be selected to have a dielectric constant greater than 20 and a boiling point ≥80° C. The first polymer, PVDF-TrFE-CFE, is then added and stirred until dissolved completely. In the embodiments described above, the concentration of the solution was approximately 12% (w/v). Then, barium titanate (BT) was added slowly to the solution while stirring. After stirring for approximately 30-45 mins duration to ensure approximately complete mixing, the mixture was cast into a thin film using a doctor blade on to a substrate and dried in open air. After drying, the films were peeled off from the substrate and annealed under nitrogen.

[0041] The piezoelectric composite can be made using solution casting or forming methodology. A solution of a polymer can be obtained. The solution can include a solvent and polymer. The solution can include at least, equal to, or between any two of 1.5 wt./vol %, 5 wt./vol %, 10 wt./vol %, 15 wt./vol %, and 20 wt./vol % of the polymer. In some embodiments, the solution includes and 10 wt. % to 12 wt. % PVDF or PVDF-TRFE-CFE or a blend thereof. In some embodiments, no compatibility improvers are used to make the lead-free polymeric composites of the present invention.

[0042] The piezoelectric additive can be dispersed or suspended in the polymer solution. The piezoelectric additive can be a plurality (e.g., 2 or more, suitably 5 or more, 10 or more, 50 or more, 100 or more, 500 or more, 1000 or more, etc.) of lead-free piezoelectric particles. The lead-free piezoelectric particles can be dispersed in the solution via any suitable method, including mixing, stirring, folding or otherwise integrating the lead-free piezoelectric particles in the matrix so as to generate a uniform dispersion or suspension of the particles in the matrix. In some embodiments, the solution is added to the piezoelectric additive.

[0043] The dispersion or suspension can be subjected to conditions suitable to form the piezoelectric composite of the present invention. The following description references dispersion, but it also applies to a suspension. In one embodiment, the dispersion includes PVDF, PVDF-TRFE, or PVDF-TRFE-CFE or a blend thereof, and barium titanate. In some embodiments, the dispersion can be shaped or cast. Shaped or shaping, or casting can include a mechanical or physical processes to change to a desired form. Shaping can also include simply placing a dispersion into a desired container or receptacle, thereby providing it with a maintained shape or form. It should be noted that the shaped form is not necessarily the final form, as additional processing (e.g., machining, forming, etc.) can be completed on the final, cured composite. The act of shaping the dispersion for use in the methods described herein is primarily to give some initial structure to the dispersion prior to further processing. A rigid or specific shape is not required.

[0044] Casting can be pouring the dispersion on a casting surface. Non-limiting examples of casting include air casting (e.g., the dispersion passes under a series of air flow ducts that control the evaporation of the solvents in a particular set period of time such as 24 to 48 hours), solvent or emersion casting, (e.g., the dispersion is spread onto a moving belt and run through a bath or liquid in which the liquid within the bath exchanges with the solvent). The spreading of the dispersion on the casting surface can be done with a doctor blade, rolling spreader bar or any of several configurations of flat sheeting extrusion dies.

[0045] During casting or shaping, the solvent can be removed thereby leaving the dispersion on the substrate or in the mold. Heat can be applied to assist the removal of the solvent. By way of example, the shaped material can be heated at a temperature of at least, equal to, or between any two of 50° C., 55° C., 60° C., 65° C., 70° C., 75° C., and 80° C. The resulting shaped polymer composite material can be annealed at a temperature of at least, equal to, or between any two of 80° C., 85° C., 90° C., 95° C., 100° C., 105° C., 110° C., 115° C., and 120° C. for a desired amount of time (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 hours or any range or value there between). The shaped material can be a film, a sheet or the like. Some or all of the solvent can be removed during the heating process. For example, heating and/or annealing the lead-free piezoelectric polymer precursor composite material can remove at least, equal to, or between any two of 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100 wt. % of the solvent.

[0046] After annealing the shaped polymer composite material can be subjected to conditions to induce electric polarization in the lead-free piezoelectric additive (e.g., plurality of particles) in the polymeric composite material. During electric polarization, the piezoelectric particles can be connected to one another in a linear or semi-linear manner (e.g., chains of particles). Columns of piezoelectric particles are suitably formed by the stacking or aligning of more than one chain. In a non-limiting example, the shaped polymer composite material can be poled. By way of example, the polymer composite material can be poled with a selected electric field at room temperature (e.g., after cooling of the composite), or at a selected electric field at a selected temperature, at least one of the selected electric field and the selected temperature being chosen in accordance with a desired dipole orientation, a desired polarization strength, or property of the article of manufacture.

[0047] The temperature for performing poling can be in accordance with a desired dipole orientation and/or a desired polarization strength, or in accordance with a desired stress state of a finished actuator. For example, the poling can be performed at a selected cooling temperature range, through a selected heating temperature, or through a selected heating temperature heating and cooling temperature range. In some instance, the poling may occur over a “range” (e.g., selected range) of temperatures rather than at a specific constant temperature. In some embodiments, poling can be performed at a temperature of at least, equal to, or between any two of 80° C., 85° C., 90° C., 95° C., 100° C., 105° C., 110° C., 115° C., and 120° C. The applied voltage level parameter for the poling can be selected in various ways. For example, the applied voltage level parameter can be selected as constant, or changing (e.g., ramped) over a period of time. In some embodiments, poling is performed using corona discharge using an electrode gap of 0.5 to 1.5 cm, or about 1 cm for a desired amount of time (e.g., about 1 hour).

[0048] For electrical measurements involving the samples described above, circular gold electrodes were deposited on both sides of the composite films. The dielectric constant and loss tangent were measured at room temperature in a frequency range of 100 Hz-1 MHz. The cast piezocomposite films were subjected to corona poling to test piezoelectric response. Corona poling of the piezocomposites was carried out under the conditions detailed below; the needles were kept at high voltage (typically 10 kV), at a poling temperature of 110° C., with an electrode gap of 1 cm, and with a poling time of 1 hour. The poled films were maintained at room temperature for 48 hours, and then the piezoelectric strain constant (d.sub.33) of the poled films was measured at ambient temperature at a frequency of 110 Hz with a clamping force of ION and an oscillatory force 0.25N to obtain the values described above in Table 3.

[0049] The piezoelectric composite can include a polymer and a lead-free piezoelectric additive. The piezoelectric composite can include at least, equal to, or between any two of 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 99 wt. % polymer matrix. The amount of lead-free piezoelectric additive present in the polymer matrix can be at least, equal to, or between any two of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, and 65 vol. %. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite includes PVDF-TRFE-CFE and 20 vol. % to 60 vol. % barium titanate particles having an average particle size of 250 to 350 nm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite includes, consists of, or consists essentially of PVDF-TRFE-CFE and 20 vol. % to 60 vol. % barium titanate particles having an average particle size of 250 to 350 nm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite can have less than 0.1 wt. % of solvent or between 0 and 0.1 wt. % solvent.

[0050] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite can have any shape or form. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite is a film or sheet. In some embodiments, the film or sheet has a thickness dimension of 50 to 200 microns, or at least, equal to, or between any two of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, and 200 microns.

[0051] Properties of the piezoelectric composite include electrical and mechanical properties. Non-limiting examples of electrical properties can include piezoelectric constant, dielectric constant, and the like. The d.sub.33 of the piezoelectric composite be at least, equal to, or between 40 pC/N, 45 pC/N, 50 pC/N, 55 pC/N, 56 pC/N, 57 pC/N, 58 pC/N, 59 pC/N, 60 pC/N, 61 pC/N, 62 pC/N, 63 pC/N, 64 pC/N, 65 pC/N, 66 pC/N, 67 pC/N, 68 pC/N, 69 pC/N, and 70 pC/N. By way of example, the piezoelectric composite can have a dielectric constant that is less than, equal to, or between any two of 120, 115, 110, 105, 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, and 35. In some embodiments, the dielectric constant is from 90 to 210. The lead-free piezoelectric composite can have a storage modulus can range from 100 to 325 MPa, or at least, equal to, or between any two of 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, and 325 MPa. Storage modulus can be measured according to ISO 6721 at room temperature and a 1 Hz strain of 0.2%. The lead-free piezoelectric composite can have an elongation break of 30 to 500% under uniaxial loading at room temperature (e.g., 25 to 35° C.). Elongation break can be measured using standard dynamic mechanical analyzer.

[0052] Although embodiments of the present application and their advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the above disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.