SOLAR ANTENNA ARRAY FABRICATION

Abstract

A method for constructing a solar rectenna array by growing carbon nanotube antennas between lines of metal, and subsequently applying a bias voltage on the carbon nanotube antennas to convert the diodes on the tips of the carbon nanotube antennas from metal oxide carbon diodes to geometric diodes. Techniques for preserving the converted diodes by adding additional oxide are also described.

Claims

1. A method to construct a plurality of molecular-sized structures to perform a specific function, the method comprising: a) creating an appropriate environment to create the molecular-sized structures; b) creating a plurality of first molecular-sized structures in the appropriate environment; c) creating a plurality of second molecular-sized structures, using the first molecular-sized structures; and d) combining respective ones of the plurality of first molecular-sized structures and a respective ones of the plurality of second molecular-sized structures to form a plurality of final structures; wherein the plurality of final structures is enabled to perform the specific function.

2. The method in claim 1 wherein the respective ones of the plurality of first molecular-sized structures are self-aligned to the respective ones of the plurality of second molecular-sized structures.

3. The method in claim 1, wherein the appropriate environment includes alternating lines of metal that have been mechanically patterned, polished and etched and placed in a chemical vapor deposition machine.

4. The method in claim 3, wherein the creating the plurality of first molecular-sized structures includes growing carbon nanotube antennas between the alternating lines of metal.

5. The method in claim 4, wherein the creating the plurality of second molecular-sized structures using the first molecular-sized structures includes forming a geometric diode by applying a bias voltage between the lines of metal and the carbon nanotube antennas.

6. The method in claim 5, wherein the plurality of final structures are rectennas.

7. The method in claim 1, further including: e) using each of the plurality of final structures to preserve the respective final structure.

8. The method in claim 7, wherein preserving the respective final structure includes applying a bias voltage to the respective final structure while adding oxide around the respective final structure.

9. A method to construct a plurality of molecular-sized structures to perform a specific function, the method comprising: a) creating an appropriate environment to create the molecular-sized structures; b) creating a plurality of first molecular-sized structures in the appropriate environment; c) creating a plurality of second molecular-sized structures, using the first molecular-sized structures; d) converting the plurality of second molecular-sized structures into a plurality of third molecular-sized structures using the plurality of first molecular-sized structures and the plurality of second molecular-sized structures; and e) combining each of the first molecular-sized structures and a respective one of the third molecular-sized structures to form a plurality of final structures; wherein the plurality of final structures are enabled to perform the specific function.

10. The method in claim 9, wherein the appropriate environment includes alternating lines of metal that have been mechanically patterned, polished, etched, oxidized and placed in a chemical vapor deposition machine.

11. The method in claim 9 wherein each of the first molecular-sized structures is self-aligned to a respective one of the third molecular-sized structures.

12. The method in claim 10, wherein creating the first molecular-sized structures includes growing carbon nanotube antennas between the alternating lines of metals.

13. The method in claim 12, wherein the creating a plurality of second molecular-sized structures using the first molecular-sized structures includes forming a MoC diode by connecting tips of the carbon nanotube antennas to oxide on the alternating lines of metal.

14. The method in claim 13, wherein converting the plurality of second molecular sized structures into a plurality of third molecular sized structures using the plurality of first molecular sized structures and the plurality of second molecular sized structures includes forming a geometric diode by applying a bias voltage across the MoC diode.

15. The method in claim 9, wherein the plurality of final structures are rectennas.

16. The method in claim 9, further including: e) using each of the final structures to preserve the respective final structure.

17. The method in claim 16, wherein preserving the final structure includes applying a bias voltage to the final structure while adding oxide around the final structure.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Various aspects of the present disclosure will now be described in connection with the attached drawings, in which:

[0016] FIG. 1 is an electrical diagram of a combined diode and antenna according to an aspect of the present disclosure,

[0017] FIG. 2 is another electrical diagram of a pair of diodes and antennas according to an aspect of the present disclosure,

[0018] FIG. 3 is a logical diagram of an array of antennas and diodes according to an aspect of the present disclosure, and

[0019] FIG. 4 through FIG. 6 are diagrams of cross-sections of an antenna array depicting multiple diode and carbon nanotube antennas according to aspects of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE

[0020] Various aspects of the present disclosure are now described with reference to FIG. 1 through FIG. 6, it being appreciated that the figures may illustrate the subject matter of various aspects and may not be to scale or to measure.

[0021] An electrical diagram 10 of a combined diode and antenna according to an aspect of the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 1. A diode 11 and a ¼-wavelength antenna 12 may be coupled together, with the antenna 12 further connected to a ground line 13 and the diode 11 connected to a negative voltage (−V) line 14, to form a ½-wave rectified structure. Another electrical diagram 20 of a pair of diodes and antennas according to another aspect of the present disclosure, is shown in FIG. 2. Two structures 21, each equivalent to the electrical diagram shown in FIG. 1, may be coupled to common ground and −V lines 22, to form a full-wave rectified structure.

[0022] Reference is now made to FIG. 3, a conceptual diagram of an array of antennas and diodes according to an aspect of the present disclosure. The antenna 30 and diode 31 may be respectively connected to the ground line 32 and the power line 33 in a manner similar to the electrical diagram in FIG. 1. A second antenna 34 and diode 35 may be respectively connected to another side of the ground line 32 and another power line 36, which may in turn be connected 37 to the original power line. Together, the antennas 30, 34 and diodes 31, 35 may be connected to the power 33, 36 and ground 32 lines in a manner similar to the electrical diagram in FIG. 2. The antennas may be of varying lengths and may be randomly placed between the diodes and the ground line 32. The antennas may be metallic carbon nanotubes.

[0023] Reference is now made to FIG. 4, a diagram of a cross-section of an antenna array, depicting multiple diodes and CNT antennas according to an aspect of the present disclosure. The antennas 43 may be either single-walled metallic carbon nanotubes, or multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which may be attached to the ground lines 41 via a catalyst 44. The catalyst may be used to grow the CNTs. The catalyst maybe composed of nickel, iron, cobalt, or some other suitable metal or alloy of metals. The catalyst may be a thin layer 44 formed by depositing and annealing the catalyst 44 on an oxide layer 45. The oxide layer 45 may be sufficiently thick to form multiple sites for carbon nanotubes. The vertical sites may aid in growing adequate densities of carbon nanotube antennas. A thin layer of oxide 47, 49 may be grown or deposited on the metal lines 40, 41. The tips 46 of the carbon nanotubes 43 may extend across a trench 48 to an oxide layer 47, forming a contact between the tip of the carbon nanotube 43 and the oxide 47. This structure may form a metal oxide carbon (MoC) diode coupling the carbon nanotube antennas 43 to the voltage line 40. The oxide may be very thin, ˜one nanometer thick. The power 40 and ground 41 lines may be insulated from each other via a base 42. The base 42 may be, for example, a ceramic, glass or a plastic material. The power 40 and ground 41 lines may be composed of one or more metals such as aluminum. The ground lines 41 may be electrically connected to the catalyst 44.

[0024] Reference is now made to FIG. 5, another diagram of a cross-section of an antenna array depicting multiple diodes and CNT antennas according to another aspect of the present disclosure. Subsequent to the formation of the MoC diodes, a bias voltage may be applied to the CNT antennas 43 sufficient enough to migrate the metal 40 through the oxide 47 to the tips 52 of the CNT antennas 43, to form geometric diodes.

[0025] Reference is now made to FIG. 6, another diagram of a cross-section of an antenna array depicting multiple diodes and CNT antennas according to another aspect of the present disclosure. Subsequent to the formation of geometric diodes, additional oxide may be grown to eliminate further migration of the metal from the carbon nanotube tip to the surface of the oxide. In order to accomplish this, one may allow the metal 40 and 41 to migrate through the oxide 47 and 49 respectively, until the migration naturally stops, without allowing the metal 40 to migrate from the tips 61 of the CNT antennas 43. This may be performed by applying an electrical bias sufficient enough to hold the metal ions at the tip of the CNT antennas, while allowing the metal ions elsewhere to migrate to the surface of the oxide to form more oxide. For example aluminum oxide may grow on pure aluminum as aluminum ions migrate through the aluminum oxide to oxidize in the presence of oxygen in the air, but the process may typically stop after 3.5 to 4.5 nanometers of oxide has grown, when the natural electric fields are too weak to cause further migration. In this manner the tips 61 of the CNT antennas 43, may be “anchored” in the oxide 47, while also stabilizing the aluminum ion migration.

[0026] In order to efficiently rectify visible light, the diodes may need to have a cutoff frequency above 700 THz. This may require diodes 46 in FIG. 4 with sufficiently small capacitance, which may be accomplished by growing CNTs approximately 15 nanometers in diameter to very thin oxides one to two nanometers thick. Nevertheless, even with such thin oxides, the turn-on voltage of the resulting diode may limit the rectification of infrared light. On the other hand, the small tip 51 of the CNT in FIG. 5, directly connecting to the large flat side of the power line may create a geometric diode, which may have a turn-on voltage close to zero, which may thus allow rectification of the entire spectrum of sunlight. Furthermore, the antennas' lengths and directions may vary to cover substantially the entire spectrum of un-polarized sunlight. This may be accomplished by varying the distances the carbon nanotubes 43 cover from the ground 41 line to the power line 40, such that the difference of the shortest to the longest carbon nanotube may be greater than the difference between a ¼ wavelength of ultraviolet light (˜80 nanometers) and ¼ wavelength of infrared light (˜640 nanometers). This may ensure that at least one harmonic of substantially all frequencies of sunlight may be covered by the range of CNT lengths.

[0027] Techniques for depositing and etching very thin layers of materials have been well known in the semiconductor industry for decades, but creating molecular-sized structures normally requires extremely expensive lithography equipment. In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, in the proper environment (alternating lines of metal that may have been mechanically patterned, polished and etched may be placed in a chemical vapor deposition machine), a plurality of first molecular-sized structures (e.g., CNT antennas) may be created (e.g., grown between lines of metal), and a plurality of second molecular-sized structures (e.g., geometric diodes) may be created using the first molecular-sized structures (e.g., by applying an electrical bias between the lines of metal and the CNT antennas), which may together form a final structure (e.g., a rectenna array), which may perform the desired function (which, in the present case, may be electrically rectifying sunlight), where each of the first molecular-sized structures may be self-aligned to a respective one of the second molecular-sized structures (e.g., the geometric diodes that may be formed at the tips of the CNT antennas).

[0028] Alternatively, in yet another aspect of the present disclosure, in the proper environment (alternating lines of metal that may have been mechanically patterned, polished, etched and oxidized, may be placed in a chemical vapor deposition machine), a plurality of first molecular-sized structures (e.g., CNT antennas) may be created (e.g., grown between lines of metals), a plurality of second molecular-sized structures (e.g., MoC diodes) may form in connection with the first molecular-sized structures (e.g., by coupling the tips of the CNTs to the oxide on the metal lines), and by using the first and second molecular-sized structures (e.g., by applying an electrical bias across the MoC diode), a plurality of third molecular-sized structures (e.g., geometric diodes), may be created in place of the second molecular-sized structures. The first and third molecular-sized structures together may form a final structure (e.g., a rectenna array), which may perform the desired function (e.g., electrically rectifying sunlight), where each of the first molecular-sized structures may be self-aligned to a respective one of the third molecular-sized structures (e.g., the geometric diodes that may be formed at the tips of the CNT antennas).

[0029] It is also contemplated that further processing using this resulting structure, which is a combination of two separate molecular-sized structures, may be used to preserve the resulting structure while enhancing the stability of the resulting structure by adding the additional oxide to stabilize and “anchor” the geometric diodes.

[0030] It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and sub-combinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications and variations which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art.