SYSTEMS, LANCES, NOZZLES, AND METHODS FOR POWDER INJECTION RESULTING IN REDUCED AGGLOMERATION

Abstract

A lance for powder injection resulting in reduced agglomeration, including an outer tubular member having a first end, a second end, and an inner flowpath extending from the first end to the second end; an inner tubular member having a first end, a second end, and a, inner flowpath extending from the first end to the second end, the inner tubular member disposed within the inner flowpath of the outer tubular member for providing an annular space between the outer tubular member and the inner tubular member; and one or more orifices in the inner tubular member for providing a flowpath between the annular space and the inner flowpath of the inner tubular member. Additional lances, systems, and methods are also included.

Claims

1. A lance for powder injection resulting in reduced agglomeration, comprising: an outer tubular member having a first end, a second end, and an inner flowpath extending from the first end to the second end; an inner tubular member having a first end, a second end, and an inner flowpath extending from the first end to the second end, the inner tubular member disposed within the inner flowpath of the outer tubular member for providing an annular space between the outer tubular member and the inner tubular member; and one or more orifices in the inner tubular member for providing a flowpath between the annular space and the inner flowpath of the inner tubular member.

2. The lance for powder injection as recited in claim 1, wherein the annular space between the outer tubular member and the inner tubular member is sealed at the first end.

3. The lance for powder injection as recited in claim 1, wherein the first end of the inner tubular member includes one or more of a nozzle, lance end, and outlet.

4. The lance for powder injection as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more orifices are disposed through the longitudinal axis of the inner tubular member.

5. The lance for powder injection as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more orifices are disposed through the inner tubular member in one or more different radial positions about the circumference of the inner tubular member.

6. The lance for powder injection as recited in claim 1, wherein the inner tubular member and the outer tubular member are substantially coaxial.

7. The lance for powder injection as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more orifices are angled for providing a tangential directional flowpath between the annular space and the inner flowpath of the inner tubular member.

8. A nozzle for powder injection resulting in reduced agglomeration and increased distribution, comprising: a tubular member having a sealed first end, a second end, and an inner flowpath extending from the sealed first end to the second end, the tubular member having one or more orifices disposed therethrough; and one or more flow agitation baffles disposed a distance about the outer surface of tubular member substantially proximal to the one or more orifices.

9. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 8, further comprising: one or more supports for supporting the one or more flow agitation baffles the distance about the outer surface of the tubular member.

10. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 8, wherein each of the one or more flow agitation baffles creates a turbulent flow profile to at least two of the one or more orifices.

11. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 8, wherein the at least one or more flow agitation baffles are disposed linearly along the longitudinal axis of the outer surface of the tubular member.

12. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 8, wherein the at least one or more flow agitation baffles are disposed in different positions about the radius of the outer surface of the tubular member.

13. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 8, wherein the one or more flow agitation baffles have a profile selected from the group consisting polygonal forms, symmetrical forms, and asymmetrical forms.

14. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 9, wherein one of the one or more supports is disposed between the one or more orifices.

15. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 8, wherein one of the form and shape of the flow agitation baffles is selected from the group consisting of planar, curved, and curvilinear.

16. A nozzle for powder injection resulting in reduced agglomeration, comprising: a tubular member having a sealed first end, a second end, and an inner flowpath extending from the first sealed end to the second end, the tubular member having an orifice disposed therethrough proximal to the sealed first end; and a dispersion plate disposed a distance about the outer surface of tubular member substantially proximal to the orifice.

17. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 16, further comprising: a support for supporting the dispersion plate a distance about the outer surface of the tubular member.

18. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 16, wherein the dispersion plate creates a turbulent flow profile to the orifice.

19. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 16, wherein the dispersion plate has a profile selected from the group consisting polygonal forms, symmetrical forms, and asymmetrical forms.

20. The nozzle for powder injection as recited in claim 16, wherein one of the form and shape of the dispersion plate is selected from the group consisting of planar, curved, and curvilinear.

21. A powdered activated carbon injection unit, comprising: a source of the process gas; and a lance in contact with the process gas having an outer tubular member having a first end, a second end, and an inner flowpath extending from the first end to the second end; an inner tubular member having a first end, a second end, and a, inner flowpath extending from the first end to the second end, the inner tubular member disposed within the inner flowpath of the outer tubular member for providing an annular space between the outer tubular member and the inner tubular member; and one or more orifices in the inner tubular member for providing a flowpath between the annular space and the inner flowpath of the inner tubular member.

22. The powdered activated carbon injection unit as recited in claim 21, wherein the annular space is sealed at the first end between the inner tubular member and outer tubular member.

23. The powdered activated carbon injection unit as recited in claim 21, wherein the first end of the inner tubular member includes one or more of a nozzle, lance end, and outlet.

24. A powdered activated carbon injection unit, comprising: a source of the process gas; and a nozzle in contact with the process gas having a tubular member having a sealed first end, a second end, and an inner flowpath extending from the sealed first end to the second end, the tubular member having one or more orifices disposed therethrough; and one or more flow agitation baffles disposed a distance about the outer surface of tubular member substantially proximal to the one or more orifices.

25. The powdered activated carbon injection unit as recited in claim 24, further comprising: one or more supports for supporting the one or more flow agitation baffles the distance about the outer surface of the tubular member.

26. The powdered activated carbon injection unit as recited in claim 24, wherein each of the one or more flow agitation baffles creates a turbulent flow profile to at least two of the one or more orifices.

27. A powdered activated carbon injection unit, comprising: a source of the process gas; and a nozzle in contact with the process gas having a tubular member having a sealed first end, a second end, and an inner flowpath extending from the first sealed end to the second end, the tubular member having an orifice disposed therethrough proximal to the sealed first end; and a dispersion plate disposed a distance about the outer surface of tubular member substantially proximal to the orifice.

28. The powdered activated carbon injection unit as recited in claim 27, further comprising: a support for supporting the dispersion plate a distance about the outer surface of the tubular member.

29. The powdered activated carbon injection unit as recited in claim 27, wherein the dispersion plate creates a turbulent flow profile to the orifice.

30. A method for powder injection resulting in reduced agglomeration, comprising: providing a process gas; and providing a lance having a turbulent flow device for injecting dispersed powdered activated carbon for contacting the process gas.

31. The method as recited in claim 30, wherein the turbulent flow device is selected from the group consisting of dispersion plates, flow agitations baffles, and lances having an outer and inner tubular member and orifices therethrough the inner tubular member.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] For a more complete understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention, reference is now made to the detailed description of the invention along with the accompanying figures in which corresponding numerals in the different figures refer to corresponding parts and in which:

[0032] FIG. 1A1 is a side view of a prior art injection lance;

[0033] FIG. 1A2 is an end view of the prior art injection lance of FIG. 1A1;

[0034] FIG. 1B1 is a side view of a prior art injection lance;

[0035] FIG. 1B2 is an end view of the prior art injection lance of FIG. 1B1;

[0036] FIG. 1C1 is a side view of a prior art injection lance;

[0037] FIG. 1C2 is an end view of the prior art injection lance of FIG. 1C1;

[0038] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a pneumatic system having lances and/or nozzles for injecting powdered activated carbon into a gas flow according to an embodiment;

[0039] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a system having injection lances and/or nozzles for injecting powdered activated carbon into process gas according to an embodiment;

[0040] FIG. 4 is a cross section view of a nozzle according to an embodiment;

[0041] FIG. 5 is a front view of the inner nozzle of the nozzle of FIG. 4 according to an embodiment;

[0042] FIG. 6A is a front view of a nozzle having baffles according to an embodiment;

[0043] FIG. 6B is a side view of the nozzle of FIG. 6A according to an embodiment;

[0044] FIG. 7A is a front view of a nozzle having a baffle according to an embodiment;

[0045] FIG. 7B is a side view of the nozzle of FIG. 7A according to an embodiment; and

[0046] FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a process for controlling multiple pollutants from process gas according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0047] While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts which can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention.

[0048] The various embodiments of the present invention generally relate to a system, lances, nozzles, and/or methods for introducing a powder, such as a powdered activated carbon (“PAC”) and/or activated carbon, into a gas stream with a high degree of dispersion and distribution. In the following description, the term PAC may be used primarily, but the description also applies to activated carbon, and the like as would be commonly known to those skilled in the art. The gas stream and/or process gas stream may originate from many industrial facilities such as a power plant, cement plant, waste incinerator, or other facilities that will occur to one skilled in the art. Such gas streams contain many contaminants that are desirable to control and/or decrease in concentration for protection of health and the environment.

[0049] Referring initially to FIG. 2, an embodiment of a system for injecting PAC into a process gas for controlling or reducing pollutants in a gas stream is schematically illustrated and generally designated 100. In one embodiment, system 100 may include an activated carbon injection (“ACI”) system. System 100 may include a PAC storage vessel, such as activated carbon silo 102, where PAC 104 may be stored for use in system 100. Activated carbon silo 102 may be any type of storage vessel such that it is capable of containing a supply and/or feedstock of PAC for supplying the PAC to other units and the like of system 100. Some additional exemplary activated carbon silos 102 may include supersacs, silos, storage vessels, and the like.

[0050] In one embodiment, system 100 may include one or more fluidizing nozzles 106 that may assist in providing PAC 104 in a fluidized form, such that it may be transported in a substantially fluid form downstream in system 100. Additionally, system 100 may include one or more control valves 108 that may be disposed and/or located substantially proximal to the exit or outlet of PAC 104 and/or fluidizing nozzles 106 for controlling the flow of PAC 104 from activated carbon silo 102 to system 100. The feed of PAC 104 can also be controlled by a series of additional control valves 108, movable barriers, etc. To assist the process of fluidizing PAC 104 for exiting activated carbon silo 102, fluidization assistance may be applied in the form of physical agitation or the use of fluidizing nozzles 106. In addition, system 100 may include other types of control valves, such as manual valves (not shown), and the like as would be known to those skilled in the art.

[0051] System 100 may further include a movement joint or expansion joint 110 located or disposed downstream of control valves 108. Expansion joint 110 may provide for absorption of relational movements between activated carbon silo 102 and other downstream units, controls, devices and the like. Some exemplary relational movements may be heat induced, vibratory, and the like. In one embodiment, expansion joint 110 may be located between control valves 108 and a feeder hopper 112. System 100 may also include a valve, such as a rotary valve 114 that may be located or disposed between feeder hopper 112 and one or more load cells 116. System 100 may also include a screw feeder 118 disposed or located downstream of the load cells 116. In another embodiment, PAC 104 may be controlled or metered with any typical device known to those skilled in the art.

[0052] System 100 may further include a flow eductor 120 that is located downstream of 118. System 100 may also include a blower 122 for providing an air flow post flow eductor 120. At this point, PAC 104 may be introduced to the pneumatic conveying gas produced by blower 122 through flow eductor 120 that combines PAC 104 producing a fluid stream for flowing through a transport line 124 to a desired injection location, as further discussed below.

[0053] In one embodiment, rotary valve 114, screw feeder 118, load cells 116, blower 122, and flow eductor 120 may modulate and control the pressure and flow of PAC 104 along a transport line 124 to an injection manifold 128 having one or more injection lances 130. Transport line 124 may include bends, such as 90 degree bends 126 or other impediments. Injection manifold 128 and injection lances 130 may be located or disposed in a process line, vessel, transport line, housing, container, etc. (“process line 132”) containing a source of gas 134, such as a process gas for controlling or reducing pollutants, and the like.

[0054] Referring now to FIG. 3, another embodiment of a system for injecting PAC into a process gas for controlling or reducing pollutants in a gas stream is schematically illustrated and generally designated 200. System 200 may be a coal-fired electric power generation plant, in one embodiment. System 200 may include a boiler 202, such as for a coal-fired power plant. Although the example described herein applies to coal-fired power plants, the process gas or flue gas to be treated may originate from many industrial facilities such as a power plant, cement plant, waste incinerator, or other facilities that will occur to one skilled in the art.

[0055] Such gas streams contain many contaminants and/or pollutants that are desirable to control and/or decrease in concentration for protection of health and the environment. Nevertheless, system 200 is being described for removing, controlling, and/or reducing pollutants from a coal-fired power plant gas stream using one or more of the lances discussed herein. Boiler 202 may be a coal-fired boiler that burns or combusts coal to heat water into superheated steam for driving steam turbines that produce electricity. These types of power plants are common throughout the U.S. and elsewhere. Boiler 202 may further include an economizer 204, in one embodiment. Economizer 204 may be used to recover heat produced from boiler 202.

[0056] The flue gas or process gas 205 exiting boiler 202 and/or 204 may then be flowed, transported, ducted, piped, etc. via one or more process lines 206 to a selective catalytic reduction unit 208 for the removal of nitrogen containing compounds, in one embodiment. Typically, selective catalytic reduction unit 208 may convert NO.sub.x compounds to diatomic nitrogen (N.sub.2) and water (H.sub.2O) using a catalyst and a gaseous reductant, such as an ammonia containing compound.

[0057] Process gas 205 may then be flowed, transported, ducted, piped, etc. to a heat exchanger, pre-heater, and/or air heater 210 where heat is transferred from the flue gas to a feed of air to be fed back into boiler 202. Process gas 205 may then be transferred via process line 206 to an electrostatic precipitator 212 for removal of PAC 207, which has been injected into system 200 at some point preferably upstream of electrostatic precipitator 212.

[0058] PAC 207 may be injected anywhere along process line 206 from boiler 202 to electrostatic precipitator 212, including boiler 202, economizer 204, selective catalytic reduction unit 208, air heater 210, and/or electrostatic precipitator 212.

[0059] After being treated in 212, the treated flue gas may then be sent to a flue gas desulfurization unit 214 via process line 206 for removal of sulfur compounds, in one embodiment. After being treated in flue gas desulfurization unit 214, the treated flue gas may then be sent to a stack 216 for emission into the environment.

[0060] Turning now to FIG. 4, another embodiment of a lance or nozzle for injecting PAC into a process gas for controlling or reducing pollutants in a gas stream is schematically illustrated and generally designated 400. Nozzle 400 may include an outer tubular member 402 having an end 404 in communication with a source of a gas 406, such as pressurized air in one example. Located and/or disposed within the inner cavity or pathway of outer tubular member 402, is an inner tubular member 408 creating a substantially annular space 410 located and/or disposed between outer tubular member 402 and inner tubular member 408.

[0061] Nozzle 400 further includes an end 412 that may be located and/or disposed in a source of process gas, such as process gas 205 and/or gas 134. Additionally, nozzle 400 includes a lance end, nozzle end, and/or outlet 413 that PAC 420 exits out of nozzle 400 where it contacts a process gas, for example. Preferably, end 412 may have a sealed end 414 between outer tubular member 402 and inner tubular member 408, for blocking the flow of gas 406 through the end 412 of annular space 410, in one example. Sealed end 414 may be any common seal, welds, structures, caps, and the like that blocks the flow of gas 406 out end 412 through annular space 410, as would be commonly known to those skilled in the art.

[0062] As discussed above, annular space 410 provides a pathway or flowpath for a source of gas 406, such as pressurized gas and/or air. In addition, inner tubular member 408 includes a pathway and/or flowpath 416 for a source of PAC to flow through from end 404 where it exits at end 412 into process gas 205 and/or gas 134, in one embodiment. In one aspect, flowpath 416 is the central via or cavity of inner tubular member 408. In one embodiment, outer tubular member 402 and inner tubular member 408 may be disposed relationally in a co-axial manner. In another embodiment, outer tubular member 402 and inner tubular member 408 may be disposed relationally slightly off-center with respect to their respective longitudinal center axis. Further, the shapes and/or forms of outer tubular member 402 and inner tubular member 408 may have any desired cross-sectional shape, such as circular, triangular, square, polygonal, symmetrical, asymmetrical, and the like. In one embodiment, outer tubular member 402 and inner tubular member 408 are preferably pipes or tubes having substantially hollow inner flowpaths or cavities.

[0063] Nozzle 400 may further include one or more orifices 418, such as openings, apertures, and the like disposed therethrough the wall of inner tubular member 408 for providing a flowpath for gas 406 to flow from annular space 410 through orifices 418 into flowpath 416. Orifices 418 may be any form or shape such that they provide a desired flow of gas 406 from annular space 410 to flowpath 416. In one embodiment, one or more orifices 418 may be aligned or staggered through inner tubular member 408.

[0064] As shown in FIG. 4, gas 406 flows along annular space 410 and then through orifices 418 to enter flowpath 416. In one embodiment, gas 406 flows through annular space 410 and then through orifices 418 in a radially inward direction into flowpath 416 near end 412. In one embodiment, PAC 420 is pneumatically conveyed through flowpath 416 as gas 406 is sent through annular space 410 and then orifices 418 into flowpath 416. In another embodiment, PAC 420 may be conveyed through flowpath 416 with any type of pressurized carrier gas as would be known to those skilled in the art.

[0065] PAC 420 experiences significantly more local acceleration effects and particle collisions at the intersections of the outlet of orifices 418 and flowpath 416 due to the annular gas cross-flow, thereby encouraging the dispersion of particles of PAC 420 to their primary particle size by increasing stress on the agglomerates. The cross-flow also induces more particle-to-particle collisions that will also further decrease the particle size of PAC 420. The degree of dispersion of PAC 420 can be controlled by controlling the ratio of the flow of gas 406 to the flow of gas conveying the PAC 420 and may be dependent on the dimensions of nozzle 400 and powder diameter. Due to the added turbulence and smaller particle sizes, the powder stream leaving nozzle 400 will also disperse to a larger area than the lances typically applied.

[0066] Turning now to FIG. 5, another embodiment of an inner tubular member is schematically illustrated and generally designated 500. As discussed herein, inner tubular member may have any number of orifices therethough, and they may be located or disposed in any desired manner through inner tubular member. In one embodiment, inner tubular member 500 may have orifices 418 located or disposed along the length of inner tubular member 500, such as along one or more positions around the radius of inner tubular member 500. As shown, orifices 418 may have one or more orifices 418 disposed or located along the length of inner tubular member 500 and one or more orifices 418 disposed or located in a different position or side, such as shown in FIG. 5.

[0067] Referring now to FIGS. 6A-6B, another embodiment of a lance or nozzle for injecting PAC into a process gas for controlling or reducing pollutants in a gas stream is schematically illustrated and generally designated 600. Nozzle 600 may include tubular member 602 having an end 604 in communication with a source of pneumatically conveyed PAC, source of pressurized PAC, and the like. Additionally, nozzle 600 may have a sealed end 606 sealing the end of tubular member 602. Tubular member 602 of nozzle 600 includes a pathway and/or flowpath 608 for a source of PAC 610 to flow from end 604 through flowpath 608. In one aspect, flowpath 608 is the central via or cavity of tubular member 602.

[0068] Further, the shapes and/or forms of tubular member 602 may have any desired cross-sectional shape, such as circular, triangular, square, polygonal, symmetrical, asymmetrical, and the like. In one embodiment, tubular member 602 is preferably pipes or tubes having substantially hollow inner flowpaths or cavities.

[0069] In one embodiment, nozzle 600 may include one or more flow agitation baffles 612 may be disposed about the outside or outer surface of tubular member 602 for creating a dynamic boundary to induce a turbulent flow profile. Additionally, nozzle 600 may include one or more orifices 614, such as openings, apertures, and the like disposed therethrough the wall of tubular member 602 for providing a flowpath for pressurized and/or pneumatically powered PAC 610 to flow from flowpath 608 through orifices 614 into the turbulent flowpaths created by flow agitation baffles 612.

[0070] In one embodiment, flow agitation baffles 612 may be structures having a front profile 618 of a desired form or shape, such as shown in FIG. 6A for producing turbulent flowpaths. As shown, profile 618 is substantially like a triangle with an inverted triangle connected together, but profile 618 may be any shape or form as desired to produce a desired turbulent flowpath. In one aspect, flow agitation baffles 612 may be of a depth such that it can be supported by a support 616 away from the outside or outer wall surface of tubular member 602.

[0071] Nozzle 600 may include any number of flow agitation baffles 612 and they may be disposed about the outside or outer wall of tubular member 602 in any pattern desired. For example, flow agitation baffles 612 are shown positioned in a substantially linear orientation along the centerline of tubular member 602. They may also be positioned in a staggered orientation if desired. Further, they may be positioned about tubular member 602 where one or more are in a different position with respect to outer radius of tubular member 602. Additionally, any number of them may be located or disposed about the length and/or radius of tubular member 602. Flow agitation baffles 612 may be made out of any types of materials such that they can operate in the environment where PAC 610 may contact a process gas, for example.

[0072] Nozzle 600 may include any number of orifices 614 and they may be located or disposed through tubular member 602. They may be located or disposed along the length and/or radius of tubular member 602, in one aspect. Preferably, they are located or disposed substantially near or proximal to the one or more flow agitation baffles 612 for increasing turbulent flow of PAC 610. In one embodiment, one orifice 614 may be disposed or located on one side of support 616 and another on the other side of support 616 proximal to flow agitation baffles 612.

[0073] Support 616 may be any type of support such that it can support flow agitation baffles 612 a desired distance from the outside or outer wall surface of tubular member 602, as best shown in FIG. 6B. Support 616 may be connected at any point on flow agitation baffles 612 and tubular member 602, in one aspect.

[0074] Turning now to FIGS. 7A-7B, another embodiment of a lance or nozzle for injecting PAC into a process gas for controlling or reducing pollutants in a gas stream is schematically illustrated and generally designated 700. Nozzle 700 may include tubular member 702 having an end 704 in communication with a source of pneumatically conveyed PAC, source of pressurized PAC, and the like. Additionally, nozzle 700 may have a sealed end 706 sealing the end of tubular member 702. Tubular member 702 of nozzle 700 includes a pathway and/or flowpath 708 for a source of PAC 710 to flow from end 704 through flowpath 708. In one aspect, flowpath 708 is the central via or cavity of tubular member 702.

[0075] Further, the shapes and/or forms of tubular member 702 may have any desired cross-sectional shape, such as circular, triangular, square, polygonal, symmetrical, asymmetrical, and the like. In one embodiment, tubular member 702 is preferably pipes or tubes having substantially hollow inner flowpaths or cavities.

[0076] In one embodiment, nozzle 700 may include one or more dispersion plates 712 may be disposed about the outside or outer surface of tubular member 702 for creating a dynamic boundary to induce a turbulent flow profile. Additionally, nozzle 700 may include one or more orifices 714, such as openings, apertures, and the like disposed therethrough the wall of tubular member 702 for providing a flowpath for pressurized and/or pneumatically powered PAC 710 to flow from flowpath 708 through orifices 714 into the turbulent flowpaths created by dispersion plate 712.

[0077] In this embodiment, nozzle 700 may have one orifice 714 that may have a diameter up to the diameter of tubular member 702.

[0078] In one embodiment, dispersion plate 712 may be structures having a front profile 718 of a desired form or shape, such as shown in FIG. 7A for producing turbulent flowpaths. As shown, profile 718 is substantially circular, but profile 718 may be any shape or form as desired to produce a desired turbulent flowpath. In one aspect, dispersion plate 712 may be of a depth such that it can be supported by a support 716 away from the outside or outer wall surface of tubular member 702.

[0079] Support 716 may be any type of support such that it can support dispersion plate 712 a desired distance from the outside or outer wall surface of tubular member 702, as best shown in FIG. 7B. Support 716 may be connected at any point on dispersion plate 712 and tubular member 702, in one aspect. In one embodiment, support 716 may be located or disposed about end 706 to support dispersion plate 712. In one aspect, dispersion plate 712 creates a physical boundary to increase particle-to-particle and particle-to-boundary collisions thereby encouraging dispersion to the primary particle size and also promoting dispersion into the contaminated gas stream.

[0080] Turning now to FIG. 8, a method for controlling or removing pollutants or contaminants in flue gas or process gas is schematically illustrated and generally designated 800. In step 802, process or flue gas may be transferred to a pre-heater for heat transfer to an air source to be fed back into a particular unit, such as boiler 202. In step 804, the process or flue gas is transferred to an economizer prior to transferring it to a SCR, such as selective catalytic reduction unit 208. This step may include contacting the process or flue gas with PAC for controlling the pollutants or contaminants. In step 806, the process or flue gas may be transferred air heater and then to an electrostatic precipitator 212. In step 808, the PAC may be recovered or separated from the process or flue gas in the electrostatic precipitator 212. Step 810 may include transferring the treated process or flue gas to stack 216 for emission into the environment.

[0081] The following example is intended to provide an illustration of certain aspects, embodiments, and configurations of the disclosure without limiting the disclosure.

[0082] An ACI test for mercury removal was conducted at a coal-fired power plant burning high sulfur bituminous coal employing an air heater (AH), electrostatic precipitator (ESP), and wet flue-gas desulfurization unit for pollution control. Ports for ACI lances were installed between the AH and ESP. This location afforded a very short residence time for PAC to remove mercury from the flue gas.

[0083] Several lances were installed in the ports and tested with a PAC injection rate of 7 lb/MMacf (million actual cubic feet). Million actual cubic feet Mercury was monitored just downstream of the ESP and percent total mercury removal was calculated by comparing non-injection and injection periods. The results of the test are shown in Table 1. Using the standard lance design 20 typical of the prior art, a straight metal tube 20 with a single slanted open end 26 (FIG. 1B1-1B2), nearly 20% mercury removal was reached at the constant injection rate. Mercury removal dropped slightly when using another prior art lance design 30 with multiple orifices 34 along the pipe length 32 (FIG. 1C1-1C2). However, once lances of the present invention were installed, mercury removal sharply increased. Nozzle or lance 600 (FIG. 6A-6B) increased mercury removal by nearly 90% more than the standard lance 20. Nozzle or lance 700 (FIGS. 7A-7B) increased mercury removal by over 140% more than the prior art standard lance 20. Installing nozzles or lances 600 and/or 700 would have a small capital expense and result in a dramatic decrease in PAC usage and thereby operating costs.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Summary of Experimental Results Percent Total Mercury Nozzle or Lance Removal Standard Lance 20 of Prior Art (FIGS. 1B1-1B2) 19.5 Multi-Hole Lance 30 of the Prior Art 13.4 (FIGS. 1C1-1C2) Lance or Nozzle 600 (FIGS. 6A-6B) 31.2 Lance or Nozzle 700 (FIGS. 7A-7B) 47.4

[0084] While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is, therefore, intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.