System, method and apparatus for thermal energy management in a roof

Abstract

A roof product has a thermal heat storage layer, a vent layer with channels for transferring excess heat through a length of the roof product, and a flame retardant to suppress fire through the vent layer. These three materials form a unitary structure. The roof product may have a radiant layer, the thermal heat storage layer and the vent layer to form the unitary structure. The roof products are assembled in an abutting configuration on the roof of a building. The vent layer vents excess heat from an eave of the roof up to a ridge of the roof and out to atmosphere. The roof products manage thermal energy in the roof by storing thermal heat with the unitary roof product during a heating cycle; venting excess heat through the unitary product; and releasing the stored thermal heat from the unitary product into or out of the building during a cooling cycle.

Claims

1. A roof product, comprising: a thermal heat storage layer that stores solar heat during a heating cycle, and that has a thermal emittance that re-radiates stored heat during a cooling cycle, wherein the thermal heat storage layer comprises a heat capacity of great than 100 kJ/kg; a vent layer having channels to transfer excess heat through an entire axial length of the roof product from a top edge of the roof product to a bottom edge of the roof product; and a flame retardant to suppress fire through the vent layer; wherein the thermal heat storage layer and the vent layer are combined together in a single layer having a first boundary and a second boundary, and each of the thermal heat storage layer and the vent layer extend to both the first boundary and the second boundary; and wherein the thermal heat storage layer, vent layer and flame retardant form a unitary structure comprising the roof product.

2. A roof product according to claim 1, further comprising an uppermost layer on top of the unitary structure, and a lowermost layer on a bottom of the unitary structure, the thermal heat storage layer, vent layer and flame retardant are sandwiched between the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer, such that the thermal heat storage layer, vent layer and flame retardant are located inside the roof product.

3. A roof product according to claim 1, wherein the roof product comprises a rigid sheet, a rigid panel or a flexible roll, the flame retardant is combined with the vent layer to further define the single layer, and the flame retardant forms structural elements for the vent layer.

4. A roof product according to claim 1, wherein the flame retardant comprises an intumescent that expands into the vent layer at a temperature in a range of about 175° C. to about 280° C., and the flame retardant comprises an accessory that is applied to the roof product near an entry or an exit of the vent layer.

5. A roof product according to claim 1, wherein the flame retardant comprises one or more of: expandable clay, expandable graphite, intumescent silicates, hydrated metal silicates, bromated compounds, halocarbons, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, hydromagnesite, antimony trioxide, various hydrates, red phosphorus, boron compounds and phosphonium salts.

6. A roof product according to claim 1, wherein the thermal heat storage layer comprises media located between skin layers.

7. A roof product according to claim 6, wherein the media is located in a structure of the thermal heat storage layer having an array of honeycomb cavities with vertical axes that are perpendicular to axes of the channels in the vent layer.

8. A roof product according to claim 1, wherein the roof product has a plurality of cells in the thermal heat storage layer configured to be penetrated by roofing fasteners, and the cells are void of material used to form the thermal heat storage layer.

9. A roof product according to claim 1, wherein the roof product has a planar area and the flame retardant comprises an area that is less than the planar area, such that the flame retardant is located adjacent only an edge portion of each of the channels in the vent layer.

10. An underlayment comprising a rigid sheet, a rigid panel, or a flexible roll, wherein the underlayment comprises: a radiant layer; a thermal heat storage layer that stores solar heat during a heating cycle, and that has a thermal emittance that re-radiates stored heat during a cooling cycle, wherein the thermal heat storage layer comprises a heat capacity of greater than 100 kJ/kg, and wherein the thermal heat storage layer comprises cells configured to be penetrated by roofing fasteners, and the cells are void of material used to form the thermal heat storage layer; a vent layer having channels to transfer excess heat through an entire axial length of the underlayment from a top edge of the underlayment to a bottom edge of the underlayment; and a flame retardant; wherein the radiant layer, thermal heat storage layer, and layer form a unitary structure; and wherein the underlayment has a planar area and the flame retardant comprises an area that is less than the planar area, such that the flame retardant is located adjacent only an edge portion of each of the channels in the vent layer, the flame retardant is configured to suppress fire through the vent layer, and the flame retardant forms structural elements of the vent layer, such that the flame retardant is combined with the vent layer to define a single layer of the unitary structure.

11. A roof product according to claim 10, wherein the thermal heat storage layer comprises one or more of: phase change materials (PCM), paraffins, hydrated salts, stearic acid, ceramic media, or combinations thereof, and the PCM is selected from a group consisting of: calcium chloride hexahydrate, sodium sulfate, Na.sub.2SO.sub.4.10H.sub.2O, CaCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O, Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3.5H.sub.2O, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3.10H.sub.2O, NaHPO.sub.4.12H.sub.2O, a mixture of strontium chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride and calcium chloride; and the thermal heat storage layer and the vent layer are combined together in the single layer, which has a first boundary and a second boundary, and each of the thermal heat storage layer and the vent layer extend to both the first boundary and the second boundary.

12. A roof product according to claim 10, wherein the channels in the vent layer have openings, and each opening has an effective area in a range of about 0.01 in.sup.2 to about 1 in.sup.2.

13. A roof for a building, comprising: a roof deck; and a plurality of roof products, each comprising an underlayment that forms a unitary structure, the roof products are positioned on the roof deck, and each of the underlayments comprises an uppermost layer, a radiant layer, a thermal heat storage layer, a flame retardant, a vent layer having channels to transfer excess heat through an entire length thereof, and a lowermost layer, wherein the channels of the vent layer form contiguous, uninterrupted air flow paths between abutting roof products from an eave of the roof to adjacent a ridge of the roof; wherein the thermal heat storage layer stores solar heat during a heating cycle, has a thermal emittance that re-radiates stored heat during a cooling cycle; and wherein the flame retardant forms a structure for the channels of the vent layer, such that the flame retardant and the vent layer are combined in a single layer; and the roof further comprises: roof shingles mounted to the roof products, such that the roof products are located directly between the roof deck and the roof shingles.

14. The roof of claim 13, wherein the thermal heat storage layer and the vent layer are combined together in a single layer having a first boundary and a second boundary, and each of the thermal heat storage layer and the vent layer extend to both the first boundary and the second boundary.

15. The roof of claim 13, wherein the flame retardant comprises an intumescent that expands into the vent layer at a temperature in a range of about 175° C. to about 280° C.

16. The roof of claim 13, wherein the flame retardant comprises one or more of: expandable clay, expandable graphite, intumescent silicates, hydrated metal silicates, bromated compounds, halocarbons, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, hydromagnesite, antimony trioxide, various hydrates, red phosphorus, boron compounds and phosphonium salts.

17. The roof of claim 13, wherein the roof product has a planar area and the flame retardant comprises an area that is less than the planar area, such that the flame retardant is located adjacent only an edge portion of each of the channels in the vent layer.

18. The roof of claim 13, wherein the thermal heat storage layer comprises one or more of: phase change materials (PCM), paraffins, hydrated salts, stearic acid and ceramic media; and the PCM comprises one or more of: calcium chloride hexahydrate, sodium sulfate, Na.sub.2SO.sub.4.10H.sub.2O, CaCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O, Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3.5H.sub.2O, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3.10H.sub.2O, NaHPO.sub.4.12H.sub.2O, a mixture of strontium chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride and calcium chloride.

19. The roof of claim 13, wherein the channels in the vent layer have openings, and each opening has an effective area of about 0.01 in.sup.2 to about 1 in.sup.2.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) So that the manner in which the features and advantages of the embodiments are attained and can be understood in more detail, a more particular description may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings. However, the drawings illustrate only some embodiments and therefore are not to be considered limiting in scope as there may be other equally effective embodiments.

(2) FIGS. 1 and 2 are isometric views of embodiments of a roof product;

(3) FIGS. 3-6 are schematic sectional views of additional embodiments of a roof product;

(4) FIG. 7 is a schematic isometric view of an embodiment of a roof product;

(5) FIG. 8 is a sectional view of an embodiment of a roof product installed in a roof of a building;

(6) FIG. 9 is a partially sectioned, isometric view of another embodiment showing layers of a roof product;

(7) FIG. 10 is an enlarged top view of an embodiment of a roof product;

(8) FIG. 11 is a partially sectioned, isometric view of an embodiment showing layers of a roof product;

(9) FIGS. 12A and 12B are schematic isometric views of a building having embodiments of roof products;

(10) FIGS. 13A and 13B are schematic sectional views of additional embodiments of a roof product; and

(11) FIGS. 14-16 depict plots of performance comparing a conventional roof construction to an embodiment of a roof construction.

(12) The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(13) Embodiments of a system, method and apparatus for thermal energy management of a roof are disclosed. For example, a roof product 11 may comprise a sheet or a panel (which may be rigid; see, e.g., FIG. 1) or a flexible roll of material (see, e.g., FIG. 2) having a plurality of layers and/or materials. In some embodiments, the roof product 11 comprises a thermal heat storage layer 13, a vent layer 15 having channels 17 for transferring excess heat through an entire length L of the roof product 11, and a flame retardant 19 to suppress fire through the vent layer 15. The thermal heat storage layer 13, vent layer 15 and flame retardant 19 form a unitary structure as shown.

(14) In other embodiments, the roof product further comprises outer skin layers comprising an uppermost layer 21 and a lowermost layer 23, between which are located the thermal heat storage layer 13, the vent layer 15 and the flame retardant 19. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the flame retardant 19 is located between the thermal heat storage layer 13 and the vent layer 15. In FIG. 3, the vent layer 15 is located between the thermal heat storage layer 13 and the flame retardant 19.

(15) In the embodiments of FIGS. 4A-4C, the roof product 11 comprises a radiant layer 20, the thermal heat storage layer 13, and the vent layer 15 to form a unitary structure. As shown in FIG. 4A, the vent layer 15 may be located between the radiant layer 20 and the thermal heat storage layer 13. Alternatively (FIG. 4B), the radiant layer 20 may be located between the vent layer 15 and the thermal heat storage layer 13. In the embodiment of FIG. 4C, the thermal heat storage layer 13 is on top, the vent layer 15 is on the bottom, and the radiant layer 20 is in between them.

(16) However, alternate embodiments have at least some of the layers combined together. For example, the flame retardant 19 may be combined with the thermal heat storage layer 13 (FIG. 5). The flame retardant 19 and the thermal heat storage layer 13 may each comprise media, and the media may be mixed and combined in a single layer 25 as shown. In some versions, the single layer 25 may comprise less than about 25% of the flame retardant 19, or less than about 5% to less than about 10% of the flame retardant 19.

(17) In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the flame retardant 19 comprises materials used to form a structure for the channels 17 of the vent layer 15, such that the flame retardant 19 and the vent layer 15 are combined in a single layer. In other embodiments (FIG. 7), the roof product 11 has a planar area A, and the flame retardant 19 comprises an area that is less than the planar area A. Thus, the flame retardant 19 may be located adjacent only a portion of each of the channels 17 in the vent layer 15, rather than distributed throughout the roof product. For example, the flame retardant 19 may be located along a single edge of the roof product 11, as shown in FIG. 7.

(18) In the embodiments of FIG. 13, the radiant layer 20 and vent layer 15 may be combined in a single layer (FIG. 13A), or the radiant layer 20, thermal heat storage layer 13 and vent layer 15 may be combined in a single layer (FIG. 13B).

(19) The flame retardant 19 also may comprise an intumescent that expands into the vent layer 17 at a desired temperature (e.g., about 175° C. to about 280° C.). For example, the flame retardant 19 may comprise media such as expandable clay, expandable graphite, intumescent silicates, hydrated metal silicates, bromated compounds, halocarbons, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, hydromagnesite, antimony trioxide, various hydrates, red phosphorus, boron compounds, phosphonium salts, or combinations thereof.

(20) Still other embodiments of the roof product 11 may include an upper radiant barrier 31 (FIG. 8) and a lower moisture barrier 33, such that the roof product 11 comprises the only material located between a roof deck 35 and a roof barrier 37. The uppermost layer 31 may be UV resistant. Versions of the roof product 11 may have a thickness T of about 0.75 to 2.5 inches. For example, the thermal storage layer 13 may have a thickness t.sub.t (FIG. 3) of about 0.25 inches to about 1 inch, the vent layer 15 may have a thickness t.sub.v of about 0.25 inches to about 1 inch, and the flame retardant 19 may have a thickness t.sub.f of about 0.25 inches to about 0.5 inches. The drawings are not drawn to scale.

(21) In still other embodiments, the intumescent may expand in the presence of fire to about 20 times its original volume. Thus, thickness t.sub.f may comprise a ratio of about 1/20.sup.th of the thickness t.sub.v. For example, for a thickness t.sub.v of about 0.25 inches, the thickness t.sub.f is about 0.01 inches to effectively block air flow through the vent layer 15. In addition, the roof product 11 may be configured with an overall weight per unit area in a range of about 1 pound per square foot (lbs/ft.sup.2), to about 10 lbs/ft.sup.2, or less than about 10 lbs/ft.sup.2, or less than about 5 lbs/ft.sup.2, or less than about 3 lbs/ft.sup.2.

(22) In some embodiments, the thermal heat storage layer 13 may have a heat capacity that stores solar heat during a heating cycle, and have a thermal emittance that re-radiates stored heat during a cooling cycle. For example, the heat capacity may be greater than about 100 kJ/kg, and a heat absorbing range thereof may be about 10° C. to about 50° C. In other versions, the heat capacity may be greater than about 200 kJ/kg, and the heat absorbing range may be about 20° C. to about 40° C. Other versions of the roof product include two or more thermal heat storage materials having different heat capacities and/or heat absorbing ranges.

(23) The thermal heat storage layer 13 may comprise a solid, such as one or more phase change materials (PCM), paraffins, hydrated salts, stearic acid, ceramic media, or combinations thereof. The phase change material may comprise calcium chloride hexahydrate, sodium sulfate, paraffin, Na.sub.2SO.sub.4.10H.sub.2O, CaCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O, Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3.5H.sub.2O, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3.10H.sub.2O, NaHPO.sub.4.12H.sub.2O, a mixture of strontium chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride and calcium chloride, or any combination thereof. Embodiments of the phase change material may include a mixture of strontium chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride and calcium chloride. In other embodiments, the phase change material may comprise a supersaturated solution of calcium chloride hexahydrate.

(24) The thermal heat storage layer 13 may comprise a powder or be in an encapsulated form with sizes that are less than about 0.5 mm in diameter. As shown in FIG. 9, the thermal heat storage layer 13 may comprise media 41 located between skin layers 43, 45, with or without an adhesive 47. In the example of FIGS. 9 and 10, the media 41 may be located in a structure 49 having cavities (e.g., an array of honeycomb cavities with vertical axes). FIG. 11 depicts an embodiment of the thermal heat storage layer 13 having outer skin layers 50 that contain heat storage media 41 in a binder matrix. Such media may be formed, for example, by extrusion, gel casting, lamination, solvent casting or extrusion coating.

(25) Referring again to FIG. 1, the channels 17 in the vent layer 15 may have openings along the edges thereof that extend completely through the roof product 11 along length L. Each opening may have an effective area of about 0.01 in.sup.2 to about 1 in.sup.2, or about 0.05 in.sup.2 to about 0.5 in.sup.2 in other embodiments.

(26) As shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B, a plurality of the roof products 11 is assembled in an abutting configuration on the roof of a building 61. FIG. 12A depicts the roof products 11 in sheet or panel form, while FIG. 12B depicts the roof products 11 in roll form. The vent layer 15 of roof product 11 is adapted to vent excess heat from an eave 63 of the roof up to a ridge 65 of the roof and out to atmosphere. The vent layers 15 inside roof products 11 may be positioned to vent excess heat via natural air flow from the lower eave 63 of the roof up to the ridge 65 of the roof. Thus, the channels 17 of the vent layers 15 may form substantially contiguous, uninterrupted air flow paths between abutting products having inlets substantially only adjacent the eave 63 of the roof and outlets substantially only adjacent the ridge 65 of the roof. The openings of channels 17 are large enough to eliminate the need for precise alignment of the inlets and outlets of adjacent, abutting products 11 such that a path for air flow is substantially unimpeded.

(27) As shown in FIG. 12B, the roof product 11 may comprise rolls of material that extend continuously from adjacent the eave 63 to adjacent the ridge 65 to form continuous, uninterrupted air flow paths having inlets only adjacent the eave and outlets only adjacent the ridge, such that there is no air flow communication in the channels 17 between laterally adjacent rolls of the roof product 11.

(28) Alternatively, some embodiments may include the capacity of lateral flow of air between channels with lateral openings. A plurality of roofing products 11 may be laid up on a roof deck (FIGS. 12A and 12B) with adjacent roof products 11 being arranged side-by-side, in horizontal and vertical courses (horizontal only in FIG. 12B) from a lower end 63 of the roof deck to an upper end 65 thereof. Their vent channels 17 may communicate laterally (side to side) with each other through one or more lateral openings, for providing airflow through successive horizontal courses of the roofing products 11 within in the same vertical course.

(29) As depicted in FIGS. 1 and 8, the roof product 11 is directly fastenable to the roof deck 35 of a building, and is covered by outer roof barriers 37 (e.g., shingles, tiles, membranes, etc.). Roof barriers 37 may be located on top of the roof products without substantially affecting an overall thickness of the roof products 11. In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the roof product may be provided with a plurality of cells 53 that are adapted to be penetrated by roofing fasteners 55, such as nails. The cells 53 may be void of a material 41 used to form the thermal heat storage layer 13.

(30) In some embodiments, a kit for equipping a roof for thermal management comprises a plurality of roof products as described herein. The roof products are adapted to form continuous air vents from adjacent an eave of the roof to adjacent a ridge of the roof. Attachment means such as roofing nails or adhesive may be used to secure each of the roof products to a roof deck. At least a portion of the roof products may further comprise an intumescent zone for fire suppression within the roof products. For example, as shown in FIG. 12A, the roof products 11 may comprise one or more rows of lower edge eave elements 71, roof plane elements 73, and upper edge ridge elements 75. The fire retardant 19 may be located along at least one of the lower edge eave elements 71 and the upper edge ridge elements 75. In an alternate embodiment, the fire retardant 19 may be located in at least some of each of the lower edge eave elements 71, roof plane elements 73 and upper edge ridge elements 75. In still other embodiments, fire retardant 19 may be located at least somewhere in a path of an assembled structure so that, in the event of fire, the vent channels are blocked.

(31) In operation, embodiments of a method of managing thermal energy in a roof of a building may comprise providing a roof having a roof deck, a roof outer barrier and a unitary product located between the roof deck and roof outer barrier; storing thermal heat with the unitary product during a heating cycle; venting excess heat through the unitary product; and releasing the stored thermal heat from the unitary product into or out of the building during a cooling cycle. The unitary product may have a flame retardant for blocking venting thereof in the event of a fire.

(32) In some embodiments, skin layers may be added to enhance the walkable surface for roofers, particularly in wet conditions. The skin layers may be configured for walkability and may include elements such as synthetic underlayment products. In addition, they may provide some UV resistance for short term exposure (e.g., one year of UV stability) if left unprotected on the roof. Furthermore, the skin layer may be combined with a radiant barrier, such as aluminum foils, metalized films, mirrorized surfaces, etc., to reflect solar heat.

(33) The thermal heat storage layer may comprise a desirable heat capacity that can store solar heat over an extended period of time. It may have a desirable thermal emittance that re-radiates stored heat during night time or during extended cold periods to leverage the stored solar heat for greater indoor comfort. In some embodiments, the thermal heat storage layer absorbs heat in a given range of temperatures and releases the stored heat upon cooling in a selected range of temperatures. Moreover, the roof product 11 remains flexible in lower temperatures down to about 0° C., and remains structurally sound for a roof walkable surface in higher temperatures where a roof surface temperature may exceed 70° C.

(34) The thermal heat storage layer may perform without leakage even after being penetrated by roofing nails. For example, when a nail penetrates the structure, it goes through only a small number of capsules, leaving the vast majority of them intact over the roof area.

(35) For embodiments of the layer with venting channels, the channels may provide sufficient openings for air flow, but not for insect infiltration or infestation. For example, a screen structure may be employed to inhibit such. The openings also are not so small that they are susceptible to clogging from airborne dust or contamination. Suitable materials for this layer may comprise thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, aluminum, thermoset resins, cellulose composite, wood composites, rubbers, or their mixtures. The layer may contain fillers or functional fillers, flame retardants, or intumescent agents to reduce or block the air passages in the event of a fire. The layer may further contain biocides or fungicides to prevent or inhibit microbial growth. The layer may be constructed, for example, by industrial processes such as extrusion, injection molding, compression molding, pultrusion, lamination, or thermal forming.

(36) Embodiments of the flame retardant reduce the risk of a fire spreading and penetrating into the underlying roof deck. This material may reduce the size of or block the air passages of the venting layer during a fire. It also may provide a charring or fire suffocating effect to prevent further spreading of fire. For example, it may provide Class A fire protection for the underlying roof deck. Suitable fire retarding media may comprise expandable clay, expandable carbon black, intumescent silicates, hydrated metal silicates, bromated compounds, halocarbons, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, hydromagnesite, antimony trioxide, various hydrates, red phosphorus, boron compounds, phosphonium salts, or their mixtures.

(37) In some embodiments, the flame retardant may be combined with the thermal heat storage layer. For example, such a combination may comprise forming the flame retardant as part of the skin layer for the thermal heat storage layer, or by intermingling the flame retarding media with the heat storage media within the layer. Other versions may include a flame retardant applied as a separate accessory to the roofing product. For example, a strip of “fire stop” tape may be applied near the bottom or top of the vent channels to close the channels in the event of fire.

(38) In other embodiments, the flame retardant may be combined with the air venting layer by incorporating the flame retardant as a skin layer, or by incorporating the flame retardant media in the materials for construction the venting layer. In addition, the flame retardant media may be dispersed or incorporated into the materials for forming the roof deck composite. Other variations to the construction of the roof deck composite for managing solar heat will become apparent to those who are skilled in the art.

(39) An embodiment as described herein was tested against a control or conventional roofing configuration. In the test, two test huts were constructed, including an experimental but and a control hut. The effects on attic temperatures and heat flux into the ceilings were tested on both huts. The huts had identical constructions, other than their roof deck systems. The control but had a conventional roof deck construction. The experimental but had a roof deck system for managing solar heat. A summary of their constructions appears in Table 1.

(40) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Control Experimental Roof Assembly shingle standard black shingle Energy Star cool shingle venting channel No ½″ PC board radiant barrier No yes PCM No 29° C. PCM, 0.66 lb/ft.sup.2 underlayment #30 felt #30 felt roof deck 7/16″ OSB 7/16″ OSB attic insulation R-33 fiberglass batt R-33 fiberglass batt rafter 2 × 6 @ 16″ O.C. 2 × 6 @ 16″ O.C. Ceiling Assembly joist 2 × 6 @ 16″ O.C. gypsum board ½″ Wall Assembly siding fiber cement shiplap 5/16″ housewrap DuPont Tyvek sheathing 7/16″ OSB joists 2 × 4 @ 16″ O.C. insulation R-13 wall board gypsum ⅝″ window 2′ × 3′ PVC window Floor Assembly exterior sheathing Celotex sheathing ½″ joists 2 × 6 @ 16″ O.C. insulation R-30 fiberglass batt decking plywood ¾″ additional insulation board insulation R-10 (2″) Space Conditioning through-the-wall AC with GE model AJCQ06LCD at capacity of 6400 BTU/hr and 9.9 EER

(41) The experimental but had shingles with increased solar reflectance, an air gap of about ½″, and a layer of phase change materials having a transition temperature at 29° C. The interiors of the huts were kept at constant temperature with the air conditioning and the resultant energy consumption was monitored to provide the energy impact by the two different types of roof deck systems.

(42) The huts were placed in an outdoor environment and spaced apart to ensure no shadowing effects on each other. The rooms inside the huts were kept constant at 68° F. with an air conditioning unit during the daytime. The huts were not occupied nor contained any furniture. Each but had a 2′×3′ window to simulate their solar heat gain into the rooms. The roof shingle temperature, roof deck temperature, attic temperature at inner side of the roof deck and at attic floor, ceiling temperature, room temperature, and wall temperatures were measured by thermistors and thermocouples. The energy consumption, start time, and the run duration of the AC units were recorded to determine the energy impact. The data was collected with a data acquisition system and computer located inside each hut.

(43) Data was collected in both huts over the course of a continuous week. The results are shown in FIGS. 14-16. Comparing the temperatures of the roofing shingles (FIG. 14), a reduction of about 10° C. was achieved by the experimental but with the solar heat management roof deck system. Moreover, the experimental hut's attic air temperatures (FIG. 15) show a significant reduction of about 20° C. in peak temperatures, and a shift in peak temperatures into evening hours. This reduction and shifting in peak temperatures had a significant delaying effect for reducing the peak hour energy demands, as well as significantly reducing the AC load. The overall AC energy consumption was reduced by 25% from a daily average of 14.6 kWh in the control hut, to 11.1 kWh in the experimental hut. The daily ceiling heat flux results are shown in FIG. 16, where a reduction of about 35% in peak heat flux is observed.

(44) This written description uses examples to disclose the embodiments, including the best mode, and also to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. The patentable scope is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.

(45) Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed are not necessarily the order in which they are performed.

(46) In the foregoing specification, the concepts have been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of invention.

(47) As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

(48) Also, the use of “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

(49) Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.

(50) After reading the specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that certain features are, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, references to values stated in ranges include each and every value within that range.