SUPRAMOLECULAR IONIC LIQUID, SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE, SOLID-STATE LITHIUM METAL BATTERY, AND APPARATUS

Abstract

A supramolecular ionic liquid, a solid-state electrolyte membrane, a solid-state lithium metal battery, and an apparatus are provided. The supramolecular ionic liquid of this disclosure has a benzophenanthrene structure represented by formula (I), where R.sub.1 is selected from ether groups, polyether groups, halogenated ether groups, or halogenated polyether groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms; and R.sub.2 is selected from ether groups or polyether groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms. The supramolecular ionic liquid of this disclosure has an ionic conductivity as high as 10.sup.−3 S/cm at room temperature. A solid-state electrolyte membrane made therefrom also has an ionic conductivity as high as 10.sup.−3 S/cm at room temperature. This is close to performance of a liquid electrolyte, proposing a solution to the problem of low ionic conductivity in existing solid-state electrolytes.

Claims

1. A supramolecular ionic liquid, comprising a benzophenanthrene structure represented by formula (I): ##STR00082## wherein R.sub.1 is selected from ether groups, polyether groups, halogenated ether groups, or halogenated polyether groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms; and R.sub.2 is selected from ether groups or polyether groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.

2. The supramolecular ionic liquid according to claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 is selected from structures represented by formula (II): ##STR00083## wherein m1 is selected from 1-6, n1 is selected from 1-5, p1 is selected from 0-4, and Y is selected from H, F, Cl, or Br.

3. The supramolecular ionic liquid according to claim 2, wherein the formula (II) meets at least one of the following conditions: (1) m1 is selected from 2-3; (2) n1 is selected from 2-3; (3) p1 is selected from 1-2; and (4) Y is selected from H or F.

4. The supramolecular ionic liquid according claim 1, wherein R.sub.2 is selected from structures represented by formula (III): ##STR00084## wherein when n2 is not 0, m2 is selected from 1-6, n2 is selected from 1-5, and p2 is selected from 0-4; and when n2 is 0, p2 is selected from 1-16, and optionally, p2 is selected from 4-10.

5. The supramolecular ionic liquid according to claim 4, wherein when n2 is not 0, the formula (III) meets at least one of the following conditions: (1) m2 is selected from 2-3; (2) n2 is selected from 2-3; and (3) p2 is selected from 1-2.

6. The supramolecular ionic liquid according to claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 in the formula (I) are selected from one of I-1 to I-22: ##STR00085## ##STR00086##

7. The supramolecular ionic liquid according to claim 1, wherein the supramolecular ionic liquid is a cylindrical structure formed by a number of the benzophenanthrene structures through π-π stacking and self assembly.

8. The supramolecular ionic liquid according to claim 1, wherein a q value of small-angle X-ray scattering peak of the supramolecular ionic liquid is 15.5 nm.sup.−1 to 18.8 nm.sup.−1; optionally, the q value is 16.0 nm.sup.−1 to 18.5 nm.sup.−1, and further optionally, the q value is 16.3 nm.sup.−1 to 18.2 nm.sup.−1.

9. The supramolecular ionic liquid according to claim 1, wherein ionic conductivity of the supramolecular ionic liquid at 25° C. is 2*10.sup.−5 S/cm to 7*10.sup.−3 S/cm; optionally, the ionic conductivity is 1.5*10.sup.−3 S/cm to 6.5*10.sup.−3 S/cm.

10. A solid-state electrolyte membrane, comprising the supramolecular ionic liquid according to claim 1.

11. The solid-state electrolyte membrane according to claim 10, wherein the solid-state electrolyte membrane further comprises a polymer matrix, and the polymer matrix meets at least one of the following conditions: (1) the polymer matrix comprises a viscoelastic polymer, and a relative molecular mass of the polymer matrix is 1,000-2,000,000; (2) crystallinity of the polymer matrix is 1%-40%, optionally, 5%-25%; (3) the polymer matrix comprises a first polymer and a second polymer, wherein a relative molecular mass of the first polymer is 400,000-800,000, and a relative molecular mass of the second polymer matrix is 1,000-10,000, optionally, a mass ratio of the first polymer and the second polymer is 10:1-5:1; and (4) the polymer matrix is selected from one or more of polyethylene oxide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene carbonate, polyvinyl chloride, or polyvinylidene fluoride-(2-acrylamido methylpropane sulfonic acid)-trimethylolpropane triacrylate-hyperbranched polyacrylate-methyl methacrylate-copolymer, and optionally, the polymer matrix is selected from one or more of polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride, or polymethyl methacrylate.

12. The solid-state electrolyte membrane according to claim 10, wherein the solid-state electrolyte membrane further comprises a lithium salt, and the lithium salt is selected from one or more of LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiClO.sub.4, LiAsF.sub.6, LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3, LiFSI, or LiTFSI; and optionally, the lithium salt is LiTFSI.

13. A method for preparing the solid-state electrolyte membrane according to claim 10, comprising the following steps: providing a polymer matrix, a lithium salt, and the supramolecular ionic liquid according to any one of claims 1 to 9; and mixing, hot pressing, and vacuum annealing these substances to obtain the solid-state electrolyte membrane.

14. The solid-state electrolyte membrane according to claim 13, wherein a mass ratio of the polymer matrix, the lithium salt, and the supramolecular ionic liquid is 100:(5-40):(10-80).

15. A solid-state lithium metal battery, comprising the solid-state electrolyte membrane according to claim 10.

16. An apparatus, comprising the solid-state lithium metal battery according to claim 15, wherein the solid-state lithium metal battery is capable of serving as a power source of the apparatus or as an energy storage unit of the apparatus.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0033] FIG. 1 shows a hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of a product of supramolecular ionic liquid preparation example 1 in this disclosure;

[0034] FIG. 2 shows an SAXS spectrum of supramolecular ionic liquid preparation example 1 in this disclosure, where curve 1 represents a supramolecular ionic liquid, curve 2 represents an electrolyte membrane that has been annealed, and curve 3 represents an electrolyte membrane without annealing;

[0035] FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional diagram of a solid-state lithium metal battery according to an embodiment of this disclosure;

[0036] FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the solid-state lithium metal battery in FIG. 3,

[0037] FIG. 5 is a three-dimensional diagram of a battery module according to an embodiment of this disclosure;

[0038] FIG. 6 is a three-dimensional diagram of a battery pack according to an embodiment of this disclosure;

[0039] FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the battery pack in FIG. 6; and

[0040] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus according to an embodiment of this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0041] The following further describes this disclosure with reference to embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are merely intended to illustrate this disclosure but not to limit the scope of this disclosure.

[0042] Reference signs are described as follows: [0043] 1. battery pack; [0044] 2. upper box body; [0045] 3. lower box body; [0046] 4. battery module; [0047] 5. solid-state lithium metal battery; [0048] 51. housing; [0049] 52: electrode assembly; and [0050] 53. cover assembly.

[0051] Supramolecular Ionic Liquid

[0052] According to a first aspect of this disclosure, some embodiments of this disclosure provide a supramolecular ionic liquid, which has a benzophenanthrene structure represented by formula (I):

##STR00006##

[0053] where R.sub.1 is selected from ether groups, polyether groups, halogenated ether groups, or halogenated polyether groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms; and R2 is selected from ether groups or polyether groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.

[0054] The supramolecular ionic liquid of this disclosure has an ionic conductivity as high as 10.sup.−3 S/cm at room temperature. A solid-state electrolyte membrane made therefrom also has an ionic conductivity as high as 10.sup.−3 S/cm at room temperature. This is close to performance of a liquid electrolyte, proposing a solution to the problem of low ionic conductivity, which is common in existing solid-state electrolyte materials.

[0055] In some embodiments of this disclosure, R.sub.1 is selected from structures represented by formula (II):

##STR00007##

[0056] where m1 is selected from 1-6, n1 is selected from 1-5, p1 is selected from 0-4, and Y is selected from H, F, Cl, or Br.

[0057] In some embodiments of this disclosure, formula (II) meets at least one of the following conditions: (1) m1 is selected from 2-3; (2) n1 is selected from 2-3; (3) p1 is selected from 1-2; and (4) Y is selected from H or F.

[0058] In some embodiments of this disclosure, R2 is selected from structures represented by formula (III):

##STR00008##

[0059] In some embodiments of this disclosure, m2 is selected from 1-6, n2 is selected from 1-5, and p2 is selected from 0-4.

[0060] In some embodiments of this disclosure, n2 is 0, and p2 is selected from 1-16.

[0061] In some embodiments of this disclosure, n2 is 0, and p2 is selected from 4-10.

[0062] In some embodiments of this disclosure, n2 is not 0, and formula (III) meets at least one of the following conditions: (1) m2 is selected from 2-3; (2) n2 is selected from 2-3; and (3) p2 is selected from 1-2.

[0063] In some embodiments of this disclosure, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 in the formula (I) are selected from one of I-1 to I-22:

##STR00009## ##STR00010##

[0064] The supramolecular ionic liquid provided in this disclosure is a cylindrical structure formed by a number of the benzophenanthrene structures through π-π stacking and self assembly.

[0065] In some embodiments, a q value of small-angle X-ray scattering peak of the supramolecular ionic liquid provided in this disclosure is 15.5 nm.sup.−1 to 18.8 nm.sup.−1.

[0066] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the q value of small-angle X-ray scattering peak of the supramolecular ionic liquid provided in this disclosure is 16.0 nm.sup.1 to 18.5 nm.sup.−1.

[0067] In some embodiments, the q value of small-angle X-ray scattering peak of the supramolecular ionic liquid provided in this disclosure is 16.3 nm.sup.1 to 18.2 nm.sup.1.

[0068] The q value of small-angle X-ray scattering peak of the supramolecular ionic liquid reflects a disk spacing of benzophenanthrene in π-π stacking (π-π stacking). When the q value of small-angle X-ray scattering peak of the supramolecular ionic liquid is within the foregoing ranges, the disk spacing between a plurality of benzophenanthrene structures in the supramolecular ionic liquid is within a quite appropriate range such that the benzophenanthrene structures are induced to form a desirable cylindrical phase structure through π-π stacking, allowing for formation of a good ion migration channel in an internal structure of the supramolecular ionic liquid, which increases the ionic conductivity.

[0069] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the ionic conductivity of the supramolecular ionic liquid provided in this disclosure is 2*10.sup.−5 S/cm to 7*10.sup.−3 S/cm at 25° C.

[0070] In some embodiments, the ionic conductivity of the supramolecular ionic liquid provided in this disclosure is 1.5*10-3 S/cm to 6.5*10-3 S/cm at 25° C.

[0071] Preparation of Supramolecular Ionic Liquid

##STR00011##

[0072] where

[0073] R.sub.3 is selected from ether groups, polyether groups, halogenated ether groups, or halogenated polyether groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms; and

[0074] Further, R.sub.3 may be selected from structures represented by formula (III):

##STR00012##

[0075] where m1, n1, p1 and Y are defined the same as in the claims.

[0076] R.sub.4 is selected from ether groups or polyether groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms;

[0077] Further, R.sub.4 may be selected from structures represented by formula (IV):

##STR00013##

[0078] where n2, m2, n2 and p2 are defined the same as in the claims.

[0079] Catechol, Br—R.sub.3, anhydrous potassium carbonate and catalytic amount of KI are put in a three neck flask; absolute ethanol is added and an oil bath at a constant temperature of 100° C. is given. A mechanical stir is applied and a reflux reaction takes place, where the solution turns gradually darkened from a gray color at the beginning. After 48 h reaction, gray granular insoluble matter is removed by filtration, and diluted hydrochloric acid (10% v/v) is added into a brown filtrate. Then extraction is performed using methylene chloride (2*100 ml), and the methylene chloride is removed by rotary evaporation to obtain a brown liquid. Finally column purification is performed (petroleum ether:methylene chloride=2:1 [v/v]).

[0080] The product of the previous step is put in a three neck flask and an appropriate amount of dry methylene chloride is added. A mechanical stir is given under an ice salt bath with anhydrous ferric chloride added in batches under nitrogen protection. The ice salt bath is removed after 30 min stirring, and a reaction takes place at room temperature. TLC (petroleum etherdichloromethane=1:1, v/v) is used to track the reaction progress. After the reaction is finished, 80 ml of methanol is added slowly and dropwise under an ice salt bath, A 1 h stir is given and then distilled water is added. The resulting mixture is extracted with methylene chloride, and the methylene chloride is removed by rotary evaporation to obtain a black solid. The crude product is passed through a column (petroleum ether:dichloromethane=1:1, v/v), a leached fraction is concentrated and passed through the column again (petroleum ether:ethyl acetate=30:1, v/v). A yellow solution thus obtained is concentrated to a light-yellow solid product R.sub.3-TP-OH, which is dried overnight at room temperature in a vacuum oven to obtain a light-yellow solid.

[0081] Williamson reaction: R.sub.3-TP-OH and Br—R.sub.4—SO.sub.3H are dissolved in DMF, which, with 10.0 g of LiOH added, is heated to 70° C., and stirred at reflux overnight. After a product was precipitated by ethanol, water washing is given 3 times. After vacuum drying, a light-yellow viscous liquid is obtained, which is the supramolecular ionic liquid of this disclosure.

[0082] Preparation Examples of Supramolecular Ionic Liquid

Preparation Example 1

[0083] 10.98 g of catechol, 24.02 g of Br-R.sub.3

##STR00014##

41 g of anhydrous potassium carbonate and catalytic amount of KI are put in a 250 ml three neck flask; 150 ml of absolute ethanol is added and an oil bath at a constant temperature of 100° C. is given. A mechanical stir is applied and a reflux reaction takes place, where the solution turns gradually darkened from a gray color at the beginning. After 48 h reaction, gray granular insoluble matter is removed by filtration, and 200 ml of diluted hydrochloric acid (10% v/v) was added into a brown filtrate. Then extraction is performed using methylene chloride (2*100 ml), and the methylene chloride is removed by rotary evaporation to obtain a brown liquid, which is passed through a column for purification (petroleum ether:methylene chloride=2:1 [v/v]). A product yield is 21.05 g, 90.8%.

[0084] 21.05 g of the product of the previous step is put in a 250 ml three neck flask and 115 ml of dry methylene chloride is added. A mechanical stir is given under an ice salt bath with 39 g of anhydrous ferric chloride added in batches under nitrogen protection. The ice salt bath is removed after 30 min stirring, and a reaction takes place at room temperature. TLC (petroleum etherdichloromethane=1:1, v/v) is used to track the reaction progress. After the reaction is finished, 80 ml of methanol is added slowly and dropwise under an ice salt bath. A 1 h stir is given and 385 ml distilled water is added. The resulting mixture is extracted with 1000 ml methylene chloride, and the methylene chloride is removed by rotary evaporation to obtain a black solid. The crude product is passed through a column (petroleum etherdichloromethane=1:1, v/v), a leached fraction is concentrated and passed through the column again (petroleum ether:ethyl acetate=30:1, v/v). A yellow solution thus obtained is concentrated to a light-yellow solid product R.sub.3-TP-OH, which is dried overnight at room temperature in a vacuum oven to obtain 4.74 g of light-yellow solid, with a 21% yield.

[0085] Williamson reaction is used. 3.0 g of R.sub.3-TP-OH and 6.0 g of Br—R.sub.4—SO.sub.3H

##STR00015##

are dissolved in DMF, which, with 10.0 g of LiOH added, is heated to 70° C., and stirred at reflux overnight. After a product is precipitated by ethanol, water washing is given 3 times. After vacuum drying, a light-yellow viscous liquid R.sub.3-TP-R.sub.4—SO.sub.3Li is obtained (the supramolecular ionic liquid in example 4). Yield is 17%.

[0086] Product Characterization:

[0087] Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (.sup.1H NMR) and carbon spectroscopy (.sup.13C): Bruker ARX 400 (400 MHz) and ARX 500 (500 MHz) nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers.

[0088] Small-angle/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS): an Anton Paar SAXSess mc2 high-throughput small-angle X-ray scattering instrument with an Anton Paar TCS120 hot table; Cu target is used as an X-ray source, and an a ray of monochromatized CuK has a wavelength 2 of 0.1542 nm, which is capable of simultaneous measurements of small-angle region SAXS and wide-angle region WAXS. Q values are collected from the range of 0.06-29 nm.sup.−1, where q=4π sin θ/λ and 2θ is a scattering angle. A solid powder sample is wrapped and tested in aluminum foil, and background signals in the aluminum foil is removed using SAXSquant software 3.80.

Preparation Example 2

[0089] The same method is used as preparation example 1, with

##STR00016##

to obtain a yellow viscous liquid (the supramolecular ionic liquid in example 9), with a 22% yield.

Preparation Example 3

[0090] The same method is used as preparation example 1, with

##STR00017##

to obtain a yellow viscous liquid (the supramolecular ionic liquid in example 19), with a 20% yield.

Preparation Example 4

[0091] The same method is used as preparation example 1, with

##STR00018##

to obtain a yellow viscous liquid (the supramolecular ionic liquid in example 22), with a 16% yield.

Preparation Example 5

[0092] The same method is used as preparation example 1, with R.sub.3=*—CH.sub.2—O—CH.sub.3 and

##STR00019##

to obtain a yellow viscous liquid (the supramolecular ionic liquid in example 1), with a 12% yield.

[0093] Solid-State Electrolyte Membrane

[0094] According to a second aspect of this disclosure, some embodiments of this disclosure provide a solid-state electrolyte membrane, including the supramolecular ionic liquid in the first aspect of this disclosure.

[0095] The solid-state electrolyte membrane provided in this disclosure further includes a polymer matrix, and the polymer matrix meets at least one of the following conditions: (1) the polymer matrix includes a viscoelastic polymer, and a relative molecular mass of the polymer matrix is 1,000-2,000,000; (2) crystallinity of the polymer matrix is 1%-40%, optionally, 5%-25%; (3) the polymer matrix includes a first polymer and a second polymer, where a relative molecular mass of the first polymer is 400,000-800,000, and a relative molecular mass of the second polymer is 1,000-10,000, optionally, a mass ratio of the first polymer and the second polymer is 10:1-5:1; and (4) the polymer matrix is selected from one or more of polyethylene oxide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene carbonate, polyvinyl chloride, or polyvinylidene fluoride-(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid)-trimethylolpropane triacrylate-hyperbranched polyacrylate-methyl methacrylate-copolymer, and optionally, the polymer matrix is selected from one or more of polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride, or polymethyl methacrylate.

[0096] The solid-state electrolyte membrane provided in this disclosure further includes a lithium salt, and the lithium salt is selected from one or more of LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiClO.sub.4, LiAsF.sub.6, LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3, LiFSI, or LiTFSI.

[0097] Preparation of Solid-State Electrolyte Membrane

[0098] According to a third aspect of this disclosure, some embodiments of this disclosure provide a method for preparing the solid-state electrolyte membrane in the second aspect of this disclosure, including the following steps: providing a polymer matrix, a lithium salt, and the supramolecular ionic liquid in the first aspect of this disclosure; and mixing, hot pressing, and vacuum annealing these substances to obtain the solid-state electrolyte membrane.

[0099] In some embodiments, a mass ratio of the polymer matrix, the lithium salt, and the supramolecular ionic liquid is 100:(5-40):(10-80). In some embodiments, after being weighed and mixed, the substances are placed in an environment of 1 MPa to 20 MPa and hot pressed at 50° C. to 100° C. In some embodiments, the substances are annealed in vacuum at 60° C. to 80° C. for 1 to 8 hours.

[0100] Solid-State Lithium Metal Battery

[0101] According to a fourth aspect of this disclosure, some embodiments of this disclosure provide a solid-state lithium metal battery, which includes the solid-state electrolyte membrane in the second aspect of this disclosure.

[0102] Specifically, the solid-state lithium metal battery provided in some embodiments of this disclosure may include a positive-electrode plate, a negative-electrode plate, a solid-state electrolyte membrane sandwiched between the positive-electrode plate and the negative-electrode plate, and the solid-state electrolyte membrane is the solid-state electrolyte membrane in the second aspect of this disclosure.

[0103] Except for the use of the solid-state electrolyte membrane in the second aspect of this disclosure, construction and preparation method of the solid-state lithium metal battery in this disclosure is well-known.

[0104] In the solid-state lithium metal battery, the positive-electrode plate includes a positive-electrode current collector and a positive-electrode active substance layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive-electrode current collector. In the positive-electrode plate, the positive-electrode active substance layer can be provided on one surface of the positive-electrode current collector or on two surfaces of the positive-electrode current collector.

[0105] Those skilled in the art may select a suitable method for preparing the positive-electrode plate. For example, the following steps may be included: mixing the positive-electrode material, a binder, and a conductive agent to form a slurry, and applying the slurry on the positive current collector.

[0106] There is no special limitation on the specific type of the positive-electrode active substance, as long as it can intercalate and release lithium ions. The positive-electrode active substance can be either a layered structural material to diffuse lithium ions in a two-dimensional space, or a spinel structure to diffuse lithium ions in a three-dimensional space. In some embodiments, the positive-electrode active substance may be selected from one or more of lithium transition metal oxide or compounds obtained by adding other transition metal or non-transition metal or non-metal to lithium transition metal oxide. Specifically, the positive-electrode active substance may be selected from one or more of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, and olivine-structure lithium-containing phosphate.

[0107] A general formula of the olivine-structure lithium-containing phosphate may be LiFe.sub.1-x-yMn.sub.xM′.sub.y PO.sub.4, where 0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1, 0≤x+y≤1, and M′ is selected from one or more of transition metal elements other than Fe and Mn and non-transition metal elements, and specifically M′ may be selected from one or more of Cr, Mg, Ti, Al, Zn, W, Nb, and Zr. In some embodiments, the olivine-structure lithium-containing phosphate is selected from one of more of lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, and lithium iron manganese.

[0108] The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is selected from one or more of LiCoO.sub.2, LiMnO.sub.2, LiNiO.sub.2, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.1-x-yO.sub.2, LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yAl.sub.1-x-yO.sub.2, and LiNi.sub.xMn.sub.2-xO.sub.4, where 0<x<1, 0<y<1, and 0<x+y<1. In some embodiments, the lithium-containing transition metal oxide is selected from one or more of LiCoO.sub.2, LiNi.sub.1/3Co.sub.1/3Mn.sub.1/3O.sub.2, LiNi.sub.0.5Co.sub.0.2Mn.sub.0.3O.sub.2, LiNi.sub.0.6Co.sub.0.2Mn.sub.0.2O.sub.2, LiNi.sub.0.8Co.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.1O.sub.2, LiNi.sub.0.8Co.sub.0.15Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2, LiNi.sub.0.8Co.sub.0.15Al.sub.0.05O.sub.2, LiNi.sub.10.5Mn.sub.1.5O.sub.4, and LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4.

[0109] In the positive-electrode plate, the positive-electrode active material layer may further include a conductive agent and a binder. The conductive agent and the binder are not limited to any specific types or amounts, which may be selected according to actual needs. The binder typically includes a fluorine-containing polyolefin binder. With respect to fluorine-containing polyolefin binders, water is usually a good solvent. In other words, fluorine-containing polyolefin binders usually exhibit good solubility in water. For example, the fluorine-containing polyolefin binder may include but is not be limited to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride copolymer or their modified (for example, modified by carboxylic acid, acrylic acid, or acrylonitrile) derivatives. In the positive-electrode material layer, the amount of binder used may not be too high because of poor conductivity of the binder. In some embodiments, a mass percentage of the binder in the positive active substance layer is less than or equal to 2 wt % so as to obtain relatively low impedance of the electrode plate. The conductive agent of the positive-electrode plate may be a variety of conductive agents applicable to lithium-ion (secondary) batteries in the field, for example, may include but is not limited to a combination of one or more of acetylene black, conductive carbon black, vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF), carbon nanotube (CNT), Ketjen black, or the like. Mass of the conductive agent may be 1 wt % to 10 wt % of total mass of the positive-electrode material layer. In some embodiments, a mass ratio of the conductive agent to the positive-electrode active material in the positive-electrode plate is greater than or equal to 1.5:95.5.

[0110] In the positive-electrode plate, the positive-electrode current collector is also not limited to any specific type, which may be selected according to actual needs. The positive current collector may typically be a layer, and the positive current collector may typically be a structure or part that can collect current. The positive-electrode current collector may be various materials suitable to be used as the positive-electrode current collector of an electrochemical energy storage apparatus in the art. For example, the positive-electrode current collector may include but is not limited to a metal foil, and more specifically, may include but is not limited to a nickel foil or an aluminum foil.

[0111] In the solid-state lithium metal battery, the negative-electrode plate may include a negative-electrode current collector and a lithium metal layer on a surface of the negative-electrode current collector. The negative-electrode current collector is usually a structure or part that collects current. The negative-electrode current collector may be various materials suitable to be used as the negative-electrode current collector of an electrochemical energy storage apparatus in the art. For example, the negative-electrode current collector may include but is not limited to a metal foil, and more specifically, may include but is not limited to a copper foil. In addition, the negative-electrode plate may alternatively be a lithium plate.

[0112] This disclosure does not impose special limitations on the shape of the solid-state lithium metal battery, and the solid-state lithium metal battery may be of a rectangular shape or any other shapes. FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional diagram of a solid-state lithium metal battery according to an embodiment of this disclosure. FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the solid-state lithium metal battery in FIG. 3. Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, the solid-state lithium metal battery 5 (hereinafter referred to as battery cell 5) according to this disclosure includes an outer package 51, an electrode assembly 52, and a top cover assembly 53. The electrode assembly 52 is accommodated in the housing 51. A quantity of the electrode assemblies 52 is not limited, and may be one or more.

[0113] It should be noted that the battery cell 5 in FIG. 3 is a tank type battery, but is not limited thereto in this disclosure. The battery cell 5 may be a bag type battery, which means that the housing 51 is replaced with a metal plastic film and the top cover assembly 53 is canceled.

[0114] In some embodiments, solid-state lithium metal batteries may be assembled into a battery module, and a battery module may include a plurality of solid-state lithium metal batteries. The specific quantity may be adjusted according to the use case and capacity of the battery module. FIG. 5 is a three-dimensional diagram of a battery module 4 as an example. Referring to FIG. 5, in the battery module 4, a plurality of solid-state lithium metal batteries 5 may be sequentially arranged in a length direction of the battery module 4. Certainly, the plurality of solid-state lithium metal batteries 5 may be arranged in any other manner. Further, the plurality of solid-state lithium metal batteries 5 may be fastened by using fasteners. In some embodiments, the battery module 4 may further include a housing with an accommodating space, and the plurality of solid-state lithium metal batteries 5 are accommodated in the accommodating space.

[0115] In some embodiments, the battery module may be further assembled into a battery pack, and a quantity of battery modules included in the battery pack may be adjusted based on disclosure and capacity of the battery pack. FIG. 6 is a three-dimensional diagram of a battery pack 1 as an example. FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the battery pack in FIG. 6. Referring to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the battery pack 1 may include a battery box and a plurality of battery modules 4 disposed in the battery box. The battery box includes an upper box body 2 and a lower box body 3. The upper box body 2 can cover the lower box body 3 to form an enclosed space for accommodating the battery modules 4. The plurality of battery modules 4 may be arranged in the battery box in any manner.

[0116] Apparatus

[0117] A fifth aspect of this disclosure provides an apparatus, including the solid-state lithium metal battery in the fourth aspect of this disclosure, where the solid-state lithium metal battery serves as a power source of the apparatus or an energy storage unit of the apparatus. The apparatus may be, but is not limited to, a mobile device (for example, a mobile phone or a notebook computer), an electric vehicle (for example, a battery electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, an electric bicycle, an electric scooter, an electric golf vehicle, or an electric truck), an electric train, a ship, a satellite, an energy storage system, and the like.

[0118] A solid-state lithium metal battery, a battery module, or a battery pack may be selected for the apparatus according to requirements for using the apparatus.

[0119] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus according to an embodiment. The apparatus may be a battery electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, or the like. To meet requirements of the apparatus for high power and a high energy density of a solid-state lithium metal battery (that is, the secondary battery of this disclosure), a battery pack or a battery module may be used.

[0120] In another example, the apparatus may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, or the like. Such apparatus is generally required to be light and thin, and may use a solid-state lithium metal battery (that is, the secondary battery of this disclosure) as its power source.

[0121] The following further describes advantages of this disclosure with reference to specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are merely intended to describe this disclosure but not to limit the scope of this disclosure. Unless otherwise specified, various parameters in this specification have general meanings well known in the art, and may be measured by using methods well known in the art. For example, they may be tested in methods provided in the examples of this disclosure. In addition, ranges and options of different parameters provided in the examples may be randomly combined, and combinations thus obtained are all considered to fall within the disclosed scope of this disclosure.

Examples 1 to 25

[0122] Preparation of Solid-State Electrolyte Membrane

[0123] 100 parts of polymer matrix, 30 parts of lithium salt, and 40 parts of supramolecular ionic liquid were weighted by mass; after being weighed and mixed, these substances were placed in an environment of 10 MPa and hot pressed at 70° C., and then annealed in vacuum at 60° C. to 80° C. for 4 hours to obtain a solid-state electrolyte membrane.

[0124] The positive-electrode plate and negative-electrode plate were prepared by using a conventional method in the art.

[0125] Positive-electrode plate: LiNi.sub.0.8Co.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.1O.sub.2, conductive agent conductive carbon, and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were mixed at a mass ratio of 96:2:2 to prepare positive-electrode slurry of a lithium-ion battery with a specific viscosity. The positive-electrode slurry was applied on a collector aluminum foil. The coated foil was dried at 85° C. and then cold pressed followed by edge cutting, sheet cutting, and slitting. The slit foil was dried for 4 hours in a vacuum condition at a temperature of 85° C. and a tab was welded to produce a positive-electrode plate of a lithium-ion battery.

[0126] Negative-electrode plate: The negative-electrode plate was prepared by a calendering method. In an environment with humidity ≤0.2% and temperature at 23° C., a 100 μm lithium belt was selected and attached to one side of a 6 μm copper collector, which was rolled at a roller temperature of 25° C. continuously to complete preparation of a single-sided negative-electrode plate. After the plate was wound and cooled down to 20° C., the same method was applied on the other side to complete preparation of a double-sided negative-electrode plate.

[0127] Preparation of Solid-State Lithium Metal Battery

[0128] The foregoing positive-electrode plate, solid-state electrolyte membrane and negative-electrode plate were center aligned, stacked in sequence, and cold pressed at room temperature and 250 MPa for 2 min to obtain a battery cell unit. A stack of 10 battery cell units were cold pressed and packaged in an outer package to obtain a solid-state lithium metal battery.

Comparative Examples 1 to 8

[0129] Preparation steps of Comparative Examples 1 to 8 are basically the same as those of Examples 1 to 25, with a difference in that supramolecular ionic liquids with different R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 were used to prepare solid-state electrolyte membranes in Comparative Examples 1 to 7, and a PEO/LiTFSI polymer solid-state electrolyte was used to prepare an electrolyte membrane in Comparative Example 8.

[0130] Specific parameters of the supramolecular ionic liquids and solid-state electrolyte membranes in Examples 1 to 25 are given in Table 1; specific parameters of the supramolecular ionic liquids and solid-state electrolyte membranes in Comparative Examples 1-8 are given in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00001 Supramolecular ionic liquid Solid-state electrolyte membrane Ionic Ionic conductivity conductivity at at 25° C. Polymer Lithium Membrane 25° C. (S*cm.sup.-1) matrix salt thickness (S*cm.sup.-1) Example 1 [00020] [00021] Example 2 [00022] [00023] Example 3 [00024] [00025] Example 4 [00026] [00027] Example 5 [00028] [00029] Example 6 [00030] [00031] Example 7 [00032] [00033] Example 8 [00034] [00035] Example 9 [00036] [00037] Example 10 [00038] [00039] Example 11 [00040] [00041] Example 12 [00042] [00043] Example 13 [00044] [00045] Example 14 [00046] [00047] Example 15 [00048] [00049] Example 16 [00050] [00051] Example 17 [00052] [00053] Example 18 [00054] [00055] Example 19 [00056] [00057] Example 20 [00058] [00059] Example 21 [00060] [00061] Example 22 [00062] [00063] Example 23 [00064] [00065] Example 24 [00066] [00067] Example 25 [00068] [00069] indicates data missing or illegible when filed

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Supramolecular ionic liquid Solid-state electrolyte membrane Ionic Ionic conductivity conductivity at Polymer Lithium Membrane at 25° C. 25° C. (S*cm.sup.-1) matrix salt thickness (S*cm.sup.-1) Comparative [00070] [00071] Example 1 Comparative [00072] [00073] Example 2 Comparative [00074] [00075] Example 3 Comparative [00076] [00077] Example 4 Comparative N/A Example 5 Comparative [00078] [00079] Example 6 Comparative [00080] [00081] Example 7 Comparative Example 8 PEO/LiTFSI polymer solid-state electrolyte indicates data missing or illegible when filed

[0131] Cycling Performance Test

[0132] The specific test method was as follows: constant current charging and constant current discharging were performed at 25° C. with a charge/discharge voltage range of 2.8 V to 4.3 V and a charge/discharge rate of 0.5C. Initial capacity of the battery was recorded as C.sub.0. A full charge and full discharge process completed by the battery was recorded as one cycle. The charge and discharge were performed according to the foregoing method, and capacity of the battery was tested after each cycle until the capacity of the battery was 80%*C.sub.0. The number of cycles at that point was recorded.

[0133] Results of the cycling performance test of Examples 1 to 25 are given in Table 3; and results of the cycling performance test of Comparative Examples 1 to 8 are given in Table 4.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Solid-state lithium metal battery 1.sup.st cycle Cycles Design Charge/ discharge (capacity capacity discharge capacity decayed (mAh) rate (mAh) to 80%) Example 1 1-1  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 98 404 Example 2 1-2  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 105 750 Example 3 1-3  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 109 804 Example 4 1-4  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 115 980 Example 5 1-5  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 110 905 Example 6 1-6  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 102 750 Example 7 1-7  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 104 205 Example 8 1-8  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 115 1002 Example 9 1-9  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 114 963 Example 10 1-10 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 112 907 Example 11 1-11 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 110 845 Example 12 1-12 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 112 874 Example 13 1-13 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 114 899 Example 14 1-14 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 110 829 Example 15 1-15 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 108 810 Example 16 1-16 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 115 893 Example 17 1-17 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 115 909 Example 18 1-18 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 115 619 Example 19 1-19 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 116 423 Example 20 1-20 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 116 371 Example 21 1-21 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 118 376 Example 22 1-22 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 119 409 Example 23 1-4  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 90 / Example 24 1-4  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 31 / Example 25 1-4  120 0.5 C/0.5 C 106 698

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Solid-state lithium metal battery 1.sup.st cycle Cycles Design Charge/ discharge (capacity capacity discharge capacity decayed (mAh) rate (mAh) to 80%) Comparative 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 65 / Example 1 Comparative 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 44 / Example 2 Comparative 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 50 / Example 3 Comparative 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 35 / example 4 Comparative 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 2.5 / Example 5 Comparative 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 2.6 / Example 6 Comparative 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 2.5 / Example 7 Comparative 120 0.5 C/0.5 C 2.1 / Example 8

[0134] Test Result Analysis

Examples 1 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 8

[0135] Using a conventional PEO/LiTFSI polymer solid-state electrolyte, Comparative Example 8 has an ionic conductivity of only 8.7*10.sup.−6 S/cm at 25° C. In comparison, ionic conductivity of the supramolecular ionic liquids in Examples 1 to 25 is as high as 10.sup.−3 S/cm at 25° C., and the ionic conductivity of a solid-state electrolyte membrane made therefrom is also as high as 10.sup.−3 S/cm at room temperature, which is close to performance of a liquid electrolyte, indicating that the supramolecular ionic liquid and the solid-state electrolyte membrane of this disclosure can be an effective solution to the problem of low ionic conductivity, which is common in existing solid-state electrolytes.

[0136] Several supramolecular ionic liquids and solid-state electrolyte membranes with similar structures are given in Comparative Examples 5 to 7. It can be seen that ionic conductivity of these supramolecular ionic liquids is still low at 25° C., indicating that a side chain structure of the supramolecular ionic liquid of this disclosure is closely related to its ionic conductivity.

[0137] Comparative Examples 1 to 4 have similar parent nucleus structures in the supramolecular ionic liquid as Examples 1 to 25, but in Examples 1 to 25, quantities of carbon atoms in R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are fewer than 16; whereas in Comparative Examples 1 to 4, the quantities of carbon atoms in R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are more than 16. In this case, the ionic conductivity of the supramolecular ionic liquids and the solid-state electrolyte membranes in Examples 1 to 25 at 25° C. is significantly superior to that of Comparative Examples 1 to 4. When the quantities of carbon atoms in R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are above 16, chains of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are overlong, affecting orderliness of a π-π stacking structure in the supramolecular ionic liquid, which has adverse effect on construction of an ion migration channel. As a result, the supramolecular ionic liquid and the solid-state electrolyte membranes have poor ionic conductivity at 25° C.

Examples 1 to 7

[0138] Examples 1 to 7 show how an increased quantity of carbon atoms in R.sub.1 influences the ionic conductivity of supramolecular ionic liquids and solid-state electrolyte membranes, when R.sub.2 remains unchanged. As can be seen from the data in Table 1 and Table 2, while R.sub.2 remains unchanged, as the quantity of carbon atoms increases, the ionic conductivity of supramolecular ionic liquids and solid-state electrolyte membranes first increases and then decreases. When m1 is selected from 1-6 or 2-3, n1 is selected from 1-5 or 2-3, and p1 is selected from 0-4 or 1-2, a chain length of R.sub.1 is in an appropriate range, the orderliness of a π-π stacking structure in the supramolecular ionic liquid is desirable, and a volume of free radicals is appropriate, which helps the construction of the ion migration channel and increases lithium ion migration capacity, and the ionic conductivity of supramolecular ionic liquids and solid-state electrolyte membranes is increased.

[0139] It is worth adding that in Example 7 where the structure of R.sub.1 contains a terminal hydroxyl group, the ionic conductivity of the supramolecular electrolyte is still low. Because of the terminal hydroxyl group, the electrolyte has a side reaction with lithium metal, producing lithium oxide that has low ionic conductivity, which increases interfacial polarization. Therefore, the ionic conductivity of a solid-state electrolyte membrane made from the supramolecular ionic liquid in Example 7 has poor ionic conductivity.

Example 4 and Examples 8 to 10

[0140] Example 4 and Examples 8 to 10 show how halogen substitution at the end of R.sub.1 influences technical effects of this disclosure. As can be seen from the data in Table 1 and Table 2, halogen substitution at the end of R.sub.1 has little effect on the ionic conductivity of supramolecular ionic liquids and solid-state electrolyte membranes, and supramolecular ionic liquids have good ionic conductivity. When the end of R.sub.1 is substituted by halogen, LiF produced during cell cycling is helpful to form a stable interface, and thus cycling performance of the battery is also further enhanced.

Example 4 and Examples 11 to 15

[0141] Example 4 and Examples 11 to 15 show how an increased quantity of carbon atoms in R.sub.2 influences the ionic conductivity of supramolecular ionic liquids and solid-state electrolyte membranes, when R.sub.1 remains unchanged and n2 in R.sub.2 is 0. When p2 is selected from 1-16 or 4-10, R.sub.2 has an appropriate chain length, which helps formation of a stable cylindrical structure by self assembly of benzophenanthrene structures through π-π stacking, improving the ionic conductivity of the supramolecular ionic liquids and the solid-state electrolyte membranes.

[0142] In addition, when quantities of carbon atoms in R.sub.2 and R.sub.1 are close or equal, a cylindrical structure formed by self assembly of benzophenanthrene structures through π-π stacking is most stable which in conducive to formation of the ion migration channel. Therefore, the supramolecular ionic liquids and the solid-state electrolyte membranes have good ionic conductivity.

Example 4 and Examples 16 to 22

[0143] Example 4 and Examples 16 to 22 show influence of an increase quantity of carbon atoms in R.sub.2, when R.sub.1 remains unchanged and n2 in R.sub.2 is not 0. When n2 in R.sub.2 is not 0, the supramolecular ionic liquid is a structure with ether chains fully substituted, and the supramolecular ionic liquid has desirable ionic conductivity. However, fluidity of the supramolecular ionic liquid with ether chains fully substituted is also strong. When a polymer matrix is introduced to further prepare the solid-state electrolyte membrane, interaction between the supramolecular ionic liquid and the polymer matrix is relatively strong, and mechanical strength of the solid-state electrolyte membrane is not high, leading to less ability to inhibit growth of lithium dendrites and putting the battery at risk of short circuit. Therefore, there should not be too many ether-oxygen repeating units in R.sub.2.

Example 4 and Examples 23 to 25

[0144] Example 4 and Examples 23 to 25 show technical effects of preparing solid-state electrolyte membranes using a same supramolecular ionic liquid and different lithium salts. Because the polymer matrix has different dissociation capacities for different lithium salts, when lithium salt LiTFSI is used, the ionic conductivity of the solid-state electrolyte membrane and capacity development and cycling performance of the solid-state lithium metal battery are desirable.

[0145] Based on the disclosure and teaching of this specification, a person skilled in the art may make changes or modifications to the foregoing embodiments. Therefore, this disclosure is not limited to the foregoing disclosure and the described embodiments, and changes or modifications to this disclosure shall also fall within the protection scope of the claims of this disclosure. In addition, although some specific terms are used in this specification, these terms are used only for ease of description, and do not constitute any limitation on this disclosure.