METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ABSCESS DRAINAGE

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to methods and devices for fluid drainage from an abscess of a patient.

Claims

1. A scalpel, comprising: a cutting tip; a handle; and an elongated body joining the cutting tip and the handle, the elongated body comprising a guide channel to receive and guide a catheter along a length of the guide channel, wherein the handle is spatially offset from a longitudinal axis of the elongated body to enable movement of the scalpel without user interference.

2. The scalpel of claim 1, wherein the elongated body comprises a composite material, the composite material comprising a metal core extending substantially an entire length of the elongated body and a resin body positioned on either side of the metal core.

3. The scalpel of claim 1, wherein the guide channel has a rounded cross-sectional profile perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

4. The scalpel of claim 1, wherein the elongated body comprises an upper arcuate surface in the guide channel and a lower arcuate surface opposing the upper arcuate surface.

5. The scalpel of claim 1, wherein a gripping surface of the handle is disposed at an angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the elongated body.

6. The scalpel of claim 1, further comprising a catheter assembly, the catheter assembly comprising a catheter body; an inner stylet within an interior passage of the catheter body and extending a substantial length of the catheter body; and an outer stylet within the interior passage of the catheter body and extending a substantial length of the catheter body, the inner and outer stylets moving independently of each other, wherein the scalpel body is positioned in the guide channel.

7. A catheter assembly, comprising: a catheter body; an inner stylet within an interior passage of the catheter body and extending a substantial length of the catheter body; and an outer stylet within the interior passage of the catheter body and extending a substantial length of the catheter body, wherein the inner and outer stylets move independently of each other.

8. The catheter assembly of claim 7, wherein: in a first operational mode, the inner and outer stylets are positioned simultaneously in the interior passage of the catheter body and block fluid drainage through the aspiration and drainage ports; and in a second operational mode, the inner stylet is removed from the catheter body while the outer stylet remains in the interior passage of the catheter body, thereby forming a first lumen in a volume previously occupied by the inner stylet and enabling fluid drainage from the aspiration port along the first lumen while blocking fluid drainage through the plurality of drainage ports.

9. The catheter assembly of claim 8 wherein: in a third operational mode, both the inner stylets and outer stylets are removed from the interior passage of the catheter body, thereby forming a second lumen in a volume previously occupied by the inner and outer stylets and enabling fluid drainage from the aspiration port and the drainage ports along the second lumen.

10. The catheter assembly of claim 7, wherein the outer stylus comprises a concave draining channel to receive and direct abscess fluid to an output of the catheter assembly.

11. The catheter assembly of claim 7, wherein the catheter body comprises an aspiration port and a plurality of drainage ports, the aspiration port being in a distal portion of the catheter body and the plurality of draining ports being proximal to the aspiration port, the aspiration port being positioned between the catheter tip and plurality of drainage ports.

12. The catheter assembly of claim 7, further comprising a scalpel comprising a cutting tip; a handle; and an elongated body joining the cutting tip and the handle, the elongated body comprising a guide channel to receive and guide the catheter body along a length of the guide channel, wherein the handle is spatially offset from a longitudinal axis of the elongated body to enable movement of the scalpel without user interference.

13. A treatment method, comprising: advancing a needle through tissue of a patient until a point of the needle is in a first spatial position; aligning a guide channel of a slotted scalpel with a cannula of the needle; advancing a cutting tip of the slotted scalpel along the cannula and into the tissue of the patient; when the cutting tip of the slotted scalpel is in a second spatial position within the tissue of the patient, removing the needle from the guide channel; aligning a catheter with the guide channel of the slotted scalpel; advancing a cutting tip of the catheter along the guide channel and into the tissue of the patient; and when the cutting tip of the catheter is in a third spatial position within the tissue of the patient, opening an aspiration port of the catheter to enable fluid drainage through the catheter while maintaining drainage ports of the catheter in closed positions blocking fluid drainage.

14. The treatment method of claim 13, further comprising: before the aligning, confirming a trajectory and position of the slotted scalpel by a CT scan.

15. The treatment method of claim 13, further comprising: further advancing the catheter to a fourth spatial position within the tissue of the patient; and when the cutting tip of the catheter is in the fourth spatial position within the tissue of the patient, opening the drainage ports of the catheter to enable fluid drainage through the drainage ports.

16. The treatment method of claim 13, wherein the patient tissue comprise an abscess and wherein fluid drainage through the aspiration port confirms that the aspiration port is positioned in the abscess.

17. The treatment method of claim 13, wherein the opening of the aspiration port comprises removing an inner stylet from an interior passage of the catheter body.

18. The treatment method of claim 15, wherein the opening of the plurality of drainage ports comprises removing an outer stylet from an interior passage of the catheter body.

19. The treatment method of claim 15, further comprising: before the opening, confirming a trajectory and/or position of the catheter by a CT scan.

20. The treatment method of claim 15, wherein the advancing of the cutting tip of the catheter along the guide channel comprises aligning a marker on the catheter body with a selected position on the slotted scalpel to align the cutting tip of the catheter with the cutting tip of the slotted scalpel.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0050] The accompanying drawings are incorporated into and form a part of the specification to illustrate several examples of the present disclosure. These drawings, together with the description, explain the principles of the disclosure. The drawings simply illustrate preferred and alternative examples of how the disclosure can be made and used and are not to be construed as limiting the disclosure to only the illustrated and described examples. Further features and advantages will become apparent from the following, more detailed, description of the various embodiments of the disclosure, as illustrated by the drawings referenced below.

[0051] FIG. 1A is a front view of a scalpel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0052] FIG. 1B is an exploded view of the front of the scalpel of FIG. 1A.

[0053] FIG. 1C is a side view of the scalpel of FIG. 1A.

[0054] FIG. 1D is an end view of the scalpel of FIG. 1A.

[0055] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the scalpel of FIG. 1A.

[0056] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the end of the scalpel of FIG. 1A.

[0057] FIG. 4 is another end view of the scalpel of FIG. 1A.

[0058] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a catheter along a longitudinal axis of the catheter according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0059] FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a tip of the catheter of FIG. 5.

[0060] FIG. 7 is an isometric view of the top of the catheter of FIG. 5.

[0061] FIG. 8A is a surgical method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0062] FIG. 8B is a surgical method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0063] FIG. 9 shows a subcutaneous abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0064] FIG. 10 shows a hypodermic needle being inserted into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0065] FIG. 10 shows a hypodermic needle being inserted into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0066] FIG. 11 shows a channel of a scalpel being inserted along a length of the hypodermic needle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0067] FIG. 12 shows, after needle removal, a catheter being inserted into the channel of the scalpel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0068] FIG. 13 shows the catheter being guided along the scalpel channel into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0069] FIG. 14A shows, after scalpel removal, the catheter inserted into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0070] FIG. 14B shows, after scalpel removal, the catheter inserted into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0071] FIG. 15 shows additional detail of the catheter that is inserted into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0072] FIG. 16 shows additional detail of the catheter that is inserted into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0073] FIG. 17 shows additional detail of the catheter that is inserted into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0074] FIG. 18 shows additional detail of the catheter that is inserted into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0075] FIG. 19 shows additional detail of the catheter that is inserted into the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0076] FIG. 20 shows the catheter in a locked position in the abscess according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0077] FIG. 21 shows a further scalpel being used to cut a path through the patient’s skin according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0078] FIG. 22 shows the catheter being inserted further into the abscess using the scalpel channel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0079] FIG. 23 shows a catheter configuration according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0080] FIG. 24 shows the catheter being inserted further into the abscess using the scalpel channel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0081] FIG. 25 shows a catheter configuration according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0082] FIG. 26 shows a catheter configuration according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0083] Referring to FIGS. 1A-D and 2-4, a slotted scalpel according to an embodiment of this disclosure is depicted. The slotted scalpel 100 comprises an angled handle 104 that is offset at an angle 122 ranging from about 25 to about 75 degrees from a longitudinal axis 118 of the body 116, a half-pipe longitudinal slot or channel 108 (which can be of varying sizes to accommodate differently sized catheters) extending at least substantially an entire length of the body 116, and tissue cutting metal tip 112 offset at an angle ranging from about 25 to about 75 degrees from the longitudinal axis 118 and having a bevel length ranging from about 2 to about 7 mm that ends in a point 113. The channel 108 surface 128 and opposing lower surface 130 of the slotted scalpel 100 are each arcuate in a cross section view perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 118 to provide reduced cutting resistance relative to body tissue. The angled handle 104 enables the physician to maneuver the body 116 in the abdominal wall to position the tip 112 at the desired location and/or channel 108 in the desired trajectory. The slot or channel 108 receives and guides a catheter into a desired position. Although the slot or channel 108 is depicted as a substantially hemicylindrical or half-pipe configuration, it can have a plurality of other arcuate or curvilinear or angular cross-sectional shapes, such as rectangular, triangular, pentagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, decagonal, trapezoidal, elliptical, oval-like, semicircular, and the like.

[0084] To enable CT-scan location of the body 116 of the slotted scalpel 100 when positioned in the patient’s body, the body 116 is formed of a composite material comprising a relatively thin central metal portion 120 extending along at least substantially its entire length with the remaining material 124 located on either side of the channel 108 being a polymeric non-resorbable resin, such as a polyacetal, polyethylene, and Teflon, that does not significantly reflect the X-ray spectrum of electromagnetic wave energy resulting in a CT artifact. The relatively thin central metal portion 120 connects to the metal cutting tip 112. As will be appreciated, metal is required by a CT scan for accurate subcutaneous object location but too much metal can cause CT metal artifacts to form, thereby reducing location accuracy.

[0085] The radius of the arcuate channel 108 is generally substantially the same as the outer radius of the catheter to be received in the channel 108. Typically, the radius of the arcuate channel 108 ranges from about 75% to about 125% of the outer radius of the catheter.

[0086] The flexible catheter assembly 500 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 5-7. The catheter assembly 500 comprises a tubular catheter body 504, an outer stylet 508, and inner stylet 512. Although the catheter assembly 500 is depicted as substantially cylindrical, it can have a plurality of other arcuate or curvilinear cross-sectional shapes, such as elliptical, oval-like, semicircular, and the like.

[0087] The catheter body 504 comprises an aspiration port 516 and plural drainage ports 520 positioned along a length of the catheter body 504. The aspiration port 516 and drainage ports 520 are on opposing sides of the catheter body 504. While the aspiration port 516 and plurality of drainage ports 520 are shown as being substantially the same orifice sizes, it is to be appreciated that the ports can be of different sizes depending on the application.

[0088] The inner stylet 512 is substantially solid and moves, independently of the catheter body 504 and outer stylet 508, laterally back and forth along a longitudinal axis of the catheter body 504 to open or close the aspiration port 516. The inner stylet 512 is normally in the forward position shown in FIG. 5 during insertion of the catheter assembly 500 along the channel 108 into the body of the patient to maintain the aspiration port 516 closed. When the catheter is in or near the abscess, the inner stylet 512 is removed, by rearward displacement, from the catheter body 504 (as shown in FIG. 6) to open the aspiration port and provide a first catheter lumen. The open aspiration port 516 and first lumen provide a fluid flow path enabling the operator to confirm by observed abscess fluid (e.g., pus) drainage along the path of flow that the catheter body 504 is positioned a selected depth in the abscess. The distance of a forward edge 525 of the aspiration port from a free end 524 of the catheter assembly can be selected to confirm that the catheter assembly is a safely selected distance within the abscess. In typical applications, the distance between the forward edge 525 and the free or distal end 524 ranges from about 0.5 to about 2.5 cm and more typically from about 0.5 to about 2 cm.

[0089] The outer stylet 508 is in a half-pipe configuration and is configured to receive and enable lateral movement of the inner stylet 512 back and forth along the first lumen of the catheter body 504 and comprises a solid core beveled tissue cutting tip 528 having a point 532. When the outer stylet is in the extended position shown in FIG. 5, the drainage ports are closed to fluid drainage by the body 536 of the outer stylet 508. When the catheter assembly 500 is positioned in the abscess, the outer stylet is removed by lateral rearward displacement from the catheter body 504 to form a second lumen, thereby opening the drainage ports to abscess fluid drainage along the second lumen. The second lumen comprises both the first lumen (or volume formerly occupied by the inner stylet 512) and the volume formerly occupied by the outer stylet 508. The bevel length of the beveled tip 528 and downward angle from a catheter assembly longitudinal axis 529 is typically substantially the same as that of the slotted scalpel 100.

[0090] Because the inner and outer stylets 512 and 508 are independently moveable from each other and the catheter body within the catheter body, the inner stylet 512 can be removed to open the aspiration port 516 and form the first lumen while leaving the outer stylet 508 in position to close the drainage ports 520. This configuration of the catheter assembly 500 is shown in FIG. 6.

[0091] The spatial poisoning of the drainage ports 516 and 520 can vary depending on the application. In typical applications, the distance between opposing edges of the drainage ports ranges from about 0.5 to about 2.5 cm.

[0092] With reference to FIG. 7, the catheter assembly 500 can include distance markers 700 to enable a physician to gauge an approximate position of the catheter tip 528 in the patient’s body relative to a selected reference point, such as the location of the incision in the patient’s skin. The distance markers 700 are typically indexed relative to a free end of the catheter body 524 or the beveled point 528. In one configuration, a distance of a first distance marker 700 on the catheter relative to the catheter tip 528 equals a length of the channel 108 to enable a physician to align or collocate or stack the catheter tip 528 with the metal cutting tip 112.

[0093] A method of using the slotted scalpel 100 and catheter assembly 500 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 8A-B and 9-21. By way of background, FIG. 9 depicts a typical condition to be treated. An abscess 900 has formed in the patient’s intraperitoneal fat 904 located beneath the patient’s skin 908, subcutaneous fat 912, and muscle 916.

[0094] With step 800 of reference to FIG. 8A, to drain the abscess 900 the physician in step 800 uses a numbing needle and a CT scanner to confirm a needle trajectory in the patient, and the patient is thereafter removed from the CT gantry. With reference to FIG. 10, the numbing needle 1000 is injected through the skin 908, subcutaneous fat 912, muscle 916, and fascia intraperitoneal fat 904 to a location near the abscess 900. The CT scan enables the physician to locate the trajectory and position of the needle point relative to the abscess 900. The physician then numbs the needle tract profusely.

[0095] In step 804, the physician makes a superficial incision with the slotted scalpel 100 and places the slotted scalpel 100 along the numbing needle and traverses the through the skin 908, subcutaneous fat 912, muscle 916, and fascia intraperitoneal fat 904 to a location near the abscess 900 (FIG. 11). The cannula of the needle is received in the channel 108 and guides the cutting metal tip 112 of the slotted scalpel into position near the abscess. Prior to placement of the slotted scalpel 100, the physician can use the numbing needle as a guide to create an incision through the skin 908 and subcutaneous fat 912 to accommodate the cutting metal tip 112 of the slotted scalpel (FIG. 21).

[0096] In step 808, the physician confirms the trajectory and position of the slotted scalpel 100 with a CT scanner to confirm that the scalpel 100 is pointing directory at the abscess as shown in FIG. 11, measuring additional depth as needed. In one implementation, the physician measures the distances “A”, “B”, and “C” in FIG. 11, where distance “A” + distance “B” = total distance “C” from the base of the angled handle or end of the channel to the abscess with the distance measured along a trajectory of the channel. When the slotted scalpel 100 is properly positioned, the physician removes the patient from the CT gantry and removes the numbing needle 1000 from the patient’s body.

[0097] In step 812, the physician positions the catheter assembly 500 into the channel 108 (which is configured to receive both the numbing needle 1000 and the catheter assembly 500) and, with the beveled tip flat against the slot, advances the tip of the catheter assembly along the channel 108. The beveled tip forces the catheter assembly to hug the deepest portion of the channel 108. This catheter assembly position relative to the channel 108, ensures that the catheter assembly 500 will tuck underneath the skin, subcutaneous fat, muscle, and fascia that is tented by the half-pipe shape of the body 116 of the slotted scalpel 100.

[0098] In step 816, the physician advances the catheter assembly 500 to a depth determined by the CT scans of step 808 so that the catheter tip is in the abscess 900. This placement is depicted in FIGS. 12-13. When the catheter assembly 500 is positioned properly, the scalpel 100 can be then removed along the body 524 of the catheter assembly 500 as shown in FIGS. 14A-B. In other process embodiments shown in FIGS. 22 and 24, the scalpel 100 is removed only after steps 820 and 824, or after abscess fluid drainage through the aspiration port confirms that the catheter is correctly positioned in the abscess 900. Stated differently, FIGS. 22 and 24 show that the slot of the scalpel is used to guide the catheter assembly 500 deeper into the abscess 500 prior to slotted scalpel removal. In other embodiments, the scalpel 100 is removed after step 828, 832, and/or 836.

[0099] In step 820, the physician removes the inner stylet 524 from the catheter body 504 to open the first lumen along the length of the catheter assembly 500 while leaving the outer stylet 508 in a forward position. This catheter configuration is shown in FIGS. 15-16 and 18. FIG. 17 shows additional detail on the outer stylet 508. The tip 528 is solid, fills the open distal end of the body 500, and forms a seal with the interior surface of the distal opening that is substantially impervious to fluid flow. The body 1700 of the outer stylet 508, like the slotted scalpel 100, includes a half-pipe longitudinal slot or channel 1712 to channel abscess fluid flow along the catheter body 524. FIG. 17 further shows the outer stylet 508 in position after removal of the inner stylet 512. FIG. 17 specifically shows the half-pipe drainage channel design of the inner surface of the outer stylet and the opposing upper and lower arcuate surfaces of the outer stylet in a cross-sectional view perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the catheter assembly. Rotatable interlocking user manipulators 1704 and 1708 enable inner and outer stylet interlocking and removal. As shown in FIG. 23, the inner stylet 512 is removed by unscrewing an inner stylet threaded interlocking user manipulator 2308 (which is connected to the inner stylet by elongated member 2304) from an outer stylet threaded interlocking user manipulator 1708 (by unscrewing the manipulator 2308 from the threaded portion 2300 of the manipulator 1708), which is, in turn, threadedly connected to a threaded interlocking user manipulator 1704 of the catheter assembly 500. The interlocking manipulators can act as a locking mechanism to maintain the inner and outer stylets in a desired relative position during insertion.

[0100] In step 824, the abscess fluid aspirates through the aspiration port and through the first lumen and thereby confirms to the physician that the tip 528 location. When necessary, a suction source, such as the plunger and seal and barrel of a syringe, to draw abscess fluid along the first lumen for such confirmation. This configuration is shown in FIGS. 25 and 26 in which a plunger 2500 and seal 2504 and barrel 2508 of a syringe 2512 are threadedly connected to the outer stylet threaded interlocking user manipulator 1708 via the threaded portion 2300 (while the drainage ports remain blocked and closed by the outer stylet body) and the plunger and seal drawn back to create a suction in the barrel for the abscess fluid.

[0101] In step 828, the physician advances the catheter body 504 along the outer stylet, while holding the outer stylet 508 in a substantially stationary position, into the abscess so that the second lumen opens to enable abscess fluid drainage through not only the aspiration port 516 but also the drainage ports 520 into the second lumen resulting from outer stylet removal.

[0102] In step 832, when the catheter body 504 is in the desired position within the abscess 900, the catheter body 504 is moved to a locked and coiled configuration within the abscess 900 as shown in FIG. 20.

[0103] In step 836, the physician removes the outer stylet 508 from the catheter body 504 to form the second lumen along substantially the entire length of the catheter body 504. This catheter configuration is shown in FIG. 19, which shows the drainage ports 520 forming a fluid flow path through the drainage port into a hollow interior of the catheter body 504, or through the second lumen. FIG. 19 further shows the frustoconical shaped front end 1900 of the catheter body 504 reduces progressively the inner radius of the catheter body 504 that prevents the inner and outer stylets 512 and 508, respectively, from overadvancing the outer stylet 508 too far in front of the catheter body 504 when the catheter assembly 500 is advanced into the patient’s body. As noted above in connection with FIG. 5, the inner stylet 512 is prevented from over advancing by the pocket 550 in a rear of the cutting tip 528. As will be appreciated, other types of inner structures can be used to restrain movement of the outer stylet beyond a predetermined position relative to the catheter body 504.

[0104] Finally, the physician, in step 840, confirms by further CT scanning that the catheter body 504 is coiled in the abscess 900 for effective drainage of abscess fluid. While the disclosure has been discussed with reference to CT scanning, it is to be understood that other imaging techniques can be used, such as ultrasound imaging, as an alternative to or as complementary to CT scanning.

[0105] Any of the steps, functions, and operations discussed herein can be performed continuously and automatically.

[0106] The exemplary systems and methods of this disclosure have been described in relation to abscess drainage. However, to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure, the preceding description omits a number of known structures and devices. This omission is not to be construed as a limitation of the scopes of the claims. Specific details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present disclosure. It should however be appreciated that the present disclosure may be practiced in a variety of ways beyond the specific detail set forth herein.

[0107] While the flowcharts have been discussed and illustrated in relation to a particular sequence of events, it should be appreciated that changes, additions, and omissions to this sequence can occur without materially affecting the operation of the disclosed embodiments, configuration, and aspects.

[0108] A number of variations and modifications of the disclosure can be used. It would be possible to provide for some features of the disclosure without providing others.

[0109] For example in one alternative embodiment, the slotted scalpel can be used to insert and guide other types of catheters into a patient’s body, for example intravenous catheters, urinary catheters, central venous catheters, peripherally inserted central catheters, and biliary adrenal catheters.

[0110] In another alternative embodiment, the catheter assembly can be used without the slotted scalpel.

[0111] In another alternative embodiment, the slotted scalpel and/or catheter are used not only for human patients but also non-human living patients, such as in veterinary surgeries.

[0112] Although the present disclosure describes components and functions implemented in the aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations with reference to particular standards and protocols, the aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations are not limited to such standards and protocols. Other similar standards and protocols not mentioned herein are in existence and are considered to be included in the present disclosure. Moreover, the standards and protocols mentioned herein and other similar standards and protocols not mentioned herein are periodically superseded by faster or more effective equivalents having essentially the same functions. Such replacement standards and protocols having the same functions are considered equivalents included in the present disclosure.

[0113] The present disclosure, in various aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations, includes components, methods, processes, systems and/or apparatus substantially as depicted and described herein, including various aspects, embodiments, configurations embodiments, subcombinations, and/or subsets thereof. Those of skill in the art will understand how to make and use the disclosed aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations after understanding the present disclosure. The present disclosure, in various aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations, includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items not depicted and/or described herein or in various aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations hereof, including in the absence of such items as may have been used in previous devices or processes, e.g., for improving performance, achieving ease and\or reducing cost of implementation.

[0114] The foregoing discussion has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the disclosure are grouped together in one or more aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The features of the aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations of the disclosure may be combined in alternate aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations other than those discussed above. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claims require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed aspect, embodiment, and/or configuration. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the disclosure.

[0115] Moreover, though the description has included description of one or more aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations and certain variations and modifications, other variations, combinations, and modifications are within the scope of the disclosure, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.