Field Joint Arrangement for a Pipeline and Protecting Method Thereof

Abstract

A method protects a field joint of a pipeline, where chamfered edges of thermally-insulating parent coatings on conjoined pipe lengths are in mutual opposition about a longitudinally-extending gap. The method includes manufacturing an hourglass-shaped inner layer around the pipe lengths, which layer may be moulded. The inner layer extends longitudinally along the gap between the chamfered edges and at least partially overlies the chamfered edges. A thermally-insulating solid insert is assembled from two or more parts to lie in the gap surrounding the inner layer, and pressure is applied radially inwardly from the insert to the inner layer. An outer layer of molten material is manufactured around the insert to form a watertight barrier and to form one or more melted interfaces with the inner layer. Corresponding field joint arrangements are also disclosed.

Claims

1. A method of protecting a field joint of a pipeline at which chamfered edges of thermally-insulating parent coatings on conjoined pipe lengths are in mutual opposition about a longitudinally-extending gap, the method comprising: manufacturing an hourglass-shaped inner layer around the pipe lengths, which layer extends longitudinally along the gap between the chamfered edges and at least partially overlies the chamfered edges; assembling a thermally-insulating solid insert from two or more parts to lie in the gap surrounding the inner layer; applying radially-inward pressure from the insert to the inner layer; and manufacturing an outer layer around the insert using molten material to form a watertight barrier and to form one or more melted interfaces with the inner layer.

2. The method of claim 1, comprising elastically compressing the inner layer by said radially-inward pressure.

3. The method of claim 1, comprising plastically deforming the inner layer by said radially-inward pressure.

4. The method of claim 1, where the inner layer is a thermoplastic, comprising pressing the insert into the inner layer when the inner layer is at a softening temperature.

5. The method of claim 1, comprising maintaining said radially-inward pressure on the inner layer during and after manufacturing the outer layer.

6. The method of claim 5, comprising holding together the parts of the insert under tension in one or more fastenings that connect those parts.

7. The method of claim 6, comprising press-fitting the parts of the insert together to engage the fastenings and to apply radially inward pressure to the inner layer.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying an anti-corrosion layer and an adhesive primer layer onto the pipe lengths before manufacturing the inner layer.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the inner layer is moulded around the joined pipe lengths.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the inner layer is wound or wrapped around the joined pipe lengths.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the inner layer is extruded in situ.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the outer layer is moulded around the insert.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the outer layer is wrapped around the insert.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the outer layer is extruded in situ.

15. A field joint arrangement for a pipeline, comprising: pipe lengths joined end-to-end at a joint; thermally-insulating parent coatings on each of the pipe lengths, the parent coatings having chamfered edges that are spaced from the joint in mutual opposition about a longitudinally-extending gap; and an annular field joint coating that comprises: an hourglass-shaped inner layer that surrounds the pipe lengths, extends longitudinally along the gap between the chamfered edges and has inclined end parts that at least partially overlie the respective chamfered edges; a thermally-insulating solid insert disposed in the gap, the insert being made up of two or more parts that cooperate to surround the inner layer; and an outer layer surrounding the insert that forms a watertight barrier and has one or more melted interfaces with the inner layer.

16. The arrangement of claim 15, further comprising an anti-corrosion layer and an adhesive primer layer interposed between the pipe lengths and the inner layer.

17. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the parts of the insert are held together by tension to maintain radially-inward pressure on the inner layer.

18. The arrangement of claim 17, wherein the parts of the insert are held together by one or more straps under tension.

19. The arrangement of claim 17, wherein the parts of the insert are held together by one or more clips under resilient tension.

20. The arrangement of claim 17, wherein the parts of the insert are held together by barbs of one of those parts engaged with holes of another of those parts, that engagement maintaining resilient deflection of the parts to keep the barbs under tension.

21. The arrangement of claim 20, wherein the barbs are an interference force-fit within the holes.

22. The arrangement of claim 17, wherein the inner layer is elastically compressed by the radially-inward pressure.

23. The arrangement of claim 17, wherein the inner layer has been plastically deformed by virtue of radially-inward pressure exerted through the insert.

24. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the insert is of a softer material than the inner layer.

25. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the inner layer is a moulding formed around the joined pipe lengths.

26. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the inner layer comprises a tape or side-wrap, wound or wrapped around the joined pipe lengths.

27. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the outer layer is a moulding formed around the insert.

28. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the outer layer comprises a side-wrap, wrapped around the insert.

29. The arrangement of claim 26, wherein the side-wrap is extruded in situ.

30. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the insert and the inner layer cooperate to fill the longitudinally-extending gap between the chamfered edges of the parent coatings.

31. The arrangement of claim 30, wherein the insert has end faces inclined to lie closely against the end parts of the inner layer.

32. The arrangement of claim 15, having gaps between end faces of the insert and the end parts of the inner layer, which gaps are filled by material of the outer layer.

33. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the end parts of the inner layer extend longitudinally beyond the outer layer, which seals against the end parts of the inner layer at melted interfaces.

34. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the outer layer extends longitudinally beyond the end parts of the inner layer to bond to the parent coatings outboard of melted interfaces with the end parts of the inner layer.

35. The arrangement of claim 34, wherein the outer layer bonds to the chamfers of the parent coatings.

36. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the end parts of the inner layer extend longitudinally beyond the chamfered edges to bond to radially outer surfaces of the parent coatings.

37. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the end parts of the inner layer terminate on the chamfered edges, radially inwardly with respect to radially outer surfaces of the parent coatings.

38. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the end parts of the inner layer terminate radially inwardly with respect to a radially outer surface of the insert.

39. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the end parts of the inner layer extend radially outwardly beyond a radially outer surface of the insert.

40. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein a radially outer surface of the insert lies at substantially the same radius as radially outer surfaces of the parent coatings.

41. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the end parts of the inner layer terminate radially at substantially the same radius as a radially outer surface of the outer layer.

42. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the chamfered edges each comprise at least one step coinciding with a boundary between layers of the parent coatings.

43. The arrangement of claim 42, wherein an inner layer of each parent coating protrudes longitudinally into the gap from the chamfered edge.

44. The arrangement of claim 42, wherein the end parts of the inner layer extend into spaces defined by cutting back an outer layer of each parent coating from the chamfered edge.

45. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the insert comprises a longitudinal series of segments alternating with relatively flexible links.

46. The arrangement of claim 45, wherein the links are relatively thin parts of the insert leaving gaps between the segments on a radially outer side of the links, which gaps are filled by material of the outer layer.

47. The arrangement of claim 15, wherein the inner and the outer layers each have a thickness of between one sixth and one quarter of the aggregate thickness of an assembly comprising the inner layer, the insert and the outer layer.

48. The arrangement of claim 47, wherein the insert has an overall thickness of between one half and two thirds of the aggregate thickness of said assembly.

49. A subsea pipeline comprising at least one field joint arrangement in accordance with claim 15.

Description

[0088] In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0089] FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional side view of a coated field joint of a pipeline as known in the prior art;

[0090] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram that expresses a prior art method of producing the field joint coating of FIG. 1;

[0091] FIGS. 3a to 3j are a sequence of schematic side views that illustrate the execution of method steps for producing a field joint coating of the invention, including detail views of the application of an insert to an underlying inner layer of the field joint coating;

[0092] FIGS. 4 and 5 are flow diagrams that express methods of producing a field joint coating in accordance with the invention, as illustrated in FIGS. 3a to 3j;

[0093] FIG. 6 is an enlarged schematic perspective view of an end of a half-shell being part of an insert in accordance with the invention;

[0094] FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional detail view of two of the half-shells of FIG. 6 being assembled to make an insert;

[0095] FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view of an insert in accordance with the invention made from two of the half-shells shown in FIGS. 6 and 7;

[0096] FIG. 9 is a schematic side view of an inner layer of a field joint coating being formed by winding a tape around a field joint;

[0097] FIG. 10 is a schematic side view of an outer layer of a field joint coating being formed by side-wrapping an extruded wrap around a field joint;

[0098] FIGS. 11a to 11c are a sequence of schematic side views that illustrate the execution of method steps for producing an alternative field joint coating of the invention;

[0099] FIGS. 12 and 13 are schematic side views showing alternative approaches for securing an insert around a field joint;

[0100] FIGS. 14 to 21 are schematic enlarged detail side views showing various relative dispositions of the inner layer, the insert and the outer layer of field joint coatings of the invention; and

[0101] FIGS. 22a and 22b are schematic enlarged detail side views of a further variant of the invention, in which the insert is adapted for increased longitudinal flexibility.

[0102] In the prior art arrangement shown in FIG. 1, a field joint is created between abutting pipe joints 10 of a pipeline, where a circumferential butt weld 12 attaches the pipe joints 10 to each other end-to-end. The pipe joints 10 could be double, triple or quadruple pipe joints manufactured in multiples of the standard length of about 12 m. Similarly, one or both of the pipe joints 10 could be at an end of a much longer pipe stalk comprising numerous pipe joints 10 joined end-to-end.

[0103] Each pipe joint 10 is coated with an insulating parent coating 14, for example a SLPP coating, which terminates short of the facing end of each pipe joint 10 with a typically chamfered end shape as shown. The thickness of the parent coatings 14 is somewhat exaggerated in this schematic view for clarity.

[0104] An annular gap lies between the opposed chamfered ends of the parent coatings 14 around the weld 12. The exposed external surfaces of the pipe joints 10 are coated with an insulating field joint coating 16 that fills the gap and substantially matches the radial thickness of the adjacent parent coatings 14.

[0105] In this description, references to the radial direction are defined with respect to the common central longitudinal axis 18 of the abutting pipe joints 10, which is also the centre of curvature of the pipe joints 10, the coatings 14, 16 and other tubular or part-tubular features.

[0106] As acknowledged in the introduction, the field joint coating 16 is apt to be made using a mould tool fixed around the field joint. The mould tool extends from one parent coating 14 to the other parent coating 14 and overlaps them. This defines a mould cavity that includes the annular gap between the coatings 14 and that surrounds the field joint. A liquid polymer such as PP is injected or otherwise introduced into the mould cavity to harden in the mould cavity before the mould tool is removed to coat another field joint of the pipeline. Mould tools suitable for producing a field joint coating 16 are described in more detail in our aforementioned International patent application published as WO 2012/004665.

[0107] Injection-moulding of thermoplastics is preferred in the prior art and for the purposes of the invention—especially when combined with the teachings of WO 2012/004665, such as sequential cascade injection. However, the invention is not confined to that possibility. For example, cast moulding of a thermoset field joint coating such as PU is also possible.

[0108] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram that expresses the prior art method of producing the field joint coating of FIG. 1. FIG. 2 illustrates that method in the context of successive workstations (abbreviated here as ‘WS’), which may be spaced from each other by the length of a pipe joint 10 along the firing line of a spoolbase or of a pipelay vessel configured for S-lay operations.

[0109] To save time, different operations take place simultaneously on successive field joints of a pipeline at the various workstations. The pipeline is advanced in stepwise fashion along the firing line from one workstation to the next as soon as all operations have been completed at the respective workstations. Consequently, all of those operations lie on the critical path, meaning that any of those operations has the potential to delay the entire pipeline fabrication, installation or spooling process if that operation takes too long to complete.

[0110] FIG. 2 abbreviates the firing line to focus upon the operations that are most relevant to field joint coating. Thus, various preceding operations such as bevelling and alignment of pipe joints, weld preparation, welding and NDT of the weld, which are typically performed at up to six workstations, are designated together in FIG. 2 as ‘Previous WS’.

[0111] After NDT of the weld, the field joint is moved to WS 7. There, preparation for field joint coating is performed by protecting the chamfered ends of the parent coatings 14 and then blasting the exposed external surfaces of the abutting pipe joints 10.

[0112] The pipeline is then advanced to bring the field joint to WS 8, where the exposed ends of the abutting pipe joints 10 are heated, for example by induction heating, and a layer of adhesive such as fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) is applied to them as a primer.

[0113] When the field joint is advanced to WS 9, the chamfered ends of the parent coatings 14 are heated by radiant infra-red heaters to soften them and the field joint coating (FJC) is produced from injection-moulded PP (IMPP).

[0114] At WS 10, an optional protective finishing layer is applied around the field joint coating by, for example, painting, overmoulding or applying a tape or sleeve.

[0115] Finally, quenching may take place at WS 11 to cool and solidify the field joint coating quickly. The field joint is then ready for further steps. If the firing line is on a pipelay vessel, those steps may involve being launched with the adjoining pipe joints 10 into the sea. If the firing line is at a spoolbase, those steps may involve spooling onto a reel.

[0116] Moving on now to field joint coating techniques of the invention, reference is made firstly to FIGS. 3a to 5 of the drawings.

[0117] FIGS. 3a to 3j illustrate the execution of some, but not all, of the method steps of the invention. Like numerals are used for like parts. Whilst method steps that are not illustrated in FIGS. 3a to 3j will be familiar to those skilled in the art, they are nevertheless described briefly below for ease of understanding.

[0118] FIGS. 4 and 5 are flow diagrams that correspond to FIG. 2 but show variants of the method of the invention exemplified by FIGS. 3a to 3j. In those variants, method steps are performed in the same order as described with reference to FIGS. 3a to 3j but some of those steps are performed at different workstations, as will be explained.

[0119] FIG. 3a shows a field joint 20 created by a circumferential weld 12 between abutting pipe joints 10 of a pipeline. As in FIG. 1, each pipe joint 10 is coated with an insulating parent coating 14, for example a SLPP coating. Each parent coating 14 terminates with a frusto-conical edge chamfer 22 where the parent coating 14 is cut back from the welded end of the associated pipe joint 10. This leaves exposed external surfaces 24 of the abutting pipe joints 10, ready for preparation by blasting after NDT has been performed on the weld 12 and the edge chamfers 22 have been suitably protected from the blasting process. All of the aforementioned features are rotationally symmetrical about the central longitudinal axis 18.

[0120] FIG. 5 shows that preparation, chamfer protection and blasting may be performed at WS 7, as in the prior art acknowledged in FIG. 2. However, FIG. 4 shows the alternative of deferring blasting until WS 8, if such deferral optimises the critical path.

[0121] FIGS. 4 and 5 show that the exposed external surfaces 24 of the pipe joints 10 are heated at WS 8, for example by induction heating or gas flame heating, and a layer of adhesive such as fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) is applied to those surfaces 24 as a primer. Optionally, this is followed by infra-red heating of the edge chamfers 22 at WS 9. Next, a mould tool 26 shown in FIG. 3b is assembled around the heated field joint 20 from part-tubular mould parts 28. The mould parts are clamped together to hold the mould tool 26 in sealing engagement with the parent coatings 14 of the pipe joints 10 and to resist internal pressure within a mould cavity 30 defined by the mould tool 26.

[0122] FIG. 3b shows that the mould tool 26 comprises a tube of generally circular cross-section assembled around the field joint of FIG. 3a. In this example, the tube is divided longitudinally on a diameter of the cross-section into two halves 28 that seal against each other and against the parent coatings 14.

[0123] Opposed tubular end portions 32 of the mould tool 26 seat onto the outer surface of the parent coatings 14 and so have an internal diameter that substantially corresponds to the external diameter of the parent coatings 14. Conversely, a tubular central portion 34 between the end portions of the mould tool 26 has a relatively thick wall and a correspondingly small internal diameter, which is smaller than the external diameter of the parent coatings 14. Frusto-conical steps 36 at each end of the central portion extend between the central portion 34 and the end portions 32, with an inclination to the longitudinal axis that substantially matches that of the edge chamfers 22.

[0124] The internal diameter of the central portion 34 of the mould tool 26 is slightly greater than the external diameter of the exposed surfaces 24 of the pipe joints 10. This spaces the central portion of the mould tool 26 radially outwardly from the exposed external surfaces 24 of the pipe joints 10 to define the annular mould cavity 30 that encircles those external surfaces 24. The frusto-conical steps 36 are similarly spaced longitudinally inwardly from the respective edge chamfers 22. Thus, the mould cavity 30 also extends along the edge chamfers 22. The result is that the mould cavity 30 comprises flared frusto-conical end spaces extending parallel to the edge chamfers 22, at respective ends of a central tubular space that extends parallel to the external surfaces 24 of the pipe joints 10.

[0125] The mould tool 26 carries internal seals 38 between the central portion 34 and the respective end portions 32, at the radially outer ends of the frusto-conical steps 36. The seals 38 encircle the pipe joints 10 to define the longitudinal and radial extremities of the mould cavity 30. In this example, the seals 38 seal against the edge chamfers 22 of the parent coatings 14, near the radially outer edge of each edge chamfer 22. Thus, the mould cavity 30 extends partially along the edge chamfers 22, extending radially outwardly of the exposed external surfaces 24 of the pipe joints 10 but terminating radially inwardly of the outer surfaces of the parent coatings 14.

[0126] The tubular wall of the mould tool 26 is penetrated by one or more gates 40 for injection of a liquid polymer into the mould cavity 30, in this example molten PP, supplied through feed lines 42 under pressure from a supplying reservoir or machine 44.

[0127] FIG. 3c shows an injection-moulded inner layer 48 of a field joint coating of the invention, immediately after removal of the mould tool 26 shown in FIG. 3b. In this example, the inner layer 48 is of solid PP.

[0128] The inner layer corresponds to the shape and extent of the mould cavity 30 and so has a waisted shape known in the art as an ‘hourglass’. This term is apt to describe a shape that comprises a slim or narrow waist 50, midsection or joining segment disposed between relatively wide end cones 52, all being rotationally symmetrical about the central longitudinal axis 18. The term is particularly apt where the end cones 52 have a taper whose inclination corresponds to the frusto-conical shape of the edge chamfers 22. Thus, the wider end cones 52 of the hourglass shape extend part-way along the edge chamfers 22 whereas the narrow waist 50 of the hourglass shape extends along the exposed external surfaces 24 of the pipe joints 10.

[0129] Moving on next to FIGS. 3d and 3e, these show, schematically, a tubular insulating insert 54 in accordance with the invention being assembled around the inner layer 48. The insert 54 is preferably of substantially solid thermally-insulating material such as GSPP, solid PP, glass syntactic PU (GSPU) or solid PU. Whilst solid and substantially rigid, the insert 54 has sufficient inherent flexibility to bend with the underlying pipe joints 10 as the pipeline bends during reeling or installation and in use.

[0130] The insert 54 is fused with the inner layer 48 under radially-inward pressure, optionally with application of heat to the interface to melt or soften the materials. For example, parts of the insert 54 could be pre-heated before assembly around the inner layer 48.

[0131] The insert 54 is exemplified in FIGS. 3d and 3e as being divided longitudinally on a diameter of its cross-section into two half-shells 56 that can abut each other along mutually-opposed side faces 58. Each half-shell 56 is shaped to extend around half of the circumference of the inner layer 48, such that the half-shells 56 form a hollow cylinder or tube when they are brought together around the inner layer 48. Thus, a combination of two opposed abutting half-shells 56 forms a tube that encircles the inner layer 48 which, in turn, surrounds the field joint 20 as shown in FIG. 3e. Another example of such an insert is shown schematically in FIGS. 6 to 8, which will be described later.

[0132] FIG. 3d shows the half-shells 56 being brought together around the field joint 20 in longitudinal alignment with the annular gap between the opposed edge chamfers 22. One of the half-shells 56, which is uppermost in the drawings, is drawn in longitudinal section to show the internal shape of the half-shells 56. Conversely, FIG. 3d shows only the outer side of the other half-shell 56.

[0133] In FIG. 3e, the half-shells 56 have been brought together around the field joint 20 to come together along their opposed side faces 58 and hence to form the tubular insert 54. The insert 54 bridges the remainder of the gap between the opposed edge chamfers 22. There should be intimately close contact between the radially inner side of the insert 54 and the radially outer side of the inner layer 48. The radially inner side of the insert 54 is therefore shaped like the inner side of the mould tool 26 so as to match the radially outer side of the inner layer 48 that was created by the mould tool 26.

[0134] Specifically, the geometry of the insert 54 fits into a tubular volume in the shape of a thick-walled hollow cylinder. The insert 54 has a radially outer face 60 whose external diameter is preferably slightly less than, or substantially equal to, the external diameter of the parent coatings 14. In the example shown, the outer face 60 of the insert 54 lies radially within the radial extremity of the inner layer 48, as defined by the end cones 52 of the inner layer 48 that protrude longitudinally and radially from respective ends of the insert 54 as shown in FIG. 3e.

[0135] The insert 54 also has a radially inner face 62 whose internal diameter is substantially equal to, or slightly smaller than, the external diameter of the inner layer 48. Opposed ends 64 of the insert 54 have a hollowed frusto-conical concave profile to correspond to the opposed convex contour of the end cones 52 of the hourglass-shaped inner layer 48 that overlie the edge chamfers 22 of the parent coatings 14.

[0136] FIGS. 3d and 3e show the two half-shells 56 of the insert 54 being forced together by radially-inward pressure. In this example, that pressure is exerted by a clamping apparatus 66 comprising double-acting hydraulic or pneumatic actuators 68 bearing on diametrically-opposed radially-movable reciprocating jaws 70. Extending the actuators 68 in an assembly stroke as shown in FIG. 3e moves the jaws 70 toward each other and hence forces together the two half-shells 56 of the insert 54 between the jaws 70. In this respect, FIG. 4 shows application of the half-shells 56 as the final operation at WS 9 whereas FIG. 5 shows application of the half-shells 56 as the first operation at WS 10.

[0137] When the actuators 68 retract in a return stroke, they pull the jaws 70 away from the assembled insert 54, allowing the insert 54 subsequently to be carried downstream by stepwise progress of the pipeline along the firing line. The jaws 70 are then loaded with fresh half-shells 56 ready for the assembly stroke to begin again, when assembling a further insert 54 around the next field joint 20 in the upstream direction. Thus, the next insert 54 can be assembled at the same workstation from further half-shells 56, upstream of the field joint 20 that carries the preceding insert 54.

[0138] Preferably, when assembling and applying the insert 54 as shown in FIGS. 3d and 3e, the inner layer 48 of PP remains above a softening temperature at which application of external pressure to the inner layer 48 can cause the PP to flow plastically. The optimum temperature is one at which the inner layer 48 has cooled to achieve self-supporting rigidity or viscosity but remains susceptible to plastic deformation under radially inward pressure applied via the insert 54. An exemplary temperature range in this respect is between 125° C. and 145° C. This can be achieved by removing the mould tool 26 before the inner layer 48 has cooled fully and then immediately forcing together the half-shells 56 of the insert 54 around the still-hot inner layer 48. In this respect, FIG. 4 shows that the half-shells 56 of the insert 54 may be applied when the field joint 20 is at WS 9, immediately after IMPP moulding of the hourglass-shaped inner layer 48. However, FIG. 5 shows that the half-shells 56 of the insert 54 could instead be applied after advancing the field joint 20 to WS 10.

[0139] If needs be, and if critical path analysis allows, the inner layer 48 can be reheated before applying the half-shells 56 of the insert 54, for example by using an infra-red heater surrounding the field joint 20.

[0140] The consequence of pressing the half-shells 56 of the insert 54 into a still-soft inner layer 48 is shown in the sequence of enlarged detail views in FIGS. 3f to 3h. FIG. 3f shows one of the half-shells 56 lying loosely against the inner layer 48. FIG. 3g shows the half-shell 56 now pressed by one of the jaws 70 against the inner layer 48, which at this stage is not yet deformed by inward pressure exerted through the half-shell 56. FIG. 3h shows the half-shell 56 pressed further by the jaw 70 into the inner layer 48, which has flowed under the resulting inward pressure to deform plastically around the stiffer material of the half-shell 56.

[0141] As FIG. 3h shows, the result is that the contacting outer surface of the inner layer 48 conforms to the internal shape of the half-shell 56. The resulting flow of PP slightly reduces the thickness of the inner layer 48 between the end 64 of the half-shell 56 and the opposed edge chamfer 22 and between the central tubular wall of the half-shell 56 and the exposed surfaces 24 of the pipe joints 10. PP of the inner layer 48 displaced by the continuing inward movement of the half-shell 56 flows around the half-shell 56, which may therefore emboss or become partially embedded in the inner layer 48. This creates an intimately close fit between the half shell 56 and the inner layer 48, improving adhesion and mechanical engagement between them. The closeness of the fit reduces the possibility of cracks developing at interfaces between the half shell 56 and the inner layer 48 when the pipeline bends in use or during installation, spooling or straightening.

[0142] Returning to FIGS. 3d and 3e, these drawings shows one way in which part-tubular sections of an insert 54 such as half-shells 56 can be joined to each other to hold them together around a field joint 20. In this example of fastenings disposed on the half-shells 56, pins or barbs 72 projecting tangentially from a side face 58 of a first half-shell 56 are received in respective tangentially-extending holes or bores 74 in an opposed side face 58 of a second half-shell 56. Similar fastenings may be distributed along the length of the insert 54 and to both sides of the insert 54.

[0143] Specifically, in this example, each side face 58 of a half-shell 56 has an array of longitudinally-spaced barbs 72 that project orthogonally from that side face 58 in positions to align with correspondingly-spaced bores 74 in an opposed side face of the other half-shell 56. The barbs 72 alternate with bores 74 that are positioned to align with correspondingly-spaced barbs 72 on the opposed side face 58. The arrangement of the barbs 72 and the bores 74 is such that when two half-shells 56 are aligned face-to-face for assembly to form the insert 54, the barbs 72 of each half-shell 56 align with the bores 74 of the other half-shell 56. Distal ends of the barbs 72 on each side face 58 of a half-shell 56 initially locate in the bores 74 in the counterpart side faces 58 of the opposed half-shell 56. Radially-inward pressure then forces the half-shells 56 together as the barbs 72 are urged deeper into the bores 74. The barbs 72 thus engage with the opposed bores 74 when the half-shells 56 are pressed together around the field joint 20 by the jaws 70.

[0144] Thus, the insert 54 is apt to be assembled in a simple process providing speed, clamping strength and safety. The half-shells 56 are brought together as two halves from opposite sides of the field joint 20 and are assembled robustly in a simple press-fit operation with predictable and easily-verifiable results. If desired, the process could be largely automated.

[0145] Slight resilience of the half-shells 56 helps to ensure a snug fit around the inner layer 48. The resilience of the half-shells 56 also applies a continuous clamping force to the pipe joints 10 via the inner layer 48. This clamping force helps to avoid movement of the insert 54 with respect to the field joint 20, whether axially along the pipe joints 10 or circumferentially around the pipe joints 10.

[0146] Moving on now to FIG. 3i, this shows a second mould tool 76 assembled around the field joint 20, where the insert 54 has previously been assembled around the inner coating 48 that overlies the pipe joints 10. The purpose of the second mould tool 76 is to overmould an outer layer 78 as seen in FIG. 3j.

[0147] FIGS. 4 and 5 show that overmoulding of the outer layer 78 is apt to be performed at WS 10 before quenching at WS 11 if needs be. Optionally, the external surface of the insert 54 and the exposed parts of the inner layer 48 and the edge chamfers 22 are heated, for example by infra-red heating, before overmoulding of the outer layer 78 takes place.

[0148] Again, the second mould tool 76 comprises a tube of generally circular cross-section formed of part-tubular mould parts that are clamped together. For example, as before, the tube is suitably divided longitudinally on a diameter of the cross-section into two halves 80. Clamping force between those halves 80 holds the second mould tool 76 in sealing engagement with the parent coatings 14 of the pipe joints 10 and resists internal pressure within a mould cavity 82 defined by the second mould tool 76.

[0149] Opposed tubular end portions 84 of the second mould tool 76 seat onto the outer surface of the parent coatings 14 and so have an internal diameter that substantially corresponds to the external diameter of the parent coatings 14. Conversely, a tubular central portion 86 between the end portions of the second mould tool 76 has a relatively thin wall and a correspondingly larger internal diameter that exceeds the external diameter of the parent coatings 14. This allows for contraction of the outer layer 78 after overmoulding.

[0150] The central portion 86 of the second mould tool 76 is spaced radially outwardly from the external surface 88 of the insert 54 to define the annular mould cavity 82 encircling that external surface. The mould cavity 82 also extends over the exposed end cones 52 of the inner layer 48 and the edge chamfers 22 and slightly overlaps the external surface of the parent coatings 14. The second mould tool 76 carries internal seals 90 that encircle the pipe joints 10 and seal against the external surface of the parent coatings 14 to define the longitudinal extremities of the mould cavity 82.

[0151] Again, the tubular wall of the second mould tool 76 is penetrated by one or more gates 92 for injection of a liquid polymer into the mould cavity 82, in this example molten PP, supplied through feed lines 94 under pressure from a supplying reservoir or machine 96.

[0152] FIG. 3j shows the injection-moulded outer layer 78 of a field joint coating of the invention, immediately after removal of the second mould tool 76 shown in FIG. 3i. In this example, the outer layer 78 is of solid PP. The outer layer 78 corresponds to the shape and extent of the mould cavity 82 defined by the second mould tool 76. The outer layer 78 may take on a slightly narrowed, waisted shape as the PP contracts when it cools.

[0153] Turning next to FIGS. 6 to 8, these drawings show possible configurations of an insert 96 formed of part-tubular parts such as two half-shells 98.

[0154] FIG. 6 is a detail view that shows one of the half-shells 98 in isolation. The wall thickness of the half-shell 98 is exaggerated here to show fastenings and interengagement formations that are provided on its side faces 100. On assembly of the insert from two such half-shells 98, which are preferably identical, the side faces 100 of the half-shell 98 shown in FIG. 6 will cooperate with opposed side faces 100 of the other half-shell 98 of the insert 96. The fastenings and interengagement formations of the side faces 100 of the half-shell 98 are therefore mirrored with respect to a plane that contains those side faces 100.

[0155] One of the side faces 100, shown to the left in FIG. 6, comprises an inner longitudinally-extending row of tangentially-projecting pins or spigots 102 and an outer longitudinally-extending row of tangentially-extending holes 104. A longitudinally-extending groove 106 lies between those rows. The other of the side faces 100, shown to the right in FIG. 6, has a mirrored arrangement that comprises an outer longitudinally-extending row of spigots 102 and an inner longitudinally-extending row of holes 104. A longitudinally-extending ridge 108 lies between those rows.

[0156] As best appreciated in the sectional detail view of FIG. 7, the spigots 102 are shaped, spaced, positioned and dimensioned to engage with the holes 104 of another identical half-shell 98 and vice-versa. Similarly, the ridge 108 is shaped, positioned and dimensioned to fit into the groove 106 of another identical half-shell 98 and vice-versa. Thus, the spigots 102 and the holes 104 serve as fastenings and the mutually-complementary ridge 108 and groove 106 serve as optional interengagement formations that locate the half-shells 98 with respect to each other upon assembly of the insert 96.

[0157] One end of the resulting insert 96 is shown schematically in FIG. 8 of the drawings, which shows the half-shells 98 abutting along their mutually-opposed side faces 100. FIG. 8 also shows the hollowed frusto-conical concave profile at the end of the insert 96, which corresponds to the opposed convex contour of the end cones 52 of the inner layer 48.

[0158] FIG. 9 shows an alternative approach for forming the inner layer 48. Here, an hourglass-shaped inner layer 48 is being formed from overlapping coils of heated helically-wound tape 110 wrapped around the edge chamfers 22 and the exposed surfaces 24 of the pipe joints 10. A similar approach can be used for the finishing operations that may be performed at WS 10 in FIGS. 4 and 5.

[0159] FIG. 10 shows, schematically, an alternative approach for forming the outer layer 78. Again, a similar approach can be used for the finishing operations that may be performed at WS 10 in FIGS. 4 and 5. In FIG. 10, a side-wrap coating apparatus 112 comprises a robot head 114 driven by motors 116 along circumferential tracks 118 that are clamped to the outer surfaces of the parent coatings 14.

[0160] As it moves around the field joint along the tracks 118, the robot head 114 extrudes and wraps a molten polymer film 120 around the insert 54 to form the outer layer 78. The outer layer 78 is shown here only partially formed because the robot head 114 has yet to complete a full circuit of the field joint.

[0161] The film 120 covers the insert 54 and overlaps the end cones 52 of the inner layer 48 and the edge chamfers 22 of the parent coatings 14 to bond to the outer surfaces of the parent coatings 14. The method and apparatus are described fully in WO 2008/132279.

[0162] FIGS. 11a to 11c show an alternative configuration for an hourglass-shaped inner layer 48, whether that layer is moulded in accordance with FIGS. 3a to 3c or formed of tape in accordance with FIG. 9. Here, the inner layer 48 does not terminate longitudinally part-way along the edge chamfers 22 but instead overlaps the edge chamfers 22, thus extending onto and overlapping the external surfaces of the parent coatings 14. Otherwise, FIG. 11a corresponds to FIG. 3c, showing the field joint 20 surrounded by the inner layer 48, before the insert 54 is placed around the inner layer. FIG. 11b corresponds to FIG. 3d but omits the clamping apparatus, and shows the half-shells 56 of the insert 54 being assembled around the field joint 20. FIG. 11c corresponds to FIG. 3i, and shows a second mould tool 76 positioned around the assembly of the field joint 20 and the insert 54, ready to overmould an outer layer 78.

[0163] It will be noted from FIG. 11c that the mould cavity 82 encompasses the end cones 54 of the inner layer 48 that overlap the external surfaces of the parent coatings 14. Thus, the outer layer 78 will extend longitudinally outboard of the inner layer 48 in this example. However, it would be possible for the arrangement instead to be reversed so that the outer layer 78 terminates longitudinally inboard of the overlapping end cones 52 of the inner layer 54.

[0164] FIGS. 12 and 13 show some alternative approaches for holding together part-tubular parts of an insert 54, again exemplified here as half-shells 56. FIG. 12 shows alternative fastenings comprising a key or latch 122 that, by resilient engagement, an over-centre action or a snap-fit, engages the half-shells 56 and bridges the joint between them. In FIG. 13, tensile straps or bands 124 extend circumferentially around the half-shells 56 and are tightened to pull the half-shells 56 together.

[0165] FIGS. 14 to 21 show various options for the relative dispositions of the inner layer 48, the insert 54 and the outer layer 78 with respect to the edge chamfer 22 and the external surface of the adjacent parent coating 14. For clarity, the inner layer 48 is not shown in these drawings as being deformed by radially-inward pressure exerted via the insert 54, as is shown in FIGS. 3f to 3h.

[0166] FIGS. 14 to 17 have some features in common. In particular, the flared end cone 52 of the hourglass-shaped inner layer 48 extends only partially along the edge chamfer 22. Thus, the end cone 52 extends radially outwardly relative to the exposed external surface 24 of the underlying pipe joint 10 but terminates radially inwardly relative to the outer surface of the parent coating 14. Also, the outer layer 78 extends longitudinally beyond the edge chamfer 22 to overlap onto the outer surface of the parent coating 14.

[0167] FIGS. 14 and 15 have a further feature in common, which is that the frusto-conical end 64 of the insert 54 substantially matches the inclination of, and lies tightly against, the end cone 52 of the inner layer 48 that lies, in turn, against the edge chamfer 22.

[0168] In FIG. 14, the radially outer side 88 of the insert 54 lies radially inwardly with respect to the radially outer edge of the end cone 52 of the inner layer 48. Thus, the end of the insert 54 extends only partially along the end cone 52. This arrangement is currently preferred because it reduces the number and length of interface surfaces between the inner layer 48, the insert 54, the outer layer 78, the edge chamfer 22 and the external surface of the parent coating 14.

[0169] In contrast, FIG. 15 shows the radially outer side 88 of the insert 54 lying radially outwardly with respect to the radially outer edge of the end cone 52 of the inner layer 54. In this example, the radially outer side 88 of the insert 54 optionally lies on substantially the same radius as the outer surface of the parent coating 14. Also, the end 64 of the insert 54 extends fully along the end cone 52 of the inner layer 48. This leaves a radially-overlapping portion of the insert 54 that extends radially beyond the end cone 52 and that is spaced longitudinally from the edge chamfer 22.

[0170] Optionally, the radially-overlapping portion of the insert 54 may be bevelled as shown in FIG. 15. This bevel 126 promotes flow of the material of the outer layer 78, during overmoulding, into the shallow gap 128 between the insert 54 and the edge chamfer 22, which gap 128 is disposed radially outwardly from the end cone 52 of the inner layer. 48

[0171] FIGS. 16 and 17 have a different feature in common, which is that the end of the insert 54 is spaced from the end cone 52 of the inner layer 48. This leaves a deep gap 130 between the end 64 of the insert 54 and the end cone 52. The material of the outer layer 48 flows in to fill that gap 130 during overmoulding.

[0172] Where there is a gap 130 between them, the inclination of the end 64 of the insert 54 does not have to match the inclination of the end cone 52 of the inner layer 48. In the examples shown, the end 64 of the insert 54 splays apart from the end cone 52 in the radially outward direction. The resulting radially-inward taper of the gap 130 eases inward flow of the material of the outer layer 78 into the gap 130 during overmoulding. Indeed, the inclination of the end 64 of the insert 54 could be reversed to face away from the end cone 52, maximising the ease of inward flow of the material of the outer layer 78.

[0173] The gap 130 between the end 64 of the insert 54 and the end cone 52 of the inner layer 48 can extend radially inwardly to any depth. In these examples, the gap 130 is deep enough to expose part of the central tubular portion 50 of the inner layer 48.

[0174] In FIGS. 18 and 19, the end cone 52 of the inner layer 48 extends along the full length of the edge chamfer 22 and overlaps onto the outer surface of the parent coating 14. Thus, the end cone 52 extends longitudinally beyond the edge chamfer 22. The outer layer 78 overlies, and extends longitudinally beyond, the overlapping part of the end cone 52 to join the outer surface of the parent coating 14 at a position longitudinally outboard of the end cone 52. Optionally, as also shown, the radially outer side 88 of the insert 54 lies on substantially the same radius as the outer surface of the parent coating 14.

[0175] In both of the examples shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, the end cone 52 extends radially outwardly beyond the outer surface 88 of the insert 54. Whilst in principle it would be possible to have an opposite arrangement in which the outer surface 88 of the insert 54 extends radially outwardly beyond the end cone 52, in practice the overlying outer layer 78 could protrude too far radially in that case.

[0176] FIG. 18 shows the frusto-conical end 64 of the insert 54 substantially matching the inclination of, and lying tightly against, the end cone 52 of the inner layer 48, like FIGS. 14 and 15. In contrast, like FIGS. 16 and 17, FIG. 19 shows the end 64 of the insert 54 spaced from the end cone 52 to leave a deep gap 130 between the end of the insert 54 and the end cone 52, into which the material of the outer layer 78 flows during overmoulding. Again, that gap 130 is shown here as extending radially inwardly to the extent that it exposes part of the central tubular portion 50 of the inner layer 48. Similarly, the inclination of the end 64 of the insert 54 may differ from the inclination of the end cone 52, resulting in a gap 130 that tapers radially inwardly as shown, and the inclination of the end 64 of the insert 54 could be reversed to face away from the end cone 52.

[0177] A bevel 126 like that shown in FIG. 15 could be applied to any of the inserts 54 shown in FIGS. 16, 17 and 19, for the same purpose of easing inward flow of the material of the outer layer 78 into the gaps 130 of those embodiments.

[0178] FIGS. 20 and 21 show further possible variants of the invention in more detail than FIGS. 14 to 19. In these drawings, the SLPP parent coating 14 is shown in layered detail, comprising: an FBE primer layer 132 over the pipe joint 10; an inner coating layer 134 that comprises a thin layer of PP bonded to the primer and a thicker layer of extruded PP applied over the thin bonded layer; an intermediate coating layer 136 of PP modified for thermal insulation, exemplified here by GSPP or a foam; and an outer coating layer 138 of extruded PP. In this example, optionally, the edge chamfer 22 is stepped such that the inner coating layer 134 protrudes longitudinally into the annular gap that accommodates the insert 54. This ensures better tightness. Optionally, as also shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, the radially outer side 88 of the insert 54 lies on substantially the same radius as the outer surface of the parent coating 14.

[0179] In the variant of FIG. 20, the outer coating layer 138 has a chamfered face in alignment with the chamfered face of the intermediate coating layer 136. Conversely, the edge chamfer 22 in the variant of FIG. 21 is further stepped, in that the outer coating layer 138 is cut back, with a chamfer, from the chamfered face of the intermediate coating layer 136.

[0180] In FIG. 20, the end cone 52 of the inner layer 48 extends along the full length of the edge chamfer 22 and overlaps onto the outer surface of the parent coating 14. Thus, the end cone 52 extends longitudinally beyond the edge chamfer 22 onto the outer surface of the parent coating 14. This is similar to the arrangement shown in FIGS. 18 and 19. However, unlike the arrangement shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, the outer layer 78 does not overlie or extend longitudinally outboard beyond the overlapping part of the end cone 52. Instead, that arrangement is reversed so that the outer layer 78 terminates against the longitudinally inboard side of the end cone 52. Beneficially for the overall thickness of the field joint coating, this allows the outer layer 78 to be kept flush with, or even to be kept radially within, the radial extremity of the end cone 52.

[0181] The arrangement shown in FIG. 21 achieves a similarly beneficial reduction of the overall thickness of the field joint coating by recessing an overlapping part of the end cone 52 into the space created by cutting back the outer coating layer 138. The outer layer 78 can now overlie and extend longitudinally outboard beyond the overlapping part of the end cone 52 without adding to the thickness of the field joint coating.

[0182] In general, it may be preferred that the outer layer 78 overlaps beyond the edge chamfers 22, for example onto the outer surface of the parent coating 14. This because a typical overlap of 50 mm to 75 mm allows a large tolerance in the axial length of the gap between the edge chamfers 22 that accommodates the insert 54.

[0183] Turning finally to FIGS. 22a and 22b, these drawings show how an insert 140 may be adapted for increased longitudinal flexibility. This adaptation enables the insert 140 to bend more easily along its length as the underlying pipe joints 10 bend. Whilst shown in the context of the arrangement of the inner and outer layers 48, 78 as shown in FIG. 18, a similar insert 140 could of course be used in any of the preceding embodiments.

[0184] The insert 140 shown in FIGS. 22a and 22b comprises a longitudinal series of segments 142 connected by joints or links 144, such that the segments 142 alternate with the links 144 along the length of the insert 140. Broadly, the segments 142 and the links 144 of the insert 140 together behave like a vertebral column or spine, in which the segments are akin to vertebrae and the links are akin to intervertebral discs interleaved between the vertebrae.

[0185] In the example shown in FIGS. 22a and 22b, the segments 142 and the links 144 are annular discs or hoops that encircle the pipe joints 10 and that are integral with each other to form a one-piece insert 140. Both sides of each segment 142 are flat and lie in parallel planes that are orthogonal to the central longitudinal axis of the pipe joints 10. The dimensions and numbers of segments 142 and links 144 may be chosen to suit the material used for the insert 140, the performance requirements of the field joint coating and expected strains that determine the requirement for resilience in the field joint and its coating.

[0186] The segments 142 and the links 144 are flush on their radially inner sides where the radially inner face of the insert 140 lies against the underlying pipe joints 10. However, the links 144 are substantially shallower in the radial direction than the segments 142, thus defining a castellated longitudinal section on the radially outer face of the insert 140. The resulting gaps 146 between adjacent segments 142 allow clearance for relative angular displacement between the segments 142 as the pipeline and hence the insert 140 bends along its length.

[0187] By way of example, each segment 142 may be about 30 mm wide longitudinally and about 30 mm high radially, atop a radially-inward core tube 148 that is about 30 mm thick radially. Thus, the insert 142 has a radial thickness of about 60 mm atop the hourglass-shaped inner layer 48. In this example, the gaps 146 between two successive segments 142 may be about 15 mm wide longitudinally and about 30 mm deep radially.

[0188] When an outer layer 78 is over-moulded by casting or injection around the insert 140, the material of the outer layer 78 flows into and fills the gaps 146 between the segments 142 as shown in FIG. 22b. The material of the outer layer 78 is flexible enough to accommodate angular displacement between the segments 142 when the insert 140 bends.

[0189] The segments 142 of the insert 140 are preferably of a substantially solid thermally-insulating material such as GSPP. The links 144 can be made flexible relative to the segments 142 in various ways. The segmented, jointed arrangement of the insert 140 confers flexibility on the insert 140 to bend along its length in response to corresponding bending of the pipeline. The readiness of the insert 140 to bend in this way reduces stress in a field joint coating that incorporates the insert 140. This reduces initiation and propagation of cracks in and between the layers 48, 78 and the insert 140 of the field joint coating and between those layers 48, 78, the insert 140 and the adjacent parent coatings 14.

[0190] The links 144 may be of the same material as the segments 142, as shown in FIGS. 22a and 22b, or may be of a different material. The links 144 could be intrinsically flexible either by virtue of their material or their structure, cross-sectional shape or dimension. In this example, the links 144 and segments 142 are all integral with each other in a one-piece insert 140, which could be machined into its final shape from a moulded or cast block of material or moulded directly in that final shape. Where they are of the same material as the segments 142, the links 144 may be integral with the segments 142 as shown, being relatively shallow or thin in the radial direction to confer greater relative flexibility on the links 144. Thus, the links 144 shown in FIGS. 22a and 22b are relatively thin webs that bridge the gaps 146 to connect adjacent segments 142.

[0191] The insert 140 can bend without significantly affecting its ability to insulate the pipeline. In this respect, it will be noted that the insulating segments 142 extend to substantially the same radius as the thickness of the parent coating 14. Also, the segments 142 are able to withstand radially-inward compressive forces experienced by the pipeline during spooling and installation and under hydrostatic pressure in use.

[0192] If of a different material to the segments 142, the links 144 may be of a more flexible material than the segments 142. In that case, the links 144 need not be shallower or thinner in the radial direction than the segments 142, although they could be. Indeed, the links 144 may be as thick in the radial direction as the segments 142. For example, the links 144 could be of a resilient rubber or gel-like material that may be interleaved between the segments 142 or moulded between the segments 142.

[0193] The insert could instead be an assembly of elements comprising a plurality of segments and a plurality of links. Such elements may or may not be of the same material. Each link could comprise two or more substantially rigid parts that are hinged, jointed or articulated to confer flexibility on the link as a whole.

[0194] The outer layer could be replaced with insulating infill mouldings of a flexible insulating material that are shaped to fill the gaps between segments of an insert. The infill mouldings could be moulded separately from and assembled with the insert or may be moulded in situ around and between the segments of the insert, by placing the insert in a secondary mould for overmoulding with the infill material as described above.

[0195] Many other variations are possible within the inventive concept. For example, the pipeline may intermittently be held stationary or may move continuously along the firing line during assembly of the insert from the half-shells. Thus, the clamping apparatus shown schematically in FIGS. 3d and 3e may take other forms to allow for continuous movement of the pipeline. For example, the jaws may be supported by a longitudinally-reciprocating carriage that allows the half-shells to be engaged while the pipeline is moving along the firing line. Thus, during an engagement stroke of the jaws, the carriage can move longitudinally from a start position in the direction of movement of the pipeline as the jaws also come together to assemble the insert. Once the half-shells are fully engaged at the end of the engagement stroke, the jaws separate to free the insert and the carriage moves back to the start position against the direction of movement of the pipeline, during a return stroke of the jaws.

[0196] The barbs and the bores on the cooperable parts that make up an insert may have various configurations or may be replaced with other fastenings. For example, a barb may be replaced by a spigot with an enlarged head that snap-fits resiliently into an undercut recess in an opposed bore when the half-shells are pressed together. Alternatively, the cooperable parts of an insert may comprise complementary ratchet formations.

[0197] Half-shells or other part-tubular sections of an insert can be pressed radially inwardly into contact with the inner layer by a pressing member other than a jaw, by a tensioning apparatus comprising ratchet straps, by a torque-gauged device or by external fluid pressure to promote attachment of the insert to the inner layer. Once assembled, the part-tubular sections of the insert can be held together and/or to the inner layer by adhesive, by mechanical engagement, by external fastenings or by fusing, welding or other bonding.

[0198] To improve bonding or adhesion between the various components of the field joint coating, the insert could be pre-coated or overmoulded with a skin of PP or of another polymer that is compatible with the inner layer shown in FIG. 3c and/or with an outer layer shown in FIG. 3j. The skin could cover the insert fully or only partially. The skin could be supplemented with, or replaced by, a layer of adhesive.

[0199] The half-shells may be of cast or injection-moulded plastics material and the barbs may be of steel, although other materials are possible. Half-shells may be moulded around the barbs in an insert or outsert moulding process or the barbs may be engaged in mounting holes provided in pre-moulded half-shells. There may, for example, be a threaded engagement between the barbs and the mounting holes. Alternatively, there may be an interference fit between the barbs and the mounting holes, whose strength may be increased by ribbing, threading or otherwise texturing a root portion of a barb to be received in a mounting hole.

[0200] Many different profiles or textures such as ribbing, threading or knurling may be applied to the barbs to tailor insertion and withdrawal forces into and out of the bores. Various examples of such barb profiles are discussed in WO 2013/008021.

[0201] The half-shells may be joined by a pivot or hinge arrangement to close around the field joint in a clamshell arrangement. In that case, the half-shells suitably pivot relative to each other about a longitudinal pivot axis extending parallel to the central longitudinal axis 18 of the pipe joints 10.

[0202] As is known from prior art such as WO 2012/004665, each gate of a mould tool may have a respective valve that controls the injection of liquid polymer through that gate. The valves may be controlled by a central control unit and may be operated independently of each other. These and other mould tool features have been omitted from FIGS. 3b and 3i for simplicity, such as vents to allow air to escape as the mould cavity fills with liquid polymer, and external clamps. Also, if the liquid polymer is of molten thermoplastics such as PP, a cooling system may be provided to accelerate hardening of the melt. The cooling system could, for example, comprise a water jacket disposed in or on the tubular wall of the mould tool.

[0203] Additives or modifiers may be employed in the insert or the field joint coating, such as an elastomeric modifier like EDPM (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber) to provide appropriate flexibility and impact resistance, or fibres of glass, aramid or carbon to increase strength and elastic modulus.

[0204] Thermoplastics material used for injection-moulding the insert or the field joint coating may be PP, polystyrene or any other suitable thermoplastics material that is compatible with the coating applied to the pipe joints. Additives such as fibres may reduce shrinkage and accelerate cooling.

[0205] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that combinations of features of the embodiments disclosed above are possible, even if those combinations are not explicitly recited in the foregoing description.