AGRICULTURAL FLUID DEPOSITION AID
20230143485 · 2023-05-11
Inventors
- Fengqi HE (Shanghai, CN)
- William BROWN (Pleasantville, NY, US)
- George POLICELLO (Ossining, NY, US)
- Jeferson NAUE (Yorktown Heights, NY, US)
- Long YONG (Shanghai, CN)
- Zhengya CAO (Anhui, CN)
Cpc classification
A01N25/02
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A01N43/80
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A01N25/24
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A01N25/02
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
A01N25/02
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A01N25/24
HUMAN NECESSITIES
Abstract
A deposition aid is provided, comprising a low molecular weight, low viscosity polysiloxane, combined with a crop oil concentrate or esterified seed oil concentrate. Combinations including the modified silicone can improve spreading and/or adhesion to foliage. Adding about 5%to about 20%of the modified silicone can provide more than a proportional increase in spreading and/or adhesion.
Claims
1. An organosilicone-based agricultural composition, comprising a combination of (a) an optional oil component, (b) a surfactant, and (c) a polysiloxane having an average molecular weight of about 4,000 g/mole or lower and a viscosity of about 50 cSt or lower at 25° C., wherein the polysiloxane is soluble or dispersible in the oil component, when the optional oil component is present, and has the general formula (I):
2. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein about 5% to 95% of the composition comprises the oil component, about 1% to 50% of the composition comprises the surfactant; and about 1% to 95% of the composition comprises the polysiloxane component.
3. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the combination will exhibit at least 50% improved spreading or 50% improved deposition to a leaf surface than the same composition will spread or adhere to the leaf in the absence of the polysiloxane.
4. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the oil component is a mineral oil, a paraffinic crop oil, a vegetable oil, or an esterified seed oil and the polysiloxane is a polydimethylsiloxane or an organo-modified polysiloxane.
5. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein: R.sup.8 is selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons.
6. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein x+y is 5 to 50.
7. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein y=0 and x is 3 to 50.
8. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 are methyl.
9. The agricultural composition of claim 7, wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 are methyl.
10. The agricultural composition of claim 9, wherein y=0 and x is about 5 to 25.
11. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the polysiloxane has a viscosity of about 20 cSt or lower at 25° C.
12. The agricultural composition of claim 11, wherein the polysiloxane has a molecular weight of about 2,000 g/mole or lower.
13. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 are monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 18 carbons, or aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals of 6 to 14 carbon atoms and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.5 through R.sup.10 are methyl.
14. The agricultural composition of claim 12, wherein x+y is 5 to 50.
15. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R.sup.10 is a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, or an aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 14 carbon atoms and R.sup.1 through R.sup.9 are methyl.
16. The agricultural composition of claim 15, wherein x+y is 5 to 50.
17. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 is OH and R.sup.4 and R.sup.7 are methyl.
18. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 are OH and R.sup.7 is methyl.
19. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein or R.sup.1, R.sup.4 and R.sup.7 are each OH.
20. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the optional oil component (a) is present and each of R.sup.1, R.sup.4 and R.sup.7 are not OH.
21. The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein about 0% to 95% of the composition comprises the oil component (a), about 1% to 50% of the composition comprises the surfactant (b); and about 1% to 95% of the composition comprises the polysiloxane component (c); wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 are hydroxyl (OH); R.sup.7 is independently selected from hydroxyl (OH), or a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R.sup.8 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; x is 4 to 50 and y is 0.
22. The agricultural composition of claim 1, comprising a C4 to C18 alcohol alkoxylate surfactant.
23. The agricultural composition of claim 1, and comprising a solvent selected from d-limonene, triacetin, isopropylmyristate, and esterified seed oil.
24. The agricultural composition of claim 1, and comprising an oil carrier selected from the group of petroleum oil, mineral oil, paraffinic mineral oil, vegetable oil, esterified vegetable oil, esterified seed oil.
25. A method of increasing the spreading or adhesion properties of an agricultural composition containing (a) an oil component and (b) a surfactant, comprising adding to the formulation, an amount of thepolysiloxane or organo-modified polysiloxane of Formula (I), having a molecular weight below about 4,000 g/mol, effective to cause the combination to exhibit 10% improved adhesion or spreading when compared to the same formulation, but in the absence of the polysiloxane or organomodified polysiloxane.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein R.sup.8 is selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the polysiloxane or organomodified polysiloxane has a viscosity of not more than about 50 cSt at 25° C.
28. An agrochemical composition, comprising a bioactive component and the agricultural composition of claim 1.
29. A plant having the agrochemical composition of claim 28 applied thereto.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is had to the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[0021] In the specification and claims herein, the following terms and expressions are to be understood as indicated.
[0022] The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0023] Other than in the working examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing amounts of materials, reaction conditions, time durations, quantified properties of materials, and so forth, stated in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”.
[0024] All methods described herein may be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed.
[0025] No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
[0026] The terms, “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” “characterized by,” and grammatical equivalents thereof are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps, but will also be understood to include the more restrictive terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of.”
[0027] It will be understood that any numerical range recited herein includes all sub-ranges within that range and any combination of the various endpoints of such ranges or sub-ranges.
[0028] As used herein, integer values of stoichiometric subscripts refer to molecular species and non-integer values of stoichiometric subscripts refer to a mixture of molecular species on a molecular weight average basis, a number average basis or a mole fraction basis.
[0029] It will be further understood that any compound, material or substance which is expressly or implicitly disclosed in the specification and/or recited in a claim as belonging to a group of structurally, compositionally and/or functionally related compounds, materials or substances includes individual representatives of the group and all combinations thereof.
[0030] The term “agrochemical,” or “agricultural chemical,” as used herein shall be understood to refer to all bioactive compounds, biological materials including extracts, fractions and by-products thereof, living organisms including microorganisms, and the like, that are suitable for agricultural use such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematocides, larvacides, mitocides, ovacides, plant growth regulators, seed treatment agents, etc. “Agricultural composition” refers to a composition that is applied to plants, weeds, landscapes, grass, trees, pastures, or for other agricultural applications. Agricultural compositions can be provided in concentrated or diluted form. An agricultural composition may or may not contain an agrochemical (agricultural chemical).
[0031] The term “adjuvant” as used herein includes optional components that impart a functionally useful property to a composition, e.g., dispersing, wetting, spreading, etc., and/or enhances a functionally useful property already possessed in some degree by the composition, including any composition, material or substance which increases the efficacy of the agrochemical or active material to which it is added.
[0032] The term “bioactive” refers to an agricultural chemical or material having biological activity, i.e., a positive or negative effect on a living (plant, animal, bacterial or protozoan) organism, including but not limited to pesticides, e.g., herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides and molluscides; plant or animal nutrients; defoliants; and, plant or animal growth regulators.
[0033] The expression “hydrocarbon group” or “hydrocarbon radical” means any hydrocarbon from which one or more hydrogen atoms has been removed and is inclusive of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclic alkyl, cyclic alkenyl, cyclic alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl and arenyl groups and is inclusive of hydrocarbon groups containing at least one heteroatom.
[0034] The term “alkyl” means any monovalent, saturated straight, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group; the term “alkenyl” means any monovalent straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds where the site of attachment of the group can be either at a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewhere therein; and, the term “alkynyl” means any monovalent straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and, optionally, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, where the site of attachment of the group can be either at a carbon-carbon triple bond, a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewhere therein. Examples of alkyls include methyl, ethyl, propyl and isobutyl. Examples of alkenyls include vinyl, propenyl, allyl, methallyl, ethylidenyl norbornane, ethylidene norbornyl, ethylidenyl norbornene and ethylidene norbornenyl. Examples of alkynyls include acetylenyl, propargyl and methylacetylenyl.
[0035] The term “superspreader” as used herein refers to those adjuvant surfactants that have the property of “superspreading”, or “superwetting”. Superspreading/superwetting is the ability of a drop of a solution of a superspreader surfactant to spread to a diameter that is greater than the diameter of a drop of distilled water on a hydrophobic surface, and also greater than the diameter to which a solution of water and non-superspreading surfactant spreads on the hydrophobic surface.
[0036] The term “tank-mix” means the combination of at least one agrochemical with a spray medium, such as water or oil, at the point of use (application). The term “In-can” refers to a formulation or concentrate containing at least one agrochemical component. The “In-can” formulation may then be diluted to its application concentration at the point of use, typically in a tank-mix, or it may be used undiluted.
[0037] Crop oil concentrates (COCs) and methylated seed oils (MSOs) are classes of agricultural adjuvants that are based on petroleum oil and seed oil base stocks respectively. The COCs and MSOs contain surfactant packages that typically make up 5 to 40 percent of the product’s composition. COCs and MSOs are sold neat and then diluted with water by the end-user before spraying. The surfactant packages act to disperse or emulsify the oil phase into the water, and to help the deposition (adhesion) and spreading of the sprayed emulsion or dispersion onto the target surface. COCs and MSOs can enhance the penetration of systemic pesticides and other agrochemicals into the plants, fungi and insects to which they are applied.
[0038] It has been determined that the addition of low molecular weight polysiloxanes (e.g. silicone oils) in accordance with the invention can further reduce the surface tension of the petroleum oil and seed oil base stocks that are used to make COCs and MSOs. The benefits (e.g., improved droplet adhesion, spreading, and/or emulsion stability) imparted to the COCs and the MSOs, and the resulting agricultural compositions containing these COCs and MSOs by the addition of the polysiloxane, can surprisingly exceed those expected from the agricultural formulations alone, i.e. without the polysiloxanes.
[0039] It was surprisingly determined that the sprayed droplets of the formulations containing the polysiloxanes had improved adhesion to plant (e.g., leaf) surfaces even where there was no associated reduction in the dynamic surface tension of the respective formulations. Furthermore, the high spreading of the emulsions described herein along with improved emulsion stability was also quite surprising.
[0040] Spreading and deposition aids in accordance with the invention can be formed by combining the following components: (a) 5% to 95%, preferably 50% to 90% of an optional oil component, (b) 1% to 50%, preferably 5% to 20% of an emulsifier, surfactant, dispersant or superspreader component; and (c) about 1% to 95%, preferably 2% to 20% and more preferably, 5% to 15% of a polysiloxane having a low molecular weight. Preferred polysiloxanes have a molecular weight of about 5000 g/mole or lower, preferably about 4000 g/mole or lower, more preferably 2000 g/mole or lower. The polysiloxane should have a viscosity below about 50 cSt, preferably below about 20 cSt at 25° C. The polysiloxane should be soluble or dispersible in the oil component, when present. Preferred agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention can spread on or adhere to a leaf surface at least 10% better, preferably more than 20% better and more preferably at least 50% better than the same formulation will spread or adhere in the absence of the polysiloxane.
[0041] The oil component can be a mineral oil, a paraffinic crop oil, a vegetable oil, or an esterified seed oil and the polysiloxane is a polydimethylsiloxane or an organo-modified polysiloxane. Preferred oil components include: mineral oil, paraffinic oil, seed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, methylated seed oil, methylated soybean oil, methylated rapeseed oil, methylated cotton seed oil, methylated corn seed oil, partially methylated seed oil, partially methylated soybean oil, methyl caprylate, methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl stearate.
[0042] Compositions of the invention can optionally be combined with one or more other adjuvant components known for incorporation in aqueous agricultural sprays. Among the many kinds of optional adjuvant are surfactants of both the organosilicon and non-organosilicon types and antifoam additives and additives like stickers, thickeners, dyes, and so forth.
[0043] Acceptable emulsifiers and surfactants include: nonionic, anionic, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants. Non-limiting examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include alcohol ethoxylates, alkylpolyglycosides, alkyleneoxide copolymers of ethyleneoxide with propyleneoxide, butyleneoxide, alkylpolyglycerols, acetylenic diol alkoxylates, and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable anionic surfactants include alkylsulfates (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laurylethoxy sulfates and 2-ethylhexylsulfate), alkylbenzene sulfonates (e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonates), C.sub.8-C.sub.18 phosphate, mono-, di- and tri- esters with alkyleneoxide, alkyl sarcosinates such as sodium lauryl sarcosinate, and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable cationic surfactants include C.sub.8-C.sub.18 alkoxylated fatty amines and imidazolines. Non-limiting examples of suitable zwiterionic surfactants include C.sub.8-C.sub.18 amidopropyl betaines, such as, but not limited to, lauryl betaine, myristyl betaine, lauramidopropyl betaine, soyamidopropyl betaine, laurylamido betaine, oleyl betaine, lecithins and the like. The agricultural composition can preferably include a fatty alcohol alkoxylate surfactant, e.g., polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxybutylene, and mixed polyalkyleneoxide alkoxylates of fatty alcohols. Surfactants having short chain hydrophobes that do not interfere with superspreadingare described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,806, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, are also useful.
[0044] Specific acceptable examples include isodecyl alcohol ethoxylates (Alkosynt ID 30, Oxiteno, Rhodasurf DA 530, Solvay, Ethal DA-4, Ethox), isotridecyl alcohol ethoxylates (Genapol X 050, Genapol X 060, Genapol X 080, Clariant, Alkosint IT 60, Alkosint IT 120, Oxiteno), tridecyl alcohol ethoxylates (Lutensol TDA 6, Lutensol TDA 9, Lutensol TDA 10, BASF), guerbet alcohol alkoxylates (Lutenxol XL 50, Lutensol XP 50, Lutensol XL 60, Lutensol XP 60, Lutensol XL 80, Lutensol XP 80, BASF), secondary alcohol ethoxylates (Tergitol 15-S-3, Tergitol 15-S-5, Tergitol 15-S-7, Tergitol 15-S-9, Dow Chemical), polyethylene glycol trimethylnonyl ether (Tergitol TMN 3, Tergitol TMN 6, Tergitol TMN 10, Dow Chemical) alkyl acetylenic diols (Surfynols, Air Products), pyrrilodone based surfactants (e.g., Surfadone LP 100, Ashland), 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate, ethylene diamine alkoxylates (Tetronics, BASF), ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers (Pluronics, BASF), gemini-type surfactants (Rhodia/Solvay) and diphenyl ether gemini-type surfactants (DOWFAX, Dow Chemical).
[0045] Preferred solvents include: isopropyl myristate, d-limonene, citrus terpene oil, or triacetin.
[0046] Preferred superspreaders include: siloxane polyalkyleneoxide copolymers. Non-limiting examples include polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxybutylene, and mixed polyalkyleneoxide alkoxylates of trisiloxanes, tetrasiloxanes and pentasiloxanes.
[0047] Polysiloxanes in accordance with the invention can have the general formula (I), (II) or (III), below. The viscosity of the polysiloxane should be low and can be up to about 50 cSt. The most preferred polysiloxanes are low viscosity polysiloxanes with a viscosity of, e.g., up to 20 cSt, and/or up to an average MW of 2000 g/mol. Of the three formula, most preferred is general formula (I), especially with viscosities equal to or below about 20 cSt.:
wherein: [0048] M.sup.1=R.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3SiO.sub.½ [0049] M.sup.2=R.sup.4R.sup.5R.sup.6SiO.sub.½ [0050] D=R.sup.7R.sup.8SiO.sub.2/2 [0051] D.sup.1=R.sup.9R.sup.10SiO.sub.2/2 [0052] R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 are independently selected from Hydroxyl (OH), R.sup.8, or OR.sup.8; [0053] R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are independently selected from a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, and aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals [0054] of 6 to 14 carbon atoms; [0055] R.sup.7 is selected from hydroxyl (OH), OR.sup.8, a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, —OSi(R.sup.8).sub.3, or —(OSiR.sup.8R.sup.8).sub.f OSi(R.sup.8).sub.2OZ, where Z is H or R.sup.8 and subscript f is 0 to 8; [0056] R.sup.8 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; [0057] R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are independently selected from a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, and aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals of 6 to 14 carbon atoms; and [0058] subscripts x and y are independently 0 to 50, with the proviso that x+y is about 1 to 50.
[0059] Preferred structures of Formula (I) are those wherein Y=0 and all the R groups are methyl and the viscosity is 50 cSt or lower at 25 deg C, preferably 20 cSt or lower at 25 deg C. Other preferred examples of Formula I include those: wherein x+y is 5 to 50; or wherein y=0 and x is 3 to 50; or wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.4 and R.sup.7 are independently selected from Hydroxyl (OH), or methyl; or wherein R.sup.2 R.sup.3, R.sup.5 R.sup.6 and R.sup.8 are methyl; wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 are methyl; or wherein y=0, x=3 to 50, and R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 are methyl; or wherein y=0 and x is about 5 to 25 and R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 are methyl; or wherein R.sup.10 is a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, or an aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 14 carbon atoms and R.sup.1 through R.sup.9 are methyl; or wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 are monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 18 carbons or aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals of 6 to 14 carbon atoms and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.5 through R.sup.10 are methyl; or wherein R.sup.10 is a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, or an aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 14 carbon atoms; or wherein R.sup.1 through R.sup.9 are methyl. In preferred examples of Formula (I), R.sup.1, is OH and R.sup.4 and R.sup.7 are methyl; R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 are OH and R.sup.7 is methyl; R.sup.1, R.sup.4 and R.sup.7 are each OH; or R.sup.1, R.sup.4 and R.sup.7 are each methyl.
[0060] Polysiloxanes in accordance with this invention can also be defined by structure (II)
[0061] wherein, TS.sup.1 and TS.sup.2 are independently R.sup.12R.sup.13R.sup.14Si—O—Si.sup.a(R.sup.A)—O—SiR.sup.15R.sup.16R.sup.17 [0062] wherein Si.sup.a is a monovalent radical and R.sup.11 attaches to Si.sup.a [0063] R.sup.11 is selected from divalent hydrocarbon radicals of 4 to 18 carbons, [0064] R.sup.A, R.sup.12, R.sup.13, R.sup.14, R.sup.15, R.sup.16 and R.sup.17 are independently selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons.
[0065] Preferred examples of formula II include examples wherein R.sup.11 is a divalent hydrocarbon radical containing 4 to 18 carbons and wherein R.sup.A and R.sup.12 through R.sup.17 are methyl (-CH.sub.3) groups.
[0066] Polysiloxanes in accordance with this invention can also be defined by structure (III)
wherein [0067] R.sup.19 = H-, CH.sub.3-, or HR.sup.18- [0068] R.sup.20 = H-, or -Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2O.sub.½-(D.sup.2)z-O.sub.½Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2H or -Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2O.sub.½-(D.sup.2).sub.z-O.sub.½Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2CH.sub.3, [0069] R.sup.18 is selected from divalent hydrocarbon radicals of 4 to 18 carbons [0070] D.sup.2=R.sup.21R.sup.22SiO.sub.2/2, [0071] R.sup.21 and R.sup.22 are independently selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons, [0072] z=2 to 20, and [0073] w=1 to 20 (w=1 or 2 is preferred).
[0074] Preferred examples of formula III include examples where w=1-10 and wherein R.sup.21 and R.sup.22 are methyl (-CH.sub.3) groups.
[0075] The agricultural composition can preferably include a solvent selected from d-limonene, triacetin, isopropylmyristate, and esterified seed oil.
[0076] A method in accordance with the invention involves increasing the spreading and/or adhesion properties of an agricultural composition containing a mineral oil, a paraffinic crop oil, esterified seed oil or a vegetable oil, including COCs and MSOs, comprising adding to the agricultural composition, an effective amount of a selected polysiloxane or organo-modified polysiloxane having an average molecular weight below about 5000 g/mole, preferably below about 4000 g/mole, and more preferably, below about 2,000 g/mole. Preferred polysiloxanes have a kinematic viscosity below about 100 centistokes (cSt) at 25° C., preferably below about 50 cSt at 25° C., and more preferably below about 20 cSt at 25° C. (ASTM D 445). Preferred polysiloxanes have general formulae I, II or III, identified above. The method can be effective to cause the composition to exhibit improved adhesion and/or spreading when compared to the same composition, but in the absence of the polysiloxane or organomodified polysiloxane. Increases of over 10%, 20% and even 50% improved spreading and/or adhesion are possible.
[0077] Deposition aids in accordance with the invention can be provided as an agricultural composition, blended on site from individual components, or a combination thereof. For example, they can be provided as isolated polysiloxanes or combined with other materials such as mineral oils, vegetable oils, esterified seed oils, surfactants and agrochemicals to form a tank mix, which can then be applied as desired.
[0078] Optimal amounts of the polysiloxane spreading and deposition aid for a specific spray composition and spraying operation can be readily determined employing routine experimental testing procedures known in the art. For many spray compositions, amounts of the compositions of this invention ranging from 0.01 to 5, and preferably from 0.05 to 1 weight percent can be incorporated therein with generally good spreading and adhesion results. Accordingly, the invention comprises an MSO and/or COC containing a polysiloxane as described herein, preferably at a concentration of 1-20% in the MSO or COC. The MSO or COC can then be diluted with water for agricultural purposes by the end user to make an emulsion or spray solution. The MSO or COC will typically make up 0.1 to 2 percent of this end use emulsion or spray solution.
[0079] Agricultural sprays, in addition to the compositions of the invention, can include one or more known and conventional active ingredients or agrochemicals of agricultural compositions, such as pesticides, fertilizers, and micronutrients.
[0080] Pesticidal sprays include at least one pesticide. Optionally, the pesticidal spray may include excipients, surfactants, solvents, foam control agents, deposition aids, biologicals, micronutrients, fertilizers, and the like. The term “pesticide” means any compound that is used to destroy pests, e.g., rodenticides, insecticides, miticides, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, and so forth. Illustrative examples of pesticides that can be employed include, but are not limited to, growth regulators, photosynthesis inhibitors, pigment inhibitors, mitotic disrupters, lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, cell wall inhibitors, and cell membrane disrupters. The amount of pesticide employed in a spray composition will vary with the particular type of pesticide.
[0081] Specific examples of herbicidal and plant growth regulator compounds that can be incorporated in a spray composition include, but are not limited to: phenoxy acetic acids, phenoxy propionic acids, phenoxy butyric acids, benzoic acids, triazines and s-triazines, substituted ureas, uracils, bentazon, desmedipham, methazole, phenmedipham, pyridate, amitrole, clomazone, fluridone, norflurazone, dinitroanilines, isopropalin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin, glyphosate, sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, clethodim, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, quizalofop, sethoxydim, dichlobenil, isoxaben, bipyridylium compounds, and the like. Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the Weed Science Society of America, Weed Science, 58:511-18 (2010) is incorporated herein by reference.
[0082] Specific examples of fungicidal compositions include, and are not limited to, aldimorph, tridemorph, dodemorph, dimethomorph; flusilazol, azaconazole, cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, furconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole and the like; imazalil, thiophanate, benomyl carbendazim, chlorothialonil, dicloran, trifloxystrobin, fluoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, azoxystrobin, furcaranil, prochloraz, flusulfamide, famoxadone, captan, maneb, mancozeb, dodicin, dodine, metalaxyl, and the like.
[0083] Specific examples of insecticide, larvacide, miticide and ovacide compounds that can incorporated in the aqueous spray compositions include, but are not limited to, Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt), spinosad, abamectin, doramectin, lepimectin, pyrethrins, carbaryl, primicarb, aldicarb, methomyl, amitraz, boric acid, chlordimeform, novaluron, bistrifluoron, triflumuron, diflubenzuron, imidacloprid, diazinon, acephate, endosulfan, kelevan, dimethoate, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, izoxathion, chlorpyrifos, clofentezine, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrinrn, and the like.
[0084] Fertilizers and micronutrients include, but are not limited to, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ammonium sulfate, urea, urea ammonium nitrogen, ammonium thiosulfate, potassium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, urea phosphate, calcium nitrate, boric acid, potassium and sodium salts of boric acid, phosphoric acid, magnesium hydroxide, manganese carbonate, calcium polysulfide, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, iron sulfate, calcium sulfate, sodium molybdate, calcium chloride, and the like.
[0085] Buffers, preservatives and other standard agricultural excipients known in the art may also be included in the spray composition.
[0086] Agricultural spray compositions may be made by combining in any combination and/or sequence in a manner known in the art, such as mixing in water, one or more of the above spray components and the compositions of the present invention, either as a tank-mix, or as an “In-can” formulation.
[0087] The invention also comprises agricultural compositions of this invention, applied to and used to treat crop plants, landscapes and ornamentals, trees and pastures. They can also be used in forestry applications and on golf courses, to name a few examples. Crop plants include, for example, vegetable crops such as broccoli, cabbage, kale, spinach, onions and peppers; legumes such as beans, lentils, peas and soybeans; grain crops such as wheat, corn, barley, rye, rice and oats; flower crops such as roses, tulips, daisies, daffodils, gerbera, sunflowers, orchids, jasmine and carnations; root crops such as potatoes, beets, turnips, parsnips, radishes and carrots. Crop plants can further include fruits such as citrus, apples, tomatoes, grapes, watermelons, pears, raspberries, blueberries, plums, peaches, bananas, pineapples, strawberries, plantains, kiwis and mangoes; nut trees such as almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, hickory nuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts. The agricultural compositions can also be applied to and used to treat pastures, such as clover, alfalfa and grasses, and crop plants such as squashes, tubers, zucchini, pumpkins as well as coconut, palm and cacao trees.
[0088] The agricultural compositions of this invention can be combined with herbicides and applied to and used to control weeds such as those listed below: Anoda (Anoda cristata), Balsamapple (Momordica charantia), Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), Bassia (Bassia hyssopifolia), Bittercress (Cardamine spp.), Bluegrass (Poa bulbosa), Brome (Bromus tectorum), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicas), Buttercup (Ranunculus spp.), Carolina foxtail (Alopecurus carolinianus), Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum), Castorbean (Ricinus communis), Chamomile (Anthemis cotula), Cheat (Bromus secalinus), Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium), Chickweed (Cerastium vulgatum), Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), Coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria), Volunteer corn (Zea mays), Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.), Dwarfdandelion (Krigia virginica), Eastern mannagrass (Glyceria spp.), Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata), Falsedandelion (Pyrrhopappus carolinianus), Falseflax (Camelina microcarpa), Fiddleneck (Amsinckia spp.), Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), Annual Fleabane (Erigeron annuus), Hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis), Rough fleabane (Erigeron strigosus), Florida pusley (Richardia scabra), Foxtail (Setaria spp.), Jointed goatgrass, (Aegilops cylindrical), Goosegrass (Eleusine indica), Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), Horseweed (Conyza Canadensis), Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), junglerice (Echinochloa colona), knotweed (Polygonum spp), kochia (Kochia scoparia), lambsquarters, (Chenopodium album), medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae), morningglory (Ipomoea spp.), mustard, blue (Chorispora tenella), mustard, tumble (Sisymbrium altissimum), mustard, wild (Sinapis arvensis), oats, wild (Avena fatua), panicum, fall (Panicum dichotomiflorum), pigweed, redroot (Amaranthus retroflexus), pigweed, smooth (Amaranthus hybridus), prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris), purslane, common (Portulaca oleracea), ragweed, common (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), ragweed, giant (Ambrosia trifida), rocket, London (Sisymbrium irio), Russian-thistle (Salsola tragus), rye, cereal (Secale cereal), ryegrass, Italian (Lolium perenne), sandbur, field (Cenchrus spinifex), sesbania, hemp (Sesbania herbacea), shattercane (Sorghum bicolor), shepherd’s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), signalgrass, broadleaf (Urochloa platyphylla), smartweed (Pennsylvania Polygonum pensylvanicum), sowthistle, annual (Sonchus oleraceus), Spanish needles (Bidens bipinnata), speedwell, corn (Veronica arvensis), speedwell, purslane (Veronica peregrina), sprangletop (Leptochloa spp.), spurge, annual (Chamaesyce spp.), spurge, prostrate (Chamaesyce humistrata), spurge, spotted (Chamaesyce maculate), spurry, umbrella (Holosteum umbellatum), stinkgrass (Eragrostis cilianensis), sunflower, common (Helianthus annuus), tansymustard, pinnate (Descurainia pinnata), teaweed/sida, prickly (Sida spinosa), Texas panicum (Panicum spp.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), Virginia pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), witchgrass (Panicum capillare), woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa), yellow rocket (Barbarea vulgaris).
[0089] Additional plants for receiving application of agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention include perennials, such as alfalfa, anise/fennel, bluegrass, Kentucky, clovers, dandelions, poison ivy, milkweed, poison-hemlock, thistles and grasses. Trees include alders, aches, beaches, aspens, cherries, elderberries, elms, hickories, honeysuckle, Kudzu, maples, oaks, pines, spruces, sumacs, ferns, creepers and poplars.
EXAMPLES
[0090] Aspects and attributes of preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the following examples, which are being presented for purposes of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting. In addition, unless otherwise indicated, as used in these examples, each of R.sup.1 to R.sup.10 can be considered to be methyl.
Product Descriptions
[0091] Tables 1-4 describe the products used in the examples that follow.
TABLE-US-00001 Organomodified Polysiloxanes ID Formula x, y, z and w R M.W. (g/mol) Viscosity (cSt) OSIL-1 M.sup.1D.sub.xD.sup.1.sub.yM.sup.2 x = 8, y = 0 z = 0, w = 0 R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 = CH.sub.3 770 5 OSIL-2 M.sup.1D.sub.xD.sup.1.sub.yM.sup.2 x= 15, y = 0 z = 0, w = 0 R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 = CH.sub.3 1250 10 OSIL-3 M.sup.1D.sub.xD.sup.1.sub.yM.sup.2 x = 25, y = 0 z = 0, w = 0 R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 = CH.sub.3 2000 20 OSIL-4 M.sup.1D.sub.xD.sup.1.sub.yM.sup.2 x = 49, y = 0 z = 0, w = 0 R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 = CH.sub.3 3800 50 OSIL-5 M.sup.1D.sub.xD.sup.1.sub.yM.sup.2 x= 10, y = 5 z = 0, w = 0 R.sup.1 to R.sup.9 = CH.sub.3 R.sup.10 = C.sub.8H.sub.17 1846 47 OSIL-6 M.sup.1D.sub.xD.sup.1.sub.yM.sup.2 x= 10, y = 5 z = 0, w = 0 R.sup.1 to R.sup.9 = CH.sub.3 R.sup.10 = C.sub.12H.sub.25 2126 ∗ OSIL-7 M.sup.1D.sub.xD.sup.1.sub.yM.sup.2 x = 10, y = 0 z = 0, w = 0 R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 = CH.sub.3 R.sup.3, R.sup.6 = C.sub.8H.sub.17 1132 ∗ OSIL-8 M.sup.1D.sub.xD.sup.1.sub.yM.sup.2 x = 10, y = 0 z = 0, w = 0 R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 = CH.sub.3 R.sup.3, R.sup.6 =C.sub.12H.sub.25 1245 ∗ OSIL-9 TS.sup.1R.sup.11TS.sup.2 R.sup.A and R.sup.12 to R.sup.17 = CH.sub.3 R.sup.11 = C.sub.8H.sub.16 587 ∗ OSIL-10 R.sup.19-[-Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2O.sub.½-(D.sup.2)z- O.sub.½Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2-R.sup.18-]w-R.sup.20 x=0, y=0 z=10, w=2 R.sup.19 =H R.sup.18 = C.sub.8H.sub.17 R.sup.20 = -Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2O.sub.½- (D.sup.2)z- O.sub.½Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2H R.sup.21, R.sup.22 = CH.sub.3 2884 ∗ OSIL-11 M.sup.1D.sub.xD.sup.1.sub.yM.sup.2 x=8, y=0 R.sup.1, R.sup.4 = OH R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 = CH.sub.3 627 23 OSIL-12.sup.a M.sup.1D.sub.xM.sup.2 (DMS-S12*) x=3 to 7 R.sup.1, R.sup.4 = OH R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 = CH.sub.3 400 - 700 16-32 OSIL-13.sup.b M.sup.1D.sub.xM.sup.2 (DMS-S15*) x=24 to 45 R.sup.1, R.sup.4 = OH R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 = CH.sub.3 2000 -3500 45-85 OSIL-14.sup.c M.sup.1D.sub.xM.sup.2 (DMS-S21.sup.∗) x=54 R.sup.1, R.sup.4 = OH R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 = CH.sub.3 4200 90 - 120 * -Not measured; a. DMS-S12, b. DMS-S15 and c. DMS-S21 - from Gelset
TABLE-US-00002 Organic Surfactants Surfactant Designation in the Examples Description Vendor Tergitol 15-S-3 NIS-1 Alcohol Ethoxylate Dow Tergitol 15-S-5 NIS-2 Alcohol Ethoxylate Dow Tergitol TMN-3 NIS-3 Alcohol Ethoxylate Dow Lutensol XL-50 NIS-4 Alcohol Ethoxylate/Propoxylate BASF Ecosurf EH-3 NIS-5 Alcohol Ethoxylate Dow Rhodasurf TR-5 NIS-6 Alcohol Ethoxylate Solvay Lumulse CO-5 NIS-7 Castor Oil Ethoxylate Vantage Triton X-100 NIS-8 Octylphenol ethoxylate Dow Lutensol XP-30 NIS-9 Alcohol ethoxylate BASF Alkosynt ID-30 NIS-10 Alcohol ethoxylate Oxiteno Safol 23E3 NIS-11 Alcohol ethoxylate Sasol
TABLE-US-00003 Organosilicone-containing Adjuvants Organosilicone surfactant Designation in the Examples Description Vendor Silwet 641 OSS-1 Blend of Nonionic Surfactant and Siloxane Polyalkyleneoxide Copolymer Momentive Surfactant Y OSS-2 Blend of Nonionic Surfactant and Siloxane Polyalkyleneoxide Copolymer Momentive
TABLE-US-00004 Crop Oil Sources and Type Crop oil Designation in the Examples Description Vendor Orchex 796 MO-1 Mineral Oil Calumet Parol 80 MO-2 Mineral Oil Penreco Spray Oil 13 MO-3 Mineral Oil Petro-Canada CA 3040 MS-1 Methylated Soybean Oil Chemical Associates Methyl Soyate MS-2 Methylated Soybean Oil Cargill
Spreading Determination
[0092] The spreading ability of various compositions and formulations were evaluated by depositing a single drop (10 microliters) of emulsion (or other material) to be evaluated onto a clean, flat, polystyrene dish. The diameters of the resulting drops were then measured after 30 seconds. Each solution was tested 2 to 4 times and the average diameter was calculated. Alternatively, the spreading ability was also evaluated by depositing a single drop (10 microliters) of the sample to be evaluated onto a leaf surface. The area of the resulting drops was then measured after 3 minutes, unless otherwise specified. Each sample was tested 2 to 4 times and the average spread area was calculated.
Effect Of PDMS Oils On Surface Tension When Blended With Oil Base Stocks
[0093] Low surface tension is beneficial to agricultural pesticide applications because it correlates with better droplet adhesion and spreading. The effect of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oils on surface tension when blended with different oil base stocks was evaluated and the results are displayed in
[0094] As can be seen in
[0095]
[0096] Crop oil concentrates (COCs) were formulated to evaluate the effect of low molecular weight, low viscosity PDMS oils in accordance with the invention on their foliar spreading and dynamic surface tension. The surfactant mixture SURF-1, defined in Table 5, was used in each of the formulations. A commercially available nonionic surfactant, Tergitol® 15-S-5, was added to two of the samples to increase the HLB value of the surfactant package. Tergitol® 15-S-3 and Tergitol® 15-S-5 are the 3 and 5 mole ethoxylates respectively of a mixture of C11-C15 secondary alcohols. Tergitol® TMN-3 is a 3 mole ethoxylate of trimethylnonyl alcohol. The results are summarized in Table 6.
TABLE-US-00005 Surfactant Formulation Base Stock (SURF-1) Component Wt% NIS-1 46.70 1-decanol 20.00 1-dodecanol 20.00 NIS-3 13.30
[0097] The data in Table 6 show that the addition of a PDMS oil (OSIL-2) in accordance with the invention to crop oil concentrate (COC) formulations surprisingly led to significant and sometimes very large increases in spreading on both poinsettia and philodendron leaves. This was surprising because the spreading of COC or MSO dispersions is typically driven by the surface tension of the aqueous phase of the sprayed droplet, not the equilibrium surface tension of the dispersed oil phase. The dynamic surface tension curves (DSTs) of the aqueous sprayed solutions, shown in
[0098] A benchmark crop oil concentrate, SIL-3, was made by blending 11.25% of the SURF-1 surfactant package into MO-1. In SIL-1, 10% OSIL-2 was added, replacing the same amount of MO-1. It can be seen in Table 6 that SIL-1 containing OSIL-2 almost doubled the spreading of the SIL-3 benchmark on poinsettia and increased the spreading on philodendron leaves by 12.5 percent.
[0099] A second benchmark COC formulation, SIL-5, was formulated. SIL-5 contains the SURF-1 surfactant package plus a small amount of surfactant NIS-2 to increase the HLB (hydrophilic to lipophilic balance) of the overall surfactant package. The polysiloxane OSIL-2 was added to this formulation to make COC formulation SIL-2. SIL-4 is a similar formulation that contains SURF-1, NIS-2 and OSIL-2. It can be seen in Table 6 that the polysiloxane-containing formulations SIL-2 and SIL-4 show 7.6 to 8 times more spreading on poinsettia leaves and 1.7 to 3.6 times more spreading on philodendron leaves than is achieved with SIL-5, the benchmark containing no polysiloxane oil.
TABLE-US-00006 Effect of Silicone Oils on Leaf Coverage Sample SURF-1 Wt% NIS-2 Wt% OSIL-2 Wt% MO-1 Wt% Average spread area at 1.0% on plant leaves (mm.sup.2) DST at 100 mS.sup.1 for 1.0% soln. (mN/m) Poinsettia Philadendron SIL-1 11.25 0 10.00 78.75 110 63 52 SIL-2 10.98 2.44 9.76 76.83 480 160 50 SIL-3 11.25 0 0 88.75 56 56 52 SIL-4 9.20 2.05 10.00 78.75 510 325 52 SIL-5 10.98 2.44 0 86.58 63 90 52 COC-1.sup.‡ 100 0 0 0 20 25 69 .sup.‡COC-1 is Agri-Dex from Helena Chemical Co., a commercial benchmark crop oil concentrate
[0100] To summarize, experimental COC formulations SIL-1 through SIL-5 all showed significantly enhanced spreading when compared to a 1% solution of COC-1, a commercially available crop oil concentrate. Moreover, whereas the dynamic surface tension curves of SIL-1 through SIL-5 are essentially the same, significantly improved spreading properties were unexpectedly observed with the formulations containing polysiloxanes. This indicates that the improved spreading was not merely the result of reduced surface tension, but an unexpected result of the silicone oils of the invention, especially when combined with the surfactant NIS-2. Thus, the addition of OSIL-2 had no significant effect on the DST (dynamic surface tension) of 1% solutions of these experimental COCs, but an unexpected increase in spreading (see Table 6).
[0101] Tables 7 and 8, below, show the effect of different PDMS oils in accordance with the invention, in combination with different surfactants, on foliar spreading in experimental COC formulations. As shown in these tables, the addition of silicone oils in accordance with the invention led to significant improvements in spreading with all of the surfactants, when tested on philodendron, bamboo, broccoli and poinsettia leaves. COC formulations SIL-21 and SIL-22 demonstrate that the improved spreading seen with the addition of OSIL-2 also occurs when the COC is formulated with a different oil base stock, in this case Parol® 80 (MO-2) instead of Orchex® 796 (MO-1).
[0102] The largest increases in foliar spreading were seen when the silicone oil was combined with the surfactants NIS-2 (SIL-7 and SIL-8), NIS-1 (SIL 16), NIS-4 (SIL-10) and NIS-6 (SIL-18). The 50 cSt PDMS oil (OSIL-4, Element 14 PDMS 50), used in formulation SIL-8, appeared to be at least as effective as, if not better than OSIL-2, as can be seen when comparing SIL-7 and SIL-8. However, the higher viscosity silicone oils are harder to solubilize and/or emulsify in crop oil concentrate formulations.
TABLE-US-00007 Effect of Surfactant and PDMS on COC Spreading (1% dispersions) Sample Surfactant (10 wt%) PDMS (10 wt%) MO-1 (q.s. 100) Appearance Spread area (mm.sup.2) Philodendron Spread Bamboo Spread Broccoli Spread SIL-6 NIS-2 90 Clear 27 20 240 SIL-7 NIS-2 OSIL-2 80 Clear 142 581 705 SIL-8 NIS-2 OSIL-4 80 Clear 260 352 1000 SIL-9 NIS-4 90 Hazy 25 28 30 SIL-10 NIS-4 OSIL-2 80 Slight haze 45 40 182 SIL-11 NIS-5 90 Hazy 12 16 30 SIL-12 NIS-5 OSIL-2 80 Slight haze 20 20 42 COC-1 -- -- -- Clear 11 12 9
TABLE-US-00008 Effect of Surfactant and PDMS on COC Spreading (1 % dispersions) Spread area of 1% spray solutions after 5 min. (mm.sup.2) Sample Surfactant (10 wt%) OSIL -2 Oil Base Stock (q.s.10 0) Appearance Emulsion stability Philodendron Bamboo Poinsettia SIL-6 NIS-2 Nil.sup.1 90% MO-1 Slight haze opaque/stable 28 23 68 SIL-7 NIS-2 10% 80% MO-1 Clear opaque/stable 114 245 211 SIL-13 NIS-8 Nil.sup.1 90% MO-1 Hazy light gray/quick separation 30 26 9 SIL-14 NIS-8 10% 80% MO-1 Hazy light gray/quick separation 30 30 16 SIL-15 NIS-1 Nil.sup.1 90% MO-1 Clear slight gray/stable 31 23 43 SIL-16 NIS-1 10% 80% MO-1 Clear slight gray/stable 118 238 253 SIL-17 NIS-6 Nil.sup.1 90% MO-1 Slight haze opaque/stable 27 25 68 SIL-18 NIS-6 10% 80% MO-1 Slight haze opaque/stable 98 45 107 SIL-19 NIS-7 Nil.sup.1 90% MO-1 Hazy slight gray/stable 25 21 33 SIL-20 NIS-7 10% 80% MO-1 Hazy slight gray/stable 48 30 47 SIL-21 NIS-2 Nil.sup.1 90% MO-2 Slight haze opaque/stable 31 16 28 SIL-22 NIS-2 10% 80% MO-2 Clear opaque/stable 142 95 147 .sup.1 no added alkyl silicone
[0103] The data in Table 9 show that the SIL-23, a COC formulation containing OSIL-1, increased the spreading on bamboo, philodendron and poinsettia leaf surfaces by approximately 3 times when compared to SIL-6, the non-silicone oil-containing benchmark.
TABLE-US-00009 Effect of OSIL-1 and OSIL-2 on COC Spreading Spread area of 1% spray solutions (mm.sup.2) Sample NIS-2 PDMS MO-1 Appearance Bamboo Philodendron Poinsettia SIL-6 10% Nil.sup.1 90% light haze 23 25 49 SIL-23 10% 10% OSIL-1 80% Clear 64.0 69 156 SIL-7 10% 10% OSIL-2 80% Clear 240 87 81 .sup.1 no added alkyl silicone
[0104] Table 10, below, summarizes the results of spreading examples performed with 0.5% solutions of SIL-6 and SIL-7 (COCs made with MO-1, a paraffinic hydrocarbon oil, Orchex 796, from Calumet Specialty Chemicals) and SIL-24 and SIL-25 (MSOs made with MS-1, a methyl soyate, CA 3050, from Chemical Associates, A Division of Univar USA, Inc). With both basestocks, the addition of a silicone oil (OSIL-2) in accordance with the invention significantly improved the foliar spreading properties of the product.
TABLE-US-00010 Spreading of 0.5% COC spray solutions Sample MO-1 MS-1 10% NIS 10% PDMS Appearance (neat) Emulsion stability (0.5%).sup.∗‡ Leaf Wetting area (mm.sup.2) of 0.5% Solutions.sup.‡ Philodendron Bamboo Broccoli SIL-6 90 NIS-2 Clear 5 20.0 27.0 96.0 30.0 20.0 75.0 SIL-7 80 NIS-2 OSIL-2 clear 5 130.0 96.0 103.5 112.0 108.0 140.0 SIL-24 90 NIS-2 clear 5 30.0 27.5 80.0 SIL-25 80 NIS-2 OSIL-2 clear 5 117.0 48.0 96.0 COC-1 clear 9 9.0 9.0 7.5 *10 is opaque/milky white and very stable, 1 is almost clear with rapid separation *Dispersibility of the 0.5% emulsion was quite good considering the low concentration .sup.‡Except for COC-1 (Agri-Dex), which was tested at 1.0%
[0105] Table 11 summarizes the results of spreading examples performed with 1.0% solutions of formulation containing OSIL-3, a 20 cSt polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) oil and NIS-2 in two different mineral oils (MO-1 and MO-3). SIL-6 and SIL-7 were used as benchmarks for formulation SIL-26. All three of these products are based on MO-1. Formulation SIL-27 was used as a benchmark for SIL 28. Both of these products are based on MO-3. With both oil basestocks, the addition of a silicone oil in accordance with the invention significantly improved the foliar spreading properties of the product when compared to the same mineral oil containing only the nonionic surfactant NIS-2.
TABLE-US-00011 Effect of OSIL-1 and OSIL-3 on COC Spreading Sample NIS-2 PDMS Oil Base Stock Appearance Spread area of 1% spray solutions (mm.sup.2) Bamboo Philodendron Poinsettia SIL-6 10% Nil.sup.1 90% MO-1 light haze 25 33.5 80.5 SIL-7 10% 10% OSIL-2 80% MO-1 clear 158 77 110 SIL-26 10% 10% OSIL-3 80% MO-1 clear 115 168 210 SIL-27 10% Nil.sup.1 90% MO-3 clear 25 35 172 SIL-28 10% 10% OSIL-3 80% MO-3 Clear 145 150 470 .sup.1 no added alkyl silicone
[0106] Adhesion tests performed with 0.5% aqueous solutions of Sil-6 and SIL-7 demonstrated the significant enhancement of the adhesion of formulations in accordance with the invention to foliage. Solution droplets were generated using a syringe pump and a Nisco Encapsulation Unit (Var J1) J1 employing a nozzle with an inner diameter of 0.41 mm. The data in Table 12 show that the addition of a the PDMS oil OSIL-2 to the COC formulation (SIL-6) increased the number of drops that adhered to the grass leaf surface approximately threefold, from 16.3 percent (SIL-6) to 45.9 percent (SIL-7). As can be seen in
TABLE-US-00012 Droplet Adhesion on Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Sample Composition Conc. (%) Average % Adhesion Stdev % DI Water -- 3.1 2.7 SIL-6 10% NIS-2 0.5 16.3 11.4 90% MO-1 SIL-7 10% NIS-2 0.5 45.9 12.4 80% MO-1 10% OSIL-2 water drop size ≈ 950 .Math.m COC drop size ≈ 700 .Math.m drop fall distance = 49.5 cm drop impact velocity ≈ 2.5-3 m/s
[0107] A similar droplet adhesion study was performed using a methylated seed oil (MSO) formulation, both with and without OSIL-2 (SIL-24 and SIL-25 respectively). Droplets of approximately 400 .Math.m in diameter were generated at a height of 53 cm above a cabbage leaf surface. The leaves were mounted on a 22.5° slope. The percentage of impacted drops that adhered to the cabbage leaf surface was then determined. As was the case with the petroleum oil (mineral oil) based COCs in Table 12, the addition of silicone oil to the MSO unexpectedly and greatly improved the adhesion of the droplets onto the surface of a cabbage leaf. The results are summarized in Table 13, below.
TABLE-US-00013 Adhesion of Adjuvant Solutions on the Cabbage Adaxial Leaf Surface Adjuvant treatment Description Conc. % w/v Adhesion % COC-1 Agri-Dex 0.5 47 SIL-24 90% MS-1, 10% NIS-2 0.5 51 SIL-25 80% MS-1, 10% NIS-2, 10% OSIL-2 0.5 74 Adhesion mean differences were statistically significant with 95% confidence (P0.05, LSD test).
[0108] Referring to Table 14, below, Silwet 641 (OSS-1) is a surfactant mixture based on a superspreader (trisiloxane alkoxylate) organosilicone and some nonionic surfactants. It is typically added to an MSO base stock at concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 percent. Sample SIL-29 in Table 14 is a blend of 20 wt% OSS-1 and 80 wt% MS-1. Sample SIL-30 is a blend containing 20 wt% OSS-1, 70 wt% MS-1 and 10 wt% OSIL-2. Silwet 641 is often referred to as a superspreader and it has been believed to provide the best spreading properties obtainable. The data in Table 14 and
TABLE-US-00014 Blends of PDMS, Nonionic & Organosilicone Surfactants in MSO Sample OSS-1 (wt%) OSIL-2 (wt%) MS-1 (wt%) EST at 0.5% (mN/m) Spread Diameter at 0.5% (mm) SIL-29 20 0 80 22.9 31.0 SIL-30 20 10 70 22.5 33.9
[0109] A similar study was performed by adding a silicone oil to an MSO adjuvant formulation and evaluating the product’s spray coverage. Instead of measuring the spread diameter over a hydrophobic surface, a dozen sprays were performed with 0.5% spray solutions of samples SIL-31 and SIL-32. The solutions were sprayed at a pressure of 20 psig using a Unijet® 8002E flat-fan nozzle. These spray conditions equate to a field spray volume of 100 L/ha. The coverage achieved on a square of water sensitive paper was determined for each spray. The average spray coverage for each product was then calculated. The results are summarized in Table 15. The data show that an increase in spray coverage was achieved through the addition of low molecular weight silicone oil (polysiloxane) in accordance with the invention to the MSO formulation with SIL-32 (with OSIL-2) providing better coverage than the SIL-31 that contains no PDMS oil.
TABLE-US-00015 Spray Coverage of Surfactant Blends in MSO Adjuvants Sample OSS-1 (wt%) OSIL-2 (wt%) MS-2 (wt%) Average covered area (%) with 0.5% spray solutions SIL-31 20 0 80 47.3 SIL-32 20 20 60 52.1
[0110] The impact of the compositions of the present invention on droplet adhesion of spray solutions was tested on difficult-to-wet barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), following the methodology previously described by Gaskin et al. (Stevens, PJ, Kimberley, MO, Murphy, DS, & Policello, GA; Adhesion of spray droplets to foliage: the role of dynamic surface tension and advantages of organosilicone surfactants, Pesticide Science, Vol. 38, 1993, pp. 237-245. Forster, WA, Mercer, GN and Schou, WC, Process-driven models for spraydroplet shatter, adhesion or bounce, In: Baur P, Bonnet M, editors. Proceedings 9th International Symposium on Adjuvants and Agrochemicals. ISAA978-90-815702-1-3; 2010). Droplets with a diameter ca. 400 .Math.m were impacted from a height of 53 cm, to leaves mounted at 22.5 degrees from horizontal. The droplet adhesion was compared to the dynamic surface tension of the respective formulations. The composition of samples SIL-33 through SIL-36 are shown in Table 16.
TABLE-US-00016 Preparation Examples of Agricultural Deposition Aids Components SIL-33 SIL-34 SIL-35 SIL-36 AgroSpred 820 100.00 OSS-2 20.00 20.00 20.00 OSIL-2 10.00 10.00 d-limonene 20.00 MS-1 80.00 70.00 50.00 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 AgroSpred 820 is a MSO concentrate made of 20 wt% Silwet 641 and 80% MS-1
[0111] The barnyard grass adaxial leaf surface is extremely difficult to wet. Therefore, this is a good target for comparative droplet adhesion studies. Table 17 gives the droplet adhesion reported as the percentage of impacted droplets retained on the leaf surface. As can be seen in Table 17, the compositions of the present invention gave an unexpectedly large increase in droplet adhesion relative to the commercial benchmark AgroSpred 820 (20 wt% Silwet 641, 80 wt% MSO) and relative to the SIL-34 benchmark that contains no PDMS oil. This unexpected improvement is associated with the use of the 10 cSt PDMS oil OSIL-2. The level of improvement, exceeding a twofold increase in droplet adhesion, is a surprising and unexpected result given the small to insignificant differences observed in the DST at typical impact times (between 50 and 250 milliseconds).
TABLE-US-00017 Adhesion of Adjuvant Treatments on Barnyardgrass (BYDG) Foliage. Adjuvant treatment Conc. (%) Surface Tension as a function of Interface Development Time Adhesion (%) on BYDG 50 msec 100 msec 250 msec SIL-33 0.5 47.2 44.3 40.8 25 SIL-34 0.5 49.0 46.2 41.1 12 SIL-35 0.5 49.0 45.5 39.6 54 SIL-36 0.5 51.7 47.0 41.8 62
[0112] Also tested was the effect of low MW PDMS oil on the foam volume of MSO concentrates.
[0113] As described above the addition of low concentrations (1-20%) of low molecular weight, low viscosity polydimethylsiloxanes (silicone oils) in accordance with the invention to COCs and MSOs significantly reduced the surface tension of the petroleum oil and seed oil base stocks. The presence of the silicone oil also enhanced the adhesion of the sprayed COC and MSO droplets to foliar surfaces. Furthermore, the addition of these low molecular weight silicone oils to the crop oil concentrate and MSOs unexpectedly led to much improved spreading on a variety of leaf surfaces, while also improving the emulsion stability and reducing the foam volume.
[0114] Note that a limiting factor can be the poor solubility of the PDMS oils in the crop oil-base stocks. The results below describe examination of the effect of a variety of alkyl-silicone oils on the performance of COCs and MSOs. All of the alkyl-silicone oils evaluated here showed good solubility in both mineral oils and methylated seed oils and significantly reduced the equilibrium surface tension of the resulting COCs and MSOs. Additionally, all of the alkyl-silicone oils enhanced the spreading of the COCs and MSOs on plant leaves. The tested alkyl modified silicones are set forth below. [00105] Alkyl modified silicones. The alkyl groups are either C8 or C12.
##STR00001##
n = 0 or 4 OSIL-5 (n=0) and OSIL-6 (n=4)
##STR00002##
n = 0 or 4 OSIL-7 (n=1) and OSIL-8 (n=5)
##STR00003##
##STR00004##
[0115] The solubility of the alkyl silicone oils in a typical mineral oil and a methylated seed oil were first determined. The effect of the alkyl-silcones on the equilibrium surface tension of blends with the crop oil base stocks was then measured. Finally, the spreading characteristics of simple COC and MSO formulations containing the alkyl modified silicone oils were determined.
[0116] OSIL-5, OSIL-6, OSIL-7 and OSIL-8 all exhibited good solubility in MO-1. The equilibrium surface tension of these neat alkyl silicone oils was then determined. They had surface tensions of between 22 and 23 mN/m (see Table 18), which is significantly lower than the surface tension of neat MO-1, which is 29.9 mN/m.
[0117] The effect of alkyl silicone concentration on the equilibrium surface tension of MO-1 was determined. The addition of 10% OSIL-5 to MO-1 resulted in a significant surface tension reduction, from 29.9 to approximately 26 mN/m. For OSIL-6 through OSIL-8, the addition of 10% of alkyl silicone to MO-1 reduced the surface tension to below 24 mN/m. This is similar to the surface tension reduction achieved when adding OSIL-2 to MO-1. It was observed that even though the compositions of the present invention are able to reduce the equilibrium surface tension of the neat oil blends, such reduction was not always observed for the aqueous dispersions of the respective oil-based formulations. Additionally, no significant variation is observed in the dynamic surface tension (DST) of the spray solutions containing COCs or MSOs with and without the compositions of the present invention. One skilled in the art would expect the droplet adhesion of those formulations to be equivalent since droplet adhesion usually correlates with dynamic surface tension; however, the incorporation of the compositions of the present invention gave increased droplet adhesion even though there was no significant reduction in DST. This observation was unexpected and surprising. Data for solubility of alkyl silicones in MSO and EST determinations are summarized in Table 18. Surface tension vs. alkyl silicone concentration curves are shown in
TABLE-US-00018 Solubility and Equilibrium Surface Tension of Alkyl-Silicone in MSO Alkyl silicone Solubility at 10% in MO-1 EST neat (mN/m) EST of MO-1 blends (the percentage indicates the amount of alkyl silicone in wt%, MO-1 qs 100) 1.0wt% 4.8wt% 9.2wt% 16.8wt% OSIL-5 clear, colorless solution, no separation 22.9 27.4 26.9 26.5 25.6 OSIL-6 clear, colorless solution, no separation 22.6 27.8 25.3 23.9 23.0 OSIL-7 clear, colorless solution, no separation 22.2 25.3 24.3 24.0 23.8 OSIL-8 clear, colorless solution, no separation 22.6 26.3 24.7 23.9 23.7
[0118] Samples of crop oil concentrates (COCs) based on MO-1 and 10% of the nonionic surfactant NIS-2 were formulated to determine the effect of the alkyl silicones, in accordance with the invention, on spreading. A 10:90 blend of surfactant in oil was used as a benchmark. The COC formulations and the spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products are shown in Table 19. All of the COC formulations containing alkyl silicone oils spread significantly better than the NIS-2/MO-1 control (SIL-41) on philodendron and bamboo leaves.
TABLE-US-00019 Effect of Alkyl Silicones on the Spreading of NIS-2/MO-1 Blends (1% dispersions) Sample MO-1 (wt%) NIS-2 (wt%) Alkyl silicone (10%wt) Spread Area (mm.sup.2) Philodendron After 15 min Philodendron After 80 min Bamboo After 15 min Bamboo After 80 min SIL-37 80 10 OSIL-5 38 38 25 41 SIL-38 80 10 OSIL-6 43 40 25 35 SIL-39 80 10 OSIL-7 70 80 58 76 SIL-40 80 10 OSIL-8 72 86 45 56 SIL-41 90 10 - 27 30 24 27
[0119] A similar set of data was generated to see how these four alkyl silicones behaved in MS-1. Table 20 shows the solubility and equilibrium surface tension of the alkyl-silicones blended with MS-1. All four products exhibited good solubility in the methyl soyate base oil. The effect of different concentrations of alkyl silicones OSIL-6 and OSIL-7 on the equilibrium surface tension of MS-1 was determined and both alkyl silicones reduced the surface tension of CA-1 by more than 5 mN/m at a concentration of 10 percent.
TABLE-US-00020 Solubility and Equilibrium Surface Tension of Alkyl-Silicones in MS-1 Alkyl- silicone Solubility at 10% in MS-1 ST (neat) mN/m EST (mN/m) at X% in MS-1 1% 5% 10% 20% OSIL-6 clear, light yellow, no separation 22.6 25.9 25.4 23.7 22.6 OSIL-7 clear, light yellow, no separation 22.2 25.4 24.5 23.3 22.9 Nil.sup.1 -- 29.9 -- -- -- -- .sup.1 MS-1 with no alkyl-silicone oil
[0120] Methylated seed oil concentrates (MSOs) based on MS-1 were prepared. They contained 10 wt% NIS-2, 10 wt% alkyl silicone, and 80 wt% MS-1. A 10:90 blend of surfactant NIS-2 in seed oil MS-1 was used as a benchmark. The MSO formulations and the spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products are shown in Table 21. Both of the MSO formulations containing alkyl silicones spread significantly better than the SIL-44 benchmark after 15 and 120 minutes of spreading. (except for the SIL-42 dispersion which was equivalent to the control on philodendron after 2 hours).
TABLE-US-00021 Effect of Alkyl Silicones in the Spreading of NIS-2/MS-1 Blends (1 % dispersions) Sample MS-1 (wt%) NIS-2 (wt%) Alkyl silicone (10%wt) Spread Area (mm.sup.2) Philodendron 15 min Philodendron 120 min Bamboo 15 min Bamboo 120 min SIL-42 80 10 OSIL-6 36 46 37 49 SIL-43 80 10 OSIL-7 36 72 25 132 SIL-44 90 10 none 20 46 20 28
[0121] Table 22 shows the effect of OSIL-9 and OSIL-10 on the equilibrium surface tension of MO-1. Both of these alkyl-silicones significant reduce the surface tension of the oil at relatively low concentrations.
TABLE-US-00022 Equilibrium Surface Tension of blends of MO-1 with Alkyl Silicones Alkyl silicone Solubility at 10% in MO-1 Equilibrium Surface Tension (mN/m) at X% in MO-1 0% 1% 5% 10% 20% 100% OSIL-9 clear, colorless solution, no separation 29.9 29.1 25.4 25.2 23.7 21.7 OSIL-10 clear, colorless solution no separation 29.9 24.0 23.4 23.5 22.5 21.8
[0122] Samples of a crop oil concentrate containing OSIL-9 and OSIL-10 were made up. A 10:90 blend of NIS-2 in MO-1 was again used as a benchmark. The spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products was determined on polystyrene plates, philodendron leaves and bamboo leaves. The results are summarized in Table 23. The composition of this invention, SIL-45, gave very superior spreading to the benchmark sample, SIL-47. SIL-46, also a composition of this invention, showed significantly better spreading than the SIL-47 benchmark on the leaf surfaces.
TABLE-US-00023 Effect of alkyl Silicones in the Spreading of NIS-2/MO-1 Blends (1% dispersions) Sample MO-1 (wt%) NIS-2 (wt%) Alkyl silicone (10%wt) Spread Area (mm.sup.2) Polystyrene 30 sec Philodendron 15 min Philodendron 2 hrs Bamboo 15 min Bamboo 2 hrs SIL-45 80 10 OSIL-9 40 38 38 42 42 SIL-46 80 10 OSIL-10 90 96 182 210 164 SIL-47 90 10 Nil.sup.1 45 30 30 25 34 .sup.1 no added alkyl silicone
[0123] OSIL-9 and OSIL-10 were also evaluated in MS-1. Both products exhibited good solubility in the seed oil. The effect of different concentrations of these two alkyl silicones on the equilibrium surface tension of the methyl soyate was determined and are shown in Table 24.
TABLE-US-00024 Equilibrium Surface Tension of Blends of MS-1 with Alkyl Silicones Alkyl silicone Solubility at 10% in MS-1 Surface Tension (neat) (mN/m) Surface Tension (mN/m) at X% in MS-1 0% 1% 5% 10% 20% 100% OSIL-9 clear, light yellow fluid, no separation 21.7 30.2 28.4 29.2 24.6 22.6 21.7 OSIL-10 clear, light yellow fluid, no separation 21.8 30.2 24.9 24.4 24.0 23.9 21.8
[0124] An MSO concentrate was formulated with 10 wt% NIS-2, 10 wt% OSIL-10 and 80 wt% MS-1. A 10:90 blend of the NIS-2 surfactant in seed oil MS-1 was used as a control. The formulations and the spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products are shown in Table 24. The alkyl-silicone containing formulation, SIL-48, gave very good spread on all surfaces tested and was far superior than the control formulation, SIL-49.
TABLE-US-00025 Effect of Alkyl Silicones in the Spreading of NIS-2/MS-1 Blends (1% dispersions). Sample MS-1 (wt%) NIS-2 (wt%) Alkyl silicone (10%wt) Spread Area (mm.sup.2) Polystyrene 30 sec Philodendron 15 min Philodendron 2 hrs Bamboo 15 min Bamboo 2 hrs SIL-48 80 10 OSIL-10 50 42 64 35 126 SIL-49 80 10 Nil.sup.1 13 11 25 36 84 .sup.1 no added alkyl silicone
[0125]
[0126] The following examples comprise alkyl silicones in MSO formulations containing organosilicone superspreaders. The MSO samples that were evaluated consisted of 70 wt% MS-1, 20 wt% OSS-1, and 10 wt% of the alkyl modified silicones. These MSO compositions are described in Table 26. Table 26 also shows the effect of the alkyl silicones on the foam volume of seed oil concentrates containing organosilicone superspreaders. As can be seen, the composition of the present invention delivers lower foam volumes when combined with organoslicone superspreaders in seed oil concentrates.
TABLE-US-00026 Effect of Alkyl Silicones on the Foam Volume (sparge test) of Methylated Seed Oil Concentrates Containing Organosilicone Superspreaders. Sample MS-1 (wt%) OSS-1 (wt%) Alkyl silicone (10%wt) Foam volume 0 min 1 min 2 min 5 min 10 min AgroSpred 820 80 20 - 1100 1020 1000 980 900 SIL-50 70 20 OSIL-5 1110 1080 1040 940 500 SIL-51 70 20 OSIL-6 1110 1020 980 900 500 SIL-52 70 20 OSIL-7 1090 1000 960 900 550 SIL-53 70 20 OSIL-8 1150 1060 1040 920 500 SIL-54 70 20 OSIL-9 1110 1040 960 780 220 SIL-55 70 20 OSIL-10 1110 1050 950 800 250
Example A. Solubility of Silanols in Low HLB Ethoxylated Alcohols and Crop Oils
[0127] Illustrative examples for the solubility of the silanol component of the present invention (where R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 are OH) in various nonionic surfactants is demonstrated below in Table 27. Blends comprising a silanol (from Formula 1 and Table 1) and an alcohol ethoxylate (NIS from Table 2), can be made by physically combining the two components, in a 1:1 ratio, in a 50 mL jar and mixing with a magnetic stir-bar until homogeneous (about 10 minutes at ambient temperature). The mixtures were visually observed for the initial appearance and phase stability after 24 hours.
[0128] Table 27 demonstrates that NIS with an HLB of 9.0 or less provides clear (Appearance) and stable (no phase separation) mixtures when the silanol component has a viscosity below 45 cSt (i.e. OSIL-12) Additionally, compositions containing a silanol component with a viscosity between 45 and 85 cSt (OSIL-13), when blended with an NIS component with an HLB of 9.0 or less, gave a clear initial appearance. However, the blends showed signs of separation after 24 h, with the exception of the blend containing OSIL-13 and NIS-9, which remained stable after 24 h. Additionally, blends consisting of OSIL-14 (viscosity between 90 and 120 cSt) and an NIS component all gave a hazy appearance and separation after 24 h. This indicates that the HLB of the NIS as well as the viscosity of the silanol component of the present invention play a role in mixture solubility. Additionally, the viscosity of the silanol component may indirectly contribute to solubility as the Si-OH content increases with a decrease in viscosity, thereby providing a polar group to associate with the alkyleneoxide groups on the NIS.
TABLE-US-00027 Solubility of silanols in alkoxylated alcohols (50:50 w/w blends) as a function of the silanol viscosity and the surfactant HLB. (Initial appearance and phase stability after 24 h.) Silanol (Viscosity, cSt) Surfactants (HLB) NIS-3 Tergitol® TMN-3 (8.1) NIS-1 Tergitol® 15-S-3 (8.0) NIS-2 Tergitol® 15-S-5 (10.5) NIS-10 Alkosynt® ID-30 (9.1) NIS-9 Lutensol® XP 30 (9.0) NIS-4 Lutensol® XL 50 (11.5) OSIL-12 (16 - 32) Clear/ Stable Clear/ Stable Clear/ Stable Clear/ Stable Clear/ Stable Clear/ Stable OSIL-13 (45 - 85) Clear/ Separated Clear/ Separated Hazy/ Separated Hazy/ Separated Clear/ Stable Hazy/ Separated OSIL-14 (90 - 120) Hazy/ Separated Hazy/ Separated Hazy/ Separated Hazy/ Separated Hazy/ Separated Hazy/ Separated
Example B. Solubility in Agricultural Oils
[0129] Additionally, the silanol component of the present invention demonstrates solubility at 50% in methylated seed oil, when the viscosity is ≤ 85 cSt (OSIL-12 and OSIL-13), and insoluble when the viscosity is greater than 90 cSt (OSIL-14). However, none of the silanol components were soluble in paraffinic mineral oil (MO-1) at 50% (Table 28)
TABLE-US-00028 Solubility of silanols in crop oils Silanol (Viscosity, cSt) Crop oil MO-1.sup.a. MS-1.sup.b. OSIL-12 (16 - 32) Hazy/ Separated Clear/ Stable OSIL-13 (45 - 85) Hazy/ Separated Clear/ Stable OSIL-14 (90 - 120) Hazy/ Separated Hazy/ Separated a. MO-1: Orchex 796; Paraffinic mineral Oil, Calumet b. MS-1: CA 3040; Methylated Soybean Oil, Chemical Associates
Example C. Spreading Properties of Silanol/ Surfactant Blends
[0130] The spreading properties for 1:1 mixtures of the silanol components of the present invention with various NIS components, was evaluated by applying a 10 .Math.L drop of a 0.25% aqueous dispersion on a polystyrene Petri dish (low energy surface) and measuring the spread diameter after 1 minute. Table 29, below, demonstrates that the addition of the silanol component of the present invention to an NIS component (1:1) gives between a 14% and 28% increase in spreading. Although the total NIS delivered in the 0.25% dispersion is only 0.125%NIS, the spreading is enhanced, indicating the silanol component of the present invention promotes spreading of an aqueous dispersion containing an NIS.
TABLE-US-00029 Spreading of silanol/surfactant blends (50:50 w/w) on polystyrene surface. 10 .Math.L drop after 1 min., T = 23 C, RH = 38%, 0.25% mixture. Sample Spread diameter (mm) NIS alone 7.0 OSIL-12/TMN-3 8.0 OSIL-12/15-S-3 8.0 OSIL-12/15-S-5 9.0 OSIL-12/ID-30 8.0 OSIL-12/XP-30 8.0 S 12/XL-50 8.0 OSIL-13/XP-30 8.0
Example D. Impact of Oil Formulations on the Performance of Topramazone on Barnyardgrass
[0131] The impact of adjuvant on the performance of topramezone 30% OD formulation (herbicide) was determined on barnyardgrass (Echinachloa crus-galli). Barnyardgrass (BYDG) was grown in an environmental chamber at 20-25 C. Plants were treated with spray solutions containing the herbicide alone at 0.33%, or with an adjuvant at either 0.2% or 0.4%. (see, Table 30). Treatments were applied at 450 L/ha spray volume equivalent, and plants were assessed for weed control (Compared to an untreated Check) at 4, 7, 13 and 15 DAT (Days after treatment). Weed control was determined by visual observation, as compared to the “Untreated Check”, on a scale of 0 to 100%.
[0132] Table 30 demonstrates that the compositions of the present invention may be used as an agricultural oil, thereby replacing the vegetable oil with an organosilicone oil (In this example, OSIL-11). All treatments containing an adjuvant increased the performance of the herbicide formulation. However, the strongest response was provided by Treatments 6 and 11, which contained the adjuvant composition of the present invention.
TABLE-US-00030 Herbicide/Adjuvant response in the control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) TMT ID Treatment Adjuvant Wt% Weed control 4-DAT 7-DAT 13-DAT 15-DAT Check Check None 0 0 0 0 1 Herbicide alone .sup.a. None 17 23 15 16 2 Methyl soyate/ OSS-1 (90/10) .sup.b. .sup.c. 0.2% 31 51 60 63 3 Canola oil/ OSS-1 (90/10) 0.2% 31 46 57 60 4 Soybean oil/ OSS-1(90/10) 0.2% 34 47 58 62 5 Corn oil/ OSS-1 (90/10) 0.2% 34 49 56 63 6 OSIL-11/NIS-11 (50/50) 0.2% 33 58 67 65 7 Methyl soyate/ OSS-1 (90/10) 0.4% 40 60 76 83 8 Canola oil/ OSS-1 (90/10) 0.4% 39 56 76 81 9 Soybean oil/ OSS-1(90/10) 0.4% 36 51 66 73 10 Corn oil/ OSS-1 (90/10) 0.4% 38 55 66 72 11 OSIL-11/NIS-11 .sup.d. (50/50) 0.4% 45 69 83 89 a. Herbicide was Topramezone 30% OD applied at 0.033%. b. 90/10 or 50/50 indicate the w/w ratio of each component. c. OSS-1 is an organosilicone-based oil emulsifier/surfactant package (See Table 3). d. NIS-11 is a nonionic surfactant (See Table 2); DAT = Days After Treatment
Example E. Spray Trial on Citrus Red Mite (Panonychus Citri)
[0133] Spray trials on citrus trees (Orange) were conducted to determine the impact of the composition of the present invention (OSIL-11/ NIS-11), on the control of citrus red mite (Panonychus citri), as compared to a crop oil formulation, Crop Oil A (a mixture of mineral oil (90%) and a trisiloxane alkoxylate with a nonionic surfactant at 10%). Additionally, a comparison was made with (OSIL-11/ NIS-11) + Movento insecticide vs. Movento alone. Note, the active ingredient in Movento (Bayer Crop Science) is Spirotetramat (22.4% SC ). Therefore, citrus trees were treated with aqueous dispersions of either Crop Oil A at 0.5% (Treatment A), or a 1:1 blend of OSIL-11/NIS-11 at 0.2%, 0.1% and 0.067% (Treatments 1-3). Additionally, treatments were made using the insecticide Movento (0.025%), with the OSIL-1/NIS-11 blend at 0.067% (Treatment 4), or with the Movento alone (Treatment 5). Treatment 6 was the untreated Check.
[0134] Spray treatments were applied at 2 L/tree, in a randomized block design, with three (3) replicates per treatment. Table 31, below, demonstrates that all of the treatments containing either the Crop Oil A, or the OSIL-11/NIS-11 blend gave s significant improvement over the Movento insecticide alone at 1, 3, and 7 DAT (Days after treatment). However, the treatments containing OSIL-11/NIS-11 at the lowest dose (0.067%, Treatments 3 and 4), either alone or with Movento, were not different than Movento alone at 14 DAT.
[0135] Additionally, treatments 1-3 gave similar results to Crop Oil A, but at less than half the concentration (i.e Treatment 2 was 5X less).
TABLE-US-00031 Effect of Composition of the present invention on red mite control* TMT ID Treatment Mites No. before spray 1DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT Mite No. Efficacy Mite No. Efficacy Mite No. Efficacy Mite No. Efficacy A 1 2 3 4 5 6 Crop Oil A (0.5%) 418.67 5.00 98.80 a A 47.00 92.00 a A 96.00 81.32 a A 209.00 56.31 a A OSIL-1/NIS-11 0.2% spray 486.67 16.67 96.48 ab AB 51.33 92.44 A a 101.00 83.14 a A 367.00 30.20 a AB OSIL-1/NIS-11 0.1% spray 421.67 22.33 95.02 ab AB 68.00 88.33 ab A 99.33 80.25 a A 436.33 4.64 b BC OSIL-1/NIS-11 0.067% spray 386.33 25.00 93.86 ab AB 91.33 82.56 ab A 122.67 73.98 ab AB 455.67 -10.59 b BC Movento+OSIL-1 + NIS-11 0.025%+0.067% 417.33 31.67 92.05 ab AB 80.33 85.36 ab A 124.00 74.32 ab AB 461.67 -1.71 b BC Movento (alone) 0.025% spray 342.67 123.67 65.06 dD 303.33 35.60 dC 291.00 24.65 dC 418.33 -15.04 b BC CK 388.00 395.33 543.00 463.33 423.67 *Subscripts sharing the same letters are not significantly different
Example F. Effect of The Polysiloxane On Surface Tension
[0136] The effect of the polysiloxane (Silanol) on the surface tension of methylsoyate (MSO) was evaluated by the Wilhelmy Plate method, using a Kruss surface tensiometer with a platinum blade as the sensor. Mixtures of MSO and varying rates of the silanol component (OSIL-12 and OSIL-13) of the present invention were made by combining the two components in a beaker and mixing until homogeneous.
[0137] Table 32, below, demonstrates that the inclusion of either OSIL-12 or OSIL-13 significantly reduces the surface tension of the MSO, even at 1%. Surface tension decreased with a corresponding increase in the silanol component. Obtaining a low surface tension in the oil phase can be important for spray droplet adhesion, as demonstrated above in paragraph 00124: “Effect Of PDMS Oils On Surface Tension When Blended With Oil Base Stocks”, and
TABLE-US-00032 The effect of the polysiloxane Silanol component on surface tension of MSO Components A B C D E F G OSIL-12 (Wt%) 0 1 5 10 - - - OSIL-13 (Wt%) - - - - 1 5 10 Methyl Oleate (Wt%) 100 99 95 90 99 95 90 Total (WT%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface Tension (mN/m) 28.5 23.8 24.4 24.4 22.6 22.1 22.1 Change in Surface Tension (mN/m) NA 4.7 4.1 4.1 5.9 6.4 6.4
[0138] While the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. It is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that it include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.