Systems, apparatus and methods for purifying air

Abstract

Systems, apparatus and methods for disinfection of airflow. An apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow in a confined space includes: a modular housing; and a disinfection chamber enclosed within the housing. The disinfection chamber includes a plurality of disinfection sheets. Each disinfection sheet comprises a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) light sources. The airflow is configured to be routed along a serpentine pathway within the housing to expose microorganisms in the airflow to far UV-C light emitted by the UV light sources for an extended and optimal duration.

Claims

1. A process for disinfecting airflow in an airplane, comprising: transferring cooled/heated atmospheric air and cabin air to an air mixing unit; routing air from the air mixing unit to a HEPA filter for filtration; connecting a disinfecting apparatus to the filter, wherein the apparatus comprises: a modular housing comprising: a disinfecting chamber, wherein the disinfecting chamber includes a plurality of disinfection layers, each disinfection layer comprising a plurality of tubular ultraviolet (UV) light sources; directing the filtered air from the filter to the apparatus; routing the filtered air along a serpentine pathway over each of the plurality of layers; and exposing microorganisms in the filtered air to far UV-C/UV-C light emitted by the plurality of tubular ultraviolet (UV) light sources, wherein the filtered and disinfected air is routed directly from the disinfecting apparatus to a cabin in the airplane.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is positioned inline with the air mixing unit.

3. The process according to claim 1, further comprising: totally discarding used air from the cabin outside the airplane using a bi-directional valve, wherein the bi-directional valve is set to an open position.

4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the bi-directional valve is set to an open position upon the condition that cabin pressure is maintained at a pre-determined level.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate various embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating exemplary embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings:

(2) FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate multiple views of an apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow according to an embodiment.

(3) FIG. 1E illustrates an apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow having multiple fans according to another embodiment.

(4) FIG. 1F illustrates an apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow having a single fan according to another embodiment.

(5) FIG. 1G illustrates an apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow according to an embodiment.

(6) FIG. 1H illustrates an apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow according to an embodiment.

(7) FIG. 1I illustrates a perspective view of an apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow according to yet another embodiment.

(8) FIG. 2 illustrates an apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow according to another embodiment.

(9) FIG. 3 illustrates typical air flow patterns in a confined space having supply and return vents on the ceiling.

(10) FIG. 4A illustrates a system for routing disinfected air to the floor of a confined space according to an embodiment.

(11) FIG. 4B illustrates a system for routing disinfected air to the floor of a confined space according to another embodiment.

(12) FIG. 4C illustrates a system for routing disinfected air to the floors of multiple confined spaces according to an embodiment.

(13) FIG. 5A illustrates a system for routing air-conditioned airflow to the floor of a confined space according to an embodiment.

(14) FIG. 5B illustrates a system for routing air-conditioned airflow to the floor of a confined space according to another embodiment.

(15) FIG. 6 illustrates a system for heating and cooling a confined space according to an embodiment, without using air condition.

(16) FIG. 7 illustrates a personal use air disinfecting system according to an embodiment.

(17) FIGS. 8A-8B illustrates a conventional air conditioning system in an aircraft according to an embodiment.

(18) FIGS. 9A-9B illustrate a system for discarding used/contaminated cabin air outside an airplane according to an embodiment.

(19) FIGS. 9C-9D illustrate a system for disinfecting the air so that the cabin air can be recirculated according to an embodiment.

(20) FIG. 9E illustrates a bi-directional valve for routing airflow into or outside an airplane according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(21) Systems, apparatus and methods are described herein for disinfection of airflow from an air-conditioning system to substantially kill COVID-19 and other similar airborne micro-organisms. The air-conditioned airflow is disinfected using a UV light source. Preferably, the UV light source is configured to emit germicidal far UV-C or UV-C radiation. The UV light sources are tubes, either straight or turned into more compact shapes, which can be transparent. The UV light sources can also include, without limitation, UV lamps, UV lasers, UV LED lights and other similar sources. In some embodiments, the UV light source can include a flat mirror-like plate. Far UV-C/UVc light/radiation can be used to disinfect the airflow without harming the human body/eyes by encasing them in UV protected enclosures and/or keeping them away from human habitats. This makes it suitable for the one or more embodiments discussed herein.

(22) The present invention can be utilized in any confined space. As used herein, the term “confined space” can include any enclosed or indoor space. The confined space can include, without limitation, rooms, hotels, restaurants, homes, warehouses, nursing homes, hospitals, clinics, laboratories, office buildings, buses, places of worship, malls, schools, theaters, sports arenas, aircrafts, trains, subways, yachts, cruise ships, and other similar enclosed spaces. The confined space can be equipped with one or more air conditioning systems. Thus, one or more embodiments of the present invention are configured to disinfect air-conditioned airflow in confined spaces.

(23) In one embodiment, the apparatus of the present invention can be configured to be attached to or incorporated as part of existing air conditioning systems and do not require any significant modification to these units. In typical “split” HVAC systems (comprising an outdoor unit having a condenser and compressor and an indoor unit connected to the evaporator furnace and a blower), the apparatus can be in fluid communication with an indoor blower. According to one or more embodiments, the blower/furnace are attic-based or located in a space just below the roof of the confined space. In a “packaged” air conditioning system, the blower is located close to a compressor and is located outside the confined space. In packaged systems, the apparatus can be configured to be in fluid communication with the external blower. In multi-level confined spaces, such as buildings with multiple floors, having blowers in individual rooms, the apparatus can be incorporated into the individual blowers. In one or more embodiments, the apparatus can also be compressed to the size of a briefcase and can be attached to the air inlet or outlet of any confined space.

(24) Multiple views of an apparatus 100 for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow are illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1D. As used herein, the term “disinfecting” is used to mean sanitizing or treating an incoming (filtered or unfiltered) airflow such that it is substantially free of harmful microorganisms. In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to also filter out particulates.

(25) The apparatus 100 includes a compact modular housing 110. The housing 110 can be provided in a stand-alone configuration for attachment to an exhaust window (or, an outlet) and/or a blower (or, an inlet), or can be incorporated in line with a split air-conditioning system (not shown). A similar arrangement can be incorporated into the packaged air conditioner also. The housing 110 comprises of a box-shaped enclosure/structure having panels 112 on its top and bottom surfaces, left and right opposing sidewalls/surfaces and front and back surfaces. The panels 112 can be made of aluminum, steel, fiberglass, carbon, or any other suitable material, that can completely block the UV light coming out of the device. A front panel is not shown in the accompanying figures merely to illustrate the internal components of the apparatus 100. The panels 112 enclose an internal cavity 140 or disinfection chamber having various components for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow. The terms “air” and “airflow” are used interchangeably herein.

(26) The housing 110 can be secured or anchored to the inlet or outlet of the air-conditioning system, in an enclosed space like a room, with brackets 120. The apparatus 100 can further include a docking pipe 130 that can be coupled to the inlet or outlet of an air-conditioning system (not shown). The apparatus 100 can be placed on the ceiling, within a wall or located out of view in the attic. The apparatus 100 can be configured to allow the passage of air entry through a bottom surface of the housing 110, in the outlet unit, or reverse in the inlet unit.

(27) The cavity 140 contains a disinfection chamber. A plurality of tortuous/convoluted passages 180 are formed in the disinfection chamber. These air passages are formed by a unique arrangement of multiple disinfection/treatment sheets 155 within the cavity 140. The disinfection sheets 155 include a plurality of germicidal UV light sources 150 connected to each other by transparent bridge-like connectors. The panels 112 can be made opaque to prevent UV leakage.

(28) A first end of a first disinfection sheet 155A is configured to be removably fitted to a channel 159 formed on an inside surface of a first sidewall 110A. The second end of the first disinfection sheet 155A is proximal to but does not touch an inside surface of the opposite second sidewall 110B. A small airflow gap 102A is, therefore, formed in the space between the second end of the first disinfection sheet 155A and the sidewall 110B. Similarly, a first end of an adjacent/second disinfection sheet 155B is configured to slidably be fitted to a channel (not shown) formed on the inside surface of the second sidewall 110B while leaving a small airflow gap 102B between its second end and the opposing first sidewall 110A. The other disinfection sheets are arranged in a similar manner, that is, a first end of a third disinfection sheet 155C can slide into a channel formed on the first sidewall 110A leaving an airflow gap 102C between its second end and the second sidewall 110B, and so on. This arrangement provides a sufficient length and duration of contact between the organism and the far UV-C light. The disinfection sheets 155 can be conveniently removed, if needed, for maintenance or replacement purposes. This arrangement creates a serpentine airflow pathway around the airflow gaps 102A, 102B, 102C . . . , and causes the air to be forced to go over each of the disinfection sheets before it exits the apparatus 100. The air may include harmful microorganisms.

(29) The UV light sources 150 are configured to emit germicidal far UV-C light. Far UV-C light can penetrate the cell walls of the microorganisms and cause cellular or genetic damage. The affected microorganisms are, therefore, killed and/or become unable to reproduce. Aside from the intensity of the UV-C light, their exposure time to the UV-C light is a key factor in determining how efficiently the microorganisms are disabled. Advantageously, the serpentine airflow path of the present invention ensures that the microorganisms are exposed to the UV-C light for a length of time that is sufficient to kill or disable them. As such, the air exiting the apparatus is substantially disinfected, that is, free of these harmful microorganisms. The apparatus 100 can be connected to an electrical outlet and can be turned on or off, as needed.

(30) The base panel 112A includes a plate 114. Multiple fine-diameter, substantially V-shaped opaque hollow miniature tubes or tubules 160 are embedded in the plate 114 in a slanted/oblique arrangement. The arrangement of these opaque tubules 160 in a V shaped arrangement ensures that air gets in or leaves through the tubules, but the far UV-C light is prevented from leaking/coming back out. This can protect humans in the vicinity of the apparatus 100. In another embodiment (not shown), a flat plate can be attached outside the unit 110 such that substantially any leakage of the far UV-C light is blocked.

(31) As shown in FIG. 1C, the tubules force/direct untreated air into the cavity 140. The air flows in a serpentine manner over the disinfection sheets 155 where it is exposed to far UV-C light emitted by light sources 150. The disinfected/treated air exits through the docking pipe 130. In an alternate embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1D, untreated air flows into the housing 110 through the docking pipe 130, flows in a serpentine manner over the disinfection sheets 155 where it is exposed to far UV-C light emitted by light sources 150. The disinfected/treated light exits through the multiple fine-diameter tubules 160 embedded in the plate 114.

(32) As illustrated in FIGS. 1B and 1E-1F, each disinfection sheet 155 comprises a plurality of UV light sources 150. In an embodiment, the UV light source 150 includes an outer casing having a channel/slot 159 for slidably receiving a bridge-like connector 157. This facilitates the convenient removal and replacement of a single UV light source 150. The individual tubes in light source 150 can also be pulled out and replaced as in FIG. 1B. The connectors 157 are configured to be transparent such that the far UV-C light can penetrate through the subsequent layers of the disinfection sheets. This ensures optimal disinfection of the airflow as it flows through the apparatus. The connectors 157 can be made of quartz, plastic, or another suitable transparent material.

(33) As shown in FIGS. 1E-1F, the apparatus 100 includes a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter 165. HEPA filters are known in the art. The HEPA filter 165 is configured to filter particulates and microorganisms from entering the cavity housing the UV light sources. This can prolong the life of the apparatus 100 and reduce the need for it to be cleaned frequently. The filter 165 can be periodically checked and if necessary, it can be cleaned or replaced.

(34) When used at the outlet of the air conditioning system, either a plurality of smaller fans 170A or a single larger fan 170B can be placed below the tubules 160 and above the filter 165. The fans 170A, 170B can be configured to force air into the cavity of the apparatus 100. This will make the air movement in confined spaces more efficient. In another embodiment, a reverse fan is used at the inlet of the air conditioning system to blow air into the room again facilitating stronger and more complete replacement of the air in the confined space with clean air. In this embodiment, the air coming into the room enters through docking pipe 130 and goes into the room through the tubules 160. The fans behave like suction units that draw air out from the apparatus 100 and push it into the confined space/room.

(35) FIGS. 1G-1H illustrates another embodiment 100A, 100B of an apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow. The housing 110A, 110B includes a cavity 140A, 140B. Unlike the disinfection sheets 155 which are substantially flat and planar, the disinfection sheets 155A′, 155B′ are substantially V-shaped. The ends 156A, 156AA and 156B, 156BB of a first V-shaped layer are slidably fitted within grooves formed on a front wall of the housing 105A, 105B respectively while the other end 156AAA and 156BBB does not touch an inner surface of an opposing rear wall 105AA, 105BB. The ends 157A, 157AA and 157B, 157BB of an adjacent second layer are slidably positioned within grooves formed on the rear wall 105AA, 105BB while the other end 157AAA, 157BBB is not connected to an inner surface of the front wall 105A, 105B. This arrangement is continued for multiple layers, as needed, to provide a sufficient length and duration of contact between the organism and the far UV-C light. A serpentine airflow pathway is configured around disinfection sheets 155A, 155B, . . . . Each disinfection sheet 155A′, 155B′ includes a plurality of UV light sources 150A, 150B emitting germicidal far UV-C light. As shown in FIG. 1G, the UV light sources 150A are arranged in a horizontal orientation (or in the same plane as the base of the housing). As shown in, FIG. 1H, the UV light sources 150B are arranged in a vertical orientation (or perpendicular to the base of the housing). The UV light sources 150A, 150B may be affixed to a plate 175 made of quartz or another suitable material. The plate 175 is configured to prevent the airflow from rattling the tubes. Alternately, the UV light sources 150A′, 150B′ can be bridged with a transparent connector (such as, connector 157) that can conduct far UV-C light.

(36) FIG. 1I illustrates another embodiment of an apparatus 100C for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow. As shown, the apparatus 100C includes a substantially cylindrical outer housing 110C. The apparatus 100C further includes a cylindrical inner housing 110CC that is positioned centrally within a cavity 140C formed within the outer housing 110C. The inner cylinder 110CC—which may be a solid/rod-like structure—extends the length of the outer housing 110C. A disinfection sheet 155A″ comprising a plurality of UV light sources 150C is affixed around an outer surface of the inner cylinder 110CC while another disinfection sheet 155A′″ comprising a plurality of UV lights 150D is affixed to an inner surface of the outer housing 110C. The UV light sources 150C, 150D are configured to emit germicidal far UV-C light. An airflow divertor 185 is positioned in the space between the UV light sources 150C and 150D in the cavity 140C. The airflow diverter 185 is substantially spiral or helical. The airflow diverter 185 is configured to create a serpentine airflow pathway for the incoming (untreated) airflow such that any microorganisms in the air are exposed to the far UV-C lights for a substantially long period. The length and diameter of the housing 110C and the distance between each spiral turn of the airflow diverter 185 can be increased or decreased to increase or slow the passage of the airflow to be disinfected. The various embodiments of the apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow, as shown in FIGS. 1A to 1I, can be incorporated to an existing air-conditioning system.

(37) In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, an apparatus 200 for disinfecting an airflow includes a housing 210 containing a disinfection chamber. A single air disinfection layer 255 is located within the disinfection chamber. The housing 210 is substantially elongated and box-like in appearance. The air disinfection layer 255 comprises multiple UV light sources 250 for emitting germicidal far UV-C light. Each light source 250 can slidably positioned in a groove formed on an inner surface of the housing 210 using connector 257. The connector 257 can be made of glass or another suitable material. The UV light sources 250 can be positioned on the top and base of an inside surface of the housing 210 in an alternating pattern. This pattern creates a serpentine airflow pathway for an incoming airflow. The serpentine airflow pathway increases an exposure time for the microorganisms in the airflow to the UV-C light.

(38) The housing 210 can include securing means, such as, brackets 220 for attaching the apparatus 200 to a surface (such as, the ceiling of a bus). The apparatus 200 can further include a HEPA filter 265 for filtering incoming air. The apparatus 200 further includes a flap 275 for preventing leakage of far UV-C light rays. The apparatus 200 can also be covered by an opaque shade (not shown) for preventing the UV light leakage. The housing 210 can further include support members 280 for keeping the top surface of the unit straight without bending. The support members 280 include slits 285 which can be cut along the length of the unit 210. These slits 285 are configured to vent/allow the air to leave the housing 210.

(39) The COVID-19 pandemic has starkly illustrated the risks assumed by frontline workers, including healthcare workers. These workers often risk their own lives and the lives of their family and friends to care for patients infected with contagious viruses, such as, COVID-19 and other such viruses. Conventional personal protective equipment (PPE), such as masks or face shields, cannot offer comprehensive protection for these workers. Also, virions attached to the PPE can be released when the healthcare worker removes their PPE in a change room, causing them to get infected. FIG. 7 illustrates a portable air disinfection system 700 for personal/individual use. The system 700 can be configured to provide a continual source of disinfected air for an individual user, such as, a healthcare worker or any other user requiring additional protection through a closed circuit system.

(40) The system 700 includes a wearable apparatus for disinfecting airflow 710. The apparatus 710 can be conveniently worn as a backpack by a user, such as, a healthcare worker. The system 700 further includes an air/oxygen source, such as, a canister, in fluid communication with the apparatus 710. A first end of a tube/pipe 720A is connected to the canister while a second end of the tube/pipe 720A is connected to the wearable apparatus 710. Air/oxygen/or a mixture of the same is drawn in through the first tube/pipe 720A and routed to an inlet 765 of the apparatus 710. A HEPA filter 755 is positioned at the base of the portable apparatus 700 to filter the incoming airflow. One or more miniature fans 760 are positioned at the mouth of a disinfection chamber 740. The fans 760 are configured to draw air into disinfection chamber 740. The chamber 740 includes multiple air disinfection sheets 740. Each air disinfection sheet 740 includes a plurality of UV light sources 750 which are configured to emit far UV-C light. As illustrated in FIG. 1, for example, the air disinfection sheets 740 are arranged in such a manner that a serpentine airflow pathway is created for the incoming air/oxygen/mixture inside the disinfection chamber 740.

(41) The wearable apparatus 700 may have a unit 705 to hold or contain a power source. The unit 705 can accept one or more power sources such as batteries therein. The unit 705 can be removable and replaceable from the apparatus 700. The walls of the portable apparatus 700 can be made of a suitable material that can block the leakage of far UV-C light so that there is no harm done to the individual wearing the apparatus.

(42) The air gets disinfected in the chamber 740 and the disinfected and filtered air is transported through a second pipe/tube 720B to the user. A first end of the second pipe/tube 720B is connected to the wearable apparatus while a second end of the second pipe/tube 720B is fitted within a first opening in a tight-fitting medical grade mask 770. The user can, therefore, be provided with substantially pure/disinfected air for inhalation. The exhaled air is routed from the mask 770 to the apparatus 710 by a third pipe/tube 720C. One end of the third pipe/tube 720C is fitted within a second opening in the mask 770 while a second end of the third pipe/tube 720C is connected to an inlet 765 of the apparatus 710. The exhaled air is filtered and then mixed with the air/oxygen mixture in the disinfection chamber. The filtered and disinfected air is again transported to the mask 770. For further protection, the user wearing the portable apparatus 700 can be air washed to remove any residual surface contamination before going to the change room.

(43) Thus, the various embodiments of the apparatus for disinfecting airflow, as discussed herein, can kill or disable harmful microorganisms by utilizing the maximum strength of far UV-C light and a HEPA filter, and by adjusting the size of the apparatus and manipulating the number of air disinfection treatment sheets comprising UV light sources.

(44) It is well recognized that when a person sneezes or even talks loudly, a fine mist of mucus and saliva droplets is expelled from their mouth. A cloud of droplets can remain suspended for several minutes, depending on the size of the droplet, the turbulence, the temperature and the humidity. If the person is infected with a virus, such as COVID-19, the droplets may also contain one or more virus particles. Large droplets, which are larger than five to ten microns, may quickly fall to the ground or on nearby surfaces. However, the smaller droplets may travel a significant distance which may be even greater than six feet. In some conditions, the small droplets, called aerosols, can quickly evaporate. The length of time before the aerosols evaporate depends on several conditions, including humidity and temperature. Healthy people can inhale the infectious droplets, or the droplets can land on their eyes, nose and mouth. People who inhale the airborne microorganisms do not need to have face-to-face contact or be in the same room as the infected person to be exposed and potentially infected by the infectious aerosols.

(45) Studies have also shown that under normal air conditions, the droplets that fall to the ground/floor can completely dry out. The dried-out residual of droplets, which may contain infectious microorganisms, are called droplet nuclei. The light weight droplet nuclei can rise and float in the air. They can be transported significant distances in the air by typical daily activities, such as, as a result of people walking through a room. According to the inventor, the droplet nuclei are transported by movement of air from the floor to the ceiling of the confined space where they enter a “return vent” of an air conditioning duct. The return vent returns the air back to the ductwork system. These droplet nuclei are then recirculated back into the confined unit through a “supply vent” of the air conditioning duct.

(46) According to one or more embodiments, the present invention involves a systems and processes for ensuring that the “used” air, that is returned through the return vent, is substantially discharged into the outside atmosphere. Means for delivering substantially “fresh” air from the outside/atmospheric air to the air conditioning system may also be provided such that the air supplied to the confined space through the supply vent is substantially devoid of recirculated air and airborne microorganisms and is “totally fresh air conditioning”. Advantageously, in one or more embodiments, one or more supply vents are located at the floor level or substantially near the floor level while one or more return vents are located in the ceiling or substantially near the ceiling. The reverse is also possible (not shown). This is different from the majority of the conventional ventilation systems where both supply and return vents are located in the ceiling.

(47) According to another embodiment, the present invention involves treating heating/cooled air from a conventional air conditioning system with an embodiment of the apparatus for disinfecting the airflow, as discussed above. The apparatus includes a disinfection chamber comprising a plurality of UV lights. The incoming airflow into the disinfection chamber is configured to be routed along a serpentine pathway within the housing such that microorganisms in the airflow are exposed to the germicidal far UV-C light produced by the UV light sources for an optimal duration resulting in their neutralization. The disinfected air is discharged to the AC ducts and delivered through supply vents which are located at the floor level or substantially near the floor level in each room.

(48) As shown in FIG. 3, supply vents positioned on or substantially near the ceiling are conventionally used to deliver cold/hot air. The air is then circulated in the room. The circulated air/used air leaves the room through return vents which are also located on or substantially near the ceiling. Hot air rises while cold air sinks. The hot air in the room tries to go up towards the ceiling. Therefore, air circulation is naturally more powerful close to the ceiling and gets weaker and weaker as we go down towards the floor. This leaves cold, dry, stagnant air in the lower half of the room where people usually move around. Unfortunately, cold, dry, stagnant air is ideal for some microorganisms like the coronavirus. This makes people vulnerable to infection and possible death.

(49) The situation is even worse in cold climates where a heater is used in the room. The hot air coming into the room stays close to the ceiling and escape through the outflow return vents. In reality, more energy is needed to heat the room because of the resistance for the hot air to go down towards the floor, leaving cold, stagnant, dry air in the lower regions of the room. This is an avoidable waste of energy.

(50) According to another embodiment, a system 400A for routing disinfected airflow within a confined space, such as, a room is illustrated in FIG. 4A. The process involves routing the air coming out of the evaporator coil, furnace, blower or some similar components in an attic-based air-conditioning system through an embodiment of the apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow 100 (as described herein with reference to FIGS. 1A-1I). The airflow is subjected to disinfection in the apparatus 110 to kill and disable substantially all the microorganisms. The disinfected air can be routed into the room at the ground level using an air duct 410. A first end of the air duct 410 can be connected to an apparatus 110 while a second end of air duct 410 is located proximal to a ground level of the room. The air duct 410 can be configured to release the disinfected air through one or more supply vents which are positioned at substantially the ground level. The supplied air will travel the entire height of the room before it is routed through one or more return vents located at or near the ceiling. When the air traverses from the ground level to the return vents, air circulation is improved, and it also helps to heat the lower part of the room faster and more efficiently. The air moving up towards the return vents further carry the microorganisms from the room which are then be treated by apparatus 110, before it is again recirculated into the confined space through the supply vent. By locating a supply vent at the floor level and the return vent in the ceiling, an “auto-cleaning” of the recirculated air is facilitated. In the hot regions of the world, the inflow of air at the ground level brings much-needed cool air directly to the lower regions of the room with full force.

(51) The supply duct 410 can be rigid, flexible, and configured to fit the space between the struts for manufacturing convenience. In one or more embodiments, a secondary supply duct 420 can be configured to route disinfected air at the ceiling while duct 410 can be configured to route air to the ground level. This process improves the cooling/heating of the confined space but it can also transport and destroy microorganisms settled on the floor of the confined space.

(52) According to another embodiment, a system 400B for routing disinfected airflow within a confined space, such as, a room is illustrated in FIG. 4B. As shown, the system 400B is used to deliver fresh, atmospheric air or disinfected recirculated air to a confined space. The system 400B comprises supply piping means 460 for routing “fresh” air from the atmosphere to a blower, furnace, evaporator coils, and other components of an air conditioning system. The supply piping 460 can include a HEPA filter 465 for filtering atmospheric air. One or more fans 470 can be provided proximal to the filter 465 to suck air into the supply piping 460. As described with reference to FIG. 4A, this airflow is supplied through duct 410 to the ground level of the confined space (and to the ceiling of the confined space through duct 420). A second end of duct 410 is coupled to duct 430. Duct 430 is positioned around the length and width/perimeter of the floor of the confined space. The duct 430 includes a plurality of vents/openings 440 for supplying air to the confined space. Since the air is supplied at the ground level, it will have to circulated through the confined space and travel the entire height of the confined space before it is routed through one or more return vents located at or near the ceiling.

(53) The system 400 further comprises return piping means 450 for routing this circulated airflow. The piping 450 includes a bi-directional valve 455. The valve 455 can be configured to be opened such that at least a portion of the returned airflow is vented to the atmosphere. Alternately, the valve 455 can be completely opened such that the entire returned airflow is vented to the atmosphere, creating “totally fresh air conditioning” The opening and closing of valve 455 can be controlled by a programmable logic controller (not shown) known in the art.

(54) When only a portion of the returned airflow is vented to the atmosphere, the remaining portion of the returned airflow is transported to an embodiment of an apparatus for disinfecting air-conditioned airflow 100 (as described herein with reference to FIGS. 1A-1I). The bi-directional valve 455 can be opened such that the portion of the returned airflow is routed to the apparatus 100. The airflow is subjected to disinfection in the apparatus 100 to kill and disable substantially all the microorganisms. The disinfected air can be supplied to the confined space using an air duct 410 (or a secondary supply duct 420). Air duct 410 is coupled to duct 430. Duct 430 has a plurality of vents/openings 440 for supplying the disinfected air to the confined space. As described earlier, this airflow traverses the height of the confined space before it is vented out through one or more return vents located in the ceiling. This process improves the cooling/heating of the confined space, but it can also transport and destroy microorganisms settled on the floor of the confined space.

(55) FIG. 4C illustrates another embodiment 400C of the system described with reference to FIG. 4B. As shown, the system 400C is used to supply fresh, atmospheric air or disinfected recirculated air using duct 410 to a plurality of confined spaces (for example a building with multiple levels/stories and rooms). The supplied air can be provided at the floor level of each of the rooms/confined spaces using duct 430. The supplied air in each of the confined spaces is returned to the ceiling using return ducts 412 positioned along their respective ceilings. The process involves the steps described with reference to FIG. 4B and is not repeated for brevity.

(56) In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5A, a system 500A for delivering air conditioned airflow is illustrated. The system involves a conventional attic-based split air conditioning system. A first end of air duct 510 is fluidly connected to a conventional air conditioning system. A second end of air duct 510 is connected to an air supply vent which is located at or near a ground level of a confined space. The supply vent releases heat/cooled airflow at substantially the ground level. The supplied air is required to travel the entire height of the room before it is routed through a return vent located at or near the ceiling. Therefore, by incorporating a duct 510, air from the attic can be routed to the ground level through the inside of the wall. This process improves the cooling/heating of the confined space but it can also transport microorganisms settled in the floor to the return vent where it can be filtered by a conventional HEPA filter (not shown) connected to the air conditioning system, followed by the UV chamber to destroy/kill the remaining organisms.

(57) In yet another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5B, a system 500B for delivering air-conditioned airflow is illustrated. The system involves a conventional attic-based split air conditioning system. A first end of air duct 510 is fluidly connected to a conventional air-conditioning system. A second end of air duct 510 is connected to duct 520. Duct 520 is configured to extend around the perimeter of the floor confined space (similar to duct 430 shown in FIG. 4B). Duct 520 includes a plurality of openings/vents 530. The air conditioned air is supplied through vents 530 which are located at or near a ground level of a confined space. The supply vents 530 release heat/cooled airflow at substantially the ground level. The supplied air is required to travel the entire height of the room before it is routed through a return vent located at or near the ceiling. Therefore, by incorporating a duct 510, air from the attic can be routed to the ground level through the inside of the wall. This process improves the cooling/heating of the confined space but it can also transport microorganisms settled in the floor to the return vent where it can be filtered by a conventional HEPA filter (not shown) connected to the air conditioning system, followed by the UV chamber to destroy/kill the remaining organisms.

(58) In yet another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6, a system 600 for heating and cooling a confined space/room 605 without using an air-conditioning system is disclosed. The system involves overlaying, on sheetrock, piping means for transporting hot and/or cold water along the sidewalls, base and ceiling of the room 605. The piping means are connected to a programmable logic controller 610, with an incorporated pump, which can be used to adjust the temperature of the water, and pump it out. The piping means can include a plurality of small diameter tubes 620 with running water. The small diameter tubes 620 are overlaid on the sidewalls of the room, floor and ceiling. This system 600 can be utilized for verifying the beneficial aspects of supplying air at the ground level. The inventor has postulated that these beneficial aspects can be determined only in a confined room with preset temperature without the benefit of an air conditioned airflow. This is accomplished by circulating hot/cold water through fine tubes 620 overlaid on the sheetrock (not shown) inside the room 605. The water needs to be treated with saline or other chemical compounds to create extreme (cold/hot) temperatures. Water is heated or cooled to a desired temperature by the programmable logic controller 610 and is circulated through outgoing large tubes 630A. The fine tubes 620A carry the water out and then relayed to fine tubes 620B. The large return tubes 630B collect water from fine tubes 620B from where it is returned it to the programmable logic controller 610 where the lost temperature is replenished and pumped again through 630A. In a confined room as shown, the effect of air coming from the ceiling and that coming from the ground level can be compared to modify the temperature and air current in the lower part of the room where people move around. It can also be used to compare the virus count at the ground level with a conventional air conditioning system as compared with the systems illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B. Temperature control of the room with air conditioning will not allow this critical evaluation.

(59) FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate air conditioned airflow in an aircraft, such as, a commercial airplane. Outside/atmospheric air enters the airplane through the engine turbines, where it is compressed, the air passes through cooling/heating packs located beneath the cabin. These packs regulate the temperature of the compressed air. The air is then passed through an air mixing unit, filtered through a HEPA filter and circulated back into the cabin. Air from the cabin also travels to the air mixing unit. The mixed air enters the cabin through overhead vents and moves downward in a circular motion. A portion of this air is recirculated, while most of it leaves the cabin through floor vents. Almost half of the cabin air is dumped outside, while the rest is sent back to HEPA filters to mix again with the fresh outside air.

(60) According to another embodiment, a system 900 for discarding used/contaminated air in an airplane is shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B. FIGS. 9C-9D illustrate a system 900 for disinfecting the air so that the cabin air can be recirculated according to an embodiment. FIG. 9E illustrates a bi-directional valve for routing airflow into or outside an airplane according to an embodiment.

(61) Currently, atmospheric/outside air continually enters the airplane through its engine turbines. The air is compressed which causes it to be heated. It then passes through cooling packs which are located below the cabin. The cooling packs regulate the temperature of the compressed air. The cooled air is infused through an air mixing unit and circulated into the cabin. Simultaneously, air from the cabin (“used air”) passes through HEPA filters and is infused through the air mixing unit. The mixture of used air and fresh outside air enters the cabin through overhead vents. A portion of this air is recirculated while the remaining leaves the cabin through floor vents. In order to maintain cabin pressure, typically, only about half of the exited cabin air is dumped outside the airplane while the rest is sent back to HEPA filters and mixed with the fresh outside air before it is recirculated into the cabin.

(62) As shown, outside air is cooled/heated and passed through an air mixing unit where it mixes with cabin air. This air is then passed through a HEPA filter and then through an apparatus 100 (as disclosed herein with reference to FIGS. 1A-1H) which is in fluid communication with the air mixing unit. The apparatus 100 includes a disinfection chamber comprising a plurality of UV light sources which can emit germicidal far UV-C light. The air received from the air mixing unit is disinfected inside the apparatus 100 and delivered to the cabin.

(63) The air inside an airplane is purified either by: (i) disinfecting recirculated cabin air within the apparatus for disinfecting air disclosed herein, or (ii) entirely avoiding the recirculation of used cabin air. The air purification process involves connecting a bi-directional valve 910 to an airplane's air mixing unit. When the bi-directional valve 910 is in an open position, the contaminated/used cabin air is continually discarded outside the airplane while fresh air is continually drawn in to the airplane though its engine turbines. Under these conditions, recirculation of used cabin air is completely avoided and the air entering the cabin is totally fresh atmospheric air.

(64) As shown in FIG. 9E, the bi-directional valve 910 can be set to one of an open/close/partially open state. Typically, the bi-directional valve 910 is set to a “fully opened” state if the airplane does not include the apparatus 100. This ensures that used cabin air is continually dumped outside. The bi-directional valve 910 can be set to a partially or fully closed state if the airplane is provided with the apparatus 100. The bi-directional valve 910 can also be provided with a mechanism for maintaining the cabin pressure when used air is discarded or sent back to the air mixing unit. The bi-directional valve includes a door/opening that opens only after the cabin pressure is maintained at a pre-determined desired level. As mentioned earlier, when the bi-directional valve 910 is opened completely, the contaminated/used cabin air is totally discarded, while maintaining the cabin pressure at a desired level. Since fresh air is continually drawn in through the turbines, the air in the cabin is 100% fresh air. The fresh air is heated/cooled, as described earlier, filtered by the HEPA filters, and sent to the cabin. Alternately, the cabin air can be treated with the apparatus for disinfecting air 100, as disclosed herein. In this embodiment, the bi-directional valve 910 is closed. Used cabin air is filtered with a HEPA filter and routed to the apparatus 100. The apparatus 100 is configured to destroy the microorganisms that are not filtered by the HEPA filter. The filtered, disinfected mixture of fresh air and the used cabin air can now be safely sent back to the cabin. In certain embodiments, a measured amount of used cabin air can be released by leaving the bi-directional valve in at least a partially open state. By partially opening the bi-directional valve, the load on the apparatus 100 can be reduced.

(65) Therefore, the present invention is well suited to destroy airborne pathogens in confined spaces having recirculating air. For example, it can be used to contain the spread of COVID-19 (or similar viruses) in confined spaces. It can also be used to contain the spread of bacteria that cause Legionnaires' disease.

(66) While the systems and methods of disinfecting recirculated air are described in terms of “comprising,” “containing,” or “including” various components or steps, the system and methods also can “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps. Each of the appended claims defines a separate invention, which for infringement purposes is recognized as including equivalents to the various elements or limitations specified in the claims. Depending on the context, all references herein to the “invention” may in some cases refer to certain specific embodiments only. In other cases, it will be recognized that references to the “invention” will refer to subject matter recited in one or more, but not necessarily all, of the claims. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

(67) All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

(68) Various terms are used herein. To the extent a term used in a claim is not defined, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in printed publications and issued patents at the time of filing.