DEVICE FOR DESALINATION BY LIQUID WATER JET COMPRESSION

Abstract

The invention relates to a system and device for desalination by liquid water jet compression, which is a phase-change desalination with a high-efficiency latent heat exchanger in which the pressure of the primary saturated vapor is increased until obtaining the secondary saturated vapor by injecting translational and rotational kinetic energy via pressurized water jets, so as to leave an unobstructed path through which the vapor flows at high speed in order to achieve a high flow rate and high efficiency.

Claims

1. A device for desalination by liquid water jet compression, characterized in that the desalination device comprises at least one latent heat exchanger, at least one water pressure pump that provides pressure to a water flow, at least one pressure nozzle through which a liquid water jet comes out, converting the potential energy in the form of pressure into the kinetic energy of a liquid water jet that is transformed, in turn, in a higher pressure and temperature of the primary saturated vapor giving rise to the secondary saturated vapor that condenses on the condensing surface of the latent heat exchanger, at least one obstacle-free vapor path from the evaporating surface to the condensing surface of the latent heat exchanger, through which the vapor flows at high speed and flow rate.

2. The desalination device according to claim 1, wherein the latent heat exchanger is a latent heat exchanger of tubes or chambers located inside a shell, the evaporating surface of the tubes or chambers of the latent heat exchanger is covered with microgrooves in which the seawater or the aqueous solution forms menisci and primary vapor evaporates from this evaporating surface, wherein the secondary vapor supplied to the condensing surface of the tubes or chambers of the latent heat exchanger condenses forming menisci within the microgrooves or other capillary structure covering the condensing surface of the tubes or chambers of the latent heat exchanger and wherein the thermal energy path between the latent heat released on the condensing surface and the latent heat absorbed on the evaporating surface is free of water layers.

3. The desalination device according to claim 2, wherein at least one high pressure nozzle through which a liquid water jet comes out at high speed and low pressure, converting the potential energy in the form of pressure to translational kinetic energy in the form of velocity with the thrust necessary to entrain and propel the primary vapor, to which it provides speed, evaporated from the evaporating surface of the latent heat exchanger, into at least one vapor acceleration duct, and creating a mixture of liquid water and entrained vapor, the at least one high pressure nozzle is located inside or in the vicinity of the at least one vapor acceleration duct; at least one vapor acceleration duct is inside a chamber to which the primary vapor has access and has at least one inlet side port through which the primary vapor can access inside the vapor acceleration tube without obstacles, at least one diffuser and phase separation chamber where the transformation of kinetic energy is completed in the form of velocity of the two-phase mixture, in potential energy in the form of an increase in water vapor pressure, generating a secondary saturated water vapor of higher pressure and temperature than the primary saturated water vapor, the diffuser and phase separation chamber comprises at least one secondary vapor outlet that is supplied to the condensation chamber where it condenses on the condensing surface of the latent heat exchanger.

4. The desalination device according to claim 2, wherein at least one rotational kinetic energy supply tube inside which there is at least one pressurized water nozzle that generates a tangential liquid water jet to a primary vapor flow, the tangential jet does not supply liquid water to the central part of the vapor jet and provides rotational kinetic energy to the vapor jet creating a helical jet that absorbs the rotational kinetic energy provided by at least one liquid water jet, the rotational energy accumulated in the helical jet is transformed into potential energy in the form of higher pressure and temperature of the secondary saturated vapor that condenses on the condensing surface of the latent heat exchanger.

5. The desalination device according to claim 3, wherein at least one rotational kinetic energy supply tube within which there is at least one pressurized water nozzle that generates a tangential liquid water jet to a primary vapor flow, the tangential jet does not supply liquid water to the central part of the vapor jet and provides rotational kinetic energy to the vapor jet creating a helical jet that absorbs the rotational kinetic energy provided by at least one liquid water jet, the rotational energy accumulated in the helical jet is transformed into potential energy in the form of higher pressure and temperature of the secondary saturated vapor that condenses on the condensing surface of the latent heat exchanger.

6. The desalination device according to claim 2, wherein at least one primary vapor outlet tube from the collection chamber having a cross section similar or equal to the cross section of at least one secondary vapor inlet tube to the condensation chamber; at least one expansion chamber with a cross section greater than the at least one primary vapor outlet tube from the collection chamber and with a cross section greater than the at least one secondary vapor inlet tube to the condensation chamber and inside the expansion chamber the speed of the primary vapor flow is reduced; at least one pressurized water injector that generates at least one pressurized water jet in the direction of the vapor flow with drops that have a speed greater than the speed of the vapor flow, to which it supplies translational kinetic energy.

7. The desalination device according to claim 2, wherein at least one primary vapor outlet tube from the collection chamber having a cross section similar or equal to the cross section of at least one secondary vapor inlet tube to the condensation chamber; at least one expansion chamber with a cross section greater than the at least one primary vapor outlet tube from the collection chamber and with a cross section greater than the at least one secondary vapor inlet tube to the condensation chamber and inside the expansion chamber the speed of the primary vapor flow is reduced; at least one pressurized water injector that generates at least one pressurized water jet tangential to the vapor flow, to which it supplies rotation and provides rotational kinetic energy.

8. The desalination device according to claim 6, wherein at least one pressurized water injector generates at least one pressurized water jet tangential to the vapor flow, to which it supplies rotation and provides rotational kinetic energy.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0019] A more detailed explanation of the invention is given in the following description based on the attached figures:

[0020] FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a configuration of a device for desalination by liquid water jet compression with translational kinetic energy input and side entry of vapor,

[0021] FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the wall of a high-efficiency latent heat exchanger,

[0022] FIG. 3 shows a diagram of a configuration of the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression with input of rotational kinetic energy,

[0023] FIG. 4 shows a diagram of a configuration of the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression with input of translational kinetic energy and with input of rotational kinetic energy, and

[0024] FIG. 5 shows a diagram of a configuration of the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression with a water vapor flow expansion chamber in which translational and rotational kinetic energy is supplied.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0025] The liquid water jet compression applied to the desalination of seawater or to the purification of another aqueous solution is a phase-change desalination system without external heat input. It is based on providing translational kinetic energy, rotational kinetic energy or both to the primary saturated vapor flow that flows from the evaporating surface to the condensing surface to increase its pressure and temperature and generate a secondary saturated vapor, without creating barriers in the vapor flow, barriers that reduce the speed and rate of the vapor flow.

[0026] To achieve greater efficiency by working with low temperature gradients between the evaporating and condensing surfaces, instead of using the current thin water layer latent heat exchangers that have a latent heat exchange coefficient of around 2,000 W/m.sup.2K, the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression may comprise at least one high-efficiency latent heat exchanger with tubes or chambers 1 and shell 2 with a latent heat exchange coefficient above 10,000 W/m.sup.2K.

[0027] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the exchanger includes the tubes or chambers 1 of the latent heat exchanger in a vertical position, with a feeding system for the aqueous solution to be desalinated 3 that introduces the liquid to be desalinated through the evaporating inner surface of the tubes or chambers 1 and the brine resulting from the evaporation process and the primary water vapor 5 evaporated on the evaporating inner surface of the tubes or chambers 1 exits to the collection chamber 6 through the lower inner part 4 of the tubes or chambers.

[0028] Referring now to FIG. 2, a diagram of a wall of a tube or chamber 1 of the high-efficiency latent heat exchanger having the following characteristics is shown: the seawater to be desalinated or the aqueous solution from which water is desired to be extracted acquires a curved liquid-gas interface throughout its extension, that is, it forms menisci 18 within the microgrooves that cover, at least in part, the evaporating surface of the latent heat exchanger tubes or chambers. [0029] The water vapor supplied to the condensation chamber condenses and acquires a curved liquid-gas interface throughout its extension, that is, it forms menisci 19 of water within the microgrooves or another capillary structure that covers, at least in part, the condensing surface of the tubes or chambers of the latent heat exchanger; [0030] The latent heat released in the vapor condensation process is absorbed by the evaporation process passing through a path 20 free of water layers. A water layer has a low thermal energy transfer coefficient. The absence of thermally insulating water layers along the path 20 allows a high latent heat transfer coefficient and permits the temperature differential between the liquid to be evaporated on the evaporating surface 18 and the temperature of the condensed vapor on the condensing surface 19 to be very low. It is to be noted that an evaporation and condensation cycle can be obtained from gradients between the primary saturated vapor and the secondary saturated vapor of 10 Pa for low salinity aqueous solutions and from 40 Pa for seawater with a salinity of 35 g/kg and temperature around 20° C.; [0031] The latent heat of condensation is 100% recycled and transformed into latent heat of evaporation. The primary vapor is generated on the evaporating surface of the latent heat exchanger. The evaporation process is explosive in the sense that the volume of the vapor generated is around 33,000 times greater than the volume of the liquid water evaporated and under vacuum conditions, without incondensable gases, the speed of this expansion is only limited by the sonic limit for water vapor at its temperature.

[0032] The secondary vapor condenses on the condensing surface of the latent heat exchanger. The condensation process is implosive in the sense that the volume of the vapor is around 33,000 times greater than the volume of liquid water resulting from the condensation and, under vacuum conditions, without incondensable gases, the speed of this implosion is only limited by the sonic limit for water vapor at its temperature.

[0033] In the absence of barriers, and as long as there is a temperature gradient between the secondary vapor that condenses on the condensing surface of the latent heat exchanger and the aqueous solution to be evaporated on the evaporating surface, the sonic velocity is the speed limit of the vapor flow that flows from the evaporative explosion zone to the condensing implosion zone. Current primary vapor compression devices place barriers in the flow of the vapor flowing from the evaporating surface to the condensing surface, such as the blades of a fan or blower, the chambers of a compressor or the water cone of an injector. These barriers strongly reduce the speed of the secondary vapor flow and limit the vapor flow rate, that is, the desalination capacity of the current devices and limit their energy efficiency. The device for desalination by liquid water jet compression leaves a barrier-free open path for vapor to flow from the evaporating surface to the condensing surface or uses a water vapor flow expansion chamber to achieve a reduction of the velocity of the water vapor flow below the droplet velocity of the at least one liquid water jet.

[0034] As shown in FIG. 1, the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression is based on the input of translational kinetic energy and has a lateral opening free of obstacles to the vapor jet; it also includes: [0035] At least one liquid water pressure pump 13 that provides pressurized water to at least one nozzle 7 that generates a liquid water jet 8 with the direction of the vapor flow having the speed and dispersion of small droplets necessary to entrain part of the primary vapor 5 and supply speed to it, creating a liquid water-vapor two-phase flow 17 inside a vapor acceleration duct 9; [0036] At least one duct that leads a flow of pressurized water 14 from the pressure pump 13 to at least one pressure nozzle 7 placed inside the collection chamber 6 or inside at least one vapor acceleration duct 9; [0037] At least one vapor acceleration duct 9 into which the at least one nozzle 7 throws a liquid water jet 8 in the direction of the vapor flow; [0038] The at least one pressure nozzle 7 forms a liquid water jet 8 that entrains and supplies speed to at least part of the primary water vapor 5, resulting in a two-phase mixture 17 containing liquid water from the jet 8 and the entrained water vapor; [0039] The vapor acceleration duct 9 is inside a duct 21 that surrounds it, so that the primary vapor 5 can enter inside the acceleration duct 9 through at least one inlet side port 22 with an obstacle-free path for a water vapor stream; [0040] At least one diffuser and phase separation chamber 10 to which the two-phase mixture 17 arrives, so that the kinetic energy contained in the two-phase mixture 17 in the form of speed is converted, in part, into potential energy in the form of pressure energy in the vapor, resulting in a secondary saturated vapor 16 with a higher pressure and temperature than the primary saturated vapor 5. Since this increase in pressure and temperature of the secondary vapor occurs in the presence of a mist of water droplets in liquid phase, no superheating of the vapor occurs. This, at least one, diffuser and phase separation chamber 10 can also have the function of a demister and, after the loss of speed of the two-phase mixture 17, the liquid splashes or droplets are retained in a demisting mesh, defogger, 15 or water droplet retention barriers. This demisting mesh may not be necessary depending on the geometry of the diffuser and phase separation chamber 10. A diffuser and phase separation chamber 10 comprises at least one secondary vapor outlet duct 16 to the condensation chamber 11, and at least one liquid water evacuation duct 12, through which the rest of the liquid water supplied with the liquid water jet 8 is extracted;

[0041] A condensation chamber 11 to which the secondary saturated water vapor 16 arrives. In the condensing chamber 11, there is the external condensing surface of the tubes or chambers 1 of the high efficiency latent heat exchanger, the secondary saturated water vapor 16 being condensed on this condensing surface. The secondary saturated water vapor 16 has a temperature and pressure higher than those of the primary vapor 5, the pressure increase depending on the pressure of the primary saturated vapor 5.

[0042] As shown in FIG. 3, the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression is based on rotational kinetic energy input, it also includes: [0043] At least one water pressure pump 13 that, through at least one pressure duct 14, feeds at least one pressure nozzle 25 that produces a liquid water jet tangential 26 to the flow of vapor 5 that flows from the evaporating surface to the condensing surface inside a duct 23 for supplying rotational kinetic energy; [0044] The at least one tangential liquid water jet 26 is a jet with a pressure, flow rate and direction that keeps the central part of the water vapor flow 24 free of water droplets and generates a rotational, helical movement of the vapor flow 27 with an internal path 24 free of water droplets. The centrifugal forces of the vapor flow 27 promote the separation of the higher density fluids towards the outside of the rotational, helical flow, contributing to the absence of obstacles in the middle and central part 24 of the helical flow 27 through which the vapor flow that receives the kinetic energy of rotation circulates without obstacles; [0045] The vapor flow 27 is charged with the rotational energy that it receives from the tangential jets 26 and this rotational energy is progressively transformed into greater potential energy of the water vapor, generating a secondary vapor with a higher temperature and pressure than the primary vapor. Since this transformation of energy occurs in the presence of droplets of water, the vapor remains saturated and phenomena of vapor overheating are not seen; [0046] At least one tangential liquid water jet 26 can be added through at least one tangential inlet of primary vapor driven by a fan or blower that provides more rotational kinetic energy to the helical flow 27.

[0047] As shown in FIG. 4, the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression is based on the combination of translational kinetic energy input and rotational kinetic energy input, it also includes: [0048] At least one injector fed by at least one pressure pump 13 that feeds at least one nozzle 7 that produces at least one water flow 8 axial to the vapor flow inside at least one acceleration duct 9 that can have lateral openings 22 or not have these openings since the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression in this configuration has a barrier-free vapor flow through at least one second duct 23 through which a helical flow 27 flows. This axial flow of water 8 allows the desalination device to be started by compressing the liquid water jet with ease, quickly creating a controlled pressure and temperature gradient between the primary vapor 5 and the secondary vapor, although the flow management capacity through this at least one liquid water jet 8 in the direction of vapor flow is limited by the barrier imposed by the liquid water jet 8 itself to the flow of the primary vapor 5. This liquid water jet 8 in the direction of the vapor flow can be kept active during the desalination operating phase to ensure at all times a temperature gradient between the primary vapor 5 at the evaporator outlet and the secondary vapor on the condensing surface; [0049] At least one duct for supplying rotational kinetic energy 23 with at least one liquid water injector 25 that creates at least one liquid water jet 26 tangential to the primary vapor flow 5, generating a helical flow 27. The central part 24 of the helical flow 27 is free of water droplets in such a way that it offers a path 24 free of obstacles to the flow of vapor that flows from the evaporating surface to the condensing surface; [0050] This configuration, combining at least one helical flow 27 and at least one axial flow 8, allows quick start-up, permits control over the temperature gradient during the operation and allows high vapor flow management by the helical flow 27 and the obstacle-free vapor path 24.

[0051] As shown in FIG. 5, the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression is based on the input of translational kinetic energy, input of rotational kinetic energy or both to the vapor flow inside a vapor flow expansion chamber. It also includes: [0052] At least one vapor flow expansion chamber 29, which has a cross section greater than the cross section of at least one primary vapor outlet tube 31 of the collection chamber 6 and greater than the cross section of at least one secondary vapor inlet tube 32 to the condensation chamber, the cross section of the at least one primary vapor outlet tube 31 of the collection chamber being equal or similar to the cross section of the secondary vapor inlet tube 32 to the condensation chamber. The primary vapor 5 exits the collection chamber forming a high velocity vapor flow 28. When the vapor flow 28 reaches a larger cross section in the expansion chamber 29, its speed is reduced; [0053] The design of the progressive increase in the cross section of the expansion chamber makes it possible to efficiently reduce the speed of the vapor flow until it reaches a speed lower than the speed of the drops of, at least, one pressurized liquid water jet 8 in the direction of the vapor flow to which it provides translational kinetic energy; [0054] Inside the expansion chamber 29, rotational kinetic energy is provided to the vapor flow that flows at a lower speed and can better absorb the rotational kinetic energy with at least one pressurized water injector 25 placed tangentially to the vapor flow to throw a liquid water jet 26 tangential to the vapor flow to which it provides rotation; [0055] Translational kinetic energy and rotational kinetic energy are provided inside the expansion chamber 29 to the vapor flow by combining at least one pressurized water jet 8 in the direction of the vapor flow and at least one pressurized water jet 26 tangential to the vapor flow; [0056] The progressive reduction of the cross section of the expansion chamber 29 until it reaches the cross section of the secondary vapor inlet tube 32 to the evaporator chamber 11 allows the vapor flow to recover its high speed, giving rise to a secondary vapor flow 30 at high speed and the kinetic energy provided inside the expansion chamber is transformed into higher pressure and temperature of the secondary saturated water vapor 16. [0057] The aqueous solution to be desalted or purified 3 can be desalted or purified at its room temperature. The device for desalination by liquid water jet compression does not require a minimum working temperature.

[0058] Given the small pressure differential required between the primary saturated water vapor of the evaporating surface 5 and the secondary saturated vapor of the condensing surface 16, the device for desalination by liquid water jet compression can obtain this small pressure differential through the system of rotational kinetic energy input described and can start and maintain the temperature gradient in a highly controlled manner with the system of translational kinetic energy input described. In this way, the main work input to the system is in the form of pressurized water by means of a water pump and in a complementary way pressurized vapor can also be provided by means of a fan or blower.

[0059] The desalination by liquid water jet compression makes it possible to desalinate seawater or extract water from other aqueous solutions with a low specific energy consumption, around 0.5 kWh/m.sup.3 above the specific work imposed by the elevation of the boiling point depending on the salinity of the solution to be desalinated or purified. This low specific consumption, added to the low toxicity of the brine returned to the environment, opens the door to a truly sustainable high-capacity desalination system.

List of Numerical References

[0060] (1)—Latent heat exchanger tubes or chambers

[0061] (2)—Shell

[0062] (3)—Input of aqueous solution or seawater to be desalinated or purified

[0063] (4)—Lower part of the tubes or chambers, brine and evaporated water vapor outlet

[0064] (5)—Primary saturated water vapor

[0065] (6)—Collection chamber

[0066] (7)—Pressurized water nozzle

[0067] (8)—Liquid water jet

[0068] (9)—Vapor acceleration duct

[0069] (10)—Diffuser and phase separation chamber

[0070] (11)—Condensation chamber

[0071] (12)—Outlet duct, evacuation of liquid water

[0072] (13)—Water pressure pump

[0073] (14)—Pressurized water flow

[0074] (15)—Demisting device

[0075] (16)—Secondary saturated water vapor

[0076] (17)—Mixture of two phases of liquid water and entrained vapor

[0077] (18)—Evaporating surface meniscus

[0078] (19)—Condensing surface meniscus

[0079] (20)—Thermal energy path

[0080] (21)—Chamber surrounding the vapor acceleration duct

[0081] (22)—Primary vapor inlet side port in the vapor acceleration duct

[0082] (23)—Rotational kinetic energy supply tube

[0083] (24)—Vapor path, free of obstacles in the central part of the helical flow

[0084] (25)—Tangential pressurized water nozzle

[0085] (26)—Tangential pressurized water flow

[0086] (27)—Helical vapor flow

[0087] (28)—High speed primary vapor flow

[0088] (29)—Expansion chamber

[0089] (30)—High speed secondary vapor flow

[0090] (31)—Primary vapor outlet tube from the collection chamber

[0091] (32)—Secondary vapor inlet tube to the condensation chamber