Compact and maintainable waste reformation apparatus

Abstract

Methods and apparatus for compact and easily maintainable waste reformation. Some embodiments include a rotary oven reformer adapted and configured to provide synthesis gas from organic waste. Some embodiments include a rotary oven with simplified operation both as to reformation of the waste, usage of the synthesized gas and other products, and easy removal of the finished waste products, preferably in a unit of compact size for use in austere settings. Yet other embodiments include Fischer-Tropsch reactors of synthesized gas. Some of these reactors include heat exchanging assemblies that provide self-cleaning effects, efficient utilization of waste heat, and ease of cleaning.

Claims

1. A heat transfer assembly for a Fischer-Tropsch reactor, comprising: an outer tube having an opened end and a closed end, the outer diameter of said outer tube including at least one heat transferring fin, the fin being at least partially coated in a catalyst useful to produce Fischer-Tropsch products from synthesis gas in a reactor; a second inner tube located at least in part in the interior of said outer tube and having two opened ends, a first opened end being located proximate the closed end of said outer tube, the second opened end being located proximate the opened end of said outer tube; wherein said outer and inner tubes coact to provide a flowpath for a heat transferring media that extends from the opened end of said outer tube to the first end of inner tube and then to the second end of said inner tube.

2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said outer tube and said inner tube are substantially linear between respective ends.

3. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the opened end of said outer tube is adapted and configured to support said heat transfer assembly from a flange.

4. The assembly of claim 1 which further comprises a plurality of heat transferring fins each at least partially coated with the catalyst.

5. The assembly of claim 4 wherein said fins are axial fins arranged generally parallel to the centerline of each said tube.

6. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said fin is arranged to form a substantially unobstructed drip path for the movement of liquid FT products along said fin and toward the closed end.

7. The assembly of claim 6 wherein said fin has a spiral shape along the length of said outer tube.

8. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said fin and the outer diameter of said outer tube coact to create a channel for the downward flow of FT liquids.

9. The assembly of claim 1 which further comprises a first fluid manifold in fluid communication with the opened end of said outer tube and a second fluid manifold in fluid communication with the second opened end of said inner tube.

10. The assembly of claim 1 which further comprises a plurality of parallel, spaced-apart said heat transfer assemblies each supported at the opened end of the outer tube by a flange and each adapted and configured both to be repeatedly removed separately from said flange and to be repeatedly installed separately to said flange.

11. The assembly of claim 10 wherein the opened end of each said outer tube are in fluid communication with one another and the second end of each said inner tube are in fluid communication with one another.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Some of the figures shown herein may include dimensions. Further, some of the figures shown herein may have been created from scaled drawings or from photographs that are scalable. It is understood that such dimensions, or the relative scaling within a figure, are by way of example, and not to be construed as limiting.

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a rotating oven according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic arrangement of a portion of an apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of the present invention.

(5) FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(6) FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a toothed-spiral flight according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(7) FIG. 6 shows a schematic, cross-sectional representation of a single catalyst-coated finned tube with all connections at the top by flexible tubing, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(8) FIG. 7 shows a cross sectional representation of catalyst-coated finned tubes arranged in the reactor vessel lid, according to another embodiment of the present invention.

(9) FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of the apparatus of FIG. 7 looking down, which is a reactor design with finned tubes supplied from inside reactor.

(10) FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of a process and instrumentation diagram for an FT skid interfacing to catalyst coated finned tubes according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(11) FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of a process according to another embodiment of the present invention.

(12) FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of a portion of a process according to another embodiment of the present invention, this portion being functionally associated with the portions of the same process shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.

(13) FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of a portion of a process according to another embodiment of the present invention, this portion being functionally associated with the portions of the same process shown in FIGS. 11 and 13.

(14) FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of a portion of a process according to another embodiment of the present invention, this portion being functionally associated with the portions of the same process shown in FIGS. 11 and 12.

ELEMENT NUMBERING

(15) The following is a list of element numbers and at least one noun used to describe that element. It is understood that none of the embodiments disclosed herein are limited to these nouns, and these element numbers can further include other words that would be understood by a person of ordinary skill reading and reviewing this disclosure in its entirety. These element numbers refer to FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4.

(16) TABLE-US-00001 2 ROR 12 ROR drum 14 spiral vanes 15 tooth 16 rollers 18 door seal 20 crude syngas 22 front opening 22 CO.sub.2 inlet 24 cartridge 25 volatile gas from waste 26 filter sock 28 gas port, heat exchanger 30 solids 32 drum oven opening 34 oven heating rods 36 hinges 38 handle 40 purge gas inlet 42 left-hand door 46 insulating layer 48 hopper 50 scoop 52 exit 54 purge and cooling gas inlet 60 rotary seal 61 pump 62 door 63 battery bank 64 lock 65 fuel cell 66 control 68 control 70 control screen 72 reforming reactor 73 high purity syngas 74 heat exchanger 75 heat exchanger outlet 76 catalytic converter 77 exit gas 78 sorbent bed 79 clean gases 80 exhaust pipe, stream 81 stream 82 power 83 stream 88 tank 89 fuel 90 ambient exhaust port 92 cabinet 93 steam 94 rotary vacuum pump 95 fuel cell heat output 96 rotary vacuum pump 97 pumped recycle gas 98 power 99 exchanger heat output

Element Numbering

(17) The following is a list of element numbers and at least one noun used to describe that element. It is understood that none of the embodiments disclosed herein are limited to these nouns, and these element numbers can further include other words that would be understood by a person of ordinary skill reading and reviewing this disclosure in its entirety. These element numbers refer to FIGS. 6 to 10.

(18) TABLE-US-00002 204 cooling-tube assembly 208 catalyst coated fins 209 coolant supply passage 210 external tube 211 closed end 212 top flange 214 sanitary union 216 thermal fluid 218 tee 220 center tube 222 vapor-liquid exits; steam 227 inlet 276 heater 228 steam tubes; internal tube 278 pump 230 syngas; entry 232 reactor; vessel 234 port; exit 236 steel tubing 237 cooling media manifold; plenum 238 tube ring manifold; assembly 240 locking nut 242 tube 244 threads 246 ledge; dome 248 flange 250 coolant supply port 252 port 254 port 256 inspection port 258 port 260 coolant return port 270 reactor 272 streams 273 heat exchanging assembly; finned tubes 275 syngas inlet 279 liquid 281 stream 282 exchanger 288 air cooler 290 steam turbine; line 291 steam trap 292 stream; separator 294 stream 298 stream

Element Nomenclature

Process Diagram

(19) The following is a list of element numbers and at least one noun used to describe that element. It is understood that none of the embodiments disclosed herein are limited to these nouns, and these element numbers can further include other words that would be understood by a person of ordinary skill reading and reviewing this disclosure in its entirety. This numbering system and nomenclature refers to FIGS. 6 to 10. It is further understood that on those same figures the use of non-alphanumeric (i.e., the use of numbers without a letter prefix) refer to product streams being passed from one component to another.

(20) TABLE-US-00003 inputs outputs C-11 Compressor 1 atmos 360 psig C-13 Compressor 360 psig 400 psig D-23 Stream Divider FT gas/liquid bottom Recycle gas E-32 Steam Turbine-Generator Steam, 260F, 660 psig Steam, 240F, 20 psig F-24 Flash tank/separator Gas/liquid mix Separate gas and liquids F-9 Flash tank/separator Gas/liquid mix Separate gas and liquids H-2 Heating Side of Heat  88° F.  980° F. Exchanger H-20 Heating Side of Heat 375° F.  650° F. Exchanger H-6 Heating Side of Heat 930° F. 1850° F. Exchanger M-1 Mixer Recycle, steam, Recycle, steam, biomass biomass M-21 Mixer syngas and parafins syngas and parafins M-27 Mixer All water All water M-31 Mixer CO2 and light ends CO2 and light ends M-33 Mixer 508° F. 508° F. M-5 Mixer Steam, syngas Steam, syngas P-25 Pump water R-19 FT Reactor Finished syngas Liquid hydrocarbons R-3 Equilibrium Reactor biomass syngas R-7 Equilibrium Reactor Crude syngas Finished syngas S-10 Component Splitter Syngas & impurities impurities S-12 Component Splitter Wet syngas Water and dry syngas S-22 Component Splitter Light paraffins wax S-26 Component Splitter Gas and liquid paraffins Separate gas/liquid paraffin S-30 Component Splitter Liquid paraffins Diesel product S-4 Component Splitter Syngas & solids solids T-17 Distillation Tower Mixed paraffins Separated lights and heavy V-18 Valve Pressure control X-14 Gas-to-gas Heat Exchanger Hot syngas Cool syngas X-15 Air Cooler Heat Exchanger Hot syngas Cool syngas X-16 Gas-to-gas Heat Exchanger Hot paraffins Cool paraffins X-28 Gas-to-gas Heat Exchanger Hot paraffins Cool paraffins X-29 Gas-to-gas Heat Exchanger Hot paraffins Cool paraffins X-8 Gas-to-gas Heat Exchanger Hot syngas Cool syngas

Detailed Description of One or More Embodiments

(21) For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated devices and processes, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. At least one embodiment of the present invention will be described and shown, and this application may show and/or describe other embodiments of the present invention, and further permits the reasonable and logical inference of still other embodiments as would be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art.

(22) It is understood that any reference to “the invention” is a reference to an embodiment of a family of inventions, with no single embodiment including an apparatus, process, or composition that should be included in all embodiments, unless otherwise stated. Further, although there may be discussion with regards to “advantages” provided by some embodiments of the present invention, it is understood that yet other embodiments may not include those same advantages, or may include yet different advantages. Any advantages described herein are not to be construed as limiting to any of the claims. The usage of words indicating preference, such as “preferably,” refers to features and aspects that are present in at least one embodiment, but which are optional for some embodiments.

(23) Although various specific quantities (spatial dimensions, temperatures, pressures, times, force, resistance, current, voltage, concentrations, wavelengths, frequencies, heat transfer coefficients, dimensionless parameters, etc.) may be stated herein, such specific quantities are presented as examples only, and further, unless otherwise explicitly noted, are approximate values, and should be considered as if the word “about” prefaced each quantity. Further, with discussion pertaining to a specific composition of matter, that description is by example only, and does not limit the applicability of other species of that composition, nor does it limit the applicability of other compositions unrelated to the cited composition.

(24) What will be shown and described herein, along with various embodiments of the present invention, is discussion of one or more simulations that were performed. It is understood that such examples are by way of example only, and are not to be construed as being limitations on any embodiment of the present invention. Further, it is understood that embodiments of the present invention are not necessarily limited to or described by the mathematical analysis presented herein.

(25) Various references may be made to one or more processes, algorithms, operational methods, or logic, accompanied by a diagram showing such organized in a particular sequence. It is understood that the order of such a sequence is by example only, and is not intended to be limiting on any embodiment of the invention.

(26) What will be shown and described herein are one or more functional relationships among variables. Specific nomenclature for the variables may be provided, although some relationships may include variables that will be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art for their meaning. For example, “t” could be representative of temperature or time, as would be readily apparent by their usage. However, it is further recognized that such functional relationships can be expressed in a variety of equivalents using standard techniques of mathematical analysis (for instance, the relationship F=ma is equivalent to the relationship F/a=m). Further, in those embodiments in which functional relationships are implemented in an algorithm or computer software, it is understood that an algorithm-implemented variable can correspond to a variable shown herein, with this correspondence including a scaling factor, control system gain, noise filter, or the like.

(27) Various embodiments of the present invention include the application of steam/CO2 reforming technology which can accept small bags of waste, in some cases similar to what common residences generate in kitchens and dispose in garbage cans around the world. Garbage bags similar to this are being generated by the FOBs as well. For medical facilities the biotoxic and pathogen waste also can be disposed with this technology locally in secure medical facilities while avoiding the dangerous transportation to landfills or worse to medical incinerators. However, various embodiments contemplate the use of any type of organic material provided in any manner.

(28) Various embodiments of the present invention include a rotary oven reformer (ROR) that provides a small and convenient access point for receiving the bags of garbage or medical waste, an efficient scheme for processing this material, and a scheme for extracting the metals and glass capable of recycle.

(29) In FIG. 1 is shown the rotary oven reformer (ROR) that would have a capacity of about 500 pounds per day of waste/biomass feedstock, which can include a moisture content around 50%. A small amount of limestone is preferably added to assist the removal of acid gases. One way the waste could be fed in would be by use of plastic garbage bags with the maximum diameter of 18 inches, like used in a common residential kitchen. The ROR would take about 10 to 20 of these bags. The front door (42,62) shown in FIG. 2 would be closed against seal 18 and the ROR would be sealed with a slight negative pressure of 2 to 5 inches of water and processing started.

(30) Now referring back to FIG. 1, the interior of the ROR 2 is heated by superheated steam and CO.sub.2 shown entering 22 thru the center heating cartridge 24, as well as by a by a plurality of heating rods 34 on the exterior. The ROR drum 12 is set into rotary motion in a clockwise direction at a few RPM. The plastic bags that are placed through the front opening 32 are tumbled by rotating on tires rollers 16 against the outer surface of the drum, such that the bags come into contact against spiral vanes 14 with sharp edges or teeth which break open these bags and disperse the waste/biomass contents and contact it with the hot superheated steam and CO.sub.2.

(31) As the process begins, the temperature of the ROR ramps from room temperature up to 900° F. at the end of the cycle but with the superheated steam and CO.sub.2 entering the ROR at 1200 to 1800° F. The reforming chemistry prepares high H.sub.2 syngas. This syngas containing some particulates is pulled out through the outside of the center heating cartridge through a centered metal filter sock 26, which is removable for cleaning. This non-rotating center heating cartridge 24 is glowing yellow orange at about 1400 to 1900° F., with its temperature radiating onto the tumbling waste/biomass. The outside of the ROR is heated by electric heating elements 34 about preferably 4 feet long and preferably fixed in place. In some embodiments only the drum is rotating, using a center heating cartridge 24 that preferably does not rotate and is gas-fed by a concentric rotating gas seal between the rotating drum and non-rotating heating element apparatus.

(32) After a period of operation, and with the end of cycle temperature at its maximum for about an hour, the processing cycle is complete, which is expected to last a total from 4 to 20 hours, at which point the cooling cycle begins. The cooling gas entering at gas port 28 can be dry nitrogen or CO.sub.2, as examples. Once below 300° F., the right hand door 62 hanging from its own hinge 36 is opened with rotary seal 60, unlocked by lock handle 64, and the left-hand door (attached by its own, separate hinge 36) is closed by handle 38, as best seen in FIG. 2.

(33) FIG. 2 shows the door arrangement of one embodiment. FIG. 2 shows the left-hand door 42 insulated by plate 46 hinged at 32 that contains a removal device such as a scoop 50 and a hopper 48 for removing any solids 30 that are smaller than about a half an inch through exit 52. With this scoop door closed, the drum rotation is set to counter-clockwise with the spirals 14 raising the small particulate material via scoop 50 to the front and down the scoop 50 into a sealed bin on wheels. In one embodiment the drum can contain about 75 pounds of solid grey-color material consisting of broken glass sand carbonaceous graphite, oxides, and salt and lime. Solid items such as cans and metal lids that would not go through the scoop are found in the top spiral at the door edge for manual removal. Purge and cooling gas continue to flow into the enclosed rotary oven 2 through the gas inlets 40 at left and 54 at right.

(34) The spiral arrangement 14 of teeth 15 is schematically depicted in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows three adjacent teeth 15 having a triangular shape. Each tooth 15 includes a sharp vertex V that is adapted and configured for puncturing the waste bags, and otherwise penetrating and impaling the waste material as it tumbles. The top view in FIG. 5 shows a view of three teeth as viewed orthogonally from their overall spiral shape. The bottom view of FIG. 5 shows depicts the teeth more from an elevated view relative to the spiral shape 14, showing that the base of the teeth form the spiral shape, and further that the body of the tooth (which is generally planar) is non-perpendicular to the inner diameter of the oven. When the oven rotates in one direction, the sharp vertices V of the teeth lead (i.e., are in front of) the bottom wall W that connects to the inner diameter. With such rotation, the teeth are adapted and configured to impale the waste. For rotation in the opposite direction, the wall W of the teeth leads the teeth vertices V. Therefore, in this opposite direction of rotation the teeth are not angled so as to penetrate the waste. However, the spiral shaped wall W provides a ledge that pushes against the waste. This ledge, in combination with the spiral shape, pushes the waste material toward the end of the oven having the doors.

(35) FIG. 3 shows a cross-section of the appliance which is about 7 feet wide 6 feet deep and 7 feet tall in one embodiment. The ROR drum 12 is at the top of this cross-section. At the front right is the main steam/CO.sub.2 reforming reactor 72 used for cleanup to produce the syngas. This very hot syngas is cooled by a heat exchanger 74 (in one embodiment a plate heat exchanger) next in line with the cool syngas going to the fuel-cell 65, preferably located down at the bottom of the enclosure. The heat from this heat exchanger and the heat from the fuel-cell are used to heat the superheated steam and the CO.sub.2 that is fed into the ROR 2 at inlet 22. These clean gases are passed into the catalytic converter 76 which removes any carbon monoxide prior to being discharged outside. The cool exit gas is passed to a getter/sorbent bed for capturing any acid gases and heavy metals before moving further into the process. Heat from the catalytic converters is also used to provide heat to superheated steam entering 21 and also heat the ROR 12. Exit gases are cleaned and carbon oxidized to CO.sub.2, leaving at exhaust pipe 80. Also at the bottom of this enclosure are the rotary vacuum pumps 94 and 96 and a battery bank 63 to supply start up heat and power and uninterruptible power 82 for the controls, 66 and 68, as well as 70, the control screen. Diesel fuel supply at 88 is pumped to the fuel cell 65 for startup electricity and heat.

(36) FIG. 4 shows the process flow diagram that graphically implements the details of the paragraphs above. FIG. 4 shows the same cross-section of the appliance but with the process schematic units and flow-streams located in cabinet 92. The steam and CO.sub.2 22 enters the heated cartridge 24 at the top of this cross-section and enters the ROR 12 at gas port 28. The biomass and/or waste evolve volatile gasses 25 and produces crude syngas 20.

(37) At the front right is the main steam/CO.sub.2 reforming reactor 72 used for final cleanup to produce the high purity syngas 73. This very hot syngas 73 is cooled quickly by a plate heat exchanger 74. Next in line with the cool syngas 73 goes via connection 75 to the catalytic converter 76 via heat exchanger outlet 75 and then on to fuel-cell 65 down at the bottom of the enclosure. The heat 99 from this heat exchanger 74 and the heat 94 from the fuel-cell 65 are used to heat the waste in the ROR 12. The catalytic converter 76 heats the superheated steam 93 and the CO.sub.2 that is fed via 22 into

(38) The ROR. The catalytic converter exit gas 77 is passed to a getter and sorbent bed 78 destroying any acid gases before they are vented. A portion of these clean gases 79 are pulled into the pumps 94 and 96 via stream 80 and 83, respectively. Stream 80 is vented via 94 at ambient exhaust port 90 and stream is split into 83 and 82, the latter going to fuel cell 65. The other fraction 83 recycles via 97 to heated cartridge 24 to enter ROR 12 via gas port 28. Heat from the catalytic converters also used to help heat the ROR. At the bottom of this enclosure are located the two rotary vacuum pumps 94 and 96, diesel fuel tank 88 to supply fuel 89 via fuel pump 61 to the fuel cell 65 for startup and for uninterruptible power 98 for the controls.

(39) FIG. 6 shows a portion of an FT reactor that includes a plurality of catalyst-coated finned tube assemblies 204 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Each finned tube assembly 204 comprises a pair of a concentrically-arranged inner tube 228 and outer tube 210. Each outer tube includes a plurality of cooling fins 208 extending from the tube outward. The cooling fins 208 are coated with a catalyst that is adapted and configured to produce Fischer-Tropsch reaction products from synthesis gas.

(40) As shown in Section AA of FIG. 6, in one embodiment the fins are longitudinally arranged and generally parallel down the length of the tube assembly. This linear arrangement surface is adapted and configured to provide a large surface area for improved operation of the catalyst, as well as relatively free-flowing passageways or channels for the downward movement of heavier FT products that form on the catalytic surfaces. However, yet other embodiments of the present invention include still other fin shapes, such as spiral shapes (coacting with the o.d. to form spiral channels) that extend along the length of the tube assembly. Preferably, the cooling fins provide relatively little obstruction to the gravity-induced, downward movement of the heavier FT liquid products. In some embodiments, each cooling fin provides a surface that extends along substantially the entire length of the tube assembly 204, so that the fin itself is not ever a barrier to downward movement.

(41) In one embodiment, each tube assembly 204 comprises a tube within a tube. The outer tube 210 includes an opened end that operates as an inlet for cooling media. This opened end is coupled by way of a union to a flange of the reactor for structural support and sealing. The distal-most, closed end 212 of external tube 210 extends downward toward the bottom of the reactor (as shown in FIG. 7, proximate to the inlet 275 for syngas (referring to FIG. 9).

(42) The inner tube 228 provides for upward return of the media as it is heated from contact with the inner diameter of outer tube 210. The inner tube 228 has an opened end 227 located near the distal-most closed end 212. This opened end 227 provides an inlet for the heated media that has flowed downward in the annular passageway 209 that is formed between the inner diameter of the outer tube and the outer diameter of the inner tube 228. The opened end 222 of the inner tube 228 provides the heated media to a collection reservoir, such as either the manifold 238 shown in FIG. 6 or the plenum 238′ shown in FIG. 7.

(43) An FT catalyst-coated finned tube 210 is inserted through reactor top flange 212 attached by means of a sanitary union 214 through which the tube can be removed. At the top of the finned tube 210, a cooling media supply manifold 237 provides the cool thermal fluid 216 that enters at the side of the tee 218, then passing downward through the finned tube, boiling, and flowing upward through a center tube 228 to exit at the top as the hot two-phase vapor-liquid exits 222 to media return manifold 238.

(44) Referring to FIG. 6, through the top flange 212 the fresh syngas 230 enters a tube that runs downward nearly the length to the bottom of the reactor 232 introducing fresh syngas that fills the chamber around the fin tubes 210. A substantial fraction of the syngas reacts on the catalyst 210 to produce FT liquid product and the spent syngas exits the reactor at port 234. Since the catalyst-coated fins get hot from the exothermic reactions of the syngas to form FT liquid, the heat is removed by cooling water that enters as coolant 216 and leaves as steam 222. Although water is shown as the example, other thermal fluids can be used. The connections to each of the fin tubes 210 are made through a flexible stainless steel tubing 236 to a circular tube ring 237 surrounding the top of the reactor above the flange. The steam leaves at two layers of tubing that constitutes a double steam manifold at the top. This design in some embodiments allows individual fin tubes to be removed and fresh ones reinstalled by connecting the flexible tubing 236 to the entry tee 218. In this way the finned tubes can be cleaned and the catalyst refreshed and recoated on the finned tubes and remounted into the reactor.

(45) FIG. 7 shows a large pressure vessel 232 and flange 212 at the top through which fin tubes 208 are hung. The reactor of FIG. 7 is similar to the reactor of FIG. 6, except that in FIG. 7 the coolant supply passage 209 is supplied with the low temperature cooling media by way of a cooling media plenum 237′ that is created between flanges 212 and 248. All coolant supply passages are open to this volume between the flanges, which is provided with coolant by way of port 250. It can further be seen that all of the coolant return passages 228 are in fluid communication with the plenum chamber 238′ between flange 248 and dome 246. Steam can be removed by way of coolant return port 260.

(46) These tubes 210 have fins extending radially from tube 220 and coated with catalyst 210. These catalyst tubes 208 can be individually removed from the reactor by the following steps: The upper flange 248 is unbolted from the flanges 212, and raised upward which includes the steam tubes 228. The next step is to loosen locking nut 214 by means of its the outside diameter threads 244 using the appropriate spanner wrench which removes pressure on the sealing ledge 246 attached to the flange 248. At this point tube 220 containing catalyst fins 210 can be removed from the top individually.

(47) Now referring to FIG. 8, both the top flange and the cross-section of the reactor are shown with the circular tube manifold 238 and the multiplicity of finned tubes 208. At three locations 120° apart there is shown the entry 230 and exit 234, syngas supply and discharge pipes as arranged. The circular manifold assembly 238 is fed by a large main supply of cooling water entering at 240 and the hot steam exiting at a large tube 242.

(48) Into vessel reactor vessel 232, shown in FIG. 8, is fed fresh conditioned and balanced syngas through port 252 and the spent syngas exits at port 254. Reaction of the syngas on catalyst fins 210 produces a FT liquid which falls to the bottom of reactor 232 and exits at port 258 while the steam that is produced from the heat of the fin tube 208 exits at the top of the steam dome of the vessel at port 260. An access port 256 is provided for inspecting and cleaning the vessel.

(49) Referring to FIG. 9, there is shown a schematic representation of a process for converting syngas according to one embodiment of the present invention. The FT reactor 270 is fed with cool water in streams 272 cooling the catalyst finned tubes. The cool water is pumped by pump 278 and temperature controlled by heater 276 to assure that the water is a few degrees below its boiling point. The generated steam plus a small amount of entrained water leaves in stream 292 to pass through a steam trap 291 to remove as much entrained water as possible and from there enters the electricity generating steam turbine 90 with its exhaust cooled by air cooler 288. From there the cool condensate water is passed to pump 278 to complete the water-steam cycle loop.

(50) The syngas enters the bottom of the FT reactor via 274 where it is reacted on the catalytic surface of a plurality of finned tube heat exchanging assemblies 273 and passes upward in the reactor generating the FT liquid 279 which drains off of the increasingly warmer finned tubes 273 countercurrent down to the bottom of the reactor and exits as stream 281 of crude FT liquid product.

(51) It is understood that the catalyzing, finned tube heat exchanger 273 are similar to the finned tube assemblies 208 shown in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8. The spent syngas leaves the top of the FT reactor as stream 285 to be cooled by heat exchanger 282 using cool water from pump 278 entering it at 284 and leaving 286 to enter the temperature control heater 276. The cool syngas together with some liquid condensate leaves the heat exchanger 282 via line 90 from which it enters the three-phase separator 292 where the hydrocarbon leaves via stream 294 as nearly finished FT liquid product and the condensed water leaves as stream 298.

(52) Various aspects of some embodiments of the present invention can be better understood by considering other examples. As one example considers a simple cylindrical reactor vessel that is 18″ ID and 72″ tall with a volume of 20,400 in3 or 11.8 ft3 and has a height allocated for the catalyst option that is 40″ tall. In one embodiment, a finned tube array as shown in FIG. 7 contains 112,500 in2 of catalyst coated surface. Such a design compares favorably to existing designs that have the same catalyst volume but only 38,883 in2 of catalyst area. The reactor design disclosed in FIGS. 6 and 7 can contain nearly three times (3×) more catalyst surface area. Further, since there is less wasted space, the finned tubes can be extended 35% more in length to gain another 35% of catalyst area to achieve four times (4×) the catalyst area.

(53) Yet another example showing various aspects of some embodiments of the present invention pertains to the improved maintenance that can result. Too many times the catalyst becomes poisoned from contaminants in the syngas and the catalyst should be replaced. A typical FT reactor should be removed from the plant and completely opened to remove the catalyst materials and structure, the vessel cleaned, reloaded with fresh catalyst and remounted in the FT process plant, catalyst reactivated with H.sub.2 at high temperature at a cost of many weeks of shutdown. The reactor design taught herein eliminates the costly labor hours and long shutdown times, since individual finned tubes can be pulled out and replaced in the field, while still keeping the reactor inerted saving 70% of the labor hours.

(54) In addition, sometimes the catalyst develops hot spots and melts or heavy resin is formed that plugs off the FT liquid flowing down the finned tube and forms excessive heavy paraffin wax. These failed finned tubes can be identified by an IR displaying camera to reveal obstructed flow of steam product or cooling water, together with finned tube internal temperatures measured by its type K thermocouples. This single failed finned tube can be removed and replaced at huge savings and the FT plant restarted often while it is still warm, still inerted; reducing start-up time.

(55) Yet other aspects of some embodiments of the present invention can be understood by considering the scalability offered. Individual finned tubes can be removed, and the vessel is easily scaled in diameter where additional tubes can be added or even interchanged. Also, the vessel can be made larger as necessary and multiple tube holes can be plugged and later filled with finned tubes adding capacity that is made possible by debottlenecking the process. A further advantage is that individual tubes can have different lengths as well, adjusting the capacity of the FT reactor. And even further advantage with this design is that the reactor can be scaled in diameter and length without changing the design concepts. For example, the reactor shown in Example 1 can have an ID of 18 inches and a height of 72 inches, producing one barrel per day of FT liquids. A full-size reactor of 8 feet in diameter and 12 feet in height, simply by scaling this design, is projected to produce 57 barrels per day or 2400 gallons per day of FT liquids. This single FT reactor would be the appropriate size for a 25 ton per day machine that would ideally fit a typical dairy farm to serve all of their fuel needs.

(56) The process shown and discussed with regards to FIG. 9 was the subject of multiple computer simulations. The process diagram used for the simulations is shown in FIG. 10, the subject matter of FIG. 10 also being shown in the three portions identified by dotted and wavy lines as FIGS. 11, 12, and 13. The thermodynamic methods used in the simulations are as follows in Table A:

(57) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE A K-Value: APISOAVE Enthalpy: APISOAVE Density: STD Liquid 1 NBS81 Liquid 1 ThC: NBS81 Liquid 1 Den: STD Surface Tension: Visc: HADDEN Liquid 2 STEAM Liquid 2 ThC: STEAM Liquid 2 Den: STD Surface Tension: Visc: STEAM

(58) Various simulation inputs, assumptions, and results can be seen in the following Tables B through F.

(59) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE B Flowrates Incipient Total Vapor Liquid 1 Liquid 2 Total Component Name lbmol/hr mol fra lbmol/hr lbmol/hr mole % K-Value 48: CARBON MONOXIDE 0 0 0 0 0 497.314 1: HYDROGEN 0 0 0 0 0 198.932 62: WATER 0 0 0 0 0 1.06274 49: CARBON DIOXIDE 0 0 0 0 0 163.37 65: ACETYLENE 0 0 0 0 0 108.63 40: BENZENE 0 0 0 0 0 1.46198 22: ETHYLENE 0 0 0 0 0 112.732 2: METHANE 0 0 0 0 0 307.179 3: ETHANE 0 0 0 0 0 79.1482 4: PROPANE 0 0 0 0 0 27.5122 6: N-BUTANE 0 0 0 0 0 10.1972 8: N-PENTANE 0.173323 0.261321 0.173323 0 7.09909 3.68104 10: N-HEXANE 0.173483 0.130238 0.173483 0 7.10563 1.83288 11: N-HEPTANE 0.173114 0.066058 0.173114 0 7.09051 0.931641 12: N-OCTANE 0.172974 0.033167 0.172974 0 7.08478 0.468143 13: N-NONANE 0.172763 0.017081 0.172763 0 7.07614 0.241389 14: N-DECANE 0.172554 0.008744 0.172554 0 7.0676 0.123716 15: N-UNDECANE 0.172346 0.004707 0.172346 0 7.05906 0.066677 16: N-DODECANE 0.172135 0.002515 0.172135 0 7.05045 0.035669 17: N-TRIDECANE 0.171684 0.00135 0.171684 0 7.03198 0.019203 18: N-TETRADECANE 0.171769 0.000696 0.171769 0 7.03542 0.009886 19: N-PENTADECANE 0.171234 0.000381 0.171234 0 7.01352 0.005437 20: N-HEXADECANE 0.18253 0.000219 0.18253 0 7.47621 0.002923 21: N-HEPTADECANE 0.012029 9.151E−06 0.012029 0 0.492695 0.001857 91: N-OCTADECANE 0.0000491 2.035E−08 0.0000491 0 0.002011 0.001012 92: N-NONADECANE 5.241E−07  1.39E−10 5.241E−07 0 2.147E−05 0.000648 93: N-EICOSANE 1.554E−08  2.08E−12 1.554E−08 0 6.364E−07 0.000327 3208: N-NONACOSANE 0 0 0 0 4.025E−20 1.092E−06 2051: ISOBUTYL 0 0 0 0 0 0.954131 FORMATE 1245: SODIUM 0 0 0 0 0 CHLORIDE 46: NITROGEN 1.442E−17 1.263E−15 1.442E−17 0 5.905E−16 213.816 47: OXYGEN 0 0 0 0 0 562.113 1021: METHANOL 0.241399 0.429368 0.241399 0 9.88739 4.34259 2038: ISOBUTYL 0.108097 0.044147 0.108097 0 4.4275 0.997104 ALCOHOL 200: Biosolids 0 0 0 0 0 2.645E−05 Total 2.44148 1 2.44148 0 100

(60) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE C Flowrates Incipient Total Vapor Liquid 1 Liquid 2 Total Component Name lb/hr mass fra lb/hr lb/hr mass % 48: CARBON MONOXIDE 0 0 0 0 0 1: HYDROGEN 0 0 0 0 0 62: WATER 0 0 0 0 0 49: CARBON DIOXIDE 0 0 0 0 0 65: ACETYLENE 0 0 0 0 0 40: BENZENE 0 0 0 0 0 22: ETHYLENE 0 0 0 0 0 2: METHANE 0 0 0 0 0 3: ETHANE 0 0 0 0 0 4: PROPANE 0 0 0 0 0 6: N-BUTANE 0 0 0 0 0 8: N-PENTANE 12.5046 0.301 12.5046 0 3.79384 10: N-HEXANE 14.9493 0.1792 14.9493 0 4.53557 11: N-HEPTANE 17.3456 0.10568 17.3456 0 5.26259 12: N-OCTANE 19.7577 0.06049 19.7577 0 5.99441 13: N-NONANE 22.1568 0.03498 22.1568 0 6.72228 14: N-DECANE 24.5503 0.01986 24.5503 0 7.44846 15: N-UNDECANE 26.938 0.011746 26.938 0 8.17287 16: N-DODECANE 29.3195 0.006839 29.3195 0 8.89541 17: N-TRIDECANE 31.6507 0.003975 31.6507 0 9.6027 18: N-TETRADECANE 34.0755 0.002203 34.0755 0 10.3384 19: N-PENTADECANE 36.3711 0.001293 36.3711 0 11.0348 20: N-HEXADECANE 41.3307 0.00079 41.3307 0 12.5396 21: N-HEPTADECANE 2.89248 0.000035 2.89248 0 0.877567 91: N-OCTADECANE 0.012495  8.27E−08 0.012495 0 0.003791 92: N-NONADECANE 0.000141 5.959E−10 0.000141 0 0.0000427 93: N-EICOSANE  4.39E−06 9.381E−12  4.39E−06 0 1.332E−06 3208: N-NONACOSANE 4.017E−19 0 4.017E−19 0 1.219E−19 2051: ISOBUTYL FORMATE 0 0 0 0 0 1245: SODIUM CHLORIDE 0 0 0 0 0 46: NITROGEN 4.038E−16 5.647E−16 4.038E−16 0 1.225E−16 47: OXYGEN 0 0 0 0 0 1021: METHANOL 7.7349 0.2197 7.7349 0 2.34674 2038: ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL 8.01245 0.05225 8.01245 0 2.43094 200: Biosolids 0 0 0 0 0 Total 329.602 1 329.602 0 100

(61) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE D Flowrates Total Vapor Liquid 1 Liquid 2 Total Component Name ft3/hr ft3/hr ft3/hr ft3/hr volume % 48: CARBON MONOXIDE 0 0 0 0 0 1: HYDROGEN 0 0 0 0 0 62: WATER 0 0 0 0 0 49: CARBON DIOXIDE 0 0 0 0 0 65: ACETYLENE 0 0 0 0 0 40: BENZENE 0 0 0 0 0 22: ETHYLENE 0 0 0 0 0 2: METHANE 0 0 0 0 0 3: ETHANE 0 0 0 0 0 4: PROPANE 0 0 0 0 0 6: N-BUTANE 0 0 0 0 0 8: N-PENTANE 0.506225 0 0.506225 0 7.09909 10: N-HEXANE 0.506691 0 0.506691 0 7.10563 11: N-HEPTANE 0.505613 0 0.505613 0 7.09051 12: N-OCTANE 0.505204 0 0.505204 0 7.08478 13: N-NONANE 0.504588 0 0.504588 0 7.07614 14: N-DECANE 0.503979 0 0.503979 0 7.0676 15: N-UNDECANE 0.50337 0 0.50337 0 7.05906 16: N-DODECANE 0.502756 0 0.502756 0 7.05045 17: N-TRIDECANE 0.501439 0 0.501439 0 7.03198 18: N-TETRADECANE 0.501685 0 0.501685 0 7.03542 19: N-PENTADECANE 0.500123 0 0.500123 0 7.01352 20: N-HEXADECANE 0.533117 0 0.533117 0 7.47621 21: N-HEPTADECANE 0.035133 0 0.035133 0 0.492695 91: N-OCTADECANE 0.000143 0 0.000143 0 0.002011 92: N-NONADECANE 1.531E−06 0 1.531E−06 0 2.147E−05 93: N-EICOSANE 4.538E−08 0 4.538E−08 0 6.364E−07 3208: N-NONACOSANE 0 0 0 0 4.025E−20 2051: ISOBUTYL FORMATE 0 0 0 0 0 1245: SODIUM CHLORIDE 0 0 0 0 0 46: NITROGEN 4.211E−17 0 4.211E−17 0 5.905E−16 47: OXYGEN 0 0 0 0 0 1021: METHANOL 0.705054 0 0.705054 0 9.88739 2038: ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL 0.315718 0 0.315718 0 4.4275 200: Biosolids 0 0 0 0 0 Total 7.13084 0 7.13084 0 100

(62) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE E Flowrates Total Vapor Liquid 1 Liquid 2 Total Component Name SCF/hr SCF/hr SCF/hr SCF/hr std vol % 48: CARBON MONOXIDE 0 0 0 0 0 1: HYDROGEN 0 0 0 0 0 62: WATER 0 0 0 0 0 49: CARBON DIOXIDE 0 0 0 0 0 65: ACETYLENE 0 0 0 0 0 40: BENZENE 0 0 0 0 0 22: ETHYLENE 0 0 0 0 0 2: METHANE 0 0 0 0 0 3: ETHANE 0 0 0 0 0 4: PROPANE 0 0 0 0 0 6: N-BUTANE 0 0 0 0 0 8: N-PENTANE 0.317706 0 0.317706 0 4.46357 10: N-HEXANE 0.360995 0 0.360995 0 5.07175 11: N-HEPTANE 0.40415 0 0.40415 0 5.67805 12: N-OCTANE 0.448128 0 0.448128 0 6.2959 13: N-NONANE 0.492178 0 0.492178 0 6.91478 14: N-DECANE 0.536288 0 0.536288 0 7.5345 15: N-UNDECANE 0.58059 0 0.58059 0 8.15691 16: N-DODECANE 0.623602 0 0.623602 0 8.76121 17: N-TRIDECANE 0.665575 0 0.665575 0 9.35091 18: N-TETRADECANE 0.711826 0 0.711826 0 10.0007 19: N-PENTADECANE 0.753102 0 0.753102 0 10.5806 20: N-HEXADECANE 0.849147 0 0.849147 0 11.93 21: N-HEPTADECANE 0.059015 0 0.059015 0 0.829129 91: N-OCTADECANE 0.000256 0 0.000256 0 0.003595 92: N-NONADECANE 2.875E−06 0 2.875E−06 0 4.039E−05 93: N-EICOSANE 8.915E−08 0 8.915E−08 0 1.253E−06 3208: N-NONACOSANE 0 0 0 0  1.12E−19 2051: ISOBUTYL FORMATE 0 0 0 0 0 1245: SODIUM CHLORIDE 0 0 0 0 0 46: NITROGEN 8.025E−18 0 8.025E−18 0 1.127E−16 47: OXYGEN 0 0 0 0 0 1021: METHANOL 0.15516 0 0.15516 0 2.1799 2038: ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL 0.160043 0 0.160043 0 2.2485 200: Biosolids 0 0 0 0 0 Total 7.11776 0 7.11776 0 100

(63) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE F Properties Temperature F. 65° Pressure psia 38 Enthalpy Btu/hr −49154.95 Entropy Btu/hr/R −48.94892 Vapor Fraction 0 Total Liquid 1 Flowrate lbmol/hr 2.4415 2.4415 Flowrate lb/hr 329.6023 329.6023 Mole Fraction 1 1 Mass Fraction 1 1 Molecular Weight 135.0009 135.0009 Enthalpy Btu/lbmol −20133.243 −20133.243 Enthalpy Btu/lb −149.1341 −149.1341 Entropy Btu/Ibmol/R −20.0489 −20.0489 Entropy Btu/lb/R −0.148509 −0.148509 Cp Btu/lbmol/R 70.4007 Cp Btu/lb/R 0.5215 Cv Btu/lbmol/R 62.859 Cv Btu/lb/R 0.4656 Cp/Cv 1.12 Density lb/ft3 46.2221 Z−Factor 0.019714 Flowrate (T-P) gal/min 0.889097 Flowrate (STP) gal/min 0.887409 Specific Gravity GPA STP 0.742497 Viscosity cP 0.630051 Thermal Conductivity Btu/hr/ft/R 0.069657 Surface Tension dyne/cm 23.2852 Critical Temperature (Cubic EOS) F. 689.9811° Critical Pressure (Cubic EOS) psia 446.2985 Dew Point Temperature F. 500.9092° Bubble Point Temperature F. −405.4502° Water Dew Point Temperature could not be calculated Stream Vapor Pressure psia 1.319 Latent Heat of Vaporization (No Sensible Heat) Btu/lb 115.7845 Latent Heat of Vaporization (Plus Sensible Heat) Btu/lb 381.5861 CO2 Freeze Up No Heating Value (gross) Btu/SCF 2497.73 Heating Value (net) Btu/SCF 2391.69 Wobbe Number Btu/SCF 1060.98 Average Hydrogen Atoms 20.636 Average Carbon Atoms 9.318 Hydrogen to Carbon Ratio 2.2146

(64) Various aspects of different embodiments of the present invention are expressed in paragraphs X1, X2, X3, and X4 as follows:

(65) X1. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for converting synthesis gas into Fischer-Tropsch products. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for providing a reactor vessel having a length with a plurality of tubular heat exchanging assemblies, each heat exchanging assembly having a length, the vessel and the heat exchanging assemblies being lengthwise parallel to each other. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for flowing synthesis gas in one direction into the vessel, and catalytically converting the flowing synthesis gas into Fischer-Tropsch products and heat. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for removing the heat by flowing a heat transfer media in the opposite direction in each tubular heat exchanging assembly.

(66) X2. Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a heat transfer assembly. The assembly includes an outer tube having an opened end and a closed end, the outer diameter of said outer tube being at least partially coated in a catalyst. One aspect of the present invention pertains to the assembly including a second inner tube located at least in part in the interior of said outer tube and having two opened ends, a first opened end being located proximate the closed end of said outer tube, the second opened end being located proximate the opened end of said outer tube. One aspect of the present invention pertains to an assembly wherein said outer and inner tubes coact to provide a flowpath for a heat transferring media that extends from the opened end of said outer tube to the first end of inner tube and then to the second end of said inner tube.

(67) X3. Yet another aspect of the present invention pertains to an apparatus for calcination of organic material. One aspect of the present invention pertains to an apparatus including a kiln rotatable about an axis, the interior of said kiln including an array of teeth arranged in a row that extends in a spiral shape relative to the axis, one end of said kiln including a hinged door having a waste removal aperture. One aspect of the present invention pertains to an apparatus including an electric heater placed within the interior of said kiln; wherein said array of teeth are adapted and configured such that rotation of said kiln about the axis in one direction provides a cutting action of said array of teeth on the organic material, and rotation of said kiln in the opposite direction provides by said array of teeth the movement of material within said kiln toward said door.

(68) X4. Still another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for oxidation-reduction of organic material. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for providing a rotary kiln having an internal spiral member, a door and an internal electric heater. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for breaking apart any organic material within the enclosed kiln by rotating said kiln in a first direction. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for heating the material within the kiln with the electric heater. Another aspect of the present invention pertains to moving the waste material within the cooled kiln toward the door by rotating the kiln in the opposite direction. Still different embodiments of this method pertain to calcinating organic material, whereas other embodiments pertain to methods for burning organic material.

(69) Yet other embodiments pertain to any of the previous statements X1, X2, X3, or X4, which are combined with one or more of the following other aspects. It is also understood that any of the aforementioned X paragraphs include listings of individual features that can be combined with individual features of other X paragraphs.

(70) Which further comprises a process for producing synthesis gas using either of the designs expressed in paragraphs X1 or X2, combined with one of the designs expressed in paragraphs X3 or X4.

(71) Which further comprises flowing the heat transfer media from the bottom end of each tubular heat exchanging assembly toward the top end in a second internal flowpath within each tubular heat exchanging assembly.

(72) Which further comprises cooling the removed gaseous FT products by heating the media, and using the heated media during said flowing a heat transfer media.

(73) Which further comprises adding heat to the heated media before said flowing a heat transfer media.

(74) Wherein said providing includes a heat engine coupled to an electrical generator, which further comprises powering said engine with the removed heat.

(75) Wherein said outer tube and said inner tube are substantially linear between respective ends.

(76) Wherein the opened end of said outer tube is adapted and configured to support said heat transfer assembly from a flange.

(77) Which further comprises a plurality of heat transferring fins each at least partially coated with the catalyst.

(78) Wherein said fins are axial fins arranged generally parallel to the centerline of each said tube.

(79) Wherein said fin is arranged to form a substantially unobstructed drip path for the movement of liquid FT products along said fin and toward the closed end.

(80) Wherein said fin has a spiral shape along the length of said outer tube.

(81) Wherein said fin and the outer diameter of said outer tube coact to create a channel for the downward flow of FT liquids.

(82) Which further comprises a first fluid manifold in fluid communication with the opened end of said outer tube and a second fluid manifold in fluid communication with the second opened end of said inner tube.

(83) Which further comprises a plurality of parallel, spaced-apart said heat transfer assemblies each supported at the opened end of the outer tube by a flange and each adapted and configured both to be repeatedly removed separately from said flange and to be repeatedly installed separately to said flange.

(84) Wherein the opened end of each said outer tube are in fluid communication with one another and the second end of each said inner tube are in fluid communication with one another.

(85) Wherein said kiln is tapered about a length along the axis, and one end is smaller than the other end.

(86) Wherein said door is a first hinged door, and which further comprises a second hinged door located at the one end, said second door being adapted and configured to seal an opening of said kiln during high temperature operation.

(87) Wherein each said tooth has at least one of a sawtooth or triangular overall shape.

(88) Wherein said teeth are arranged side-by-side, with the bottom of adjacent teeth forming a spiral-shaped passageway for movement of waste material falling against the teeth during rotation of the kiln.

(89) Wherein each said tooth is non-perpendicular to the inner wall of the kiln.

(90) Wherein the row of teeth are arranged to lean in a direction adapted and configured to impale the rotating organic material.

(91) Wherein said kiln has a rotating outer surface, which further comprises at least one heating element located to heat said kiln through the outer surface.

(92) Which further comprises a scoop adapted and configured to receive material from the kiln during rotation in the opposite direction and provide the material to said aperture.

(93) Which further comprises a ceramic filtering element placed around the exterior of said heater;

(94) Which further comprises cooling the kiln after said synthesizing and before said removing.

(95) Wherein the door includes hopper and said rotating in the opposite directions places the waste material into the hopper.

(96) Wherein the internal spiral member includes a plurality of teeth, and said breaking apart is by the teeth.

(97) Wherein said rotating in a first direction moves the organic material away from the door.

(98) Which further comprises injecting steam into said kiln during said heating.

(99) While the inventions have been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only certain embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected.