POLARISATION-INDEPENDENT, OPTICAL MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING SYSTEMS BASED ON FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE MODULATORS FOR SPATIAL MODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING

Abstract

We describe a multimode reconfigurable optical spatial mode multiplexing system having first and second first and second input beams and a beam combiner to combine these into an optical output. At least one of the paths comprises a polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator to impose a controllable phase profile on an input beam in an input beam phase modulating optical path, to controllably convert a spatial mode order of the input beam from a lower to a higher order spatial mode. The system also has a control input to control the phase modulator to configure the phase profile for the mode conversion. The input beams are combined into a multiple spatial mode combined beam output independent of a polarisation of the input beams. The number of spatial modes of the combined beam can be more than a number of spatial modes in either of the first and second input beams separately.

Claims

1. A multimode reconfigurable optical spatial mode multiplexing system, the system comprising: a first optical path from to carry a first input beam a first optical input; a second optical path to carry a second input beam from a second optical input; a beam combiner to combine beams from said first and second optical paths and provide a combined beam optical output; wherein at least one of said first and second optical paths is a phase modulating optical path and comprises a polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator to impose a controllable phase profile on an input beam in the phase modulating optical path to controllably convert a spatial mode order of the input beam from a lower order spatial mode to a higher order spatial mode; and further comprising a control input to control said polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator to configure said controllable phase profile to alter said conversion of said spatial mode order of said input beam; wherein said first and second input beams are combined into a multiple spatial mode combined beam optical output independent of a polarisation of said first and second input beams; and wherein a number of spatial modes of said combined beam is controllable with said control input to increase a number of spatial modes in said combined beam to more than a number of spatial modes in either of said first and second input beams separately.

2. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said phase modulating optical path is arranged to carry a multiple polarisation beam, said multiple polarisation beam comprising two different polarisations; and wherein the same or overlapping regions of said polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator receive and modulate said two different polarisations of said multiple polarisation of beam.

3. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator comprises a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) spatial light modulator (SLM).

4. A system as claimed in claim 3 wherein FLC SLM said has a switching angle of greater than 80°.

5. A system as claimed in claim 3 wherein at an operating wavelength, λ, of the device ${\sin }^2.Math.2.Math.\mathrm{\theta s}.Math..Math.{\mathrm{in}}^2.Math.\frac{k.Math..Math.\Delta .Math..Math.\mathrm{nd}}{2}$ is greater than 0.5, where in 2θ is the switching angle of the FLC material in the SLM in a direction of light propagation through the SLM, and $k=\frac{2.Math.\pi }{\lambda }.$

6. A system as claimed in any one of claim 3 wherein said optical output is couplable to a multimode optical fibre, wherein said FLC SLM comprises a plurality of pixels responsive to said control input to configure said controllable phase profile, and wherein said phase profile is configurable to select one of a plurality of phase profiles each corresponding to a respective spatial LP mode of said multimode optical fibre.

7. A system as claimed in claim 6 further comprising a controller, responsive to a mode-select signal on said control input, to select one of said plurality of phase profiles and to control said FLC SLM to impose the selected phase profile on said beam in said phase modulating optical path such that at said optical output said beam has a spatial LP mode selected by said mode select signal.

8. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said controllable phase profile has four adjacent regions each switchable between a relative phase delay of 0 and a relative phase delay of π to convert an LP.sub.01 spatial mode beam of any polarisation into an LP.sub.11 beam of any polarisation.

9. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said controllable phase profile is configurable to alter said conversion of said spatial mode order of said input beam between no conversion of said spatial mode order from one spatial mode to another and conversion of said spatial mode order from a lower spatial mode to a higher spatial mode order in said combined beam spatial output.

10. A system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a third optical path to carry a third input beam from a third optical input; wherein each of said first, second and third optical paths comprises a respective said polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator; wherein said optical output comprises a fibre-optic output to couple to a fibre optic; and wherein the system further comprises demagnifying optics between said beam combiner and said fibre optic output.

11. A reconfigurable optical spatial mode demultiplexing system, the system comprising: an optical input to receive a multimode optical input beam, comprising a plurality of different optical spatial modes; a beam splitter to split said input beam into at least first and second split beams; first and second optical outputs; first and second optical paths between said beam splitter and respective said first and second optical outputs; wherein at least one of said first and second optical paths is a phase modulating optical path and comprises a polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator to impose a controllable phase profile on a split beam in the phase modulating optical path to controllably convert a spatial mode order of the split beam from a higher order spatial mode to a lower order spatial mode; and further comprising a control input to control said polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator to configure said controllable phase profile to alter said conversion of said spatial mode order of said split beam.

12. A system as claimed in claim 11 wherein the same or overlapping regions of said polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator receive and modulate two different polarisations of said multiple polarisation of said split beam.

13-30. (canceled)

31. A system as claimed in claim 11 wherein said polarisation independent reconfigurable phase modulator comprises a ferroelectric liquid crystal FLC spatial light modulator (SLM), wherein FLC SLM said has a switching angle of greater than 80°.

32. A system as claimed in claim 11 wherein said polarisation independent reconfigurable phase modulator comprises a ferroelectric liquid crystal FLC spatial light modulator (SLM), wherein at an operating wavelength, λ, of the device ${\sin }^2.Math.2.Math.\mathrm{\theta s}.Math..Math.{\mathrm{in}}^2.Math.\frac{k.Math..Math.\Delta .Math..Math.\mathrm{nd}}{2}$ is greater than 0.5, where in 2θ is the switching angle of the FLC material, Δn is the birefringence of the FLC material, d is the thickness of the FLC material in the SLM in a direction of light propagation through the SLM, and $k=\frac{2.Math.\pi }{\lambda }.$

33. A system as claimed in claim 11, wherein said polarisation independent reconfigurable phase modulator comprises a ferroelectric liquid crystal FLC spatial light modulator (SLM), wherein said optical input is couplable to a multimode optical fibre, wherein said FLC SLM comprises a plurality of pixels responsive to said control input to configure said controllable phase profile, and wherein said phase profile is configurable to select one of a plurality of phase profiles each corresponding to a respective spatial LP mode of said multimode optical fibre; and further comprising a controller, responsive to a mode-select signal on said control input, to select one of said plurality of phase profiles and to control said FLC SLM to impose the selected phase profile on said beam in said phase modulating optical path such that said split beam is converted from a beam with a spatial LP mode corresponding to said mode select signal to a lower order spatial mode beam, for output.

34. A system as claimed in claim 11 wherein said controllable phase profile has four adjacent regions each switchable between a relative phase delay of 0 and a relative phase delay of π to convert an LP.sub.11 spatial mode beam of any polarisation into an LP.sub.01 spatial mode beam of any polarisation.

35. A system as claimed in claim 11 wherein said controllable phase profile is configurable to alter said conversion between no conversion of said spatial mode order of said split beam and conversion of said spatial mode order of said split beam from a higher order spatial mode to a lower order spatial mode.

36. A system as claimed in claim 11 comprising a third optical output, and a third optical path between said beam splitter and said third optical output; wherein each of said first, second and third optical paths comprises a respective said polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator; wherein each of said first, second and third optical outputs comprises a fibre optic output; and wherein the system further comprises demagnifying optics between each respective said polarisation independent reconfigurable phase modulator and the respective said optical output.

37. An optical communication system comprising the system of claim 1, and a reconfigurable optical spatial mode demultiplexing system, the demultiplexing system comprising: an optical input to receive a multimode optical input beam, comprising a plurality of different optical spatial modes; a beam splitter to split said input beam into at least first and second split beams; first and second optical outputs; first and second optical paths between said beam splitter and respective said first and second optical outputs; wherein at least one of said first and second optical paths is a phase modulating optical path and comprises a polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator to impose a controllable phase profile on a split beam in the phase modulating optical path to controllably convert a spatial mode order of the split beam from a higher order spatial mode to a lower order spatial mode; and further comprising a control input to control said polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator to configure said controllable phase profile to alter said conversion of said spatial mode order of said split beam; the optical communication system further comprising: a plurality of input optical fibres; a plurality of output optical fibres; an optical transmission system between said input optical fibres and said optical output fibres; an optical spatial mode multiplexing system coupled between said plurality of input optical fibres and said optical transmission system, to encode optical signals on said input optical fibres into a plurality of different optical spatial modes on a multiplexed multimode optical fibre; and an optical demultiplexing system coupled between said optical transmission system and said plurality of output optical fibres, to decode an optical spatial mode multiplexed signal on a multiplexed multimode optical fibre into a plurality of different optical spatial modes for said plurality of output optical fibres.

38. A method of multiplexing optical signals into a common optical fibre, the method comprising: providing a plurality of input optical signals on a plurality of input optical fibres; coupling said input optical fibres, via a respective plurality of optical paths, to a beam combiner and thence to a common output optical fibre; providing a plurality of polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulators, one in each of said optical paths; and controlling said reconfigurable phase modulators to impose respective phase profiles on said optical paths to convert said input optical signals into optical signals with a plurality of different optical spatial modes; combining said optical signals with said different optical spatial modes into a multiplexed multimode optical signal using said beam combiner; and outputting said multiplexed multimode optical signal into said common output optical fibre.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] These and other aspects of the invention will now be further described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures in which:

[0022] FIG. 1 shows theoretical intensity profiles of LP (linear polarised) modes of a three-mode fibre;

[0023] FIG. 2 shows phase profiles corresponding to the intensity profiles of FIG. 1;

[0024] FIG. 3 shows a ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator for use in embodiments of the invention;

[0025] FIGS. 4a to 4d show ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) molecules in an FLC cell of the type illustrated in FIG. 3 showing, respectively, perspective and top views for positive and negative applied electric fields;

[0026] FIG. 5 illustrates spatial light modulation using an FLC spatial light modulator (SLM);

[0027] FIGS. 6a and 6b show multimode reconfigurable optical spatial mode multiplexing systems according to embodiments of the invention employing, respectively transmissive and reflective SLMs;

[0028] FIGS. 7a and 7b show that reconfigurable optical spatial mode demultiplexing systems according to embodiments of the invention employing, respectively, transmissive and reflective SLMs;

[0029] FIGS. 8a to 8c show optical communication systems employing spatial mode-based routing, according to embodiments of the invention; and

[0030] FIGS. 9a and 9b show, respectively, a schematic illustration of further examples of LP modes of a multimode fibre, and further example phase patterns for optical spatial mode conversion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0031] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, these shows transverse intensity and phase profiles of different LP modes of an optical fibre. In FIG. 1 the arrows in the intensity profiles indicate that the primary direction of the field in each profile, which ultimately determines the polarisation direction of the mode. Typical telecommunication lasers generate an LP.sub.01 mode beam and thus when mode division multiplexing is employed higher order LP modes, such as LP.sub.11 modes, are excited from the LP.sub.01 mode before being multiplexed into the MMF (multimode fibre). Conversion from a lower order to a higher order mode can be achieved by imposing a phase profile as shown in FIG. 2. The higher order mode can be observed in the far field beyond the phase mask, but can be brought nearer to the phase mask by employing a demagnifying optical system between the phase mask and the multimode fibre (diverging the light forming the higher LP mode).

[0032] FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a polarisation-independent, controllably reconfigurable phase modulator 100 for use in embodiments of the invention. In the illustrated example the phase modulator 100 is a transmissive device but reflective device configurations are also possible. The illustrated example comprises back glass 102 and front grass 104, sandwiching ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) material (not shown) in region 106 between these plates. One of the plates, for example front glass 104, is coated with an electrically conductive, light transmissive film such as ITO (indium tin oxide) to provide a common electrode connection 110. The other, here back glass 102, is provided with a plurality of light-transmissive, electrically conducting phase-pattern electrodes 108, for example also fabricated from ITO. In the illustrated example there are 4 substantially square phase-pattern electrodes 108, but fewer or more electrodes may be provided, or an operational region of the device may be divided into an array of pixels which may be employed to define a phase pattern. As is explained further below, the electrodes 108 are controlled so that different regions of the device define different relative phase values (retardations).

[0033] As explained further below, preferably the FLC material has a switching angle of substantially 90° between stable states of the FLC. A suitable FLC material is CS-2005 available from Chisso Corporation, Japan. The skilled person will appreciate, however, that there are many other FLC materials which have, or which can be designed to have, this property.

[0034] Preferably the thickness of the FLC material in the phase modulator of FIG. 3 (that is the internal distance between plates 102, 104) is chosen so that the phase difference between “on” and “off” states is substantially equal to 71. This can be achieved by choosing kdΔn=π where k=2π/λ, d is the thickness of the FLC material, and Δn is the birefringence of the FLC material Referring to FIG. 4, this shows the orientation of FLC molecules in a phase modulator of the type shown in FIG. 3 when a positive electric field (FIGS. 4a, b) and a negative electric field (FIGS. 4c, d) is applied across the material by electrodes 108, 110. In the phase modulator the FLC material is aligned so that the birefringent axes of the material, n.sub.o, n.sub.e, lie in the plane of the device, the direction of light propagation perpendicular to the glass plates 102, 104 defining the z-direction. An applied voltage (electric field) causes these axes to rotate about the z-direction through a switching angle of 2θ, in embodiments 90°. The birefringence of the FLC material, Δn=|n.sub.o−n.sub.e|.

[0035] Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLC) are polar materials. The local dipole density that couples to an external electric field lies perpendicular to the director of the molecule. Two states are possible for the FLC directors, for example when a FLC cell is in surface stabilised configuration. As shown in FIGS. 4a and 4c, the FLC molecules rotate along the cone surface into the opposite state if the direction of the external electrical field applied across the cell is reversed. It can be seen from the corresponding top view of the cell in FIGS. 4b and 4d that the optical axis of the FLC cell is also rotated in this case. The FLC material is aligned so that the birefringent axes of the material, n.sub.o, n.sub.e, lie in the plane of the device

[0036] The electro-optical effect of an FLC cell can be analysed by using the Jones matrix of propagation through the device. In a case where the input beam has normal incidence to the FLC cell, the polarisation vectors (E.sub.1 and E.sub.2) of the beam in each state after passing through the FLC cell can be expressed by the following equations, respectively:

[00003]$\begin{array}{cc}{E}_1=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{-\mathrm{jkd}.Math..Math.\Delta .Math..Math.n}.Math.\cos .Math..Math.2.Math.\theta & \sin .Math..Math.2.Math.\theta \\ -e^{\mathrm{jkd}.Math..Math.\Delta .Math..Math.n}.Math.\sin .Math..Math.2.Math.\theta & \cos .Math..Math.2.Math.\theta \end{array}\right].Math.E_{i.Math..Math.n}& 1\\ E_2=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{\mathrm{jkd}.Math..Math.\Delta .Math..Math.n}.Math.\cos .Math..Math.2.Math.\theta & e^{\mathrm{jkd}.Math..Math.\Delta .Math..Math.n}.Math.\sin .Math..Math.2.Math.\theta \\ -\sin .Math..Math.2.Math.\theta & \cos .Math..Math.2.Math.\theta \end{array}\right].Math.E_{i.Math..Math.n}& 2\end{array}$

where E.sub.in is the instantaneous 2-dimensional polarisation vector of the incident beam, 2θ the switching angle of the FLC molecules, Δn the birefringence, d the thickness of the FLC cell and k the wavenumber (2π/λ).

[0037] Referring now to FIG. 5, this shows use of a FLC cell with multiple electrodes as an SLM. If we assume that the phase patterns displayed by the FLC SLM in this system are designed such that there are always equal numbers of pixels in the two states (which is case for a “holographic” mode launch), the intensity of the light beam that is not diffracted by the FLC SLM can be analysed according to Fourier theory. The un-diffracted beam will form an on-axis spot in the replay field with intensity as

I.sub.o=1/2(E.sub.1+E.sub.2)•1/2(E.sub.1+E.sub.2)*  3

where • is the vector dot product and * is the conjugate operator.

[0038] Since the total beam intensity is

I.sub.tot=E.sub.in•E.sub.in*=(1/2E.sub.1•E.sub.1*+1/2E.sub.2•E.sub.2*)  4

the remaining fraction of light, η, diffracted into the desired replay pattern is given by:

[00004]$\begin{array}{cc}\eta =\frac{I_{\mathrm{tot}}-I_o}{I_{\mathrm{tot}}}={\sin }^2\left(2.Math.\theta \right).Math.{\sin }^2\left(\frac{\mathrm{kd}.Math..Math.\Delta .Math..Math.n}{2}\right)& 5\end{array}$

[0039] This result is independent of the input polarisation state, and a FLC SLM device of the type shown in FIG. 3 can thus be used as a polarisation-independent, controllably reconfigurable phase modulator in a reconfigurable optical spatial mode multiplexer/demultiplexer as described later.

[0040] Preferably the device is configured so that the efficiency η approaches unity. It can therefore be seen from equation (5) that, ideally, an FLC material with a switching angle of 2θ=90°, is employed (such as Chisso CS-2005), and that the FLC cell should have a half-wave plate thickness so that kdΔn=π. The phase difference in the holograms for mode launch is π, and thus an FLC SLM of the type shown in FIG. 3, configured as described above, is able to provide efficient, reconfigurable, polarisation-insensitive holographic mode launch.

[0041] Referring now to FIG. 6a, this shows a multimode reconfigurable optical spatial mode multiplexing system 600 according to an embodiment of the invention. The system comprises a set of optical inputs 602a-c, each coupled to a respective single mode fibre 604a-c and having a beam expander lens 606a-c. Each expanded beam is provided to a respective polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator 608a-c each, for example comprising a ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator as described above. These selectively convert the input beam, for example in a LP.sub.01 mode, into a higher order spatial mode for example an LP.sub.11a or LP.sub.11b mode, under control of a respective phase profile control input 610. Thus, for example, the reconfigurable phase modulators may be controlled so as to leave one beam unchanged in an LP.sub.01 mode and to convert each of the other beams to an LP.sub.11a and LP.sub.11b mode respectively. Which phase modulator performs which conversion, and which leaves the beam unchanged, is controllable by means of the signal on the phase profile control input 610. In embodiments the phase profile control input 610 for a phase modulator comprises a set of connections to each of electrodes 108 shown in FIG. 3.

[0042] The mode-converted beams are combined in an optical beam combiner 612, in the illustrated example comprising bean combiner blocks 612a-c. The combined output beam 614 is provided to an output optical fibre 616 which is a multimode fibre (MMF). In embodiments the output beam is coupled to the output fibre via demagnifying optics 618 preferably, but not essentially, configured as a demagnifying telescope.

[0043] The multiplexing system may include a controller 620 to drive the electrodes of the phase modulators with appropriate sets of (positive and negative) voltages to impose a phase profile for forming the mode conversion, for example phase profiles as shown in FIG. 2. Thus the controller may accept one or more mode select input signals and provide corresponding applied steady-state or pulsed voltage outputs to the respective phase modulators for the selected modes, optionally employing an internal lookup table 622. Since an FLC SLM is bistable optionally one controller may be employed to sequentially program each SLM.

[0044] The system of FIG. 6a has three phase modulators but the skilled person will appreciate that a degree of flexibility can be achieved with just a single reconfigurable phase modulator, depending upon whether/how the other inputs to the multiplexing system are employed. The skilled person will also appreciate that many variations on the beam combining arrangement are possible. The output fibre 616 is labelled as a multimode fibre but may be a “few mode fibre” that is a fibre supporting propagation of a limited number of (LP) guided modes. The number of guided modes supported generally depends on the normalized frequency, V, defined by V=2πaNA/λ where a is the fibre core radius, NA is the numerical aperture, and λ is the wavelength of operation. For example fibre 616 may be configured to support a number of modes equal to or less than 24, 18, 12, 6 or 3. The skilled person will also readily appreciate that although the example of FIG. 6a shows three input beams any number of input beams may be employed.

[0045] FIG. 6b shows a second embodiment of a multimode reconfigurable optical spatial mode multiplexing system 650, similar to that shown in FIG. 6a, in which like elements are indicated by like reference numerals. In the arrangement of FIG. 6b reflective ferroelectric liquid crystal SLMs 608a-c′ are employed, rather than transmissive SLMs.

[0046] FIG. 7a shows an embodiment of a reconfigurable optical spatial mode demultiplexing system 700, again in which like elements to those of FIG. 6 are indicated by like reference numerals. Thus a multimode fibre 616 is provided to a beam expander 706 which provides an expanded beam to a beam splitter assembly 702 comprising a set of beam splitter blocks 702a-c. Split beams 704a-c are provided to respective polarisation—independent reconfigurable phase modulators 708 a-c for example each comprising a ferroelectric liquid crystal SLM of the type illustrated in FIG. 3. The skilled person will appreciate that in the demultiplexer the same phase patterns used for converting from a lower order spatial mode to a higher order spatial mode can be used for converting from a higher order spatial mode to a lower order spatial mode. Thus, for example, referring to FIG. 2 an LP.sub.11 mode beam can be converted to an LP.sub.01 beam by imposing a phase profile using the SLM in which one lateral half of the SLM imposes 0 relative phase delay and the other lateral half of the SLM imposes π relative phase delay. Thus in this respect the demultiplexer is operates in a similar manner to the multiplexer, but with the light travelling in the opposite direction through the system. As before, preferably, but not essentially, light from each of the phase modulators is coupled into a respective optical output 720a-c by means of coupling optics 718a-c comprising demagnifying optics such as a demagnifying telescope. In embodiments single mode fibres 722a-c are coupled to the optical outputs 720a-c.

[0047] Again optical spatial mode demultiplexing into three channels is shown merely by way of illustration. Again multimode fibre 616 may be a “few mode fibre” as previously described. Again it is preferable, but not essential, to include a polarisation-independent reconfigurable phase modulator in each split beam. Again the skilled person will appreciate that there are many different techniques which may be employed to split the input beam for subsequent extraction of different optical spatial modes.

[0048] Referring now to FIG. 7b, this shows a second embodiment of a reconfigurable optical spatial mode demultiplexing system 750, in which like elements to those of FIG. 7a are indicated by like reference numerals. In FIG. 7b reflective ferroelectric liquid crystal SLM's 708a-c′ are used instead of transmissive SLM's.

[0049] In each of the arrangements of FIGS. 7a and 7b a phase profile control input 730 is provided for the spatial light modulators as previously described. Optionally a controller 732 may also be provided, optionally including a lookup table 734, to convert an input optical mode selection signal (say 01_select, or 11_select) into appropriate drive voltages for the SLM pixels as previously described and illustrated for example in FIG. 2.

[0050] In one embodiment of a multiplexing/demultiplexing system as described above a ferroelectric liquid crystal SLM is used with four electrodes, as shown in FIG. 3. A device of this type is able to excite/multiplex, and demultiplex, five different LP modes: LP.sub.01, LP.sub.11a, LP.sub.11b, LP.sub.21a, and LP.sub.21b. Furthermore with the configuration as described above the phase modulator is insensitive to polarisation, that is the device can modulate (or demodulate) the phase of the incoming beam without the need to separate a beam into two orthogonal polarisations (linear or circular): a single beam comprising two orthogonal polarisations can be processed by the same region of the same spatial light modulator to excite/multiplex and/or demultiplex an optical spatial mode.

[0051] Referring to FIG. 8, this shows examples of optical communications systems comprising a reconfigurable spatial mode multiplexer/demultiplexer as described above. Thus in FIG. 8a communications system 800 comprises an optical transmission system 802 with a multimode fibre input 804 and output 806 a reconfigurable multiplexer 600/650 as previously described is coupled to the input fibre 804 and a fixed assignment demultiplexer 808 is coupled to the output fibre 806. The fixed assignment demultiplexer assigns each spatial mode on fibre 806 to one of single mode fibre outputs 810, for example assigning mode LP.sub.01 to a first output, LP.sub.11a to a second output, and so forth. In the arrangement of FIG. 8a the reconfigurable multiplexer 600/650 controls which of input fibres 604 has which spatial mode, and therefore to which output from the multiplexer 808 the input signal is routed. In this way by controlling reconfigurable multiplexer 600/650 the transmitter side of the system controls the signal destination.

[0052] In FIG. 8b an optical communications system 810 comprises a fixed configuration multiplexer 812 is used at the input or transmitter end of the system and the encoding of each single mode fibre into a respective spatial mode is fixed at the transmitter side. A reconfigurable demultiplexer 700/750 as previously described is used on the output side of the optical transmission system to select which mode is routed to which output single mode fibre 722, thereby controlling routing of the optical signals at the output/receiver side.

[0053] FIG. 8c shows an example of an optical communications system 820 comprising both a reconfigurable multiplexer 600/650 and a reconfigurable demultipexer 700/750, combining the previously described elements of FIGS. 8a and 8b.

[0054] The examples of FIG. 8 illustrate routing of signals based on their optical spatial mode. However a reconfigurable multiplexer 600/650 of the type described above can provide advantages even where routing by spatial mode is not employed. This is because different optical spatial modes have different transmission characteristics through a fibre, including different levels of noise and alike. The ability to reconfigurably select a spatial mode for a particular beam can assist a system administrator in selecting a set of spatial modes to use to optimise performance, especially where not all the available modes are employed at any one time.

[0055] FIG. 9a illustrates intensity profiles for some further linear polarised spatial modes, merely by way of example. Thus FIG. 9a illustrates, schematically modes LP.sub.21, LP.sub.02, and LP.sub.12, the subscripts denoting the azimuthal order and the radial order of the modes. As previously mentioned, for each LP mode with an azimuthal order greater than zero there are two orientations of the LP mode (not shown in FIG. 9a) rotated by 900 with respect to one another (with sin lθ and cos lθ azimuthal dependencies).

[0056] FIG. 9b illustrates, merely by way of example, some further phase profiles which may be imposed on an LP.sub.01 mode beam to generate a higher order LP mode (as labelled in the figure). The skilled person will readily be able to generalise from the examples given to other higher order LP modes.

[0057] Embodiments of the reconfigurable mode division multiplexing/demultiplexing techniques we have described may be combined with other multiplexing/demultiplexing techniques such as polarisation division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing. Whether or not polarisation division multiplexing is employed embodiments of the described systems employ polarisation-independent (insensitive) reconfigurable phase modulators and thus can multiplex/demultiplex a beam comprising two polarisations or having a random polarisation without splitting the beam into separate polarisation components.

[0058] We have described some embodiments of multiplexing/demultiplexing systems which employ free space optical techniques but the skilled person will appreciate that integrated optics may additionally or alternatively be employed. We have described systems in which separate ferroelectric liquid crystal SLMs are employed in the separate beams but the skilled person will appreciate that, equally, different regions of a single ferroelectric liquid crystal SLM may be employed without materially changing the functionality. Although FIG. 3 shows an example of a transmissive SLM, a reflective SLM such as a ferroelectric LCOS (liquid crystal on silicon) SLM may be employed. This is particularly useful (for connecting to the electrodes) where the SLM has more than four pixels. Potentially the previously described beam combiner/beam splitter arrangements of FIGS. 6b and 7b could be fabricated as part of a cover plate on the SLM. This approach is particularly convenient when employing an LCOS SLM, but may also be employed with a transmissive SLM. Thus potentially the optical multiplexing and demultiplexing systems shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 could be fabricated as integrated optics devices with fibre inputs and/or outputs.

[0059] It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the described embodiments and encompasses modifications apparent to those skilled in the art line within the spirit and scope of the claims appended here too.