Techniques for marking a substrate using a physical vapor deposition material

Abstract

Techniques, processes and structures are disclosed for providing markings on products, such as electronic devices. For example, the markings can be formed using physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes to deposit a layer of material. The markings or labels may be textual and/or graphic. The markings are deposited on a compliant layer that is disposed on a surface to be marked. The compliant layer is arranged to isolate the surface to be marked from the layer of material deposited using the PVD process.

Claims

1. A method for forming a housing for an electronic device, the method comprising: depositing an intermediate layer on an interior glass surface of the housing, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a liquefiable adhesive; compressing the intermediate layer against the surface of the housing using a compression member; heating the intermediate layer while compressing the intermediate layer against the surface of the housing using the compression member; curing the intermediate layer using ultraviolet light while compressing the intermediate layer against the surface of the housing using the compression member; and depositing a layer of physical vapor deposition material over the intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer is positioned between the housing and the layer of physical vapor deposition material and wherein the layer of physical vapor deposition material forms a logo on the interior glass surface of the housing.

2. The method defined in claim 1 wherein the intermediate layer is arranged to completely isolate the surface of the housing from the layer of physical vapor deposition material.

3. The method defined in claim 1 wherein the layer of physical vapor deposition material forms text on the interior glass surface of the housing.

4. A method for forming a housing for an electronic device, wherein the housing has an interior and an exterior, the method comprising: depositing an intermediate layer on a surface of the interior of the housing, wherein the surface comprises glass and wherein the intermediate layer is a liquefiable intermediate layer; compressing the intermediate layer against the surface using a compression member; heating the intermediate layer using the compression member while compressing the intermediate layer against the surface to liquefy the intermediate layer; and depositing a layer of metal physical vapor deposition material on the intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer is positioned between the surface of the interior of the housing and the layer of metal physical vapor deposition material, and wherein both the intermediate layer and the layer of metal physical vapor deposition material are located in the interior of the housing.

5. The method defined in claim 4 wherein the intermediate layer comprises an adhesive.

6. The method defined in claim 5 wherein the adhesive comprises a liquefiable optical adhesive.

7. The method defined in claim 4 wherein the intermediate layer has a thickness between 50 nm and 500 nm.

8. The method defined in claim 4 wherein heating the intermediate layer comprises heating the intermediate layer to 80 degrees Celsius.

9. The method defined in claim 4 wherein the layer of metal physical vapor deposition material forms text on the surface of the interior of the housing.

10. A method for forming a housing of an electronic device, wherein the housing has an interior and an exterior and wherein the housing comprises a glass substrate having a surface, the method comprising: depositing a clear polymer layer on the glass substrate to coat the surface; depositing a physical vapor deposition layer on the clear polymer layer; assembling the glass substrate into the electronic device with the surface in the interior of the housing, wherein the physical vapor deposition layer is viewable from the exterior of the housing through the glass substrate and the clear polymer layer; compressing the clear polymer layer against the coated surface, heating the clear polymer layer while compressing the clear polymer layer against the coated surface; and curing the clear polymer layer using ultraviolet light while compressing the clear polymer layer against the coated surface.

11. The method defined in claim 10 wherein depositing the physical vapor deposition layer comprises depositing a metal layer on the clear polymer layer.

12. The method defined in claim 11 wherein depositing the metal layer comprises forming a logo on the glass substrate.

13. The method defined in claim 11 wherein depositing the metal layer comprises forming text on the glass substrate.

14. The method defined in claim 10 wherein depositing the clear polymer layer comprises depositing a liquefiable optical layer.

15. The method defined in claim 10 wherein assembling the glass substrate into the electronic device comprises surrounding the clear polymer layer and the physical vapor deposition layer with portions of the housing.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:

(2) FIG. 1A is a diagrammatic side-view cross-sectional representation of a substrate structure that includes an intermediate or buffer layer between a substrate and a layer of physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating or thin film in accordance with a first embodiment.

(3) FIG. 1B is a diagrammatic side-view cross-sectional representation of a substrate structure that includes an intermediate or buffer layer between a substrate and a layer of PVD coating or thin film in accordance with a second embodiment.

(4) FIG. 2A is a diagrammatic side-view cross-sectional representation of a device in which substrate structure that includes an intermediate or buffer layer between a substrate and a PVD coating is incorporated in accordance with an embodiment.

(5) FIG. 2B is a diagrammatic top-view representation of a device, e.g., device 220 of FIG. 2A, in which substrate structure that includes an intermediate or buffer layer between a substrate and a PVD coating is incorporated in accordance with an embodiment.

(6) FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram which illustrates a method of forming a substrate structure that includes using a PVD process in accordance with one embodiment.

(7) FIGS. 4A-4F are cross-sectional views illustrating formation of a substrate structure according to one embodiment.

(8) FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a marking process according to one embodiment.

(9) FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram which illustrates a method of forming a substrate structure that includes using a PVD process in accordance with another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(10) A product, e.g., electronic device, includes a substrate that can be marked. The substrate may be marked using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process.

(11) Using a PVD process, a PVD coating formed from a material, such as metal, may be deposited directly onto a surface of a substrate to mark the surface of the substrate. The PVD coating is deposited as a layer, e.g., film, that is bonded to the surface of the substrate. However, as the thickness of a layer of PVD coating that is bonded directly onto a surface of a substrate, residual stresses increase within the layer of PVD coating. Such residual stresses may cause the shape of the layer to change, thus effectively altering the marking. These residual stresses in a layer of PVD coating may apply contraction or expansion at an interface between the layer of PVD coating and a surface of a substrate. When the substrate is a relatively brittle, the residual stresses may cause the substrate to crack in the vicinity of the PVD coating. That is, local tensile loading may be created on the surface of the substrate, thereby compromising the resistance of the substrate to fracture. For example, when a layer of PVD coating is bonded to one surface of a glass substrate such that a marking is formed, and a force is applied to an opposite surface of the glass substrate substantially over the marking, residual stresses in the layer PVD coating typically can cause the glass substrate to crack in a location over the marking. In general, as the thickness of the layer of PVD coating increases, the resistance to the glass substrate to cracking decreases. When a substrate cracks, the integrity of a device which includes the substrate may be compromised. Thus, there is a need for improved techniques for enabling PVD coating to be used to create markings on surfaces of substrates.

(12) The invention pertains generally to techniques or processes for providing markings on products. For example, the markings can be formed using physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. The markings (e.g., labeling) may be textual and/or graphic. The markings may be used to provide a product (e.g., a product's housing) with certain information. The marking may, for example, be use to label the product with various information. When a marking includes text, the text may provide information concerning the product (e.g., electronic device). For example, the text may include one or more of: name of product, trademark or copyright information, design location, assembly location, model number, serial number, license number, agency approvals, standards compliance, electronic codes, memory capacity of device, and the like. When a marking includes a graphic, the graphic may pertain to a logo, a certification mark, standards mark, or an approval mark that is often associated with the product. The marking may be used for advertisements to be provided on products. The markings may also be used for customization (e.g., user customization) of a housing of a product.

(13) A substrate associated with a product may be marked using a material deposited using a PVD process. When a PVD coating is deposited directly on a substrate, residual stresses may be formed in the layer of PVD coating, thereby decreasing the resistance of the substrate to fracture. To reduce the likelihood of premature fracture in the substrate, e.g., to substantially prevent significant reduction to a substrate's resistance to fracture, a complaint intermediate layer (or buffer layer) may be disposed between the surface of the substrate and a layer of PVD coating (or a thin film of PVD material). Such a complaint intermediate layer may effectively reduce stresses on the substrate that may be caused by residual stresses in the layer of PVD coating. In general, the compliant intermediate layer can act as a barrier and thus can isolate the substrate from the layer of PVD coating.

(14) In one embodiment, a compliant intermediate layer used in a substrate structure may be formed from substantially any material that is relatively compliant, such that stress from a layer of PVD coating is not imparted to a substrate. Materials used to form an intermediate layer may include, but are not limited to including, silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2), silicon nitride (Si.sub.3N.sub.4), titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2), fluorinated anti-smudge coatings, paint, clearcoat, adhesives, and ink. An intermediate layer may also be formed from any suitable combination of these materials. With respect to adhesives, suitable adhesives include a liquefiable optical adhesive, such as a Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) adhesive. A liquefiable optical adhesive can provide excellent transparency as well as conformity to surface geometry. One particular example of a suitable adhesive is ThreeBond TB1630 adhesive from Three Bond Co., Ltd., Toyko, Japan.

(15) Referring initially to FIG. 1A, a substrate structure that includes an intermediate (or buffer layer) essentially sandwiched between a substrate and a layer of PVD coating or thin film will be described in accordance with a first embodiment. A substrate structure 100 includes a substrate 104 with surfaces 108a, 108b which may be on substantially opposite sides of substrate 104. In one embodiment, substrate 104 may be a glass substrate intended for use in a portable electronic device (e.g., a portable computing device or a mobile telephone device). When substrate 104 is a glass substrate intended for use in a device, surface 108a may be arranged to be in an interior of the device and surface 108b may be a user interface surface, e.g., a surface that the user is intended to touch. It should be appreciated that while substrate 104 may be a glass substrate, substrate 104 may also be formed from other materials including, but not limited to including, sapphire, metal, ceramic, and plastic.

(16) An intermediate layer 112 may be deposited, or otherwise substantially bonded, to surface 108a of substrate 104. The intermediate layer 112 can also be referred to as a barrier layer, a buffer layer or a compliant layer. A layer of PVD material 116 may be deposited on intermediate layer 112. Layer of PVD material 116, or a layer of PVD coating, may be formed from any suitable metal, as for example chromium or aluminum. In general, intermediate layer 112 is arranged to substantially isolate substrate 104 from layer of PVD material 116.

(17) The overall thicknesses of layer of PVD material 116 and intermediate layer 112 may vary. As shown in FIG. 1A, within substrate structure 100, layer of PVD material 116 may have a thickness that is greater than or approximately equal to a thickness of intermediate layer 112. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 1B, within a substrate structure 100′, a layer of PVD material 116′ may have a thickness that is less than or approximately equal to a thickness of an intermediate layer 112′.

(18) In general, layer of PVD material 116 may have a thickness of between approximately 25 nanometers (nm) and approximately 200 nm, as for example approximately 100 nm. The thickness of an intermediate layer may vary widely, as indicated in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Some intermediate layers, e.g., intermediate layer 112 of FIG. 1A, may be relatively thin relative to layer of PVD material 116. Other intermediate layers, e.g., intermediate layer 112′ of FIG. 1B, may be relatively thick relative to layer of PVD material 116′. The thickness of intermediate layer may be dependent, at least in part, upon the material from which the intermediate layer is formed and the characteristics of the material. For example, if an intermediate layer is formed from materials such as SiO.sub.2, Si.sub.3N.sub.4, TiO2, or a fluorinated anti-smudge coating, the intermediate layer may have a thickness of between approximately 50 nm and approximately 500 nm. When an intermediate layer is formed from a material such paint, clearcoat, adhesive or ink, the thickness of the intermediate layer may be between approximately one (1) micrometer (μm) and approximately ten (10) μm.

(19) As mentioned above, a substrate structure which includes an intermediate or buffer layer between a substrate and a layer of PVD coating may be included in a device such that the layer of PVD coating is located substantially inside the device. The device may be a portable electronic device such as a personal digital assistant, a digital media player, a game player, a handheld communications device (e.g., mobile phone), or any suitable computing device.

(20) FIG. 2A is a diagrammatic side-view cross-sectional representation of a device in which substrate structure that includes an intermediate or buffer layer between a substrate and a PVD coating is incorporated, and FIG. 2B is a diagrammatic top-view representation of the device in accordance with one embodiment. A device 220 includes a substrate 204 that is substantially coupled to a housing 224. Substrate 204 has a marking formed from a layer of PVD coating 216 that is deposited on an intermediate layer 212. Intermediate layer 212 is effectively bonded to a surface of substrate 204 which effectively helps to define an interior of device 220. As intermediate layer 212 is adhered to the surface of substrate 204 that faces the interior of device 220, both intermediate layer 212 and layer of PVD coating 216 are substantially inside device 220. However, in an alternative embodiment, intermediate layer and PVD coating can be provided on an outer surface of device 220.

(21) As shown, the marking formed on substrate 204 by layer of PVD coating 216 is arranged substantially along the perimeter of substrate 204. In one implementation, substrate 204 and intermediate layer 212 are highly translucent (e.g., clear) such that when device 220 is viewed from the outside, PVD coating 216 appears as if it is directly on substrate 204. It should be appreciated, however, that the size, shape and position of the marking may vary widely. Further, the number of markings may also vary widely.

(22) With reference to FIG. 3, a process of forming a substrate structure that will be described in accordance with one embodiment. A process 301 of forming a substrate structure includes obtaining a substrate in step 305. As previously mentioned, the substrate may be formed from any suitable material including, but not limited to including, glass, sapphire, metal, ceramic, and plastic. Once the substrate is obtained, the appropriate surface, e.g., the surface of the substrate onto which an intermediate layer is to be deposited, may be prepared in an optional step 309. Preparing the appropriate surface may include cleaning the surface and/or masking the surface. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, masking the surface may allow an intermediate layer to subsequently be deposited in appropriate locations on the surface of the substrate. In other words, masking the surface may facilitate identifying at least one location that is subsequently to be effectively marked using a PVD material.

(23) In step 313, an intermediate layer is deposited on the appropriate surface of the substrate. The intermediate layer may be deposited using any suitable method. The intermediate layer may be formed from materials including, but not limited to including, SiO.sub.2, Si.sub.3N.sub.4, TiO.sub.2, fluorinated anti-smudge coatings, paint, clearcoat, adhesive, and ink. Depositing the intermediate layer may involve monitoring a thickness of the intermediate layer to ascertain when a desired thickness of the intermediate layer is reached.

(24) From step 313, process flow proceeds to step 317 in which a PVD process is used to deposit PVD material onto the intermediate layer. Depositing the PVD material onto the intermediate layer allows a layer of PVD coating, or thin film, to be formed on the intermediate layer. The PVD material may be a metal such as chromium, aluminum, or silver. It should be appreciated, however, that the PVD material is not limited to being chromium, aluminum, or silver. The PVD process may include monitoring a thickness of a layer of PVD coating to determine when the layer of PVD coating reaches a desired thickness. It should be appreciated that if a mask is used to effectively control where an intermediate layer and a layer of PVD coating are formed, the mask may be removed when the layer of PVD coating reaches a desired thickness.

(25) After the layer of PVD coating is deposited, a substrate structure which includes the substrate, the intermediate layer, and the layer of PVD coating is effectively formed, and the process of creating a substrate structure is effectively completed. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, however, creating a substrate structure may include optionally assembling the substrate structure into a device, e.g., a portable electronic device, in step 321.

(26) FIGS. 4A-4F are cross-sectional views illustrating formation of a substrate structure according to one embodiment. FIG. 4A illustrates a substrate 400 on which marking is to be eventually provided. As noted above, the substrate can be formed of various different materials. However, in one implementation, substrate 400 is formed of a translucent material such as glass or sapphire. FIG. 4B illustrates a buffering layer 402 provided on an exposed surface 401 of substrate 400. Buffering layer 402 is adhered to exposed surface 401 of substrate 400. As noted above, buffering layer 402 can be a material including, but not limited to including, SiO.sub.2, Si.sub.3N.sub.4, TiO.sub.2, fluorinated anti-smudge coatings, paint, clearcoat, adhesive, and ink. In the case of adhesive, suitable adhesives include a liquefiable optical adhesive, such as a Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) adhesive. A liquefiable optical adhesive can provide excellent transparency as well as conformity to surface geometry. One particular example of a suitable adhesive is ThreeBond TB1630 adhesive from Three Bond Co., Ltd., Toyko, Japan. Buffering layer 402, once applied to substrate 400, may have a release liner and make further need to cure. Although not shown, if a release liner is present, the release liner would be removed. Regardless of whether buffering layer uses a release liner, an exposed surface 403 of buffering layer 402 tends to be irregular which tends to reduce quality of any marking subsequently placed on buffering layer 402.

(27) FIG. 4C illustrates a compression member 404 that is to be forced against buffering layer 402 provided on substrate 400. The compression member 404 is applied against buffering layer 402 using a force so that buffering layer 402 is placed under pressure (P). Heating is also provided to soften or liquefy buffer layer 402. The temperature (T) for the heating varies with the nature of the buffering layer 402. For example, the temperature (T) can be 80 degrees Celsius in one implementation. The heating can be provided by compression member 404 or by separate means. Compression member 404 is a planar surface and can be form of various materials. For example, compression member can be formed of glass or metal. The compression member 404 can be coated with material (e.g., non-stick coating, such as Teflon) to reduce its adhesion to buffering layer 402. FIG. 4D illustrates compression member 404 forced against buffering layer 402. Due to pressure and/or temperature imposed, buffering layer 402 conforms to a uniformly smooth exposed surface 403′ resulting in a uniform buffering layer 402′. To induce or accelerate curing, ultraviolet (UV) light 406 can be directed towards buffering layer 402′. In one implementation, if compression member 404 is transparent, UV light 406 can be directed towards buffering layer 403 through compression member 404. FIG. 4E illustrates the substrate structure after compression member 404 has been removed. Buffering layer 402′ now has exposed surface 403′ that is uniformly smooth.

(28) FIG. 4F illustrates a marking layer 408 provided on buffering layer 402′. Marking layer 408 can be provided on buffering layer 402′ by a PVD process. Depositing PVD material onto buffering layer 402′ allows a layer of PVD coating, or thin film, to be formed on buffering layer 402′. The PVD material may be a metal such as chromium, aluminum, or silver. The markings may be textual and/or graphic. The markings may be used to provide a product (e.g., a product's housing) with certain information. The marking may, for example, be use to label the product with various information. Although cross-sectional view in FIG. 4F illustrates the marking layer 408 extending across the buffering layer 402′, the marking layer 408 need not extend over the entirety of the buffering layer 402′.

(29) FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a marking process 500 according to one embodiment. The marking process 500 operates to mark (or label) an electronic device, such as a portable electronic device. The marking can be precise, high resolution and uniform. The marking process 500 can initially obtain a substrate at step 502. An intermediate layer can then be deposited on an appropriate surface of the substrate in step 504. The substrate can pertain to a portion of a housing for an electronic device or can pertain to a structure that is otherwise an outer surface for the electronic device. As one example, the substrate can pertain to a touch screen surface, such as a touch screen surface formed of glass. The intermediate layer can be adhered to appropriate surface of the substrate. For example, the intermediate layer can be bonded to the appropriate surface of the substrate. Next, at step 506, the intermediate layer can be compressed towards the appropriate surface of the substrate to render the exposed surface of the intermediate layer uniform and flat. The intermediate layer may also be heated. The intermediate layer under press and heated can soften or liquefy so as to conform to surface geometry and provide a flat exposed surface. Thereafter, the exposed surface of the intermediate layer can have marking material deposited thereon. In one embodiment, the marking material involves deposition of a PVD material using a PVD process. The deposited marking material serves to mark (or label) the substrate of an electronic device.

(30) With reference to FIG. 6, a process of forming a substrate structure that will be described in accordance with one embodiment. A process 600 of forming a substrate structure includes obtaining a substrate in step 602. As previously mentioned, the substrate may be formed from any suitable material including, but not limited to including, glass, sapphire, metal, ceramic, and plastic. Once the substrate is obtained, the appropriate surface, e.g., the surface of the substrate onto which an intermediate layer is to be deposited, may be prepared in an optional step 604. Preparing the appropriate surface may include cleaning the surface and/or masking the surface. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, masking the surface may allow an intermediate layer to subsequently be deposited in appropriate locations on the surface of the substrate. In other words, masking the surface may facilitate identifying at least one location that is subsequently to be effectively marked using a PVD material.

(31) In step 606, an intermediate layer is deposited on the appropriate surface of the substrate. The intermediate layer may be deposited using any suitable method. The intermediate layer may be formed from materials including, but not limited to including, SiO.sub.2, Si.sub.3N.sub.4, TiO.sub.2, fluorinated anti-smudge coatings, paint, clearcoat, adhesive, and ink. Depositing the intermediate layer may involve monitoring a thickness of the intermediate layer to ascertain when a desired thickness of the intermediate layer is reached.

(32) In step 608, the intermediate layer is compressed using a compression surface. For example, the intermediate layer can be an adhesive that under pressure and elevated temperature softens or liquefies so as to conform to and bond with the substrate and also to provide a smooth, uniform, flat exposed surface. The intermediate layer, e.g., adhesive, can then be cured at step 610. For example, UV light can be directed towards the intermediate layer to accelerate or activate curing.

(33) From step 610, process flow proceeds to step 612 in which a PVD process is used to deposit PVD material onto appropriate portions the intermediate layer. Depositing the PVD material onto the intermediate layer allows a layer of PVD coating, or thin film, to be formed on the intermediate layer. The PVD material may be a metal such as chromium, aluminum, or silver. It should be appreciated, however, that the PVD material is not limited to being chromium, aluminum, or silver. The PVD process may include monitoring a thickness of a layer of PVD coating to determine when the layer of PVD coating reaches a desired thickness. It should be appreciated that if a mask is used to effectively control where an intermediate layer and a layer of PVD coating are formed, the mask may be removed when the layer of PVD coating reaches a desired thickness.

(34) After the layer of PVD coating is deposited, a substrate structure which includes the substrate, the intermediate layer, and the layer of PVD coating is effectively formed, and the process of creating a substrate structure is effectively completed. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, however, creating a substrate structure may include optionally assembling the substrate structure into a device, e.g., a portable electronic device, in step 614.

(35) Although only a few embodiments of the invention have been described, it should be understood that the invention may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or the scope of the present invention. By way of example, while an intermediate layer and a layer of PVD coating have been described as being deposited on a side of a substrate that is to be substantially inside of a device, it should be appreciated that an intermediate layer and a layer PVD coating may instead be deposited on a side of the substrate that is to be substantially outside of the device.

(36) The use of an intermediate layer as a buffer between a substrate and a layer of PVD coating is particularly suitable for reducing the occurrence of premature fractures in brittle substrates, e.g., substrates which are formed from glass. However, an intermediate layer in a substrate structure may be used to reduce stresses on any suitable substrate, including those which are not substantially brittle.

(37) In general, an intermediate layer may include discrete portions configured to correspond to a marking that is to be formed by a PVD coating. That is, an intermediate layer may have substantially the same footprint as a marking that is formed by the PVD coating. The intermediate layer, however, is not limited to having substantially the same footprint as a marking. For instance, the intermediate layer may instead be arranged to cover substantially all of a surface of a substrate, while the marking covers only certain portions of the intermediate layer and, hence, the substrate. In other words, an intermediate layer may be substantially continuous, rather than discrete. Portions of the intermediate layer which are not overlaid by a PVD coating may, in some instances, be arranged to enhance the overall cosmetic appearance of the substrate.

(38) As mentioned above, an intermediate layer may include a plurality of sub-layers. In other words, an intermediate layer may be formed from sub-layers of different materials, and is not limited to being formed as a substantially single layer using a single material.

(39) The thicknesses of an intermediate layer and a layer of PVD coating may vary widely depending upon factors which may include, but are not limited to including, the thickness of a substrate, the size of a marking to be provided on the substrate, and the materials used to form the intermediate layer and/or the layer PVD coating.

(40) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/236,847, filed Aug. 25, 2009 and entitled “Method and Apparatus for Applying a Physical Vapor Deposition Material on a Substrate” is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

(41) Numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will become obvious to those skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. The description and representation herein are the common meanings used by those experienced or skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the invention.

(42) In the foregoing description, reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Further, the order of blocks in process flowcharts or diagrams representing one or more embodiments of the invention do not inherently indicate any particular order nor imply any limitations in the invention.

(43) The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the written description. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, the invention should not be limited to the exact construction and operation as illustrated and described. Hence, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to as falling within the scope of the invention.