Alkenyl substituted 2,5-piperazinediones, compositions, and uses thereof
11679165 · 2023-06-20
Assignee
Inventors
- Daniel Griffith Anderson (Framingham, MA)
- Joseph R. Dorkin (Somerville, MA)
- Owen Shea Fenton (Chapel Hill, NC, US)
- Kevin John Kauffman (Somerville, MA)
- Rebecca L. McClellan (Westwood, MA)
Cpc classification
A61P7/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P7/04
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C07D241/08
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61P37/06
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P1/16
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P35/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
A61K48/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
Abstract
Provided herein are compounds of Formula (I), and salts thereof, wherein each instance of R.sup.L is independently optionally substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.40 alkenyl. Further provided are compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I) and an agent. Further provided are methods and kits using the compositions for delivering an agent to a subject or cell and for treating and/or preventing a range of diseases. Further provided are methods of preparing compounds of Formula (I) and precursors thereof. ##STR00001##
Claims
1. A composition comprising a compound of Formula (I): ##STR00048## or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of R.sub.L is independently optionally substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.40 alkenyl comprising only cis double bonds; a polynucleotide; a PEGylated lipid; a phospholipid; and cholesterol.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is RNA.
3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the RNA is messenger RNA, single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA, small interfering RNA, precursor messenger RNA, small hairpin RNA, microRNA, guide RNA, transfer RNA, antisense RNA, heterogeneous nuclear RNA, coding RNA, non-coding RNA, long non-coding RNA, satellite RNA, viral satellite RNA, signal recognition particle RNA, small cytoplasmic RNA, small nuclear RNA, ribosomal RNA, Piwi-interacting RNA, polyinosinic acid, ribozyme, flexizyme, small nucleolar RNA, spliced leader RNA, viral RNA, or viral satellite RNA.
4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the RNA is messenger RNA.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is DNA.
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the DNA is plasmid DNA (pDNA), single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), complementary DNA (cDNA), antisense DNA, chloroplast DNA (ctDNA or cpDNA), microsatellite DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA), kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), provirus, lysogen, repetitive DNA, satellite DNA, or viral DNA.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a protein or peptide.
8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the protein or peptide is an antigenic protein or peptide.
9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the antigenic protein or peptide is an antigen of a virus.
10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the virus is selected from influenza A, influenza B, and respiratory syncytial virus.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises regulatory regions to control the expression of a gene.
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the PEGylated lipid is PEGylated cholesterol, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-2000] (C14-PEG 2000), N-octanoyl-sphingosine-1-[succinyl(methoxy polyethylene glycol)-2000], or dimyristoylglycerol (DMG)-PEG-2K.
13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the PEGylated lipid comprises a poly(ethylene) glycol chain of up to 5 kDa in length covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of C.sub.6-C.sub.20 length.
14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the phospholipid is 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (DOPE-mal), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DSPE), 16-O-monomethyl PE, 16-O-dimethyl PE, 18-1-trans PE, or 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (SOPE).
15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, and C14-PEG-2000.
16. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least one instance of R.sup.L is a group of formula: ##STR00049## wherein: x is an integer between 4 and 20, inclusive; y is an integer between 1 and 20, inclusive; each instance of z1 and z2 is independently 1, 2, or 3; and each instance of R′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl, halogen, substituted hydroxyl, substituted thiol, or substituted amino; provided the group comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms.
17. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least one instance of R.sup.L is: ##STR00050##
18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from: ##STR00051## ##STR00052## and salts thereof.
19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure: ##STR00053## or a salt thereof, the polynucleotide is RNA, and the composition further comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, and C14-PEG-2000.
20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the RNA is messenger RNA.
21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure: ##STR00054## or a salt thereof, the polynucleotide is RNA, and the composition further comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, and C14-PEG-2000.
22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the RNA is messenger RNA.
23. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure: ##STR00055## or a salt thereof, the polynucleotide is RNA, and the composition further comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, and C14-PEG-2000.
24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the RNA is messenger RNA.
25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in the form of a particle, micelle, or liposome.
26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the particle is a microparticle or nanoparticle.
27. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), cholesterol, and C14-PEG-2000.
28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the RNA is messenger RNA.
29. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure: ##STR00056## or a salt thereof, the polynucleotide is RNA, and the composition further comprises 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), cholesterol, and C14-PEG-2000.
30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the RNA is messenger RNA.
31. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure: ##STR00057## or a salt thereof, the polynucleotide is RNA, and the composition further comprises 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), cholesterol, and C14-PEG-2000.
32. The composition of claim 31, wherein the RNA is messenger RNA.
33. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure: ##STR00058## or a salt thereof, the polynucleotide is RNA, and the composition further comprises 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), cholesterol, and C14-PEG-2000.
34. The composition of claim 33, wherein the RNA is messenger RNA.
35. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is chemically modified.
36. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is capable of fixing an error in the genome of a cell or a subject.
37. The composition of 1, wherein the composition induces an immunologic response upon delivery to a subject.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
(8) Described herein are novel alkenyl substituted 2,5-piperazinediones and uses thereof. In one aspect, the provided are compounds of Formula (I), and salts thereof. In another aspect, provided are compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a salt thereof, and an agent, and optionally an excipient. The compositions have been found to be able to effectively deliver an agent to a subject or cell. A compound of Formula (I), which includes more than one amino moiety that may be protonated to form a positively charged ammonium cation, may bind to an agent that includes negatively charged moieties to form a non-covalent complex. The compound of Formula (I) also includes four (4) optionally substituted alkenyl R.sup.L moieties, as defined herein, which may assist the compound of Formula (I) and/or the complex of the compound of Formula (I) and the agent to pass through cell membranes and/or mask the charge on the agent to be delivered. In certain embodiments, the composition is useful in delivering an agent selectively to a particular tissue or organ (e.g., the liver and/or spleen) of the subject. The compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) may also be useful in treating and/or preventing a range of diseases, disorders, and conditions (e.g., a genetic disease, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, liver disease, spleen disease, lung disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, musculoskeletal disease, a metabolic disorder, inflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease) in a subject in need thereof.
(9) Compounds
(10) In one aspect, provided are compounds of Formula (I):
(11) ##STR00003##
and salts thereof, wherein each instance of R.sup.L is independently optionally substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.40 alkenyl.
(12) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of the formula:
(13) ##STR00004##
wherein the stereochemistry of each one of the four carbon atoms labeled with “*” is independently S or R.
(14) In certain embodiments, at least two instances of R.sup.L is the same group, e.g., for example, in certain embodiments, two instance, three instances, or all four instances, of R.sup.L are the same group. In certain embodiments, however, at least one instance of R.sup.L is different, e.g., for example, in certain embodiments, at least one, two, three, or all four instances of R.sup.L are different groups.
(15) As generally defined herein, each instance of R.sup.L is independently optionally substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.40 alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L is independently an optionally substituted C.sub.6-30alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.6-25alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.6-20 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-25alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-20alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-18alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-16alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.12-30alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.14-30alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.16-30alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.12-18alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.14-18 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.16-18alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.12-16alkenyl, or optionally substituted C.sub.14-16alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L is independently an optionally substituted C.sub.12 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.13 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.14 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.15alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.16 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.17 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.18 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.19 alkenyl, or an optionally substituted C.sub.20 alkenyl. In certain embodiments, one or more R.sup.L groups, as defined herein, is an unsubstituted alkenyl moiety. In certain embodiments, each of the R.sup.L groups, as defined herein, is an unsubstituted alkenyl moiety.
(16) In certain embodiments, one or more R.sup.L groups, as defined herein, is an n-alkenyl moiety. For example, in certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L is independently optionally substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.40 n-alkenyl, e.g., in certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L is independently an optionally substituted C.sub.6-30 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.6-25 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.6-20 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-25 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-20 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-18 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-16 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.12-30 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.14-30 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.16-30 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.12-18 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.14-18 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.16-18 n-alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.12-16 n-alkenyl, or optionally substituted C.sub.14-16 n-alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L is independently an optionally substituted C.sub.12 n-alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.13 n-alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.14 n-alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.15 n-alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.16 n-alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.17 n-alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.18 n-alkenyl, an optionally substituted C.sub.19 n-alkenyl, or an optionally substituted C.sub.20 n-alkenyl. In certain embodiments, one or more R.sup.L groups, as defined herein, is an unsubstituted n-alkenyl moiety. In certain embodiments, each of the R.sup.L groups, as defined herein, is an unsubstituted n-alkenyl moiety.
(17) As understood herein, the alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises cis (Z) and/or trans (E) double bonds. It is understood that the designation of cis may also refer to the Z configuration, and the designation of trans may also refer to the E configuration of the double bond if the double bond is tri- or tetra-substituted. In certain embodiments, the only degrees of unsaturation in the group R.sup.L are attributed to olefinic (double) bonds. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L comprises only cis double bonds (and thus no trans double bonds). In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L comprises only trans double bonds (and thus no cis double bonds). In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L comprises 1, 2, or 3 double bonds. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L comprises 1, 2, or 3 double bonds, and no triple bonds. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L comprises 2 cis and/or trans double bonds. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) instance of R.sup.L comprises only cis double bonds. In certain embodiments, trans alkenyl bonds provided in the R.sup.L group are specifically excluded. In certain embodiments, each instance of R.sup.L comprises only 2 cis double bonds.
(18) In certain embodiments, wherein the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 1 double bond, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is optionally substituted (C.sub.4-10alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20alkyl), provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms (in other words, the number of carbon atoms within the linear carbon chain). In certain embodiments, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an —(C.sub.4-10n-alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20 n-alkyl), provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an optionally substituted —(C.sub.4-10alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20alkyl) moiety, provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an optionally substituted —(C.sub.4-10n-alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20 n-alkyl) moiety, provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L comprises no more than 30 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L comprises between 6 to 40, 10 to 40, 10 to 30, or 10 to 20 linear carbon atoms, inclusive.
(19) For example, in certain embodiments, wherein at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 1 double bond, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(20) ##STR00005##
wherein:
(21) x is an integer between 4 and 20, inclusive;
(22) y is an integer between 1 and 20, inclusive; and
(23) each instance of R′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl, halogen, substituted hydroxyl, substituted thiol, and substituted amino;
(24) provided the group comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms.
(25) In certain embodiments, wherein at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 1 double bond, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(26) ##STR00006##
(27) In certain embodiments, each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted C.sub.1-6alkyl (e.g., —CH.sub.3) haloalkyl (e.g., —CF.sub.3), and halogen (e.g., —F). In certain embodiments, each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen (e.g., —F). In certain embodiments, each R′ is hydrogen.
(28) In certain embodiments, wherein at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 1 double bond, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(29) ##STR00007##
(30) In certain embodiments, x is 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In certain embodiments, y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In certain embodiments, x is 6. In certain embodiments, y is 7.
(31) For example, in certain embodiments, wherein at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 1 double bond, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(32) ##STR00008##
(33) In certain embodiments, wherein the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 2 double bonds, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is optionally substituted (C.sub.4-10alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20alkyl) provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms (in other words, the number of carbon atoms within the linear carbon chain). In certain embodiments, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an —(C.sub.4-10 n-alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3 n-alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20 n-alkyl), provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an optionally substituted —(C.sub.4-10alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20alkyl) moiety, provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an optionally substituted —(C.sub.4-10 n-alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3 n-alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20 n-alkyl) moiety, provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L comprises no more than 30 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L comprises between 6 to 40, 10 to 40, 10 to 30, or 10 to 20 linear carbon atoms, inclusive.
(34) For example, in certain embodiments, wherein at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 2 double bonds, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(35) ##STR00009##
wherein:
(36) x is an integer between 4 and 20, inclusive;
(37) y is an integer between 1 and 20, inclusive;
(38) z1 is 1, 2, or 3;
(39) and
(40) each instance of R′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl, halogen, substituted hydroxyl, substituted thiol, and substituted amino;
(41) provided the group comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms.
(42) In certain embodiments, wherein at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 2 double bonds, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(43) ##STR00010##
(44) In certain embodiments, each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted C.sub.1-6alkyl (e.g., —CH.sub.3) haloalkyl (e.g., —CF.sub.3), and halogen (e.g., —F). In certain embodiments, each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen (e.g., —F). In certain embodiments, each R′ is hydrogen.
(45) In certain embodiments, wherein at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 2 double bonds, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(46) ##STR00011##
(47) In certain embodiments, x is 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In certain embodiments, y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In certain embodiments, z1 is 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, x is 6. In certain embodiments, y is 4. In certain embodiments, z1 is 1.
(48) For example, in certain embodiments, wherein at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 2 double bond, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(49) ##STR00012##
(50) In certain embodiments, wherein the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 3 double bonds, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an optionally substituted —(C.sub.4-10alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20alkyl) moiety, provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms (in other words, the number of carbon atoms within the linear carbon chain). In certain embodiments, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an —(C.sub.4-10 n-alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3n-alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3n-alkylene)-(C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20n-alkyl), provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an optionally substituted —(C.sub.4-10alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3alkylene) (cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20alkyl) moiety, provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl R.sup.L group is an optionally substituted —(C.sub.4-10 n-alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3n-alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-3n-alkylene)-(cis-C.sub.2alkenylene)-(C.sub.1-20n-alkyl) moiety, provided R.sup.L comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L comprises no more than 30 linear carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L comprises between 6 to 40, 10 to 40, 10 to 30, or 10 to 20 linear carbon atoms, inclusive.
(51) For example, in certain embodiments, wherein at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 3 double bonds, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(52) ##STR00013##
wherein:
(53) x is an integer between 4 and 20, inclusive;
(54) y is an integer between 1 and 20, inclusive;
(55) each instance of z1 and z2 is independently 1, 2, or 3;
(56) and
(57) each instance of R′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl, halogen, substituted hydroxyl, substituted thiol, and substituted amino;
(58) provided the group comprises no more than 40 linear carbon atoms.
(59) In certain embodiments, wherein the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 3 double bonds, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(60) ##STR00014##
(61) In certain embodiments, each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted C.sub.1-6alkyl (e.g., —CH.sub.3) haloalkyl (e.g., —CF.sub.3), and halogen (e.g., —F). In certain embodiments, each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen (e.g., —F). In certain embodiments, each R′ is hydrogen.
(62) In certain embodiments, wherein the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 3 double bonds, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(63) ##STR00015##
(64) In certain embodiments, x is 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In certain embodiments, y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In certain embodiments, z1 is 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, z2 is 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, x is 6. In certain embodiments, y is 1. In certain embodiments, z1 is 1. In certain embodiments, z2 is 1.
(65) For example, in certain embodiments, wherein the least one (e.g., each) alkenyl R.sup.L group comprises only 2 double bonds, the at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or each) alkenyl R.sup.L group is a group of formula:
(66) ##STR00016##
(67) Exemplary compounds of Formula (I) include:
(68) (OF-00), wherein each R.sup.L is a group of formula:
(69) ##STR00017##
(70) (OF-01), wherein each R.sup.L is a group of formula:
(71) ##STR00018##
(72) (OF-02), wherein each R.sup.L is a group of formula:
(73) ##STR00019##
and
(74) (OF-03), wherein each R.sup.L is a group of formula:
(75) ##STR00020##
Compositions
(76) Provided herein are compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof, and an agent. In certain embodiments, the compositions are pharmaceutical compositions. In certain embodiments, the compositions are for non-medical applications. In certain embodiments, the compositions are cosmetic compositions. In certain embodiments, the compositions are dietary compositions. In certain embodiments, the compositions are nutraceutical compositions. In certain embodiments, a composition comprises a compound of Formula (I), or a salt thereof, and optionally an excipient. In certain embodiments, a composition comprises a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
(77) The compositions, as described herein, comprise one or more agents (e.g., a pharmaceutical agent, diagnostic agent, and/or polynuceotide). The agent may form a complex with a compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof in the composition. Agents and complexes are described in more detail herein. In certain embodiments, the composition is useful in the delivery of the agent to a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition is useful in the delivery of an effective amount of the agent to the subject. In certain embodiments, the agent is covalently attached to the compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof in the composition. In certain embodiments, the agent is not covalently attached to the compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof in the composition.
(78) The compositions comprising an agent may improve or increase the delivery of the agent to a subject or cell. In certain embodiments, the compositions increase the delivery of the agent to a target tissue of the subject. In certain embodiments, the compositions selectively deliver the agent to the target tissue (e.g., the compositions deliver more agent to the target tissue than to a non-target tissue). In certain embodiments, the compositions increase the delivery of the agent to the liver of the subject. In certain embodiments, the compositions increase the delivery of the agent to the spleen of the subject. In certain embodiments, the compositions selectively delivers the agent to the liver, lung, and/or spleen of the subject.
(79) The delivery of the agent may be characterized in various ways, such as the exposure, concentration, and bioavailability of the agent. The exposure of an agent in a subject may be defined as the area under the curve (AUC) of the concentration of the agent in the subject or cell after administration or dosing. In certain embodiments, the exposure described herein is the exposure of the agent in a target tissue (e.g., the liver and/or spleen) of the subject. In general, an increase in exposure may be calculated by taking the difference in the AUC measured in a subject or cell between those of an inventive composition and a control composition, and dividing the difference by the exposure of the control composition. Exposure of an agent may be measured in an appropriate animal model. The concentration of an agent and, when appropriate, its metabolite(s), in a subject or cell is measured as a function of time after administration.
(80) In certain embodiments, the concentration described herein is the concentration of the agent in a target tissue (e.g., the liver and/or spleen) of the subject. Concentration of an agent, and, when appropriate, of its metabolite(s), in a subject or cell, may be measured as a function of time in vivo using an appropriate animal model. One method of determining the concentration of an agent involves dissecting of a tissue or organ of the subject. The concentration of the agent in the subject or cell may be determined by HPLC or LC/MS analysis.
(81) In some embodiments, the delivery of the agent increases due to the presence of a compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof in the composition. In some embodiments, the delivery of the agent increases due to the presence of a complex formed between the compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof and the agent in the composition. In some embodiments, the compositions increase the delivery of the agent by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 30-fold, at least about 100-fold, at least about 300-fold, or at least about 1000-fold. In certain embodiments, the compositions increase the delivery of the agent by less than about 1000-fold, less than about 300-fold, less than about 100-fold, less than about 30-fold, less than about 10-fold, less than about 3-fold, less than about 2-fold, less than about 100%, less than about 50%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, or less than about 10%. Combinations of the above-referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., an increase of at least about 100% and less than about 10 fold). Other ranges are also within the scope of the invention. In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof is present in the composition in a sufficient amount to increase the delivery of the agent by an amount described herein compared to the delivery of the agent when administered in its absence.
(82) The compositions may deliver an agent selectively to a tissue or organ of a subject. In certain embodiments, the tissue or organ to which the agent is selectively delivered to is a target tissue. In certain embodiments, the compositions deliver at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 70%, at least about 100%, at least about 3-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 30-fold, at least about 100-fold, at least about 300-fold, or at least about 1000-fold more amount of the agent to a target tissue than to a non-target tissue. The amount of agent may be measured by the exposure, concentration, and/or bioavailability of the agent in a tissue or organ as described herein. In certain embodiments, the compositions deliver at most about 1000-fold, at most about 300-fold, at most about 100-fold, at most about 30-fold, at most about 10-fold, at most about 3-fold, at most about 100%, at most about 70%, at most about 50%, at most about 40%, at most about 30%, at most about 20%, or at most about 10% more amount of the agent to a target tissue than to a non-target tissue. Combinations of the above ranges (e.g., at least about 100% and at most about 10 fold) are also with the scope of the invention. In certain embodiments, the target tissue is the liver. In certain embodiments, the target tissue is the spleen. In certain embodiments, the target tissue is the lung.
(83) The compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) including one or more agents (e.g., pharmaceutical agents) may be useful in treating and/or preventing a disease, disorder or condition. In certain embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is a genetic disease, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, liver disease, spleen disease, lung disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, musculoskeletal disease, a metabolic disorder, inflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful in gene therapy. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing a genetic disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing a proliferative disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing cancer. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing a benign neoplasm. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing pathological angiogenesis. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing an inflammatory disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing an autoimmune disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing a hematological disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing a neurological disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing a spleen disease. In certain embodiments, the compositions are useful for treating and/or preventing hepatic carcinoma, hypercholesterolemia, refractory anemia, familial amyloid neuropathy, or hemophilia.
(84) The agents may be provided in an effective amount in a composition. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing a disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating a disease, e.g., a genetic disease, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, liver disease, spleen disease, lung disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, musculoskeletal disease, a metabolic disorder, inflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing a genetic disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing a proliferative disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing cancer. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing a benign neoplasm. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing pathological angiogenesis. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing an inflammatory disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing an autoimmune disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing a hematological disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing a neurological disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing a spleen disease. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating and/or preventing hepatic carcinoma, hypercholesterolemia, refractory anemia, familial amyloid neuropathy, or hemophilia.
(85) An effective amount of an agent may vary from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg in one or more dose administrations for one or several days (depending on the mode of administration). In certain embodiments, the effective amount per dose varies from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 750 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg, from about 1.0 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg, and from about 10.0 mg/kg to about 150 mg/kg.
(86) In certain embodiments, the compositions are in the form of a particle. In certain embodiments, the particle is a nanoparticle or microparticle. In certain embodiments, the compositions are in the form of liposomes or micelles. It is understood that, in certain embodiments, the particles, micelles, or liposomes described herein result from self-assembly of the components of the composition. In certain embodiments, the particle, micelle, or liposome encapsulates an agent. The agent to be delivered by the particle, micelle, or liposome may be in the form of a gas, liquid, or solid. The compositions may further include or be combined with polymers (synthetic or natural), surfactants, cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, lipidoids, etc. to form the particles. These particles may be further combined with an excipient to form the compositions. The particles, micelles, and liposomes are described in more detail herein.
(87) The compositions described herein (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) can be prepared by any method known in the art (e.g., pharmacologically). In general, such preparatory methods include the steps of bringing a compound into association with an agent described herein (i.e., the “active ingredient”), optionally with a carrier or excipient, and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping, and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
(88) Compositions can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” is a discrete amount of the composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
(89) Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the excipient (e.g., the pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable excipient), and/or any additional ingredients in a composition will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. The composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
(90) Excipients used in the manufacture of provided compositions include inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents may also be present in the composition.
(91) Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, and mixtures thereof.
(92) Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose, and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof.
(93) Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include natural emulsifiers (e.g., acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g., bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate)), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g., stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g., carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween® 20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween® 60), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween® 80), sorbitan monopalmitate (Span® 40), sorbitan monostearate (Span® 60), sorbitan tristearate (Span® 65), glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate (Span® 80), polyoxyethylene esters (e.g., polyoxyethylene monostearate (Myrj® 45), polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and Solutol®), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g., Cremophor®), polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g., polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij® 30)), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic® F-68, Poloxamer P-188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, and/or mixtures thereof.
(94) Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g., cornstarch and starch paste), gelatin, sugars (e.g., sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.), natural and synthetic gums (e.g., acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum®), and larch arab ogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid, polymethacrylates, waxes, water, alcohol, and/or mixtures thereof.
(95) Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, antiprotozoan preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives. In certain embodiments, the preservative is an antioxidant. In other embodiments, the preservative is a chelating agent.
(96) Exemplary antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.
(97) Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.
(98) Exemplary antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.
(99) Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol.
(100) Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.
(101) Other preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant® Plus, Phenonip®, methylparaben, Germall® 115, Germaben® II, Neolone®, Kathon®, and Euxyl®.
(102) Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.
(103) Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
(104) Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki, vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils. Exemplary synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and mixtures thereof.
(105) Additionally, the composition may further comprise an apolipoprotein. Previous studies have reported that Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) was able to enhance cell uptake and gene silencing for a certain type of materials. See, e.g., Akinc, A. et al., Targeted delivery of RNAi therapeutics with endogenous and exogenous ligand-based mechanisms. Mol Ther. 18(7): p. 1357-64. In certain embodiments, the apolipoprotein is ApoA, ApoB, ApoC, ApoE, or ApoH, or an isoform thereof.
(106) Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In certain embodiments, the emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs are or cosmetically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredients, the liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (e.g., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. In certain embodiments for parenteral administration, solubilizing agents such as Cremophor®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and mixtures thereof, are used.
(107) Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation can be a sterile injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
(108) The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
(109) In order to prolong the effect of the active ingredient, it is often desirable to slow its absorption from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the active ingredient then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered active ingredient may be accomplished by dissolving or suspending the composition in an oil vehicle.
(110) Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.
(111) Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the composition is mixed with at least one inert, excipient or carrier (e.g., pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable excipient or carrier) such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or (a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, (b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, (c) humectants such as glycerol, (d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, (e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, (f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, (g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, (h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and (i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage form may include a buffering agent.
(112) Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the art of pharmacology. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents that may release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of encapsulating compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
(113) The composition can be in a micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings, and other coatings well known in the formulation art. In such solid dosage forms the composition can be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms may comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may comprise buffering agents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
(114) Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a composition may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, and/or patches. Generally, the composition is admixed under sterile conditions with a carrier or excipient and/or any needed preservatives and/or buffers as can be required. Additionally, the use of transdermal patches is contemplated, which often have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of an active ingredient to the body. Such dosage forms can be prepared, for example, by dispersing the composition in the proper medium. Alternatively or additionally, the rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the composition in a polymer matrix and/or gel.
(115) Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal compositions described herein include short needle devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,886,499; 5,190,521; 5,328,483; 5,527,288; 4,270,537; 5,015,235; 5,141,496; and 5,417,662. Intradermal compositions can be administered by devices which limit the effective penetration length of a needle into the skin, such as those described in PCT publication WO 99/34850 and functional equivalents thereof. Alternatively or additionally, conventional syringes can be used in the classical mantoux method of intradermal administration. Jet injection devices which deliver liquid vaccines to the dermis via a liquid jet injector and/or via a needle which pierces the stratum corneum and produces a jet which reaches the dermis are suitable. Jet injection devices are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,480,381; 5,599,302; 5,334,144; 5,993,412; 5,649,912; 5,569,189; 5,704,911; 5,383,851; 5,893,397; 5,466,220; 5,339,163; 5,312,335; 5,503,627; 5,064,413; 5,520,639; 4,596,556; 4,790,824; 4,941,880; 4,940,460; and PCT publications WO 97/37705 and WO 97/13537. Ballistic powder/particle delivery devices which use compressed gas to accelerate the agent in powder form through the outer layers of the skin to the dermis are suitable.
(116) Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are not limited to, liquid and/or semi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil-in-water and/or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments, and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions. Topically administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of the active ingredient can be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
(117) A composition can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity. Such a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the composition and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 to about 7 nanometers, or from about 1 to about 6 nanometers. Such compositions are conveniently in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant can be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self-propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container. Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nanometers and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nanometers. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nanometer and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nanometers. Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.
(118) Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50 to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and the active ingredient may constitute 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of the composition. The propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).
(119) Compositions formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide the active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension. Such formulations can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising the active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. The droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers.
(120) Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a composition. Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the composition and having an average particle from about 0.2 to 500 micrometers. Such a formulation is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nares.
(121) Formulations for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) to as much as 100% (w/w) of the active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
(122) A composition can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for buccal administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may contain, for example, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. Alternately, formulations for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising the active ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations, when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers, and may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
(123) A composition can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for ophthalmic administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid carrier or excipient. Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of the additional ingredients described herein. Other opthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
(124) Although the descriptions of compositions provided herein are principally directed to compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation.
(125) Compositions provided herein are typically formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compositions will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular subject or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific active ingredient employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
(126) The compositions provided herein can be administered by any route, including enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, bucal, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol. Specifically contemplated routes are oral administration, intravenous administration (e.g., systemic intravenous injection), regional administration via blood and/or lymph supply, and/or direct administration to an affected site. In general, the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), and/or the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is able to tolerate oral administration).
(127) The exact amount of an agent required to achieve an effective amount will vary from subject to subject, depending, for example, on species, age, and general condition of a subject, severity of the side effects or disorder, identity of the particular agent, mode of administration, and the like. The desired dosage can be delivered three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, or every four weeks. In certain embodiments, the desired dosage can be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations).
(128) In certain embodiments, an effective amount of an agent for administration one or more times a day to a 70 kg adult human may comprise about 0.0001 mg to about 3000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 2000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, of an agent per unit dosage form.
(129) In certain embodiments, the agents described herein may be at dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, and more preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect.
(130) It will be appreciated that dose ranges as described herein provide guidance for the administration of provided compositions to an adult. The amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult.
(131) Compositions described herein may further include a hydrophilic polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG)). The compositions described herein may further include a lipid (e.g., a steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted cholesterol, or a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-containing material). In certain embodiments, the lipid included in the compositions is a triglyceride, a diglyceride, a PEGylated lipid, a phospholipid (e.g., 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC)), a steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted cholesterol, an apolipoprotein, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions include two components selected from the group consisting of the following components: a hydrophilic polymer, a triglyceride, a diglyceride, a PEGylated lipid, a phospholipid, a steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted cholesterol, and an apolipoprotein. In certain embodiments, the compositions include three components selected from the group consisting of the following components: a hydrophilic polymer, a triglyceride, a diglyceride, a PEGylated lipid, a phospholipid, a steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted cholesterol, and an apolipoprotein. In certain embodiments, the compositions include at least four components selected from the group consisting of the following components: a hydrophilic polymer, a triglyceride, a diglyceride, a PEGylated lipid, a phospholipid, a steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted cholesterol, and an apolipoprotein. In certain embodiments, the compositions include a hydrophilic polymer, a phospholipid, a steroid, and a substituted or unsubstituted cholesterol. In certain embodiments, the compositions include PEG, DSPC, and substituted or unsubstituted cholesterol.
(132) The compositions may include cholesterol, a lipid (e.g., a PEGylated lipid, a phospholipid, a cholesterol lipid), and a apolipoprotein, in addition to a compound of Formula (I) and an agent described herein.
(133) Exemplary phospholipids include, but are not limited to, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (DOPE-mal), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DSPE), 16-O-monomethyl PE, 16-O-dimethyl PE, and 18-1-trans PE, 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidyethanolamine (SOPE).
(134) Exemplary cholesterol lipids include, but are not limited to, PEGylated cholesterol, and DC-Chol (N,N-dimethyl-N-ethylcarboxamidocholesterol).
(135) Exemplary PEGylated lipids include, but are not limited to, PEGylated cholesterol, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-2000] (C14-PEG 2000, Avanti), N-Octanoyl-Sphingosine-1-[Succinyl(Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol)-2000], and dimyristoylglycerol (DMG)-PEG-2K. In some embodiments, the one or more PEGylated lipids comprise a poly(ethylene) glycol chain of up to 5 kDa in length covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of C.sub.6-C.sub.20 length.
(136) In certain embodiments, the compositions include two or more components selected from the group consisting of the following components: a PEGylated lipid, a phospholipid, cholesterol, a cholesterol lipid, and a apolipoprotein. In certain embodiments, the compositions include a phospholipid, cholesterol, and a PEGylated lipid. In certain embodiments, the compositions include 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, and C14-PEG-2000.
(137) Compositions described herein may be useful in other applications, e.g., non-medical applications. Nutraceutical compositions described herein may be useful in the delivery of an effective amount of a nutraceutical, e.g., a dietary supplement, to a subject in need thereof. Cosmetic compositions described herein may be formulated as a cream, ointment, balm, paste, film, or liquid, etc., and may be useful in the application of make-up, hair products, and materials useful for personal hygiene, etc. Compositions described herein may be useful for other non-medical applications, e.g., such as an emulsion, emulsifier, or coating, useful, for example, as a food component, for extinguishing fires, for disinfecting surfaces, for oil cleanup, and/or as a bulk material.
(138) Agents
(139) Agents that are delivered by the systems (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) described herein may be (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic), diagnostic, cosmetic, or nutraceutical agents. Any chemical compound to be administered to a subject may be delivered using the complexes, picoparticles, nanoparticles, microparticles, micelles, or liposomes, described herein. The agent may be an organic molecule, inorganic molecule, nucleic acid, protein, peptide, polynucleotide, targeting agent, an isotopically labeled chemical compound, vaccine, an immunological agent, or an agent useful in bioprocessing (e.g., intracellular manufacturing of proteins, such as a cell's bioprocessing of a commercially useful chemical or fuel). For example, intracellular delivery of an agent may be useful in bioprocessing by maintaining the cell's health and/or growth, e.g., in the manufacturing of proteins. Any chemical compound to be administered to a subject or contacted with a cell may be delivered to the subject or cell using the compositions.
(140) Exemplary agents that may be included in a composition described herein include, but are not limited to, small molecules, organometallic compounds, polynucleotides, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, nucleoproteins, mucoproteins, lipoproteins, small molecules linked to proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, polynucleotides, nucleosides, antisense oligonucleotides, lipids, hormones, vitamins, cells, metals, targeting agents, isotopically labeled chemical compounds, drugs (e.g., compounds approved for human or veterinary use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as provided in the Code of Federal Regulations), vaccines, immunological agents, agents useful in bioprocessing, and mixtures thereof. The targeting agents are described in more detail herein. In certain embodiments, the agents are nutraceutical agents. In certain embodiments, the agents are pharmaceutical agents (e.g., a therapeutic or prophylactic agent). In certain embodiments, the agent is an antibiotic agent (e.g., an anti-bacterial, anti-viral, or antifungal agent), anesthetic, steroidal agent, anti-proliferative agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-angiogenesis agent, anti-neoplastic agent, anti-cancer agent, anti-diabetic agent, antigen, vaccine, antibody, decongestant, antihypertensive, sedative, birth control agent, progestational agent, anti-cholinergic, analgesic, immunosuppressant, anti-depressant, anti-psychotic, β-adrenergic blocking agent, diuretic, cardiovascular active agent, vasoactive agent, non-steroidal, nutritional agent, anti-allergic agent, or pain-relieving agent. Vaccines may comprise isolated proteins or peptides, inactivated organisms and viruses, dead organisms and viruses, genetically altered organisms or viruses, and cell extracts. Therapeutic and prophylactic agents may be combined with interleukins, interferon, cytokines, and adjuvants such as cholera toxin, alum, and Freund's adjuvant, etc.
(141) In certain embodiments, an agent to be delivered or used in a composition described herein is a polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, the agent is plasmid DNA (pDNA). In certain embodiments, the agent is single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), complementary DNA (cDNA), antisense DNA, chloroplast DNA (ctDNA or cpDNA), microsatellite DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA), kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), provirus, lysogen, repetitive DNA, satellite DNA, or viral DNA. In certain embodiments, the agent is RNA. In certain embodiments, the agent is small interfering RNA (siRNA). In certain embodiments, the agent is messenger RNA (mRNA). In certain embodiments, the agent is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), small hairpin RNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA), microRNA (miRNA), guide RNA (gRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), antisense RNA (asRNA), heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA), coding RNA, non-coding RNA (ncRNA), long non-coding RNA (long ncRNA or lncRNA), satellite RNA, viral satellite RNA, signal recognition particle RNA, small cytoplasmic RNA, small nuclear RNA (snRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), polyinosinic acid, ribozyme, flexizyme, small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), spliced leader RNA, viral RNA, or viral satellite RNA. In certain embodiments, the agent is an RNA that carries out RNA interference (RNAi). The phenomenon of RNAi is discussed in greater detail, for example, in the following references: Elbashir et al., 2001, Genes Dev., 15:188; Fire et al., 1998, Nature, 391:806; Tabara et al., 1999, Cell, 99:123; Hammond et al., Nature, 2000, 404:293; Zamore et al., 2000, Cell, 101:25; Chakraborty, 2007, Curr. Drug Targets, 8:469; and Morris and Rossi, 2006, Gene Ther., 13:553. In certain embodiments, upon delivery of an RNA into a subject, tissue, or cell, the RNA is able to interfere with the expression of a specific gene in the subject, tissue, or cell. In certain embodiments, the agent is a pDNA, siRNA, mRNA, or a combination thereof.
(142) In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide may be provided as an antisense agent or RNAi. See, e.g., Fire et al., Nature 391:806-811, 1998. Antisense therapy is meant to include, e.g., administration or in situ provision of single- or double-stranded polynucleotides, or derivatives thereof, which specifically hybridize, e.g., bind, under cellular conditions, with cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA, or mutants thereof, so as to inhibit the expression of the encoded protein, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. See, e.g., Crooke, “Molecular mechanisms of action of antisense drugs,” Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1489(1):31-44, 1999; Crooke, “Evaluating the mechanism of action of anti-proliferative antisense drugs,” Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 10(2):123-126, discussion 127, 2000; Methods in Enzymology volumes 313-314, 1999. The binding may be by conventional base pair complementarity, or, for example, in the case of binding to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix (i.e., triple helix formation). See, e.g., Chan et al., J. Mol. Med. 75(4):267-282, 1997.
(143) In some embodiments, pDNA, siRNA, dsRNA, shRNA, miRNA, mRNA, tRNA, asRNA, and/or RNAi can be designed and/or predicted using one or more of a large number of available algorithms. To give but a few examples, the following resources can be utilized to design and/or predict polynucleotides: algorithms found at Alnylum Online; Dharmacon Online; OligoEngine Online; Molecula Online; Ambion Online; BioPredsi Online; RNAi Web Online; Chang Bioscience Online; Invitrogen Online; LentiWeb Online GenScript Online; Protocol Online; Reynolds et al., 2004, Nat. Biotechnol., 22:326; Naito et al., 2006, Nucleic Acids Res., 34:W448; Li et al., 2007, RNA, 13:1765; Yiu et al., 2005, Bioinformatics, 21:144; and Jia et al., 2006, BMC Bioinformatics, 7: 271.
(144) The polynucleotide included in a composition may be of any size or sequence, and they may be single- or double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes at least about 30, at least about 100, at least about 300, at least about 1,000, at least about 3,000, or at least about 10,000 base pairs. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes less than about 10,000, less than about 3,000, less than about 1,000, less than about 300, less than about 100, or less than about 30 base pairs. Combinations of the above ranges (e.g., at least about 100 and less than about 1,000) are also within the scope of the invention. The polynucleotide may be provided by any means known in the art. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is engineered using recombinant techniques. See, e.g., Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1999); Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1989). The polynucleotide may also be obtained from natural sources and purified from contaminating components found normally in nature. The polynucleotide may also be chemically synthesized in a laboratory. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is synthesized using standard solid phase chemistry. The polynucleotide may be isolated and/or purified. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is substantially free of impurities. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% free of impurities.
(145) The polynucleotide may be modified by physical, chemical, and/or biological means. The modifications include methylation, phosphorylation, and end-capping, etc. In certain embodiments, the modifications lead to increased stability of the polynucleotide.
(146) Wherever a polynucleotide is employed in the composition, a derivative of the polynucleotide may also be used. These derivatives include products resulted from modifications of the polynucleotide in the base moieties, sugar moieties, and/or phosphate moieties of the polynucleotide. Modified base moieties include, but are not limited to, 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methyl cytidine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, and 2-thiocytidine. Modified sugar moieties include, but are not limited to, 2′-fluororibose, ribose, 2′-deoxyribose, 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyribose, 2′,3′-dideoxyribose, arabinose (the 2′-epimer of ribose), acyclic sugars, and hexoses. The nucleosides may be strung together by linkages other than the phosphodiester linkage found in naturally occurring DNA and RNA. Modified linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphorothioate and 5′-N-phosphoramidite linkages. Combinations of the various modifications may be used in a single polynucleotide. These modified polynucleotides may be provided by any means known in the art; however, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the modified polynucleotides may be prepared using synthetic chemistry in vitro.
(147) The polynucleotide described herein may be in any form, such as a circular plasmid, a linearized plasmid, a cosmid, a viral genome, a modified viral genome, and an artificial chromosome.
(148) The polynucleotide described herein may be of any sequence. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a protein or peptide. The encoded protein may be an enzyme, structural protein, receptor, soluble receptor, ion channel, active (e.g., pharmaceutically active) protein, cytokine, interleukin, antibody, antibody fragment, antigen, coagulation factor, albumin, growth factor, hormone, and insulin, etc. The polynucleotide may also comprise regulatory regions to control the expression of a gene. These regulatory regions may include, but are not limited to, promoters, enhancer elements, repressor elements, TATA boxes, ribosomal binding sites, and stop sites for transcription, etc. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is not intended to encode a protein. For example, the polynucleotide may be used to fix an error in the genome of the cell being transfected.
(149) In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide described herein comprises a sequence encoding an antigenic peptide or protein. A composition containing the polynucleotide can be delivered to a subject to induce an immunologic response sufficient to decrease the chance of a subsequent infection and/or lessen the symptoms associated with such an infection. The polynucleotide of these vaccines may be combined with interleukins, interferon, cytokines, and/or adjuvants described herein.
(150) The antigenic protein or peptides encoded by the polynucleotide may be derived from bacterial organisms, such as Streptococccus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Corynebacterium diphtherias, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Treponema pallidum, Leptospirosis interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Camphylobacter jejuni; from viruses, such as smallpox virus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, HIV virus, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex 1 virus, herpes simplex 2 virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, rotavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus, poliovirus, mumps virus, rabies virus, rubella virus, coxsackieviruses, equine encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, and hepatitis E virus; and from fungal, protozoan, or parasitic organisms, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Nocardia asteroides, Rickettsia ricketsii, Rickettsia typhi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydial psittaci, Chlamydial trachomatis, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Schistosoma mansoni.
(151) In certain embodiments, the agent is erythropoietin (EPO), e.g., recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). Erythropoietin is an essential hormone for red blood cell production, and may be used in treating hematological diseases, e.g., anemia, such as anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy induced anemia in patients with cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) and myelodysplasia from the treatment of cancer (chemotherapy and radiation). Recombinant human erythropoietins available for use include EPOGEN/PROCRIT (Epoetin alfa, rINN) and ARANESP (Darbepoetin alfa, rINN).
(152) An agent described herein may be non-covalently (e.g., complexed or encapsulated) attached to a compound as described herein, or included in a composition described herein. In certain embodiments, upon delivery of the agent into a cell, the agent is able to interfere with the expression of a specific gene in the cell.
(153) In certain embodiments, the agent in a composition that is delivered to a subject in need thereof may be a mixture of two or more agents that may be useful as, e.g., combination therapies. The compositions including the two or more agents can be administered to achieve a synergistic effect. In certain embodiments, the compositions including the two or more agents can be administered to improve the activity and/or bioavailability, reduce and/or modify the metabolism, inhibit the excretion, and/or modify the distribution within the body of a subject, of each one of the two or more agents. It will also be appreciated that the therapy employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder, and/or it may achieve different effects.
(154) The compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to the one or more agents (e.g., pharmaceutical agents). The two or more agents may be useful for treating and/or preventing a same disease or different diseases described herein. Each one of the agents may be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that agent. The agents may also be administered together with each other and/or with the composition described herein in a single dose or administered separately in different doses. The particular combination to employ in a regimen will take into account compatibility of the agents and/or the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect to be achieved. In general, it is expected that the agents utilized in combination be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilized individually.
(155) Targeting Agents
(156) Since it is often desirable to target a particular cell, collection of cells, or tissue, compounds of Formula (I), and the complexes, liposomes, micelles, and particles (e.g., microparticles and nanoparticles) thereof, may be modified to include targeting moieties. For example, a compound of Formula (I) may include a targeting moiety. A variety of agents or regions that target particular cells are known in the art. See, e.g., Cotten et al., Methods Enzym. 217:618, 1993. The targeting agent may be included throughout a particle of a compound of Formula (I) or may be only on the surface of the particle. The targeting agent may be a protein, peptide, carbohydrate, glycoprotein, lipid, small molecule, or polynucleotide, etc. The targeting agent may be used to target specific cells or tissues or may be used to promote endocytosis or phagocytosis of the particle. Examples of targeting agents include, but are not limited to, antibodies, fragments of antibodies, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, receptor ligands, sialic acid, and aptamers, etc. If the targeting agent is included throughout a particle, the targeting agent may be included in the mixture that is used to form the particle. If the targeting agent is only on the surface of a particle, the targeting agent may be associated with (e.g., by covalent or non-covalent (e.g., electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, π-π stacking) interactions) the formed particle using standard chemical techniques.
(157) Complexes of an Agent and a Compound of Formula (I)
(158) It is contemplated that the compounds of Formula (I) are useful in the delivery of one or more agents (such as a polynucleotide (e.g., DNA (e.g., pDNA) or RNA (e.g., siRNA, mRNA), synthetic analogs of DNA and/or RNA, and DNA/RNA hybrids, etc.)) to a subject in need thereof. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the compounds of Formula (I) have several desirable properties that make a composition comprising the compound and an agent suitable for delivering the agent to a subject in need thereof. The desirable properties include: 1) the ability of the compound to complex with and “protect” the agent that may otherwise be labile; 2) the ability of the compound to buffer the pH in an endosome of a cell of the subject; 3) the ability of the compound to act as a “proton sponge” and cause endosomolysis; and 4) the ability of the compound to substantially neutralize the negative charges of the agent.
(159) A compound of Formula (I) and an agent may form a complex in a composition as described herein. For example, a compound of Formula (I) comprises secondary and tertiary amino moieties, which may be useful in enhancing the ability of an inventive composition including an agent (such as a polynucleotide) to deliver the agent to a subject (e.g., into a cell of the subject) in need thereof. The amino moieties, sterically hindered or not, may non-covalently interact with a polynucleotide. A polynucleotide may be contacted with a compound of Formula (I) under conditions suitable to form a complex. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide binds to a compound of Formula (I) to form a complex through one or more non-covalent interactions described herein. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide binds to a compound of Formula (I) to form a complex through electrostatic interactions. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, one or more amino moieties of a compound of Formula (I) may be positively charged, and the polynucleotide (e.g., the monophosphate, diphosphate, and/or triphosphate moieties of the polynucleotide) may be negatively charged, when a compound of Formula (I), or a composition thereof, is delivered to a subject in need thereof (e.g., when the compound, or a composition thereof, is delivered to the subject at the physiological pH). The polynucleotide may bind to a compound of Formula (I) to form a complex through electrostatic interactions between the negative charges of the inventive compound and the positive charges of the polynucleotide. By substantially neutralizing the charges (e.g., negative charges) of the polynucleotide, the resulting complex may be able to more easily pass through the hydrophobic membranes (e.g., cytoplasmic, lysosomal, endosomal, nuclear) of a cell, compared to a polynucleotide whose charges are not neutralized. In certain embodiments, the complex is substantially neutral. In certain embodiments, the complex is slightly positively charged. In certain embodiments, the complex has a positive ζ-potential. In certain embodiments the ζ-potential is between 0 and +30. In certain embodiments, upon delivery of the agent into a cell of a subject in need thereof, the agent is able to interfere with the expression of a specific gene in the cell.
(160) The compound of Formula (I) includes alkenyl moieties on the amino moieties. The alkenyl R.sup.L moieties may be hydrophobic and may be useful in enhancing the ability of a composition comprising an agent (such as a polynucleotide) to deliver the agent to a subject (e.g., into a cell of the subject) in need thereof. As used herein, the term “hydrophobic” refers to the ability of the alkenyl R.sup.L to dissolve or assist in dissolving in fats, oils, lipids, and/or non-polar solvents (e.g., hexane or toluene). For example, hydrophobic alkenyl moieties may assist a complex of a compound of Formula (I) and a polynucleotide to more easily pass through cell membranes, which are also hydrophobic, compared to a polynucleotide, which is typically hydrophilic.
(161) Polynucleotides may be degraded chemically and/or enzymatically (e.g., by nucleases and nucleotidases). The interaction of compound of Formula (I) with the polynucleotide is thought to at least partially prevent the degradation of the polynucleotide.
(162) A compound of Formula (I) may be at least partially provided as a salt (e.g., being protonated) so as to form a complex with a negatively charged agent (e.g., a polynucleotide). In certain embodiments, the complex form particles that are useful in the delivery of the agent to a subject. In certain embodiments, more than one compound of Formula (I) may be associated with an agent. For example, the complex may include 1-10, 1-100, 1-1,000, 10-1,000, 100-1,000, or 100-10,000 compounds associated with an agent.
(163) The ratio of the amount of a compound of Formula (I) to the amount of an agent (e.g., a polynucleotide) in an composition including the compound and agent (e.g., as a complex) may be adjusted so that the agent may be more efficiently delivered to a subject in need thereof and/or the toxicity of the composition is decreased. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the compound of Formula (I), or salt thereof, to the agent is at least about 1:1, at least about 2:1, at least about 5:1, at least about 10:1, at least about 20:1, at least about 50:1, at least about 100:1, at least about 200:1, or at least about 500:1 mol/mol. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the compound of Formula (I), or salt thereof, to the agent is less than about 500:1, less than about 200:1, less than about 100:1, less than about 50:1, less than about 20:1, less than about 10:1, less than about 5:1, less than about 2:1, or less than about 1:1 mol/mol. Combinations of the above ranges (e.g., at least about 10:1 and less than about 100:1) are also within the scope of the invention.
(164) The ratio of the amount of the amino moieties of a compound of Formula (I) to the amount of the phosphate moieties of a polynucleotide (i.e., nitrogen:phosphate ratio) in a composition including the compound and polynucleotide (e.g., as a complex) may also be adjusted so that the polynucleotide may be more efficiently delivered to a subject in need thereof and/or the toxicity of the composition is decreased. See, e.g., Incani et al., Soft Matter (2010) 6:2124-2138. In certain embodiments, the nitrogen:phosphate ratio is at least about 1:1, at least about 2:1, at least about 5:1, at least about 10:1, at least about 20:1, at least about 50:1, at least about 100:1, at least about 200:1, or at least about 500:1 mol/mol. In certain embodiments, the nitrogen:phosphate ratio is less than about 500:1, less than about 200:1, less than about 100:1, less than about 50:1, less than about 20:1, less than about 10:1, less than about 5:1, less than about 2:1, or less than about 1:1 mol/mol. Combinations of the above ranges (e.g., at least about 10:1 and less than about 100:1) are also within the scope of the invention.
(165) Particles
(166) A composition including a compound of Formula (I) and an agent may be in the form of a particle. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) and agent form a complex, and the complex is in the form of a particle. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) encapsulates the agent and is in the form of a particle. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is mixed with the agent, and the mixture is in the form of a particle.
(167) In certain embodiments, a complex of a compound of Formula (I) and an agent in a composition of is in the form of a particle. In certain embodiments, the particle is a microparticle (i.e., particle having a characteristic dimension of less than about 1 millimeter and at least about 1 micrometer, where the characteristic dimension of the particle is the smallest cross-sectional dimension of the particle. In certain embodiments, the particle is a nanoparticle (i.e., a particle having a characteristic dimension of less than about 1 micrometer and at least about 1 nanometer, where the characteristic dimension of the particle is the smallest cross-sectional dimension of the particle). In certain embodiments, the average diameter of the particle is at least about 10 nm, at least about 30 nm, at least about 100 nm, at least about 300 nm, at least about 1 μm, at least about 3 μm, at least about 10 μm, at least about 30 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 300 μm, or at least about 1 mm. In certain embodiments, the average diameter of the particle is less than about 1 mm, less than about 300 μm, less than about 100 μm, less than about 30 μm less than about 10 μm, less than about 3 μm, less than about 1 μm, less than about 300 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 30 nm, or less than about 10 nm. Combinations of the above ranges (e.g., at least about 100 nm and less than about 1 μm) are also within the scope of the present invention.
(168) The particles described herein may include additional materials such as polymers (e.g., synthetic polymers (e.g., PEG, PLGA) and natural polymers (e.g., phospholipids)). In certain embodiments, the additional materials are approved by a regulatory agency, such as the U.S. FDA, for human and veterinary use.
(169) The particles may be prepared using any method known in the art, such as precipitation, milling, spray drying, single and double emulsion solvent evaporation, solvent extraction, phase separation, and simple and complex coacervation. In certain embodiments, methods of preparing the particles are the double emulsion process and spray drying. The conditions used in preparing the particles may be altered to yield particles of a desired size or property (e.g., hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, external morphology, “stickiness”, shape, polydispersity, etc.). The method of preparing the particle and the conditions (e.g., solvent, temperature, concentration, and air flow rate, etc.) used may also depend on the agent being complexed, encapsulated, or mixed, and/or the composition of the matrix.
(170) Methods developed for making particles for delivery of agents that are included in the particles are described in the literature. See, e.g., Doubrow, M., Ed., “Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992; Mathiowitz and Langer, J. Controlled Release 5:13-22, 1987; Mathiowitz et al., Reactive Polymers 6:275-283, 1987; Mathiowitz et al., J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 35:755-774, 1988.
(171) If the particles prepared by any of the above methods have a size range outside of the desired range, the particles can be sized, for example, using a sieve. The particles may also be coated. In certain embodiments, the particles are coated with a targeting agent. In certain embodiments, the particles are coated with a surface-altering agent. In some embodiments, the particles are coated to achieve desirable surface properties (e.g., a particular charge).
(172) In certain embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI, determined by dynamic light scattering) of the particles described herein (e.g., particles included in a composition described herein) is between 0.01 and 0.9, between 0.1 and 0.9, between 0.1 and 0.7, between 0.1 and 0.5, between 0.01 and 0.4, between 0.03 and 0.4, between 0.1 and 0.4, between 0.01 and 0.3, between 0.03 and 0.3, or between 0.1 and 0.3.
(173) Micelles and Liposomes
(174) A composition including a compound of Formula (I) and an agent may be in the form of a micelle or liposome. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is in the form of a micelle or liposome. In certain embodiments, the agent is in the form of a micelle or liposome. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) and agent form a complex, and the complex is in the form of a micelle or liposome. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) encapsulates the agent and is in the form of a micelle or liposome. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is mixed with the agent, and the mixture is in the form of a micelle or liposome. Micelles and liposomes are particularly useful in delivering an agent, such as a hydrophobic agent. When the micelle or liposome is complexed with (e.g., encapsulates or covers) a polynucleotide, the resulting complex may be referred to as a “lipoplex.” Many techniques for preparing micelles and liposomes are known in the art, and any such method may be used herein to make micelles and liposomes.
(175) In certain embodiments, liposomes are formed through spontaneous assembly. In some embodiments, liposomes are formed when thin lipid films or lipid cakes are hydrated and stacks of lipid crystalline bilayers become fluid and swell. The hydrated lipid sheets detach during agitation and self-close to form large, multilamellar vesicles (LMV). This prevents interaction of water with the hydrocarbon core of the bilayers at the edges. Once these liposomes have formed, reducing the size of the liposomes can be modified through input of sonic energy (sonication) or mechanical energy (extrusion). See, e.g., Walde, P. “Preparation of Vesicles (Liposomes)” In Encylopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Nalwa, H. S. Ed. American Scientific Publishers: Los Angeles, 2004; Vol. 9, pp. 43-79; Szoka et al., “Comparative Properties and Methods of Preparation of Lipid Vesicles (Liposomes)” Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467-508, 1980; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The preparation of lipsomes may involve preparing a compound of Formula (I) for hydration, hydrating the compound with agitation, and sizing the vesicles to achieve a homogenous distribution of liposomes. A compound of Formula (I) may be first dissolved in an organic solvent in a container to result in a homogeneous mixture. The organic solvent is then removed to form a polymer-derived film. This polymer-derived film is thoroughly dried to remove residual organic solvent by placing the container on a vacuum pump for a period of time. Hydration of the polymer-derived film is accomplished by adding an aqueous medium and agitating the mixture. Disruption of LMV suspensions using sonic energy typically produces small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) with diameters in the range of 15-50 nm. Lipid extrusion is a technique in which a lipid/polymer suspension is forced through a polycarbonate filter with a defined pore size to yield particles having a diameter near the pore size of the filter used. Extrusion through filters with 100 nm pores typically yields large, unilamellar polymer-derived vesicles (LUV) with a mean diameter of 120-140 nm. In certain embodiments, the amount of a compound of Formula (I) in the liposome ranges from about 30 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 70 mol %, or from about 60 mol % to about 70 mol %. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) employed further complexes an agent, such as a polynucleotide. In such embodiments, the application of the liposome is the delivery of the polynucleotide.
(176) The following scientific papers described other methods for preparing liposomes and micelles: Narang et al., “Cationic Lipids with Increased DNA Binding Affinity for Nonviral Gene Transfer in Dividing and Nondividing Cells,” Bioconjugate Chem. 16:156-68, 2005; Hofland et al., “Formation of stable cationic lipid/DNA complexes for gene transfer,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7305-7309, July 1996; Byk et al., “Synthesis, Activity, and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Novel Cationic Lipids for DNA Transfer,” J. Med. Chem. 41(2):224-235, 1998; Wu et al., “Cationic Lipid Polymerization as a Novel Approach for Constructing New DNA Delivery Agents,” Bioconjugate Chem. 12:251-57, 2001; Lukyanov et al., “Micelles from lipid derivatives of water-soluble polymers as delivery systems for poorly soluble drugs,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 56:1273-1289, 2004; Tranchant et al., “Physicochemical optimisation of plasmid delivery by cationic lipids,” J. Gene Med. 6:S24-S35, 2004; van Balen et al., “Liposome/Water Lipophilicity: Methods, Information Content, and Pharmaceutical Applications,” Medicinal Research Rev. 24(3):299-324, 2004.
(177) Kits
(178) Also contemplated herein are kits (e.g., packs). The kits provided may comprise a composition as described herein and a container (e.g., a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and/or dispenser package, or other suitable container). In some embodiments, provided kits may optionally further include a second container comprising an excipient for dilution or suspension of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition provided in the first container and the composition provided in the second container are combined to form one unit dosage form. In certain embodiments, the kits further include instructions for administering the composition. The kits may also include information as required by a regulatory agency such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In certain embodiments, the information included in the kits is prescribing information. In certain embodiments, the kits, including the instructions, provide for treating and/or preventing a disease described herein. The kit may include one or more agents described herein as a separate composition.
(179) Methods of Treatment and Uses
(180) It is estimated that over 10,000 human diseases are caused by genetic disorders, which are abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. See, e.g., McClellan, J. and M. C. King, Genetic heterogeneity in human disease. Cell. 141(2): p. 210-7; Leachman, S. A. et al., J. Dermatol. Sci., 2008. 51(3): p. 151-7. Many of these diseases are fatal, such as cancer, severe hypercholesterolemia, and familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. See, e.g., Frank-Kamenetsky, M. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008. 105(33): p. 11915-20; Coelho, T., Curr. Opin. Neurol., 1996. 9(5): p. 355-9. Since the discovery of gene expression silencing via RNA interference (RNAi) by Fire and Mello (Fire, A. et al., Nature, 1998. 391(6669): p. 806-11), there has been extensive effort toward developing therapeutic applications for RNAi in humans. See, e.g., Davis, M. E., Mol. Pharm. 2009. 6(3): p. 659-68; Whitehead, K. A., R. Langer, and D. G. Anderson, Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery, 2009. 8(2): p. 129-138; Tan, S. J. et al., Small. 7(7): p. 841-56; Castanotto, D. and J. J. Rossi, Nature, 2009. 457(7228): p. 426-33; Chen, Y. and L. Huang, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2008. 5(12): p. 1301-11; Weinstein, S. and D. Peer, Nanotechnology. 21(23): p. 232001; Fenske, D. B. and P. R. Cullis, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2008. 5(1): p. 25-44; and Thiel, K. W. and P. H. Giangrande, Oligonucleotides, 2009. 19(3): p. 209-22. Currently, there are more than 20 clinical trials ongoing or completed involving siRNA therapeutics, which have shown promising results for the treatment of various diseases. See, e.g., Burnett, J. C., J. J. Rossi, and K. Tiemann, Biotechnol. J. 6(9): p. 1130-46. However, the efficient and safe delivery of siRNA is still a key challenge in the development of siRNA therapeutics. See, e.g., Juliano, R. et al., Mol. Pharm. 2009. 6(3): p. 686-95.
(181) In one aspect, provided are methods of delivering an agent to a subject in need thereof, or to a tissue or cell. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of delivering the agent to a target tissue to the subject. In certain embodiments, described herein are methods of selectively delivering the agent to a target tissue, compared to a non-target tissue. In certain embodiments, described herein are methods of selectively delivering the agent to a target cell, compared to a non-target cell.
(182) In certain embodiments, provided are methods of delivering the agent to the liver of the subject. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of delivering the agent to the spleen of the subject. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of selectively delivering the agent to the liver, lung, and/or spleen of the subject. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of delivering a polynucleotide to the subject or cell. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of delivering a DNA to the subject or cell. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of delivering a pDNA to the subject or cell. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of delivering an RNA to the subject or cell. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of delivering an siRNA to the subject or cell. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of delivering an mRNA to the subject or cell. In certain embodiments, the agent is delivered into a cell of the subject.
(183) Another aspect relates to methods of increasing the delivery of an agent to a subject, tissue, or cell. In certain embodiments, the delivery of the agent to the subject, tissue, or cell is increased by a method described herein. In certain embodiments, the delivery of the agent to the subject, tissue, or cell by a method described herein is increased compared to the delivery of the agent to the subject, tissue, or cell by a control method that does not involve a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
(184) In another aspect, provided are methods of treating and/or preventing a disease, e.g, a genetic disease, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, liver disease, spleen disease, lung disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, musculoskeletal disease, a metabolic disorder, inflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is a genetic disease. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented is cancer. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented is a benign neoplasm. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is pathological angiogenesis. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is an inflammatory disease. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is an autoimmune disease. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is a hematological disease, e.g., anemia. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is a neurological disease. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is a spleen disease. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is a painful condition. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is hepatic carcinoma. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is hypercholesterolemia. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is refractory anemia. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is familial amyloid neuropathy. In certain embodiments, the disease that is treated and/or prevented by the inventive methods is hemophilia (e.g., hemophilia A or B).
(185) In certain embodiments, the disease is a painful condition and, in certain embodiments, the composition further includes an analgesic agent. In certain embodiments, the painful condition is inflammatory pain. In certain embodiments, the painful condition (e.g., inflammatory pain) is associated with an inflammatory disorder and/or an autoimmune disorder.
(186) Another aspect relates to methods of genetically engineering a subject. In certain embodiments, the subject is genetically engineered to increase the growth of the subject. In certain embodiments, the subject is genetically engineered to increase the subject's resistance to pathogenic organisms and/or microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites). In certain embodiments, the subject is genetically engineered to increase the subject's ability to grow under unfavorable conditions (such as unfavorable weather conditions, e.g., dryness, infertility, and/or extremely cold or extremely high temperature).
(187) In certain embodiments, the methods as described herein comprise administering to the subject a compound or composition as described herein. In certain embodiments, the methods as described herein comprise contacting the cell with a compound or composition as described herein. In certain embodiments, a method described herein includes contacting the tissue with a compound or composition as described herein.
(188) In certain embodiments, the subject described herein is a human. In certain embodiments, the subject is an animal. The animal may be of either sex and may be at any stage of development. In certain embodiments, the subject is a fish. In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a domesticated animal, such as a dog, cat, cow, pig, horse, sheep, or goat. In certain embodiments, the subject is a companion animal such as a dog or cat. In certain embodiments, the subject is a livestock animal such as a cow, pig, horse, sheep, or goat. In certain embodiments, the subject is a zoo animal. In another embodiment, the subject is a research animal such as a rodent (e.g., mouse, rat), dog, pig, or non-human primate. In certain embodiments, the animal is a genetically engineered animal. In certain embodiments, the animal is a transgenic animal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human with a disease described herein. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human suspected of having a disease described. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human at risk of developing a disease described herein. In certain embodiments, the subject is a plant.
(189) In certain embodiments, the cell described herein is in vivo. In certain embodiments, the cell is in vitro. In certain embodiments, the cell is ex vitro.
(190) In certain embodiments, the methods as described herein are in vivo methods. In certain embodiments, the methods as described herein are in vitro methods. In certain embodiments, the methods as described herein are ex vitro methods.
(191) Another aspect relates to methods of screening a library of compounds to identify one or more compounds that are useful in the methods as described herein. In certain embodiments, the methods of screening a library of compounds are useful in identifying one or more compounds with desired or undesired properties. In certain embodiments, the desired property is solubility in water, solubility at different pH, ability to bind polynucleotides, ability to bind heparin, ability to bind small molecules, ability to bind protein, ability to form microparticles, ability to increase transfection efficiency, ability to support cell growth, ability to support cell attachment, ability to support tissue growth, and/or intracellular delivery of an agent described herein and/or an agent complexed or attached thereto to aid in bioprocessing. In certain embodiments, the undesired prosperity is the lack of a desired prosperity. In certain embodiments, the one or more compounds identified are useful for treating and/or preventing a disease described herein. In certain embodiments, the library of compounds is a library of compounds of Formula (I). In certain embodiments, the methods of screening a library include providing at least two different compounds of Formula (I); and performing at least one assay using the different compounds of Formula (I), to identify one or more compounds that are useful in the methods as described herein.
(192) Typically, the methods of screening a library of compounds involve at least one assay. In certain embodiments, the assay is performed to detect one or more characteristics associated with the treatment and/or prevention of a disease described herein. The characteristics may be desired (e.g., a disease being treated and/or prevented) or undesired (e.g., a disease not being treated or prevented) characteristics. The assay may be an immunoassay, such as a sandwich-type assay, competitive binding assay, one-step direct test, two-step test, or blot assay. The step of performing at least one assay may be performed robotically or manually.
(193) Methods of Preparation
(194) Further provided are methods of preparing compounds of Formula (I) and precursors thereof.
(195) In one aspect, provided is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (I), the method comprising reacting the compound:
(196) ##STR00021##
or salt thereof, with an epoxide of formula:
(197) ##STR00022##
to provide a compound of Formula (I):
(198) ##STR00023##
or salt thereof.
(199) In certain embodiments, the step of reacting comprises use of a base, e.g., an organic base such as NEt.sub.3. In certain embodiments, the step of reacting comprises use of irradiation to effect the coupling of the epoxide with the compound.
(200) In another aspect, provided is a method of preparing an epoxide of formula:
(201) ##STR00024##
the method comprising: (i) reducing a carboxylic acid of formula:
(202) ##STR00025## to an aldehyde of formula:
(203) ##STR00026## (ii) treating the aldehyde under alpha chlorinating conditions to provide a chlorinated aldehyde of formula:
(204) ##STR00027## (iii) reducing the chlorinated aldehyde to provide an alcohol of formula:
(205) ##STR00028## and (iv) treating the alcohol under suitable conditions to provide an epoxide of formula:
(206) ##STR00029##
(207) In certain embodiments, the step of reducing of the carboxylic acid comprises use of a hydride reducing agent, such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH.sub.4). In certain embodiments, the step of converting the aldehyde to the alpha-chlorinated aldehyde comprises use of a chlorinating agent, such as N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS). In certain embodiments, the step of reducing the chlorinated aldehyde to provide an alcohol comprises use of a hydride reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride (NaBH.sub.4). In certain embodiments, the step of converting the alcohol to the epoxide comprises use of an inorganic base, such as NaOH.
EXAMPLES
(208) In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner.
(209) Alkenyl Amino Alcohol Ionizable Lipid Materials for Highly Potent In Vivo mRNA Delivery
(210) Nucleic acid therapies possess the potential to treat thousands of genetic disorders, many of which are difficult or impossible to manage with present day therapeutic approaches. For example, the successful delivery of short interfering RNAs (siRNA) to cells in both rodents and non-human primates has been leveraged to silence gene expression for the treatment of hereditary diseases and cancer. See, e.g., R. Kanasty et al., Nat Mater 2013, 12, 967-977; K. A. Whitehead et al., Nature reviews. Drug discovery 2009, 8, 129-138. As a complementary approach, the delivery of messenger RNA (mRNA) uniquely promotes the synthesis of specific proteins. Its successful delivery, therefore, could profoundly impact fields such as protein replacement therapy, vaccine development, and immune tolerization wherein the selective expression of proteins in vivo could treat disease. See, e.g., U. Sahin et al., Nature reviews. Drug discovery 2014, 13, 759-780; L. Zangi et al., Nature biotechnology 2013, 31, 898-907.
(211) Before clinical implementation can be realized, serious limitations with the delivery of mRNA to target cells in the body must first be overcome. The high anionic charge density, size, and hydrophilicity of mRNA prevent meaningful levels of passive diffusion of mRNA across cell membranes. See, e.g., M. S. Kormann et al., Nature biotechnology 2011, 29, 154-157. To circumvent this limitation, an array of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) has been developed for the entrapment and subsequent delivery of nucleic acids in vivo. See, e.g., R. Kanasty et al., Nat Mater 2013, 12, 967-977; K. A. Whitehead et al., Nature reviews. Drug discovery 2009, 8, 129-138. In practice, LNPs are comprised of cholesterol, a phospholipid, a polyethylene glycol derivative, and an ionizable lipid. See, e.g., T. M. Allen et al., Advanced drug delivery reviews 2013, 65, 36-48. Evidence within the siRNA delivery field has implicated the chemical identity and structure of the ionizable lipid in the LNP formulation as the most pivotal component for efficacy. Accordingly, several rationally designed and combinatorial chemistry methodologies have been employed to discover novel classes of ionizable lipid materials capable of maximizing gene silencing at the lowest possible siRNA dose. See, e.g., S. C. Semple et al. Nature biotechnology 2010, 28, 172-176; K. T. Love et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107, 1864-1869; Y. Dong et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2014, 111, 3955-3960. This strategy both conserves precious therapeutic nucleic acid cargo and also serves to mitigate any possible issues with the toxicity of the LNPs themselves.
(212) Principles from medicinal chemistry were leveraged to identify and synthesize a new class of alkenyl ionizable lipids that, when formulated into LNPs, promote the highest levels of in vivo protein expression reported to date. Along these lines, we also established critical structure/function parameters within this new class of materials that can serve as a synthetic baseline from which future generations of mRNA delivery materials can be based. Finally, we rigorously studied the delivery properties (i.e. batch-to-batch variability, dose response behavior, biodistribution, etc.) of the lead mRNA LNP we discovered through our study toward its clinical application as a delivery vehicle for mRNA therapeutics.
(213) To begin our study, we first needed to select an optimal nucleic acid cargo to deliver in vivo. Unmodified mRNA coding for human Erythropoietin (EPO) was selected for two reasons: 1) the associated protein is secreted directly into the bloodstream allowing for robust protein quantification, and 2) EPO has potential therapeutic applications in such areas as anemia. See, e.g., M. S. Kormann et al., Nature biotechnology 2011, 29, 154-157; K. Kariko et al., Molecular therapy: the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2012, 20, 948-953; S. Liu et al., Nutrition in clinical practice: official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2013, 28, 120-127. Next, we established critical design parameters for our new class of ionizable lipids. Evidence from the siRNA delivery field highlights the success of amino alcohol based ionizable lipids. See, e.g., K. T. Love et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107, 1864-1869; Y. Dong et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2014, 111, 3955-3960. To the best of our knowledge, however, no amino alcohol based materials have been explored that incorporate cis carbon double bonds (alkenes) throughout their hydrophobic tails. Here, we present the four compounds OF-00 through OF-03 as the first members of a new class of ionizable lipids for nucleic acid delivery (
(214) Compounds OF-00 through OF-03 were then formulated with human erythropoietin (EPO) mRNA, cholesterol, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and C.sub.14-PEG-2000 in accordance with previously optimized formulation parameters for mRNA delivery. See, e.g., A. Amirouche et al., Human molecular genetics 2013, 22, 3093-3111. Ionizable lipid cKK-E12 was formulated alongside these compounds to be used as a positive control in our study. cKK-E12 was chosen because it is structurally similar to compounds OF-00 through OF-03, but with shorter tails that do not contain alkenes. Additionally, cKK-E12 is capable of silencing Factor VII expression in mice at siRNA doses as low as 0.002 mg/kg, and as such it represents a benchmark ionizable lipid in the field of nucleic acid delivery. The nanoparticle diameters, polydispersity indices, and encapsulation efficiencies for each of these five formulations is provided in Table 1. Serum EPO concentrations are reported as mean±SD (n=3) 6 hr after a 0.75 mg/kg dose intravenous injection into mice. Encapsulation efficiencies, LNP diameter, and PDI were collected as described above for each representative LNP formulation.
(215) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 EPO concentration and Characterization Data for LNP Formulations EPO Ionizable Average Standard Encapsulation LNP Lipid EPO Deviation Efficiency Diameter LNP (ng/mL) (ng/mL) (%) (nm) PDI cKK-E12 7100 ± 700 670 54 83 0.217 OF-00 2100 ± 500 460 74 92 0.147 OF-01 500 ± 200 180 81 78 0.194 OF-02 14220 ± 1500 1490 55 122 0.130 OF-03 140 ± 3 3 76 75 0.239
(216) Each resultant mRNA loaded LNP was then injected intravenously at a 0.75 mg/kg dose in C57BL/6 mice alongside phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as a negative control. At six hours, the serum EPO levels were quantified (
(217) ##STR00030##
(218) The OF-00, OF-01, and OF-03 LNPs also allow the deduction of structure/function relationships within this new class of AAA ionizable lipids. We note two general structure/function trends of interest. First, we note that only alkenes with a cis geometry promote in vivo efficacy OF-00 and OF-01 exclusively differ in the cis/trans geometry of their alkenes, and only OF-00 produces meaningful EPO concentrations. Second, the optimal number and placement of two cis alkenes per tail matches those observed in optimized siRNA LNPs. See, e.g., S. C. Semple et al., Nature biotechnology 2010, 28, 172-176.
(219) With this information in hand, our attention then shifted from exploring the general properties of the new AAA class of ionizable lipids to further characterizing LNPs made from our lead material OF-02. The clinical translation of nucleic acid delivery vehicles is in part predicated on high reproducibility of the chemical constituents and formulation of LNPs. To test this, three independent batches of OF-02 were synthesized and then formulated into LNPs. The average serum concentration among all batches was found to be 13705 ng/mL and demonstrated minimal batch-to-batch variability (
(220) We explored the morphology of OF-02 formulations using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (
(221) We were interested to determine if the efficacy differences observed between ckk-E12 and OF-02 LNPs were due to variations in biodistribution. mRNA coding for luciferase was independently formulated with both ckk-E12 and OF-02 in the same fashion as for EPO delivery, and mouse organs were harvested 24 hours post injection. The tissues were subsequently imaged ex-vivo to measure the total luminescence per organ, demonstrating that mRNA from both ckk-E12 and OF-02 LNPs is predominantly translated in the liver with minimal translation in the spleen and negligible translation in other organs (
(222) Finally, OF-02 LNPs also outperformed their cKK-E12 counterparts at 24 hours, independent of dose (
(223) In summary, our study began by creating a new class of ionizable lipid materials for mRNA delivery dubbed AAAs. To the best of our knowledge, compounds OF-00 through OF-03 represent the first examples of these AAA materials in the scientific literature, and we hope that their alkene-epoxide precursors EA-00 through EA-03 can serve as versatile scaffolds for the synthesis of future AAA ionizable lipids. After determining that OF-02 LNPs yielded the highest levels of mRNA promoted EPO levels in vivo in the scientific literature, our attention shifted to the characterization of LNPs derived from lead compound OF-02. Batch-to-batch variability, dose response curves, and cryogenic TEM images were coupled with biodistribution data, highlighting the exceptional potency with which these LNPs can deliver mRNA to the liver.
(224) Materials and Methods
(225) General Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) Synthesis. The organic phase was prepared by solubilizing with ethanol a mixture of ionizable lipid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE, Avanti), cholesterol (Sigma), and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-2000] (ammonium salt) (C14-PEG 2000, Avanti) at a molar ratio of 35:16:46.5:2.5 and ionizable lipid:mRNA weight ratio of 10:1 in accordance with previously optimized formulation parameters for mRNA delivery. The aqueous phase was prepared in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 3) with either EPO mRNA (human Erythropoietin mRNA, courtesy of Shire Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Mass.) or Luc mRNA (Firefly luciferase mRNA, Shire). The ethanol and aqueous phases were mixed at a 3:1 ratio in a microfluidic chip device (ref Delai's paper) using syringe pumps as previously described at a final mRNA concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. See, e.g., Chen et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2012) 134:6948. Resultant LNPs were dialyzed against PBS in a 20,000 MWCO cassette at 4° C. for 2 hours.
(226) LNP Characterization. To calculate the mRNA encapsulation efficiency, a modified Quant-iT RiboGreen RNA assay (Invitrogen) was used as previously described. See, e.g., Heyes et al., J. Controlled Release (2005) 107:276-287. The diameter and polydispersity (PDI) of the LNPs were measured using dynamic light scattering (ZetaPALS, Brookhaven Instruments). LNP diameters are reported as the largest intensity mean peak average, which constituted >95% of the nanoparticles present in the sample.
(227) Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy of Lipid Nanoparticles. LNPs were prepared as previously described in General Lipid Nanoparticle Synthesis, with the exception that they were dialyzed against 0.1×PBS instead of 1×PBS. The batch of LNPs was then split, and the encapsulation efficiency was calculated for a subpopulation of the LNPs using the aforementioned method (section 3: General Lipid Nanoparticle Characterization, Quanti-iT RiboGreen RNA assay from Invitrogen, see above). The remaining LNPs were then prepared for Cryogenic TEM. Briefly, 3 μL of the LNP solution was diluted with buffer and was placed onto a lacey copper grid coated with a continuous carbon film. Excess sample was blotted off using a Gatan Cryo Plunge III. The grid was then mounted on a Gatan 626 cryo-holder equipped within the TEM column. The specimen and holder tip were continually cooled by liquid nitrogen during transfer into the microscope and subsequent imaging. Imaging was performed using a JEOL 2100 FEG microscope using a minimum dose method that was essential to avoiding sample damage under the electron beam. The microscope was operated at 200 kV and with a magnification setting of 60,000 for assessing particle size and distribution. All images were recorded on a Gatan 2kx2k UltraScan CCD camera.
(228) Animal Experiments. All animal studies were approved by the M.I.T. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and were consistent with local, state and federal regulations as applicable. LNPs were intraveneously injected in female C.sub.57BL/6 mice (Charles River Labs, 18-22 grams) via the tail vein. After six or 24 hours, blood was collected via the tail vein and serum was isolated by centrifugation in serum separation tubes. Serum EPO levels were quantified with an ELISA assay (Human Erythropoietin Quantikine IVD ELISA Kit, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Md.). 24 hours after injection of Luc-mRNA LNPs, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 130 μL of D-luciferin (30 mg/mL in PBS). After fifteen minutes, mice were sacrificed and the organs were isolated (pancreas, spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, uterus and ovaries) and imaged with an IVIS imaging system (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass.). Luminescence was quantified using LivingImage software (Perkin Elmer).
(229) Synthetic Procedures
(230) Instrumentation and Materials. Microwave reactions were performed in a Biotage Initiator. Other reactions were performed in round bottom flasks. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (.sup.1H NMR) spectra were recorded with a Varian inverse probe INOVA-500 spectrometer (with a Magnex Scientific superconducting actively-shielded magnet), are reported in parts per million on the δ scale, and are referenced from the residual protium in the NMR solvent (CDCl.sub.3: δ 7.24; DMSO: δ 2.50). Data are reported as follows: chemical shift [multiplicity (br=broad, s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, sp=septet, m=multiplet), integration, assignment. All commercial reagents and solvents were used as received.
(231) General Description. One of the most common and facile synthetic methods to afford epoxides relies on the oxidation of alkenes using meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (mcpba). However, we immediately recognized this as a poor synthetic strategy for synthesizing alkenyl epoxides EA-00 through EA-03 because the selective oxidation of a terminal alkene in the presence of electronically similar alkenes would be extremely difficult if not impossible. Purification of the reaction medium would also be highly challenging due to the similar polarity of products and the complexity of the mixture ensuing from the reaction. In order to circumvent this problem, we elected to use biologically relevant fatty acids as our general synthetic starting material. We envisioned that fatty acids would serve as excellent synthetic building blocks for our study because they are abundant in large quantities from many commercial vendors and they also offer high levels of regiochemical fidelity in their alkenes. Additionally, fatty acids would allow us to circumvent the forecasted issue with mcpba oxidation; we envisioned that the carboxylic acid termini could be used to directly furnish the epoxide while leaving the alkenes in the substrate fully intact.
(232) Having selected fatty acids as an ideal starting material, we executed our synthesis of alkenyl epoxides. For a general scheme and the fully drawn products, see Scheme 1 below. Briefly, fatty acids were subjected to a lithium aluminum hydride reduction followed by Dess-Martin Periodinane oxidation to afford their corresponding aldehydes. Proline catalyzed alpha-chlorination followed by sodium borohydride reduction in the same reaction flask afforded the 1,2-chloroalcohols in moderate yields. See, e.g., N. Halland et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society 2004, 126, 4790-4791. Finally, gentle heating of these 1,2-chloroalcohols at 35° C. in basic dioxane promoted ring closure to furnish the desired alkene-containing epoxides EA-00 through EA-03 in moderate yields in 4 steps with only a single chromatographic purification. Excitingly, these alkene-containing epoxides represent a virtually unexplored synthetic scaffold for ionizable lipid development. We hope this synthetic route will broadly add to the creation of future generations of ionizable lipids for nucleic acid therapy. Full synthetic procedures and molecular characterization data for each step of the synthetic procedures for EA-00 through EA-03 are available below, as are the final syntheses of OF-00 through OF-03.
(233) ##STR00031##
Example 1. OF-00 Synthesis
(234) Step 1. Synthesis of EA-00-aldehyde
(235) ##STR00032##
(236) To a solution of oleic acid (5.01 ml, 15 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (190 ml) at 0° C. was added lithium aluminum hydride (1 M in THF, 22.5 ml, 22.5 mmol, 1.5 eq) dropwise. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with sequential additions of water (0.85 ml), 1N NaOH (0.85 ml), and water (2.6 ml) dropwise. The mixture was filtered through celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product, EA-00-aldehyde, a yellow oil, was then dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (160 ml). NaHCO.sub.3 (8.821 g, 105 mmol, 7 eq) was added followed by Dess-Martin Periodinane (7.63 g, 18 mmol, 1.2 eq). The mixture was stirred for 3 hours, 50 minutes. It was then diluted in petroleum ether, washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product, a yellow oil, was used without further purification.
(237) Step 2. Synthesis of EA-00-chloroalcohol
(238) ##STR00033##
(239) To a solution of EA-00-aldehyde (3.91 g, 14.7 mmol, 1 eq) in MeCN (40 ml) cooled to 0° C. was added L-proline (0.507 g, 4.41 mmol, 0.3 eq) and N-chlorosuccinimide (1.8657 g, 14.0 mmol, 0.95 eq). The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour, 55 minutes. It was then diluted in ethanol (23 mL) and to it was added NaBH.sub.4 (71 mg, 1.875 mmol, 2.5 eq). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 hours, 30 minutes. It was then diluted in ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product EA-00-chloroalcohol, a yellow oil, was used without further purification.
(240) Step 3. Synthesis of EA-00
(241) ##STR00034##
(242) To a solution of EA-00-chloroalcohol (3.495 g, 11.6 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,4-dioxane (35 ml) was added a solution of NaOH (10.44 g, 261 mmol, 22.5 eq) in water (45 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 35° C. and allowed to stir for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was then diluted in hexanes, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using acetone/hexanes (0:100.fwdarw.6:94) to yield EA-00 (0.441 g, 1.65 mmol, 14% yield over 4 steps) as a pale yellow oil.
(243) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl.sub.3, 20° C.): 5.34 (m, 2H, CHCH), 2.90 (m, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 2.74 (ddd, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 2.46 (m, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 2.01 (pd, 4H, CHCHCH.sub.2), 1.68-1.18 (m, 22H, CH.sub.2), 0.88 (t, 3H, CH.sub.3).
(244) Step 4. Synthesis of OF-00
(245) ##STR00035##
(246) To a solution of EA-00 (359 mg, 1.35 mmol, 6 eq) in ethanol (2 ml) was added diketopiperazine 1 (84.7 mg, 0.225 mmol, 1 eq) followed by triethylamine (125 μl, 0.9 mmol, 4 eq). See, e.g., Y. Dong et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014, 111, 3955-3960. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes before being irradiated, with stirring, in a microwave for 5 hours at 150° C. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield the product as a viscous yellow oil (19% yield).
(247) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, 20° C.) 8.11 (br, 2H, CONH), 5.15-5.2 (m, 8H, CH.sub.2CH), 4.21 (dd, 4H, OH), 3.79 (br, 2H, COCH), 3.44 (br, 4H, CHOH), 2.25-2.44 (m, 12H, NCH.sub.2), 2.1 (m, 16H, CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2), 1.64-1.67 (m, 4H, CH.sub.2), 1.21-1.39 (m, 96H, CH.sub.2), 0.88 (t, 12H, CH.sub.3). HRMS (DART) (m/z): calc'd for C.sub.84H.sub.160N.sub.4O.sub.6 [M+H].sup.+: 1322.23; found: 1322.04.
Example 2. OF-01 Synthesis
(248) Step 1. Synthesis of EA-01-aldehyde
(249) ##STR00036##
(250) To a solution of elaidic acid (4.717 g, 16.7 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (210 ml) at 0° C. was added Lithium Aluminum Hydride (1 M in THF, 25 ml, 25 mmol, 1.5 eq) dropwise. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with sequential additions of water (0.95 ml), 1N NaOH (0.95 ml), and water (2.9 ml) dropwise. The mixture was filtered through celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product, (E)-octadec-9-en-1-ol, was then dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (180 ml). NaHCO.sub.3 (9.820 g, 116.9 mmol, 7 eq) was added followed by Dess Martin Periodinane (8.5 g, 20 mmol, 1.2 eq). The mixture was stirred for 4 hours, 45 minutes. It was then diluted in petroleum ether, washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product EA-01-aldehyde, a white solid, was used without further purification.
(251) Step 2. Synthesis of EA-01-chloroalcohol
(252) ##STR00037##
(253) To a solution EA-01-aldehyde (16.7 mmol, 1 eq) in MeCN (46 ml) cooled to 0° C. was added L-proline (0.577 g, 5.01 mmol, 0.3 eq) and N-chlorosuccinimide (2.118 g, 15.8 mmol, 0.95 eq). The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours, 25 minutes. It was then diluted in ethanol (26 ml) and to it was added NaBH.sub.4 (1.579 g, 41.75 mmol, 2.5 eq). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours, 15 minutes. It was then diluted in ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product EA-01-chloroalcohol, a white solid, was used without further purification.
(254) Step 3. Synthesis of EA-01
(255) ##STR00038##
(256) To a solution of EA-01-aldehyde in 1,4-dioxane (50 ml) was added a solution of NaOH (15.03 g, 376 mmol, 22.5 eq) in water (65 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 35° C. and allowed to stir for 6 hours, 20 minutes. The resulting mixture was then diluted in hexanes, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using acetone/hexanes (0:100.fwdarw.10:90) to yield EA-01 as an off-white oil (19% yield over 4 steps). .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl.sub.3, 20° C.): 5.37 (m, 2H, CHCH), 2.87 (tq, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 2.71 (m, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 2.43 (dt, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 1.95 (m, 4H, CHCHCH.sub.2), 1.36-1.16 (m, 22H, CH.sub.2), 0.86 (t, 3H, CH.sub.3).
(257) Step 4. Synthesis of OF-01
(258) ##STR00039##
(259) To a solution of EA-01 (359 mg, 1.35 mmol, 6 eq) in ethanol (2 ml) was added diketopiperazine 1 (84.7 mg, 0.225 mmol, 1 eq) followed by triethylamine (125 μl, 0.9 mmol, 4 eq). See, e.g., Y. Dong et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014, 111, 3955-3960. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes before being irradiated, with stirring, in a microwave for 5 hours at 150° C. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield the product as a yellow oil (9% yield).
(260) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, 20° C.) 8.11 (br, 2H, CONH), 5.15-5.2 (m, 8H, CH.sub.2CH), 4.21 (dd, 4H, OH), 3.79 (br, 2H, COCH), 3.44 (br, 4H, CHOH), 2.25-2.44 (m, 12H, NCH.sub.2), 2.1 (m, 16H, CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2), 1.64-1.67 (m, 4H, CH.sub.2), 1.21-1.39 (m, 96H, CH.sub.2), 0.88 (t, 12H, CH.sub.3). HRMS (DART) (m/z): calc'd for C.sub.84H.sub.160N.sub.4O.sub.6 [M+H].sup.+: 1322.23; found: 1322.09.
Example 3. Synthesis of OF-02
(261) Step 1. Synthesis of EA-02-aldehyde
(262) ##STR00040##
(263) To a solution of linoleic acid (4.66 ml, 15 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (190 ml) at 0° C. was added Lithium Aluminum Hydride (1 M in THF, 22.5 ml, 22.5 mmol, 1.5 eq) dropwise. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with sequential additions of water (0.85 ml), 1N NaOH (0.85 ml), and water (2.6 ml) dropwise. The mixture was filtered through celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subsequently dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (160 ml). NaHCO.sub.3 (8.821 g, 105 mmol, 7 eq) was added followed by Dess-Martin-Periodinane (7.63 g, 18 mmol, 1.2 eq). The mixture was stirred for 4 hours, 30 minutes. It was then diluted in petroleum ether, washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product EA-02-aldehyde, a yellow oil, was used without further purification.
(264) Step 2. Synthesis of EA-02-chloroalcohol
(265) ##STR00041##
(266) To a solution EA-02-aldehyde (3.3955 g, 12.7 mmol, 1 eq) in MeCN (35 ml) cooled to 0° C. was added L-proline (518 mg, 4.5 mmol, 0.3 eq) and N-chlorosuccinimide (1.903 g, 14.25 mmol, 0.95 eq). The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours 20 minutes. It was then diluted in ethanol (20 ml) and to it was added NaBH.sub.4 (1.418 g, 37.5 mmol, 2.5 eq). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours. It was then diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product EA-02-chloroalcohol, a yellow oil was used without further purification.
(267) Step 3. Synthesis of EA-02
(268) ##STR00042##
(269) To a solution of EA-02-chloroalcohol (1.4768 g, 4.91 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,4-dioxane (14.7 ml) was added a solution of NaOH (4.417 g, 110.4 mmol, 22.5 eq) in water (19.4 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 35° C. and allowed to stir for 5 hours, 15 minutes. The resulting mixture was then diluted in hexanes, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using ether/petroleum ether (0:100.fwdarw.20:80) to yield EA-02 (in 41% yield over 4 steps).
(270) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl.sub.3, 20° C.): 5.33 (m, 4H, CHCH), 2.88 (tdd, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 2.73 (m, 3H, CH.sub.2OCH and CHCH.sub.2CH), 2.44 (m, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 2.04 (qd, 4H, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CHCH), 1.58-1.19 (m, 14H, CH.sub.2), 0.87 (t, 3H, CH.sub.3).
(271) Step 4. Synthesis of OF-02
(272) ##STR00043##
(273) To a solution of EA-02 (357 mg, 1.35 mmol, 6 eq) in ethanol (2 ml) was added diketopiperazine 1 (84.7 mg, 0.225 mmol, 1 eq) followed by triethylamine (125 μl, 0.9 mmol, 4 eq). See, e.g., Y. Dong et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014, 111, 3955-3960. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 7 minutes before being irradiated, with stirring, in a microwave for 5 hours at 150° C. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield the product as a yellow oil (33% yield).
(274) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, 20° C.) 8.11 (br, 2H, CONH), 5.15-5.2 (m, 16H, CH.sub.2CH), 4.21 (dd, 4H, OH), 3.79 (br, 2H, COCH), 3.44 (br, 4H, CHOH), 2.7 (m, 8H, CHCH.sub.2CH), 2.25-2.44 (m, 12H, NCH.sub.2), 2.1 (m, 16H, CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2), 1.64-1.67 (m, 4H, CH.sub.2), 1.21-1.39 (m, 72H, CH.sub.2), 0.88 (t, 12H, CH.sub.3). HRMS (DART) (m/z): calc'd for C.sub.84H.sub.152N.sub.4O.sub.6 [M+H].sup.+: 1314.17; found: 1314.93.
Example 4. Synthesis of OF-03
(275) Step 1. Synthesis of EA-03-aldehyde
(276) ##STR00044##
(277) To a solution of linolenic acid (4.57 ml, 15 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (190 ml) at 0° C. was added Lithium Aluminum Hydride (1 M in THF, 22.5 ml, 22.5 mmol, 1.5 eq) dropwise. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with sequential additions of water (0.85 ml), 1N NaOH (0.85 ml), and water (2.6 ml) dropwise. The mixture was filtered through celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was then dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (160 ml). NaHCO.sub.3 (8.821 g, 105 mmol, 7 eq) was added followed by Dess-Martin-Periodinane (7.63 g, 18 mmol, 1.2 eq). The mixture was stirred for 2 hours, 15 minutes. It was then diluted in petroleum ether, washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product EA-03-aldehyde, a yellow oil, was used without further purification.
(278) Step 2. Synthesis of EA-03-chloroalcohol
(279) ##STR00045##
(280) To a solution of EA-03-aldehyde (5.131, 1 eq) in MeCN (14 ml) cooled to 0° C. was added L-proline (177 mg, 1.54 mmol, 0.3 eq) and N-chlorosuccinimide (650 mg, 4.87 mmol, 0.95 eq). The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours 55 minutes. It was then diluted in ethanol (8 ml) and to it was added NaBH.sub.4 (484 mg, 12.8 mmol, 2.5 eq). The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours, 30 minutes. It was then diluted in ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product EA-03-chloroalcohol, a yellow oil, was used without further purification.
(281) Step 3. Synthesis of EA-03
(282) ##STR00046##
(283) To a solution of EA-03-chloroalcohol (5.13 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,4-dioxane (15.5 ml) was added a solution of NaOH (4.617 g, 115.4 mmol, 22.5 eq) in H.sub.2O (20 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 35° C. and allowed to stir for 5 hours. The resulting mixture was then diluted in hexanes, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using acetone/hexanes (0:100.fwdarw.10:90) to yield EA-03 as a pale yellow oil (9% yield over 4 steps).
(284) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl.sub.3, 20° C.): 5.33 (m, 6H, CH), 2.88 (tdd, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 2.80 (m, 5H, CHCH.sub.2CH), 2.73 (m, 1H, CH.sub.2OCH), 2.44 (m, 1H CH.sub.2OCH), 2.04 (m, 4H, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH), 1.58-1.19 (m, 10H, CH.sub.2), 0.87 (t, 3H, CH.sub.3).
(285) Step 4. Synthesis of OF-03
(286) ##STR00047##
(287) To a solution of EA-03 (357 mg, 1.35 mmol, 6 eq) in ethanol (2 ml) was added diketopiperazine 1 (84.7 mg, 0.225 mmol, 1 eq) followed by triethylamine (125 μl, 0.9 mmol, 4 eq). See, e.g., Y. Dong et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014, 111, 3955-3960. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes before being irradiated, with stirring, in a microwave for 5 hours at 150° C. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield the product, as a mix of the desired product and the tri-substituted product, as a yellow oil (6% yield).
(288) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6, 20° C.) 8.11 (br, 2H, CONH), 5.15-5.2 (m, 24H, CH.sub.2CH), 4.21 (dd, 4H, OH), 3.79 (br, 2H, COCH), 3.44 (br, 4H, CHOH), 2.7 (m, 16H, CHCH.sub.2CH), 2.25-2.44 (m, 12H, NCH.sub.2), 2.1 (m, 16H, CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2), 1.64-1.67 (m, 4H, CH.sub.2), 1.21-1.39 (m, 48H, CH.sub.2), 0.88 (t, 12H, CH.sub.3). HRMS (DART) (m/z): calc'd for C.sub.84H.sub.144N.sub.4O.sub.6 [M+H].sup.+: 1306.11; found: 1306.87.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
(289) See also Fenton et al., Advanced Materials (2016) 28:2939-2943, and references cited therein, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
OTHER EMBODIMENTS
(290) In the claims articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
(291) Furthermore, the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein. It is also noted that the terms “comprising” and “containing” are intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or subrange within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
(292) This application refers to various issued patents, published patent applications, journal articles, books, manuals, and other publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. If there is a conflict between any of the incorporated references and the instant specification, the specification shall control. In addition, any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Because such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the invention can be excluded from any claim, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.
(293) Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. The scope of the present embodiments described herein is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, as defined in the following claims.