Golf club head

Abstract

Disclosed herein are various embodiments of a golf club head having improved mass distribution characteristics. The golf club head includes a body and a face positioned at a forward portion of the body. The golf club head also includes one or more mass elements positioned at predetermined locations about the head. The mass elements assist in achieving a desired relationship between the moment of inertia about a center of gravity x-axis and the moment of inertia about a center of gravity z-axis.

Claims

1. A golf club head, comprising: a body defining an interior cavity and comprising a sole positioned at a bottom portion of the golf club head, a crown positioned at a top portion, a heel and toe portion, and a skirt positioned around a periphery between the sole and crown, wherein the body has a forward portion and a rearward portion, wherein the crown is convex; a face positioned at the forward portion of the body, the face having an ideal impact location defining a golf club head origin, the head origin including an x-axis tangential to the face and generally parallel to the ground when the head is ideally positioned, a y-axis generally perpendicular to the x-axis and generally parallel to the ground when the head is ideally positioned, and a z-axis perpendicular to both the x-axis and y-axis; a maximum club head height defined as the distance between the lowest and highest points on the outer surface of the body measured along an axis parallel to the z-axis when the club head is at proper address position, a maximum club head width defined as the distance between the maximum extents of the heel and toe portions of the body measured along an axis parallel to the x-axis when the club head is at proper address position, and a maximum club head depth defined as the distance between the forwardmost and rearwardmost points on the surface of the body measured along an axis parallel to the y-axis when the club head is at proper address position; at least one mass element having a mass between 3 g and 30 g; and wherein the ratio of a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity x-axis generally parallel to the head origin x-axis to a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity z-axis generally parallel to the head origin z-axis is greater than approximately 0.6; wherein a rear portion of the sole extends upwardly approximately 20% to 40% of the distance from a lowest point of the club head to the crown; wherein a bottommost portion of the sole is substantially flat and extends substantially parallel to the ground between approximately 70% and approximately 40% of the maximum club head depth; wherein the golf club head has a CG with an x-axis coordinate between approximately −2 mm and approximately 6 mm, a y-axis coordinate between approximately 33 mm and approximately 41 mm, and a z-axis coordinate between approximately −8 mm and approximately 0 mm.

2. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the at least one mass element is located proximate a rear portion of the club head and has a head origin x-axis coordinate between approximately −15 mm and approximately 15 mm, a head origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 90 mm and approximately 120 mm, and a head origin z-axis coordinate between approximately −20 mm and approximately 10 mm.

3. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the at least one mass element is located proximate the face and has a head origin y-axis coordinate between about 0 mm and about 30 mm, and a head origin z-axis coordinate between about −20 mm and about 10 mm.

4. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the at least one mass element is permanently secured to or integrally formed in the body.

5. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the sole is primarily convex.

6. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the sole is made from a metal alloy.

7. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the sole is made from a titanium alloy.

8. The golf club head of claim 1, further comprising a striking plate welded to the body.

9. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the golf club head having a mass of approximately 200 g.

10. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the golf club head having a mass of approximately 203 g.

11. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the sole extends upwardly from the ground plane approximately 15 mm.

12. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the maximum club head height is between approximately 55 mm and approximately 75 mm, the maximum club head width is between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 mm, and the maximum club head depth is between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 mm.

13. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein in a cross-section of the club head taken through the at least one mass element in a direction parallel to the y-axis, a rear weight port is contiguous with the at least one mass element.

14. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein in a cross-section of the club head taken through the at least one mass element in a direction parallel to the y-axis, the sole is substantially flat and extends substantially parallel to the ground between approximately 70% and approximately 40% of the maximum club head depth.

15. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the sole is made from a titanium alloy.

16. The golf club head of claim 1, further comprising a striking plate welded to the body.

17. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the golf club head having a mass of approximately 200 g.

18. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the golf club head having a mass of approximately 203 g.

19. A golf club head, comprising: a body defining an interior cavity and comprising a sole positioned at a bottom portion of the golf club head, a crown positioned at a top portion, a heel and toe portion, and a skirt positioned around a periphery between the sole and crown, wherein the body has a forward portion and a rearward portion, wherein the crown is convex and the sole is primarily convex; a face positioned at the forward portion of the body, the face having an ideal impact location defining a golf club head origin, the head origin including an x-axis tangential to the face and generally parallel to the ground when the head is ideally positioned, a y-axis generally perpendicular to the x-axis and generally parallel to the ground when the head is ideally positioned, and a z-axis perpendicular to both the x-axis and y-axis; a maximum club head height defined as the distance between the lowest and highest points on the outer surface of the body measured along an axis parallel to the z-axis when the club head is at proper address position, a maximum club head width defined as the distance between the maximum extents of the heel and toe portions of the body measured along an axis parallel to the x-axis when the club head is at proper address position, and a maximum club head depth defined as the distance between the forwardmost and rearwardmost points on the surface of the body measured along an axis parallel to the y-axis when the club head is at proper address position; a rear mass element and a rear weight port contiguous with the rear mass element; and wherein the ratio of a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity x-axis generally parallel to the head origin x-axis to a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity z-axis generally parallel to the head origin z-axis is greater than approximately 0.6; wherein a rear portion of the sole extends upwardly approximately 20% to 40% of the distance from a lowest point of the club head to the crown; wherein in a cross-section parallel to the y-axis of the club head that passes through the rear mass element and the rear weight port, the sole is substantially flat and extends substantially parallel to the ground between approximately 70% and approximately 40% of the maximum club head depth; wherein the maximum club head height is between approximately 55 mm and approximately 75 mm, the maximum club head width is between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 mm, and the maximum club head depth is between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 mm; and wherein the golf club head has a CG with an x-axis coordinate between approximately −2 mm and approximately 6 mm, a y-axis coordinate between approximately 33 mm and approximately 41 mm, and a z-axis coordinate between approximately −8 mm and approximately 0 mm.

20. A golf club head, comprising: a body defining an interior cavity and comprising a sole positioned at a bottom portion of the golf club head, a crown positioned at a top portion, a heel and toe portion, and a skirt positioned around a periphery between the sole and crown, wherein the body has a forward portion and a rearward portion, wherein the crown is convex; a face positioned at the forward portion of the body, the face having an ideal impact location defining a golf club head origin, the head origin including an x-axis tangential to the face and generally parallel to the ground when the head is ideally positioned, a y-axis generally perpendicular to the x-axis and generally parallel to the ground when the head is ideally positioned, and a z-axis perpendicular to both the x-axis and y-axis; a maximum club head height defined as the distance between the lowest and highest points on the outer surface of the body measured along an axis parallel to the z-axis when the club head is at proper address position, a maximum club head width defined as the distance between the maximum extents of the heel and toe portions of the body measured along an axis parallel to the x-axis when the club head is at proper address position, and a maximum club head depth defined as the distance between the forwardmost and rearwardmost points on the surface of the body measured along an axis parallel to the y-axis when the club head is at proper address position; at least one mass element having a mass between 3 g and 30 g; and wherein the ratio of a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity x-axis generally parallel to the head origin x-axis to a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity z-axis generally parallel to the head origin z-axis is greater than approximately 0.6; wherein a rear portion of the sole extends upwardly approximately 20% to 40% of the distance from a lowest point of the club head to the crown; wherein a bottommost portion of the sole is substantially flat and extends substantially parallel to the ground between approximately 70% and approximately 40% of the maximum club head depth; wherein the at least one mass element is located proximate a rear portion of the club head and has a head origin x-axis coordinate between approximately −15 mm and approximately 15 mm, a head origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 90 mm and approximately 120 mm, and a head origin z-axis coordinate between approximately −20 mm and approximately 10 mm.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a golf club head according to a first embodiment.

(2) FIG. 2 is a front elevation view of the golf club head of FIG. 1.

(3) FIG. 3 is a bottom perspective view of the golf club head of FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 4 is a front elevation view of the golf dub head of FIG. 1 showing a golf club head origin coordinate system.

(5) FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of the golf club head of FIG. 1 showing a center of gravity coordinate system.

(6) FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 1.

(7) FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 1 taken along the line 6-6 of FIG. 1.

(8) FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view of the golf club head of FIG. 1 taken along the line 8-8 of FIG. 6 and shown without the hosel.

(9) FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional detailed view of the golf club head of FIG. 1 taken along the line 9-9 of FIG. 6 showing a heel mass element.

(10) FIG. 10 is a side elevation view of a golf club head according to a second embodiment.

(11) FIG. 11 is a front elevation view of the golf club head of FIG. 10.

(12) FIG. 12 is a bottom perspective view of the golf club head of FIG. 10.

(13) FIG. 13 is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 10.

(14) FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 10 taken along the line 14-14 of FIG. 10.

(15) FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional detailed view of the golf club head of FIG. 1 taken along the line 15-15 of FIG. 13.

(16) FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional side view of the golf club head of FIG. 1 taken along the line 16-16 of FIG. 14 and shown without the hosel.

(17) FIG. 17 is a side elevation view of a golf club head according to a third embodiment.

(18) FIG. 18 is a bottom perspective view of the golf club head of FIG. 17.

(19) FIG. 19 is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 17.

(20) FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 17 taken along the line 20-20 of FIG. 17.

(21) FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional side view of the golf club head of FIG. 17 taken along the line 21-21 of FIG. 19 and shown without the hosel.

(22) FIG. 22 is a side elevation view of a golf club head according to a fourth embodiment.

(23) FIG. 23 is a front elevation view of the golf club head of FIG. 22.

(24) FIG. 24 is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 22.

(25) FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 22 taken along the line 25-25 of FIG. 22.

(26) FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional side view of the golf club head of FIG. 22 taken along the line 26-26 of FIG. 24 and shown without the hosel.

(27) FIG. 27 is a perspective view of a golf club head according to a fifth embodiment.

(28) FIG. 28 is a side elevation view of the golf club head of FIG. 27.

(29) FIG. 29 is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 28.

(30) FIG. 30 is a chart showing various golf club head characteristics of the first, second, third and fourth golf club head embodiments.

(31) FIG. 31 is a chart showing various golf club head characteristics of several configurations of the fifth golf club head embodiment.

(32) FIG. 32 is a graph showing the ratio of the moment of inertia about the center of gravity x-axis to the moment of inertia about the center of gravity z-axis versus the moment of inertia about the center of gravity z-axis for the first thru fifth golf club head embodiments and various conventional golf club heads.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(33) In the following description, certain terms may be used such as “up,” “down,”, “upper,” “lower,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “left,” “right,” and the like. These terms are used, where applicable, to provide some clarity of description when dealing with relative relationships, particularly with respect to the illustrated embodiments. These terms are not, however, intended to imply absolute relationships, positions, and/or orientations. For example, with respect to an object, an “upper” surface can become a “lower” surface simply by turning the object over. Nevertheless, it is still the same object.

(34) As illustrated in FIGS. 1-9, a wood-type (e.g., driver or fairway wood) golf club head, such as golf club head 2, includes a hollow body 10. The body 10 includes a crown 12, a sole 14, a skirt 16, a striking face, or face portion, 18 defining an interior cavity 79 (see FIGS. 7-9). The body 10 can include a hosel 20, which defines a hosel bore 24 adapted to receive a golf club shaft (see FIG. 6). The body 10 further includes a heel portion 26, a toe portion 28, a front portion 30, and a rear portion 32. The club head 2 also has a volume, typically measured in cubic-centimeters (cm.sup.3), equal to the volumetric displacement of the club head 2. In some implementations, the golf club head 2 has a volume between approximately 420 cm.sup.3 and approximately 480 cm.sup.3, and a total mass between approximately 190 g and approximately 210 g. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 2 has a volume of approximately 458 cm.sup.3 and a total mass of approximately 200 g.

(35) The crown 12 is defined as an upper portion of the club head (1) above a peripheral outline 34 of the club head as viewed from a top-down direction; and (2) rearwards of the topmost portion of a ball striking surface 22 of the striking face 18 (see FIG. 6). The striking surface 22 is defined as a front or external surface of the striking face 18 and is adapted for impacting a golf ball (not shown). In several embodiments, the striking face or face portion 18 can be a striking plate attached to the body 10 using conventional attachment techniques, such as welding, as will be described in more detail below. In some embodiments, the striking surface 22 can have a bulge and roll curvature. For example, referring to FIG. 30, the striking surface 22 can have a bulge and roll each with a radius of approximately 305 mm.

(36) The sole 14 is defined as a lower portion of the club head 2 extending upwards from a lowest point of the dub head when the dub head is ideally positioned, i.e., at a proper address position relative to a golf ball on a level surface. In some implementations, the sole 14 extends approximately 50% to 60% of the distance from the lowest point of the club head to the crown 12, which in some instances, can be approximately 15 mm for a driver and between approximately 10 mm and 12 mm for a fairway wood.

(37) A golf club head, such as the club head 2, is at its proper address position when angle 15 (see FIG. 1) is approximately equal to the golf club head loft and when the golf club head lie angle 19 (see FIG. 2) is approximately equal to 60 degrees. Angle 15 is the angle defined between a face plane 27, defined as the plane tangent to an ideal impact location 23 on the striking surface 22, and a vertical plane 29 relative to the ground 17. Lie angle 19 is the angle defined between a longitudinal axis 21 of the hosel 20 or shaft and the ground 17. The ground, as used herein, is assumed to be a level plane.

(38) The skirt 16 includes a side portion of the club head 2 between the crown 12 and the sole 14 that extends across a periphery 34 of the club head, excluding the striking surface 22, from the toe portion 28, around the rear portion 32, to the heel portion 26. In the illustrated embodiment, the ideal impact location 23 of the golf club head 2 is disposed at the geometric center of the striking surface 22 (see FIG. 4). The striking surface 22 is typically defined as the intersection of the midpoints of a height (H.sub.ss) and width (W.sub.ss) of the striking surface. See USGA “Procedure for Measuring the Flexibility of a Golf Clubhead,” Revision 2.0. In some implementations, the golf club head 2 has a height (H.sub.ss) between approximately 50 mm and approximately 65 mm, and a width (W.sub.ss) between approximately 80 mm and approximately 100 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 2 has a height (H.sub.ss) of approximately 58.6 mm, width (W.sub.ss) of approximately 90.6 mm, and total striking surface area of approximately 3,929 mm.sup.2.

(39) In some embodiments, the striking face 18 is made of a composite material such as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2005/0239575 and 2004/0235584, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/642,310, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/877,336, which are incorporated herein by reference. In other embodiments, the striking face 18 is made from a metal alloy (e.g., titanium, steel, aluminum, and/or magnesium), ceramic material, or a combination of composite, metal alloy, and/or ceramic materials. Further, the striking face 18 can be a striking plate having a variable thickness such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,997,820, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(40) The crown 12, sole 14, and skirt 16 can be integrally formed using techniques such as molding, cold forming, casting, and/or forging and the striking face 18 can be attached to the crown, sole and skirt by means known in the art. For example, the striking face 18 can be attached to the body 10 as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2005/0239575 and 2004/0235584. The body 10 can be made from a metal alloy (e.g., titanium, steel, aluminum, and/or magnesium), composite material, ceramic material, or any combination thereof. The wall 72 of the golf club head 2 can be made of a thin-walled construction, such as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/067,475, filed Feb. 25, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, in some implementations, the wall can have a thickness between approximately 0.65 mm and approximately 0.8 mm. In one specific implementation, the wall 72 of the crown 12 and skirt 16 has a thickness of approximately 0.65 mm, and the wall of the sole 14 has a thickness of approximately 0.8 mm.

(41) A club head origin coordinate system may be defined such that the location of various features of the club head (including, e.g., a club head center-of-gravity (CG) 50 (see FIGS. 5 and 6)) can be determined. Referring to FIGS. 4-6, a dub head origin 60 is represented on club head 2. The club head origin 60 is positioned at the ideal impact location 23, or geometric center, of the striking surface 22.

(42) Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, the head origin coordinate system, as defined with respect to the head origin 60, includes three axes: a z-axis 65 extending through the head origin 60 in a generally vertical direction relative to the ground 17 when the club head 2 is at the address position; an x-axis 70 extending through the head origin 60 in a toe-to-heel direction generally parallel to the striking surface 22, i.e., generally tangential to the striking surface 22 at the ideal impact location 23, and generally perpendicular to the z-axis 65; and a y-axis 75 extending through the head origin 60 in a front-to-back direction and generally perpendicular to the x-axis 70 and to the z-axis 65. The x-axis 70 and the y-axis 75 both extend in generally horizontal directions relative to the ground 17 when the club head 2 is at the address position. The x-axis 70 extends in a positive direction from the origin 60 to the heel 26 of the club head 2. The y-axis 75 extends in a positive direction from the origin 60 towards the rear portion 32 of the club head 2. The z-axis 65 extends in a positive direction from the origin 60 towards the crown 12.

(43) In one embodiment, the golf club head can have a CG with an x-axis coordinate between approximately −2 mm and approximately 6 mm, a y-axis coordinate between approximately 33 mm and approximately 41 mm, and a z-axis coordinate between approximately −7 mm and approximately 1 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the CG x-axis coordinate is approximately 1.8 mm, the CG y-axis coordinate is approximately 37.1 mm, and the CG z-axis coordinate is approximately −126 mm.

(44) Referring to FIG. 4, club head 2 has a maximum club head height (H.sub.ch) defined as the distance between the lowest and highest points on the outer surface of the body 10 measured along an axis parallel to the z-axis when the club head 2 is at proper address position; a maximum club head width (W.sub.ch) defined as the distance between the maximum extents of the heel and toe portions 26, 28 of the body measured along an axis parallel to the x-axis when the club head 2 is at proper address position; and a maximum club head depth (D.sub.ch), or length, defined as the distance between the forwardmost and rearwardmost points on the surface of the body 10 measured along an axis parallel to the y-axis when the club head 2 is at proper address position. The height and width of club head 2 is measured according to the USGA “Procedure for Measuring the Clubhead Size of Wood Clubs” Revision 1.0. In some implementations, the golf club head 2 has a height (H.sub.ch) between approximately 55 mm and approximately 75 mm, a width (W.sub.ch) between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 mm, and a depth (D.sub.ch) between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 turn. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 2 has a height (H.sub.ch) of approximately 60.7 mm, width (W.sub.ch) of approximately 120.5 mm, and depth (D.sub.ch) of approximately 115 mm.

(45) In certain embodiments, the club head 2 includes a rib 82 extending along an interior surface of the sole 14 and skirt 16 generally parallel to the striking face 18. In some instances, the rib 82 provides structural rigidity to the dub head 2 and vibrational dampening. Although club head 2 includes a single rib 82, in some implementations, the club head 2 includes multiple ribs 82. Further, in some implementations, the rib 82 extends along only the sole 14 or includes two spaced-apart portions each extending along the skirt 16 on separate sides of the club head.

(46) Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, golf club head moments of inertia are typically defined about three axes extending through the golf club head CG 50: (1) a CG z-axis 85 extending through the CG 50 in a generally vertical direction relative to the ground 17 when the club head 2 is at address position; (2) a CG x-axis 90 extending through the CG 50 in a heel-to-toe direction generally parallel to the striking surface 22 and generally perpendicular to the CG z-axis 85; and (3) a CG y-axis 95 extending through the CG 50 in a front-to-back direction and generally perpendicular to the CG x-axis 90 and the CG z-axis 85. The al x-axis 90 and the CG y-axis 95 both extend in a generally horizontal direction relative to the ground 17 when the club head 2 is at the address position.

(47) A moment of inertia about the golf club head CG x-axis 90 is calculated by the following equation
Ixx=∫(y.sup.2+z.sup.2)dm  (1)
where y is the distance from a golf club head CG xz-plane to an infinitesimal mass dm and z is the distance from a golf club head CG xy-plane to the infinitesimal mass dm. The golf club head CG xz-plane is a plane defined by the golf club head CG x-axis 90 and the golf club head CG z-axis 85. The CG xy-plane is a plane defined by the golf club head CG x-axis 90 and the golf club head CG y-axis 95.

(48) A moment of inertia about the golf dub head CU z-axis 85 is calculated by the following equation
Izz=∫(x.sup.2+y.sup.2)dm  (2)
where x is the distance from a golf club head CU yz-plane to an infinitesimal mass dm and y is the distance from the golf club head CG xz-plane to the infinitesimal mass dm. The golf club head CU yz-plane is a plane defined by the golf club head CG y-axis 95 and the golf club head CG z-axis 85.

(49) As the moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) is an indication of the ability of a golf club head to resist twisting about the CU z-axis, the moment of inertia about the CU x-axis (Ixx) is an indication of the ability of the golf club head to resist twisting about the CG x-axis. The higher the moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx), the greater the forgiveness of the golf club head on high and low off-center impacts with a golf ball. In other words, a golf ball hit by a golf club head on a location of the striking surface 18 above the ideal impact location 23 causes the golf club head to twist upwardly and the golf ball to have a higher launch angle and lower spin than desired. Similarly, a golf ball hit by a golf club head on a location of the striking surface 18 below the ideal impact location 23 causes the golf dub head to twist downwardly and the golf ball to have a lower launch angle and higher spin than desired. Both high and low off-center hits also cause loss of ball speed compared to centered hits. Increasing the moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) reduces upward and downward twisting of the golf club head to reduce the negative effects of high and low off-center impacts.

(50) As discussed above, many conventional golf club heads are designed to achieve a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) that approaches the maximum moment of inertia allowable by the USGA in order to increase straightness of the shot and reduce ball speed-loss, i.e., forgiveness on heel and toe off-center hits. However, few, if any, conventional golf club heads are designed to achieve a high moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) in conjunction with a high moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz). Moreover, the prior art does not recognize the need to, nor the advantages associated with, configuring a golf club head to have an increased moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) while maintaining a specific ratio of the moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) to the moment of inertia about the CG z-axis, i.e., Ixx/Izz.

(51) Increasing the moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) typically does not involve distributing additional mass away from the hosel and shaft. Accordingly, the moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) can be increased without significantly affecting the ability of a golfer to square the club head at impact. Therefore, a golf club head can have a moderately high moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) and an increased moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) to provide a golf club head with a high forgiveness on high, low, heel and toe off-center impacts without negatively impacting a golfer's ability to square the golf club head. Further, a given head design offers only so much discretionary mass that can be used to achieve specific moments of inertia, e.g., moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) and/or moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz). Thus, it is often not desirable to utilize all or most of the discretionary mass to achieve a selected moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz), in part because increases in moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) beyond about 500 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 accrue proportionately less benefit. In such instances, it is often desirable to maintain moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) and redistribute mass to achieve an increase in moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) and thus an increase in the ratio of moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) to moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz).

(52) As moments of inertia are proportional to the square of the distance of the mass away from an axis of rotation, according to several embodiments, golf club heads described herein can include one or more localized or discrete mass elements positioned at strategic locations about the golf club head to affect the moments of the inertia of the head without increasing the bulk of the golf club head. Further, in some embodiments, using localized or discrete mass elements in conjunction with body a made of a thin-walled construction can provide desirable mass properties without the need for composite materials, which can lead to increased material and manufacturing costs.

(53) Referring to FIGS. 7-9, golf club 2 includes a localized heel mass element 74 and rear mass element 76. A mass element can be defined as an individual structure having a mass, or a plurality of localized structures each having a mass, secured to a wall of a golf club head or integrally formed as a one-piece construction with and extending from the wall of a golf club head. Although an integrally formed mass element can be described as a build-up of wall thickness, a portion of the built-up wall thickness contiguous with, and having the same general thickness as, the wall surrounding the mass element does not form part of the mass element, and thus is not included in the mass or center of gravity determination of the mass element.

(54) The mass elements 74, 76 can be positioned within the interior cavity 79 and secured to, or be formed integrally with, respective inner surfaces of wall 72 or striking face 18. As shown, the mass elements 74, 76 are formed integrally with, and extend inwardly from, wall 72 or striking face 18 of body 10 to form a localized area of increased or built-up wall thickness. The heel mass element 74 is positioned on the skirt 14 at the heel portion 26 of the golf club head 2 proximate the front portion 30. The rear mass element 76 extends inwardly from the sole 14, skirt 16, and crown 12 and is positioned proximate the rear portion 32 of the golf club head 2.

(55) The location of each mass element 74, 76 on the golf club head can be defined as the location of the center of gravity of the mass element relative to the club head origin coordinate system. For example, in some implementations, the heel mass element 74 has an origin x-axis coordinate between approximately 35 mm and approximately 65 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 0 mm and approximately 30 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate between approximately −20 mm and approximately 10 mm. In one specific implementation, the heel mass element 74 has an origin x-axis coordinate of approximately 50 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate of approximately 15 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate of approximately −3 mm. Similarly, in some implementations, the rear mass element 76 has an origin x-axis coordinate between approximately −20 mm and approximately 10 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 90 mm and approximately 120 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate between approximately −20 mm and approximately 10 mm. In one specific implementation, the rear mass element 76 has an origin x-axis coordinate of approximately −7 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate of approximately 106 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate of approximately −3 mm.

(56) Further, the mass elements 74, 76 can have any one of various masses. For example, in some implementations, the heel mass element 74 has a mass between about 3 g and about 23 g and the rear mass element 76 has a mass between about 15 g and about 35 g. In one specific implementation, the heel mass element 74 has a mass of approximately 6 g and the rear mass element 76 has a mass of approximately 24 g.

(57) The configuration of the golf club head 2, including the locations and mass of the mass elements 74, 76, can, in some implementations, result in the club head 2 having a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) between about 450 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 600 kg.Math.mm.sup.2, and a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) between about 280 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 400 kg.Math.mm.sup.2. In one specific implementation having the mass element locations and masses indicated in FIG. 30, club head 2 has a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) of approximately 528 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) of approximately 339 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 In this implementation, then, the ratio of Ixx/Izz is approximately 0.64. However, in other implementations, the ratio of Ixx/Izz is between about 0.5 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 0.9 kg.Math.mm.sup.2.

(58) Referring to FIGS. 10-16, and according to another exemplary embodiment, golf club head 100 has a body 110 with a crown 112, sole 114, skirt 116, and striking face 118 defining an interior cavity 157. The body 110 further includes a hosel 120, heel portion 126, a toe portion 128, a front portion 130, a rear portion 132, and an internal rib 182. The striking face 118 includes an outwardly facing ball striking surface 122 having an ideal impact location at a geometric center 123 of the striking surface. In some implementations, the golf club head 100 has a volume between approximately 420 cm.sup.3 and approximately 480 cm.sup.3, and a total mass between approximately 190 g and approximately 210 g. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 100 has a volume of approximately 454 cm.sup.3 and a total mass of approximately 202.8 g.

(59) Unless otherwise noted, the general details and features of the body 110 of golf dub head 100 can be understood with reference to the same or similar features of the body 10 of golf club head 2.

(60) The sole 114 extends upwardly from the lowest point of the golf club head 100 a shorter distance than the sole 14 of golf club head 2. For example, in some implementations, the sole 114 extends upwardly approximately 20% to 40% of the distance from the lowest point of the club head 100 to the crown 112, which in some instances, can be approximately 15 mm for a driver and between approximately 10 mm and approximately 12 mm for a fairway wood. Further, the sole 114 comprises a substantially flat portion 119 extending horizontal to the ground 117 when in proper address position. In some implementations, the bottommost portion of the sole 114 extends substantially parallel to the ground 117 between approximately 70% and approximately 40% of the depth (D.sub.ch) of the golf club head 100.

(61) Because the sole 114 of golf club head 100 is shorter than the sole 12 of golf club head 2, the skirt 116 is taller, i.e., extends a greater approximately vertical distance, than the skirt 16 of golf club head 2. In at least one implementation, the golf club head 100 includes a weight port 140 formed in the skirt 116 proximate the rear portion 132 of the dub head (see FIG. 12). The weight port 140 can have any of a number of various configurations to receive and retain any of a number of weights or weight assemblies, such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/066,720 and 11/065,772, which are incorporated herein by reference.

(62) In some implementations, the striking surface 122 golf club head 100 has a height (H.sub.ss) between approximately 50 mm and approximately 65 mm, and a width (W.sub.ss) between approximately 80 mm and approximately 100 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 100 has a height (H.sub.ss) of approximately 59.6 mm, width (W.sub.ss) of approximately 90.6 mm, and total striking surface area of approximately 4,098 mm.sup.2.

(63) In one embodiment, the golf club head 100 has a CG with an x-axis coordinate between approximately −2 mm and approximately 6 mm, a y-axis coordinate between approximately 33 mm and approximately 41 mm, and a z-axis coordinate between approximately −8 mm and approximately 0 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the CG x-axis coordinate is approximately 2.0 mm, the CG y-axis coordinate is approximately 37.9 mm, and the CG z-axis coordinate is approximately −4.67 mm.

(64) In some implementations, the golf club head 100 has a height (H.sub.ch) between approximately 55 mm and approximately 75 mm, a width (W.sub.ch) between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 mm, and a depth (D.sub.ch) between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 100 has a height (H.sub.ch) of approximately 62.2 mm, width (W.sub.ch) of approximately 119.3 mm, and depth (D.sub.ch) of approximately 110.7 mm.

(65) Referring to FIGS. 14-16, golf club head 100 includes a localized heel mass element 174 and rear mass element 176. In some implementations, the heel mass element 174 has an origin x-axis coordinate between approximately 35 mm and approximately 65 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 10 mm and approximately 40 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate between approximately −25 mm and approximately 5 mm. In one specific implementation, the heel mass element 174 has an origin x-axis coordinate of approximately 50 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate of approximately 25 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate of approximately −10 mm. Similarly, in some implementations, the rear mass element 176 has an origin x-axis coordinate between approximately −15 mm and approximately 15 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 90 mm and approximately 120 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate between approximately −20 mm and approximately 10 mm. In one specific implementation, the rear mass element 176 has an origin x-axis coordinate of approximately 0 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate of approximately 103 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate of approximately −4 mm.

(66) Like mass elements 74, 76, the mass elements 174, 176 can have any one of various masses. For example, in some implementations, the heel mass element 174 has a mass between about 3 g and about 23 g and the rear mass element 176 has a mass between about 10 g and about 30 g. In one specific implementation, the heel mass element 174 has a mass of approximately 6 g and the rear mass element 176 has a mass of approximately 19 g.

(67) The configuration of the golf club head 100, including the locations and mass of the mass elements 174, 176, can, in some implementations, result in the club head having a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) between about 450 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 600 kg.Math.mm.sup.2, and a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) between about 280 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 400 kg.Math.mm.sup.2. In one specific implementation having mass element locations and masses indicated in FIG. 30, club head 100 has a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) of approximately 498 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) of approximately 337 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 In this implementation, then, the ratio of Ixx/Izz is approximately 0.68. However, in other implementations, the ratio of Ixx/Izz is between about 0.5 and about 0.9.

(68) Referring to FIGS. 17-21, and according to another exemplary embodiment, golf dub head 200 has a body 210 with a low skirt similar to body 110 of golf club head 100. The body 210 includes a crown 212, a sole 214, a skirt 216, a striking face 218 defining an interior cavity 257. The body 210 further includes a hose 220, heel portion 226, toe portion 228, front portion 230, and rear portion 232. The striking face 218 includes an outwardly facing ball striking surface 222 having an ideal impact location at a geometric center 223 of the striking surface. In some implementations, the golf club head 200 has a volume between approximately 420 cm.sup.3 and approximately 480 cm.sup.3, and a total mass between approximately 190 g and approximately 210 g. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 200 has a volume of approximately 454 cm.sup.3 and a total mass of approximately 202.8 g.

(69) Unless otherwise noted, the general details and features of the body 210 of golf club head 200 can be understood with reference to the same or similar features of the body 10 of golf club head 2 and body 110 of golf club head 100.

(70) Like sole 114 of golf club head 100, the sole 214 extends upwardly approximately 20% to 40% of the distance from the lowest point of the club head 200 to the crown 212. Therefore, the skirt 216 is taller, i.e., extends a greater approximately vertical distance, than the skirt 16 of golf club head 2.

(71) In at least one implementation, and shown in FIGS. 18 and 21, the golf club head 200 includes a weight port 240 formed in the sole 114 proximate the rear portion 232 of the club head. The weight port 240 can have any of a number of various configurations to receive and retain any of a number of weights or weight assemblies. For example, as shown, the weight port 240 extends substantially vertically from the wall 272 of the body 210 upwardly into the interior cavity 257.

(72) In some implementations, the striking surface 222 golf club head 200 has a height (H.sub.ss) between approximately 50 mm and approximately 65 mm, and a width (W.sub.ss) between approximately 80 mm and approximately 100 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 200 has a height (H.sub.ss) of approximately 56.8 mm, width (W.sub.ss) of approximately 92.3 mm, and total striking surface area of approximately 4,100 mm.sup.2.

(73) In one embodiment, the golf club head 200 has a CG with an x-axis coordinate between approximately −2 mm and approximately 6 mm, a y-axis coordinate between approximately 33 mm and approximately 41 mm, and a z-axis coordinate between approximately −8 mm and approximately 0 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the CG x-axis coordinate is approximately 2.3 trim, the CG y-axis coordinate is approximately 36.7 mm, and the CG z-axis coordinate is approximately −4.65 mm.

(74) In some implementations, the golf club head 200 has a height (H.sub.ch) between approximately 55 mm and approximately 75 mm, a width (W.sub.ch) between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 mm, and a depth (D.sub.ch) between approximately 110 mm and approximately 130 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 200 has a height (H.sub.a) of approximately 61.5 mm, width (W.sub.ch) of approximately 122.8 mm, and depth (D.sub.ch) of approximately 113.5 mm.

(75) Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21, golf club head 200 includes a localized heel mass element 274 and rear mass element 276. In some implementations, the heel mass element 274 has an origin x-axis coordinate between approximately 35 mm and approximately 65 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 10 mm and approximately 40 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate between approximately −15 mm and approximately 5 mm. In one specific implementation, the heel mass element 274 has an origin x-axis coordinate of approximately 50 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate of approximately mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate of approximately −11 mm. Similarly, in some implementations, the rear mass element 276 has an origin x-axis coordinate between approximately −15 mm and approximately 15 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 95 mm and approximately 125 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate between approximately −30 mm and approximately 0 mm. In one specific implementation, the rear mass element 276 has an origin x-axis coordinate of approximately −1 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate of approximately 106 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate of approximately −18 mm.

(76) Like mass elements 74, 76, the mass elements 274, 276 can have any one of various masses or weights. For example, in some implementations, the heel mass element 274 has a mass between about 3 g and about 23 g and the rear mass element 276 has a mass between about 5 g and about 25 g. In one specific implementation, the heel mass element 274 has a mass of approximately 5 g and the rear mass element 276 has a mass of approximately 8 g.

(77) The configuration of the golf club head 200, including the locations and mass of the mass elements 274, 276, can, in some implementations, result in the club head having a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) between about 450 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 600 kg.Math.mm.sup.2, and a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) between about 280 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 400 kg.Math.mm.sup.2. In one specific implementation having mass element locations and masses indicated in FIG. 30, club head 200 has a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) of approximately 495 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) of approximately 333 kg.Math.mm.sup.2. In this implementation, then, the ratio of Ixx/Izz is approximately 0.67. However, in other implementations, the ratio of Ixx/Izz is between about 0.5 and about 0.9.

(78) Referring to FIGS. 22-26, and according to another exemplary embodiment, golf club head 300 has a body 310 that includes a crown 312, a sole 314, a skirt 316, a striking face 318 defining an interior cavity 357. The body 310 further includes a hosel 320, heel portion 326, toe portion 328, front portion 330, and rear portion 332. The striking face 318 includes an outwardly facing ball striking surface 322 having an ideal impact location at a geometric center 323 of the striking surface. The club head 300 also has a volume, typically measured in cubic-centimeters (cm.sup.3), equal to the volumetric displacement of the club head 300. In some implementations, the golf club head 300 has a volume between approximately 420 cm.sup.3 and approximately 480 cm.sup.3, and a total mass between approximately 190 g and approximately 210 g. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 300 has a volume of approximately 453 cm.sup.3 and a total mass of approximately 202.3 g.

(79) Unless otherwise noted, the general details and features of the body 310 of golf club head 300 can be understood with reference to the same or similar features of the body 10 of golf club head 2, body 110 of golf club head 100 and body 210 of golf club head 200.

(80) Like soles 114, 214, the sole 314 extends upwardly approximately 20% to 40% of the distance from the lowest point of the club head 300 to the crown 312. Like skirts 116, 216, the skirt 316 is taller, i.e., extends a greater approximately vertical distance, than the skirt 16 of golf club head 2. However, unlike, skirts 116, 216, skirt 316 includes an inverted portion 352 having a substantially concave outer surface 336 extending about at least a substantial portion of the toe portion 328 of the golf club head 300.

(81) Similar to the golf club head described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/565,485, which is incorporated herein by reference, golf club head 300 includes a rib 350 that has an external portion 356 and two internal portions 358, 360 (see FIGS. 24 and 25). The external portion 356 is positioned along and projects from the external surface 336 of the concave portion 330. The internal portions 358, 360 are positioned within the internal cavity 357 of the body 302 and project from an internal surface 338 of the body. The external portion 356 is positioned between the first and second internal portions 358, 360 and is coupled to the internal portions via respective first and second rib transition regions (not shown) formed in a wall 372 of the body 310. Rib 350 extends generally parallel to a striking surface 322 of striking face 318 of the golf club head 300 along the toe portion 328 of the body 310. More specifically, the rib 350 extends along the toe portion 328 of the body 310 upwardly from the sole 314, along the skirt 316, to the crown 312.

(82) In some implementations, the striking surface 322 golf club head 300 has a height (H.sub.ss) between approximately 50 mm and approximately 65 mm, and a width (W.sub.ss) between approximately 80 mm and approximately 100 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 300 has a height (H.sub.ss) of approximately 57.2 mm, width (W.sub.ss) of approximately 90.6 mm, and total striking surface area of approximately 3,929 mm.sup.2.

(83) In one embodiment, the golf club head 300 has a CG with an x-axis coordinate between approximately −2 mm and approximately 6 mm, a y-axis coordinate between approximately 33 mm and approximately 41 mm, and a z-axis coordinate between approximately −6 mm and approximately 2 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the CG x-axis coordinate is approximately 3.3 mm, the CG y-axis coordinate is approximately 30.1 mm, and the CG z-axis coordinate is approximately −0.09 mm.

(84) In some implementations, the golf dub head 300 has a height (H.sub.ch) between approximately 53 mm and approximately 73 mm, a width (W.sub.ch) between approximately 105 mm and approximately 125 mm, and a depth (D.sub.ch) between approximately 105 mm and approximately 125 mm. Referring to FIG. 30, in one specific implementation, the golf club head 300 has a height (H.sub.ch) of approximately 59 mm, width (W.sub.ch) of approximately 117.2 mm, and depth (D.sub.ch) of approximately 117.2 mm.

(85) Referring to FIGS. 25 and 26, golf club head 300 includes a localized heel mass element 374, rear mass element 376 and toe mass element 378. The toe mass element 378 is similar to the heel mass element 374, but positioned on the skirt 314 at the toe portion 328 of the golf dub head 310 proximate the front portion 330.

(86) In some implementations, the heel mass element 374 has an origin x-axis coordinate between approximately 35 mm and approximately 65 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 10 mm and approximately 40 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate between approximately 0 mm and approximately 20 mm. In one specific implementation, the heel mass element 374 has an origin x-axis coordinate of approximately 53 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate of approximately 21 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate of approximately 7 mm. Similarly, in some implementations, the rear mass element 376 has an origin x-axis coordinate between approximately −25 mm and approximately 5 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate between approximately 90 mm and approximately 120 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate between approximately −5 mm and approximately 25 mm. In one specific implementation, the rear mass element 376 has an origin x-axis coordinate of approximately −10 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate of approximately 109 mm, and an origin z-axis coordinate of approximately 10 mm.

(87) Like mass elements 74, 76, the mass elements 374, 376 can have any one of various masses or weights. For example, in some implementations, the heel mass element 374 has a mass between about 5 g and about 25 g and the rear mass element 376 has a mass between about 10 g and about 30 g. In one specific implementation, the heel mass element 374 has a mass of approximately 11 g and the rear mass element 376 has a mass of approximately 21 g.

(88) The configuration of the golf club head 300, including the locations and mass of the mass elements 374, 376, can, in some implementations, result in the club head having a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis Izz) between about 450 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 600 kg.Math.mm.sup.2, and a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Er) between about 280 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 400 kg.Math.mm.sup.2. In one specific implementation having mass element locations and masses indicated in FIG. 30, club head 300 has a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis of approximately 536 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) of approximately 336 kg.Math.mm.sup.2. In this implementation, then, the ratio of Ixx/Izz is approximately 0.63. However, in other implementations, the ratio of Ixx/Izz is between about 0.5 and about 0.9.

(89) One specific exemplary implementation of a golf club head 400 having a generally rectangular ball striking face with a corresponding rectangular ball striking surface 410 is shown in FIGS. 27-29. The golf club head 400 includes a body 420 having a hosel 421 and four generally planar sides, i.e., top side 422, right side 424, left side 426, and bottom side 428. The sides 422, 424, 426, 428 extend in a tapering manner from the ball striking surface 410 at a forward portion 430 of the golf club head and converging at a generally square end 440 at a rearward portion 442 of the golf club head. Accordingly, the surface area of the ball striking surface 410 is larger than the cross-sectional surface areas of the body 420 along planes parallel to the striking surface. The golf club head 400 includes a club head origin 416 positioned at the geometric center of the striking surface 410. The origin 416 acts as the origin of a golf club head coordinate system, similar to that described above, of the golf club head 400.

(90) In the illustrated embodiment, the edges, or intersections, between the sides 422, 424, 426, 428, striking surface 410 and end 440 appear relatively sharp. Of course, any one or more of the sharp edges between the sides, striking surface and end can be eased or radiused without departing from the general relationships. In general, the golf dub head 400 has a generally pyramidal, prismatic, pyramidal frustum, or prismatic frustum shape. When viewed from above, or in plan view, the golf club head has a generally triangular or trapezoidal shape.

(91) In one specific implementation, for optimum forgiveness and playability, the ball striking surface 410 has the maximum allowable surface area under current USGA dimensional constraints for golf club heads. In other words, the ball striking surface 410 has a maximum height (H) of approximately 71 mm (2.8 inches) and a maximum width (W) of approximately 125 mm (5 inches). Accordingly, the ball striking surface 410 has an area of approximately 8,875 mm.sup.2. In other embodiments, the ball striking surface 410 may have a maximum height (H) between about 67 mm to about 71 mm, a maximum width (W) between about 118 mm to about 125 mm, and a corresponding ball striking surface area of between about 7,900 mm.sup.2 to about 8,875 mm.sup.2.

(92) In certain implementations, the golf club head 400 has a maximum depth (D) equal to the maximum allowable depth under current USGA dimensional constraints, i.e., approximately 125 mm. In other embodiments, the golf club head 400 may have a maximum depth (D) between about 118 mm to about 125 mm. In some implementations, the golf club head 400 has a volume equal to the maximum allowable volume under current USGA dimensional constraints, i.e., approximately 460 cm.sup.3. The area of the square end 440 may range from about 342 mm.sup.2 to about 361 mm.sup.2.

(93) The golf club head 400 includes one or more discrete mass elements. For example, in the illustrated embodiments, the golf club head 400 includes three discrete mass elements: heel mass element 474, rear mass element 476 and toe mass element 478. Each mass element 474, 476, 478 is defined by its location about the golf club head 400 and mass. The location of the mass elements about the golf club head are described according to the coordinates of the mass element CG on the golf club head origin coordinate system.

(94) The golf club head 400 can be configured according to any one of various configurations, e.g., golf club head configurations 400A-400G, each having a unique mass element location and weight to achieve specific moments of inertia Ixx and Izz, and a specific Ixx/Izz ratio. The body 420 of each configuration 400A-400G is constructed of a composite material and the total mass of the golf club head 400 of each configuration 400A-400G is approximately 203 g.

(95) Referring to FIG. 31, the locations and masses of the heel mass element 474, rear mass element 476 and toe mass element 478, as well as the resulting moments of inertia characteristics, for golf club head configurations 400A-400G are shown. As shown, for each golf club head configuration 400A-400G, the moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) is between approximately 427 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and approximately 525 kg.Math.mm.sup.2, the moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) is between approximately 447 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and approximately 702 kg.Math.mm.sup.2, and the Ixx/Izz ratio is between approximately 0.66 and approximately 0.96.

(96) As indicated in FIG. 31, the location and weight of the three concentrated mass elements has a significant impact on the Ixx/Izz ratio for a given moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) or CG x-axis (Ixx). For example, golf club head configuration 400A has a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) of approximately 427 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) of approximately 645 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 to achieve an Ixx/Izz ratio of approximately 0.66. Although the moments of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) and z-axis (Izz) provide high forgiveness on high/low and left/right off-center hits, respectively, the moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) for this configuration may make it difficult for a golfer to square the club head prior to impact with a golf ball.

(97) As perhaps a more preferable configuration compared to configuration 400A, golf club head configuration 400B can be accomplished by configuring the golf club head to have a toe mass element 478 that is closer to the heel mass element 474 than configuration 400A. The resultant golf club head configuration 400B has the same moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) as configuration 400A, but has a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz), i.e., approximately 593 kg.Math.mm.sup.2, that is less than configuration 400A to achieve a slightly higher Ixx/Izz ratio of approximately 0.72. Although golf club head configuration 400B has a lower moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) than configuration 400B, the moment of inertia is still sufficiently high to provide high forgiveness for left/right off-center hits, while allowing a golfer to more easily square the golf club head prior to impact.

(98) For more ease in squaring the golf club head prior to impact, configuration 400C includes heel and toe mass elements 474, 478 that are closer to each other than configuration 400B to reduce the moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) and maintain the moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) compared to configuration 400C. Accordingly, configuration 400C maintains a very high moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (Ixx) for alleviating the negative effects of high/low impacts and achieves a high moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (Izz) for alleviating the negative effects of right/left impacts. The resultant Ixx/Izz ratio of configuration 400C of approximately 0.96 is significantly higher than the ratio of configuration 400B.

(99) Configuration 400D has a moment of inertia about its z-axis (Izz) and an Ixx/Izz ratio that falls between configuration 4009 and configuration 400C.

(100) Configurations 400E-400G follow a similar pattern compared to configurations 400B-400D. More specifically, configuration 400F has a moment of inertia about its z-axis (Izz) and an Ixx/Izz ratio that falls between configuration 400E and configuration 400G. However, the configurations 400E-400G differ from configurations 400B-400D in several respects. Most significantly, the heel and toe mass elements 474, 478 of respective configurations 400E-400G have less weight than the heel and toe mass elements 474, 478 of respective configurations 400B-400D. Additionally, the rear mass elements 476 of respective configurations 400E-400G have more weight than the rear mass elements 476 of respective configurations 400B-400D. In other words, more weight is concentrated in the rear of configurations 400E-400G than in configurations 400B-400D. The result is that the configurations 400E-400G have moments of inertia about respective CG x-axes (Ixx) that are significantly higher than the same moments of inertia achieved by configurations 400B-400C, while the Ixx/Izz ratios of corresponding configurations remain proportionally similar.

(101) Referring to FIG. 32, the Ixx/Izz ratio verses the moment of inertia about the z-axis (Izz) for each of the various golf club head embodiments described above is shown. Also shown is the Ixx/Izz ratio verses the moment of inertia about the z-axis (Izz) for a plurality of conventional golf club heads. The conventional golf club heads shown have moments of inertia about their respective CG z-axes (Izz) between about 250 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and 480 kg.Math.mm.sup.2, and Ixx/Izz ratios between approximately 0.45 and 0.78. However, no individual conventional golf club head has (1) a moment of inertia about its CG z-axis (Izz) greater than approximately 480 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and an Ixx/Izz ratio greater than approximately 0.6; or (2) a moment of inertia about its CG z-axis (Izz) greater than approximately 440 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and an Ixx/Izz ratio greater than 0.8.

(102) In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosed golf club head may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the disclosed golf club head. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims. We therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims.