HYDROGEN REFUELING SYSTEM AND METHOD OF HYDROGEN REFUELING

Abstract

This invention can provide a hydrogen refueling system capable to reduce waiting time for refueling H.sub.2 to vehicles. The system is designed and operated to acquire the residual pressure in the vehicle the that connects to the dispenser, then to calculate sufficient conditions to perform complete refueling of the connected vehicle (in particular minimum pressure in buffers), and then to start H.sub.2 transfer to the vehicle as soon as the conditions are met. Waiting time can be further reduced with minimum investment by having a H.sub.2 dispenser with two H.sub.2 refueling hoses which has only one H.sub.2 flow control valve and/or only one H.sub.2 cooling heat exchanger and/or only one H.sub.2 flow metering system.

Claims

1-7. (canceled)

8. A hydrogen refueling system comprising: at least one H.sub.2 supply source that stores H.sub.2 which has a first pressure; compressor that is able to increase H.sub.2 pressure and which can transfer H.sub.2 from one container or the H.sub.2 supply source to another at least one container; one or several high pressure buffer bank(s) that store H.sub.2 under pressures higher than a pressure of the H.sub.2 supply source; optionally, one or more medium pressure buffer(s) that store H.sub.2 under a pressure higher than the pressure of the H.sub.2 supply source and lower than the pressure of said one or several high pressure buffer bank(s); at least one dispenser, which can transfer H.sub.2 to a tank of a vehicle, from at least one container that is selected from one or more of the H.sub.2 supply source, the optional one or more medium pressure buffer(s), said one or several high buffer bank(s), and a discharge of the compressor; optionally, one heat exchanger which can cool down H.sub.2 before being transferred to the tank of the vehicle, said optional one heat exchanger being fed with a cooling fluid; a first controller that controls the compressor and one or more valve(s) placed on pipe(s) in such a way that, when said hydrogen refueling system is idle, H.sub.2 is transferred from one or more of the H.sub.2 supply source, the optional one or more MP buffer(s), and said one or several high pressure buffer tank(s) to one or more of the optional one or more medium pressure buffer(s) and said one or more several buffer tank(s) up to a pre-determined target pressure value or values (P.sub.set); a data processor that, when one vehicle is connected to said at least one dispenser to be re-fueled, reads a residual pressure in the tank of the vehicle using a nozzle IR communication device or pressure sensor and calculates a target pressure value or values in at least one of the H.sub.2 supply source, the optional one or more medium pressure buffer(s), and said one or several high pressure buffer tank(s) which are sufficient to achieve complete refueling of connected vehicle, wherein said target pressure value or values is/are calculated by said data processor depending on: a) the residual pressure in vehicle tank, b) a pressure in one or more of the H.sub.2 supply source, the optional one or more medium pressure buffer(s), and said one or several high pressure buffer tank(s), and/or c) the ambient temperature of said system; a second controller that, when one vehicle is connected to said at least one dispenser be re-fueled, uses said target pressure value or values to decide and execute a sequence that controls the compressor and valve(s) to reach said target pressure value or values; a third controller that, when the target pressure value or values calculated by the data processor are met through control of the compressor and valve(s) via execution of said sequence by the second controller, controls the compressor and valve(s) according to a pre-determined filling protocol in such a way that H.sub.2 is transferred, to the tank of the vehicle, from one or more of the H.sub.2 supply source, the optional one or more medium pressure buffer(s), and said one or several high pressure buffer tank(s).

9. The system according to claim 8, wherein said sequence is decided in such a way that a time for being able to reach said target pressure value or values after connecting a refueling nozzle to the vehicle is minimized.

10. The system of claim 8, wherein said at least one dispenser comprising: a control valve that is placed on a main line through which is sent the H.sub.2 from the containers; a metering device that is placed on the main line; a heat exchanger that is placed on the main line that cools or warms the H.sub.2 through the main line; first and second branch lines that are branched from the main line; a first on-off valve that is placed on the first branch line; a second on-off valve that is placed on the second branch line; first hose that has a first refueling nozzle at its one end part and is connected the first branch line at its another end part; and a second hose that has a second refueling nozzle at an end thereof and which is connected to the second branch line at an another end thereof.

11. The system of claim 8, wherein: the third controller can control a first refueling process which is configured to refuel the H.sub.2 through the first hose from the first refueling nozzle into a FCV tank of a first vehicle, and/or a second refueling process which is configured to refuel the H.sub.2 through the second hose from the second refueling nozzle into a FCV tank of a second vehicle; in the case of the first refueling process, the data processor can acquire a first residual pressure of the FCV tank of the first vehicle which is connected with the first refueling nozzle and can calculate conditions sufficient to achieve complete refueling of the first vehicle; the second controller can use the conditions calculated by the data processor to decide and execute a sequence that controls the compressor and valve(s) to reach said target pressure value or values, and when the conditions calculated by the data processor are met, and provided that H.sub.2 transfer with the second nozzle is already finished, a third controller can proceed with refueling of the first vehicle; and in case of the second refueling process, the data processor can acquire a second residual pressure of the FCV tank of the second vehicle which is connected with the second refueling nozzle and calculate conditions sufficient to achieve complete refueling of the second vehicle, the second controller can use the conditions calculated by data processor to decide and execute a sequence that controls the compressor and valves to reach said target pressure value or values, and when transfer of H.sub.2 with the first nozzle is finished and when the conditions calculated by the data processor are met, a third controller can proceed with refueling of the second vehicle.

12. A method for using only one H.sub.2 dispenser having first and second refueling nozzles for connection to respective first and second FCV tanks of respective first and second vehicles to perform a first refueling process which refuels the first FCV tank with H.sub.2 and a second refueling process which refuels the second FCV tank, each of the first and second vehicles being stopped in a refueling range of said only one H.sub.2 dispenser, said method comprising the steps of: for said first refueling process: acquiring a first residual pressure of the first FCV tank which is connected to the first refueling nozzle and calculating conditions with a data processor that are sufficient to achieve complete refueling of first FCV tank, using the calculated conditions to decide and execute a sequence that controls a compressor and valves to reach a target pressure value or values in at least one of a H.sub.2 supply source, one or more medium pressure buffers, and one or more high pressure buffer tanks, and proceeding with the refueling of the first vehicle when the calculated conditions are met, provided that H.sub.2 transfer to the second FCV tank with the second nozzle is already finished; in case of the second refueling process, acquiring a second residual pressure of the second FCV tank which is connected to the second refueling nozzle and calculating conditions sufficient to achieve complete refueling of the second FCV tank; using the calculated conditions to decide and execute a sequence that controls the compressor and valves to reach the target pressure value or values in at least one of the H.sub.2 supply source, the one or more medium pressure buffers, and the one or more high pressure buffer tanks; proceeding with the refueling of the second vehicle when transfer of H.sub.2 with the first refueling nozzle is finished and when the conditions calculated by data processor are met.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0087] FIG. 1 illustrates an explanatory diagram showing a hydrogen refilling system according to Embodiment 1.

[0088] FIG. 2 illustrates an explanatory diagram showing lay-out of a hydrogen refilling system.

[0089] FIG. 3 illustrates an explanatory diagram showing another lay-out of a hydrogen refilling system.

[0090] FIG. 4 illustrates an explanatory flowchart showing a dispenser according to Embodiment 1.

[0091] FIG. 5A illustrates an explanatory diagram showing prior art process scheme of a hydrogen refilling system.

[0092] FIG. 5B illustrates an explanatory diagram showing prior art lay-out of a dispenser.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0093] Several embodiments of the present invention will be explained below. The embodiments explained below are to explain one example of the present invention. The present invention is not limited to the following embodiments at all and includes various types of modifications carried out within a scope where the gist of the present invention is not changed. All of the configurations explained below are not necessarily essential configurations of the present invention.

Embodiment 1

[0094] The hydrogen refueling system 1 of the first embodiment is explained by referring FIGS. 1 to 4. The hydrogen refueling system 100 includes a H.sub.2 supply source 1, a compressor 2, MP buffers 3a, 3b, 3c, HP buffer banks 4a, 4b, 4c and a dispenser 5. The following is described in detail.

[0095] H.sub.2 supply source 1 stores H.sub.2 which has a first pressure.

[0096] The compressor 2 increases H.sub.2 pressure and transfer H.sub.2 from H.sub.2 supply source 1 to MP buffers(3a, 3b, 3c), from H.sub.2 supply source 1 to HP buffer banks(4a, 4b, 4c), or from MP buffers(3a, 3b, 3c) to HP buffer banks(4a, 4b, 4c) and/or the dispenser 5.

[0097] MP buffers (3a, 3b, 3c) store H.sub.2 under a pressure which is higher than pressure of the H.sub.2 supply source 1 and lower than the pressure of HP buffer banks(4a, 4b, 4c).

[0098] HP buffer banks(4a, 4b, 4c) store H.sub.2 under various pressures which is higher than pressures of the H.sub.2 supply source 1 and MP buffers(3a, 3b, 3c).

[0099] The dispenser 5 transfers H.sub.2 from at least one container (e.g. H.sub.2 supply source 1, MP buffers (3a, 3b, 3c), HP buffer banks(4a, 4b, 4c)) and/or from compressor discharge to the tank (13, 19) of a vehicle(12, 18).

[0100] The dispenser 5 includes only two H.sub.2 refueling hoses 10, 16, only one H.sub.2 flow control valve 6, only one H.sub.2 cooling heat exchanger 8, and only one H.sub.2 flow metering device 7.

[0101] The heat exchanger 8 cools down H.sub.2 before being transferred to the tank (13, 19) of a vehicle (12, 18). The heat exchanger 8 is fed with a cooling fluid to cool down H.sub.2. The heat exchanger 8 is placed downstream the metering device 7 on the main line 57.

[0102] The control valve(6) is placed on a main line 57 through which is sent the H.sub.2 from the containers (1, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c).

[0103] The metering device 7 is placed downstream the control valve 6 on the main line 57.

[0104] H.sub.2 flow control valve 6 is controlled based on the filling protocol (e.g. by controlling pressure at the outlet of dispenser (5) to follow a predefined pressure ramp).

[0105] First and second branch lines 57a, 57b are branched from the main line 57 downstream the heat exchanger 8.

[0106] First on-off valve 9 is placed on the first branch line 57a. Second on-off valve 15 is placed on the second branch line (57b).

[0107] First hose 10 has a first refueling nozzle 11 at its one end part and is connected the first branch line 57a at its another end part. Second hose 16 has a second refueling nozzle 17 at its one end part and is connected the second branch line 57b at its another end part.

[0108] Dispenser 5 includes first and second interface 21, 22. The first interface 21 includes first payment interface, first ticket system, and first metering display. The second interface 22 includes second payment interface, second ticket system, and second metering display.

[0109] First controller 30 control the compressor 2 and one or more valve(s)(40, 41a, 41b, 41a, 43a, 44a) placed on pipes (50, 52, 53, 54a, 55a, 56a) in such a way that, when the station is idle (i.e. no vehicle is refueled or is waiting), depending on pre-determined operation steps, H.sub.2 is transferred from one container (1, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) to another, up to pre-determined target pressure value(s) (P.sub.set) in recipient containers (3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c), for example, in the case there is one MP buffer, in one operation step controlled by first controller 30, H.sub.2 is transferred from H.sub.2 supply source 1 to MP buffers (3 (3a, 3b, 3c)) through the compressor 2 until the pressure in MP buffer 3 reaches a pre-determined target pressure which is higher than the pressure of the H.sub.2 supply source 1, and in other operation steps controlled by first controller 30, H.sub.2 is transferred from MP buffers (3 (3a, 3b, 3c)) to one HP buffer banks (4a, 4b, 4c) through the compressor 2 until the pressure in HP buffer banks (4a, 4b, 4c) reaches a pre-determined target pressure which is higher than the pressure in MP buffers (3(3a, 3b, 3c)).

[0110] The data processor 35 reads the residual pressure in the tank (13, 19) of the vehicle (12,18) when one vehicle (12,18) is connected to be re-fueled. The residual pressure is provided or measured by using nozzle IR communication device or pressure sensor (14, 20).

[0111] Depending on residual pressure in vehicle tank(13, 19), depending on pressure in the containers (1, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c), and depending on ambient temperature, the data processor 35 calculates target pressure value(s) (TP) in one or several container(s) (1, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) optimized to be sufficient to achieve complete refueling of connected vehicle (12,18).

[0112] The heat exchanger 8 being present, data processor 35 may as well calculate depending on residual pressure in vehicle tank (13, 19), depending on quantity of H.sub.2 refueled in previous vehicle and depending on ambient temperature, sufficient conditions to achieve refueling of connected vehicle according to low H.sub.2 temperature refueling protocol, such as minimum time interval with previous vehicle or maximum temperature of the heat exchanger (8).

[0113] The second controller 40, when one vehicle (12,18) is connected to be re-fueled, uses the conditions calculated by the data processor 35 to decide and execute an optimized sequence that controls the compressor 2 and valves to reach target pressure value(s) (TP) in the container(s) (1, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) calculated by the data processor 35.

[0114] The optimized sequence is decided in such a way that the time for being able to reach the conditions calculated by the data processor 35 after connecting a refueling nozzle (11, 17) to the vehicle is a minimum time.

[0115] This minimum time is zero when sufficient conditions to achieve complete refueling of connected vehicle are already met when the refueling nozzle (11, 17) is connected to the vehicle. Third controller 45 , when the conditions calculated by the data processor 35 are met, controls the compressor 2 and valves (40, 41a, 41b, 41a, 42b, 43a, 43b, 44a, 44b, 6, 9, 15) according to a pre-determined strategy and filling protocol, in such a way that H.sub.2 is transferred from at least one container (1, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) to the tank (13, 19) of the vehicle (12, 18). The first controller 30 and the second controller 40 may control one or more valves (40, 41a, 41b, 41a, 43a, 44a) which are placed on pipes(50, 52, 53, 54a, 55a, 56a) in order to transfer H.sub.2 from one container (1, 3, 4a, 4b, 4c) to another, either directly or through the compressor 2.

[0116] Target pressure values(TP) in the containers (3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) calculated by the data processor 35 may be lower than the pre-determined target pressure value (P.sub.set) in each recipient container (3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) used by first controller 30. In addition, target pressure values (TP) in HP buffer banks(4a, 4b, 4c) calculated by the data processor 35 may be the same value for all HP buffer banks or different values.

[0117] Based on a container order(HP buffer bank 4a, then HP buffer bank 4b, then HP buffer bank 4c) that may be calculated depending on remaining pressure in the containers (3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c), the third controller 45 may control valves (42b, 43b, 44b, 6, 9, 15) to connect one of the containers (4a, 4b, 4c) to the FCV tank(13, 19) and then to refuel H.sub.2 into the FCV tank by balancing pressures between the connected container and the FCV tank (13, 19), and then, after disconnecting the used container, to connect another of the containers (4a, 4b, 4c) to the FCV tank (13, 19) and then to refuel H.sub.2 into the FCV tank (13, 19) by balancing pressures between the connected container and the FCV tank (13, 19). And then, the sequence may be repeated with other containers (4a, 4b, 4c), depending on a pre-defined strategy. For example, the containers order may be calculated to connect first the container having the lowest remaining pressure, and then follow the order of increasing remaining pressure in the containers used to refuel H.sub.2.

[0118] When refueling H.sub.2 into the FCV tank (13, 19) by switching between containers, balancing pressures between the connected container and the FCV tank (13, 19) may be partial. Changing to the next container may be made when there is still a large pressure difference between the connected container (4a, 4b, 4c) and the FCV tank (13, 19), for example when the refueling flow rate required by fueling protocol cannot be maintained, due to the flow restrictions between the connected container (4a, 4b, 4c) and the FCV tank (13, 19).

[0119] The third controller 45 may control first refueling process which is configured to refuel the H.sub.2 through the first hose 10 from the first refueling nozzle 11 into first FCV tank 13 of first vehicle 12. The third controller 45 may control second refueling process which is configured to refuel the H.sub.2 through the second hose 16 from the second refueling nozzle 17 into second FCV tank 19 of second vehicle 18.

[0120] In case of a first refueling process, the data processor 35 may acquire first residual pressure of the first FCV tank 13 which is connected with the first refueling nozzle 11 and may calculate sufficient conditions to achieve complete refueling of first vehicle 12. The second controller 40 may use the conditions calculated by data processor 35 to decide and execute an optimized sequence that controls the compressor 2 and valves to reach within a minimum time the target pressure value(s) (TP) in the container(s) (3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) calculated by the data processor 35. when the conditions calculated by data processor 35 are met, third controller 45 may proceed with refueling of first vehicle 12.

[0121] In case of the second refueling process, the data processor 35 may acquire second residual pressure of the second FCV tank 19 which is connected with the second refueling nozzle 17 and calculate sufficient conditions to achieve complete refueling of second vehicle 18. The second controller 40 may use the conditions calculated by data processor 35 to decide and execute an optimized sequence that controls the compressor 2 and valves to reach within a minimum time the target pressure value(s) (TP) in the container(s) (3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) calculated by the data processor 35. When transfer of H.sub.2 with first nozzle (11) is finished and when the conditions calculated by data processor 35 are met, third controller 45 may proceed with refueling of second vehicle 18.

[0122] The first residual pressure may be measured by first pressure sensor 14 which is placed downstream the first on-off valve 9 on the first branch line 57a. The second residual pressure may be measured by second pressure sensor 20 which is placed downstream the second on-off valve 15 on the second branch line 57b.

[0123] The third controller 45 may control temperature and/or flow rate of cooling fluid which is sent to the heat exchanger 8 to control temperature of the H.sub.2 which is refueled into the FCV tank.

[0124] The second controller 40 may calculate an expected waiting time which is period for being able to start refueling process from after completing payment initiation or after connecting the nozzle to the first or second FCV tank and output the expected waiting time to output device. The second controller 40 may calculate an expected complete time which is period for completing refueling process from after completing payment initiation or after connecting the nozzle to the first or second FCV tank and output the expected complete time to output device. The output device is for example, display, speaker, another computer, server, memory.

Method for Embodiment 1

[0125] The method for performing first refueling process which refuels H.sub.2 to first FCV tank 13 of first vehicle 12 and second refueling process which refuels H.sub.2 to second FCV tank 19 of second vehicle 18, the first and second vehicles (12,18) being stopped in refueling range of only one dispenser 5, includes the following steps;

[0126] in case of a first refueling process, step of acquiring first residual pressure of the first FCV tank 13 which is connected with the first refueling nozzle 11 and calculating sufficient conditions to achieve complete refueling of first vehicle 12, step of using the conditions calculated by data processor (35) to decide and execute an optimized sequence that controls the compressor 2 and valves to reach within a minimum time the target pressure value(s) (TP) in the container(s) (3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) calculated by the data processor 35, step of proceeding with refueling of first vehicle 12 when the conditions calculated by data processor 35 are met, provided that H.sub.2 transfer with second nozzle (17) is already finished,

[0127] in case of the second refueling process, step of acquiring second residual pressure of the second FCV tank 19 which is connected with the second refueling nozzle 17 and calculating sufficient conditions to achieve complete refueling of second vehicle 18, step of using the conditions calculated by data processor 35 to decide and execute an optimized sequence that controls the compressor 2 and valves to reach within a minimum time the target pressure value(s) (TP) in the container(s) (3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c) calculated by the data processor 35, step of proceeding with refueling of second vehicle 18 when transfer of H2 with first nozzle (11) is finished and when the conditions calculated by data processor 35 are met.

[0128] FIG. 4 shows flowchart of Embodiment 1. The first refueling process of first FCV 12 is indicated on step 1 to step 8 and on transition 1 to transition 9, and the second refueling process of second FCV 18 is indicated on step 11 to step 18 and on transition 11 to transition 19. Transitions indicate conditions to go from one step to the next one.

[0129] Transition 1: first FCV 12 arrives or is already waiting.

In step 1, first FCV 12 is positioned within the range of the first hose 10.

[0130] Transition 2: first FCV 12 positioned.

[0131] In step 2, first FCV 12 customer initiates payment by card (if applicable) using the first payment interface in first interface 21.

[0132] Transition 3: payment initiation completed.

[0133] In step 3, customer or operator connects the first refueling nozzle 11 to the first FCV 12.

[0134] Transition 4: nozzle 11 connected to the first FCV tank 13.

[0135] In step 4, pressure in the tank 13 of the first FCV 12 is read by IR communication device or by the pressure sensor 14. Depending on the value, the controller calculates the sufficient pressures in HP buffer banks and/or MP buffers (if any) to achieve successful refueling of the first FCV 12 tank starting with actual tank 13 pressure.

[0136] Transition 5: HP buffer banks and/or MP buffers (if any) have been refilled up to the calculated values. Before proceeding step 5, it is also checked that refueling with second hose 16 is not on-going (i.e. second refueling is not in step 15).

[0137] In step 5, first on-off valve 9 is opened, second on-off valve 15 is closed, first FCV 12 starts refueling. Refueling quantity is shown on the first metering display in first interface 21.

[0138] Transition 6: refueling with first hose (10) terminated.

[0139] In step 6, customer or operator disconnects the first nozzle 11 and place it back on the dispenser 5.

[0140] Transition 7: the first nozzle 11 placed back on dispenser 5.

[0141] In step 7, first FCV 12 customer proceeds to payment using the first payment interface in first interface 21, and first metering display in first interface 21.

[0142] Transition 8: payment completed.

[0143] In step 8, first FCV 12 is moved out of the dispenser 5 area.

[0144] Transition 9: first hose 10 of dispenser 5 area cleared. It is returned to check condition of transition 1. Until a new FCV arrives, first refueling is idle.

[0145] Transition 11: second FCV 18 arrives or is already waiting.

[0146] In step 11, second FCV 18 is positioned within the range of the second hose 16.

[0147] Transition 12: second FCV 18 positioned.

[0148] In step 12, second FCV 18 customer initiates payment by card (if applicable) using the second payment interface in second interface 22.

[0149] Transition 13: payment initiation completed.

[0150] In step 13, customer or operator connects the second refueling nozzle 17 to the second FCV 18.

[0151] Transition 14: second refueling nozzle 17 connected to second FCV tank 19.

[0152] In step 14, pressure in the tank 19 of the second FCV 18 is read by IR communication device or by the pressure sensor 20. Depending on the value, the controller calculates the sufficient pressures in HP buffer banks and/or MP buffers (if any) to achieve successful refueling of the second FCV 18 tank starting with actual tank 19 pressure.

[0153] Transition 15: HP buffer banks and/or MP buffers (if any) have been refilled up to the calculated values. Before proceeding step 15, it is also checked that refueling with first hose 10 is not on-going (i.e. first refueling is not in step 5).

[0154] In step 15, second on-off valve 15 is opened, first on-off valve 9 is closed, and second FCV 18 starts refueling. Refueling quantity is shown on the second metering display in second interface 22.

[0155] Transition 16: refueling with second hose 16 terminated. In step 16, customer or operator disconnects the second nozzle 17 and place it back on the dispenser 5.

[0156] Transition 17: nozzle 17 placed back on dispenser 5.

[0157] In step 17, the second FCV 18 customer proceeds to payment using the second payment interface in second interface 22, and second metering display in second interface 22.

[0158] Transition 18: payment completed.

[0159] In step 18, the second FCV 18 is moved out of the dispenser 5 area.

[0160] Transition 19: second hose 16 area of dispenser 5 cleared. It is returned to check condition of transition 11. Until a new FCV arrives and first hose area already occupied, second refueling is idle.

[0161] FIGS. 2 and 3 show a different type of layout of first and second interface 21, 22 in dispenser 5.

[0162] While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. The present invention may suitably comprise, consist or consist essentially of the elements disclosed and may be practiced in the absence of an element not disclosed. Furthermore, if there is language referring to order, such as first and second, it should be understood in an exemplary sense and not in a limiting sense. For example, it can be recognized by those skilled in the art that certain steps can be combined into a single step.

[0163] The singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0164] “Comprising” in a claim is an open transitional term which means the subsequently identified claim elements are a nonexclusive listing i.e. anything else may be additionally included and remain within the scope of “comprising.” “Comprising” is defined herein as necessarily encompassing the more limited transitional terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of”; “comprising” may therefore be replaced by “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of” and remain within the expressly defined scope of “comprising”.

[0165] “Providing” in a claim is defined to mean furnishing, supplying, making available, or preparing something. The step may be performed by any actor in the absence of express language in the claim to the contrary.

[0166] Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstances may or may not occur. The description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not occur.

[0167] Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value, along with all combinations within said range.

[0168] All references identified herein are each hereby incorporated by reference into this application in their entireties, as well as for the specific information for which each is cited.