SOLID AND LIQUISOLID FORMULATIONS OF CORALLOPYRONIN A

Abstract

The present invention relates to a solid or liquisolid formulation comprising corallopyronin A, wherein the formulation comprises an amorphous solid dispersion of corallopyronin A embedded in a water-soluble polymer or corallopyronin A loaded onto porous silica.

Claims

1. A solid or liquisolid formulation comprising corallopyronin A, wherein the formulation comprises an amorphous solid dispersion of corallopyronin A embedded in a water-soluble polymer or corallopyronin A loaded onto porous silica.

2. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene glycol.

3. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble polymer comprises corallopyronin A in an amount in a range of ≥10 weight % to ≤50 weight %, based on a weight of 100 weight % of the water-soluble polymer and Corallopyronin A.

4. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone.

5. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein corallopyronin A dispersed in a solvent is adsorbed onto porous silica to form a liquisolid formulation.

6. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation is a solid or liquisolid oral formulation.

7. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation is formulated into a capsule, a tablet, granules, pills, pellets or micro-tablets.

8. A pharmaceutical solid dosage form, comprising the solid or liquisolid formulation according to claim 1.

9. The pharmaceutical solid dosage form according to claim 8, wherein the solid dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a capsule, a tablet, granules, pills, pellets and micro-tablets.

10. A process of manufacturing a solid or liquisolid formulation according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: a) dispersing, dissolving or otherwise introducing corallopyronin A into a solvent to form a liquid mixture, b) selecting a substrate from porous silica or a water-soluble polymer, c) admixing the liquid mixture of step a) and the substrate of step b), and d) optionally removing excess solvent from the mixture obtained in step c) to form a solid or liquisolid formulation.

11. The process of claim 10, wherein the solvent is an organic solvent selected from ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, dichloromethane, acetone, tert-butanol, propylene carbonate, a C6 to C12 triglyceride, preferably a C8 or C10 triglyceride, a polymer which is liquid at ambient temperature such as a polyethylene glycol, preferably selected from PEG 400, PEG 300 and PEG 200, or mixtures thereof.

12. The process according to claim 10, wherein the process is for manufacturing a solid formulation comprising corallopyronin A embedded in a water-soluble polymer, the process comprising the steps of: a) dispersing, dissolving or otherwise introducing corallopyronin A in an organic solvent to form a liquid mixture, b) selecting a water-soluble polymer, c) admixing the liquid mixture of step a) and the water-soluble polymer of step b), and d) removing excess solvent from the mixture obtained in step c) to form a solid formulation.

13. The process of claim 10, wherein the process is for manufacturing a solid or liquisolid formulation comprising corallopyronin A adsorbed to porous silica, the process comprising the steps of: a) dispersing, dissolving or otherwise introducing corallopyronin A into a solvent to form a liquid mixture, b) selecting a porous silica, c) admixing the liquid mixture of step a) and the porous silica of step b), and d) optionally removing excess solvent from the mixture obtained in step c) to form a solid or liquisolid formulation.

14. The process according to claim 10, wherein in a further step e) the solid or liquisolid formulation is formed into a capsule, a tablet, granules, pills, pellets or micro-tablets.

15. A solid or liquisolid formulation comprising corallopyronin A or a pharmaceutical solid dosage form obtained by the process according to claim 10.

16. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble polymer comprises corallopyronin A in an amount in a range of ≥15 weight % to ≤40 weight %, based on a weight of 100 weight % of the water-soluble polymer and Corallopyronin A.

17. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the water-soluble polymer comprises corallopyronin A in an amount in a range of ≥20 weight % to ≤30 weight %, based on a weight of 100 weight % of the water-soluble polymer and Corallopyronin A.

18. The formulation according to claim 5, wherein the solvent is propylene carbonate.

19. The process of claim 11, wherein the triglyceride is a C8 or C10 triglyceride.

20. The process of claim 11, wherein the polymer which is liquid at ambient temperature is a polyethylene glycol selected from the group consisting of PEG 400, PEG 300, PEG 200, and mixtures thereof.

Description

[0062] The figures show:

[0063] FIG. 1 The biphasic dissolution profile of the organic phase of the amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A (CorA) embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) compared to pure corallopyronin A.

[0064] FIG. 2 The biphasic dissolution profile of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone.

[0065] FIG. 3 The plasma concentration time profile of the liquid formulation and the solid formulation of corallopyronin A (CorA) embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone in vivo.

[0066] FIG. 4 The biphasic dissolution profile of an amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A in polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer.

[0067] FIG. 5 The biphasic dissolution profiles of an amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyethylene glycol.

[0068] FIG. 6 The biphasic dissolution profiles of an amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in hydroxypropyl cellulose.

[0069] FIG. 7 The biphasic dissolution profiles of the neat corallopyronin A (CorA) compound.

[0070] FIG. 8 The plasma concentration time profile of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone (CorA-PVP-ASD) or in polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer (CorA-PVP/VA-ASD) compared to neat corallopyronin A (CorA).

EXAMPLE 1: MANUFACTURE OF AN AMORPHOUS CORALLOPYRONIN A FORMULATION BY POLYMER FILM CASTING USING POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL

[0071] 0.1501 g Corallopyronin A (produced by the Myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides B035; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Dept. Microbial Drugs, Braunschweig) was weighted in a beaker and 2 ml ethanol were added. Thereafter the beaker was covered with parafilm and placed on an ultrasonic bath (Bandelin, Sonorex Digitec). The temperature of the bath was held to <25° C. by replacing the water every 10 min. After 20 min the corallopyronin A was fully dissolved. In a further beaker 0.614 g polyethylene glycol (PEG 20000, Roth) was weighted and 10.825 mL ethanol and 0.675 mL water were added to the beaker. The beaker was covered with parafilm and placed on the ultrasonic bath for 60 min. The temperature of the bath was held to <25° C. by replacing the water every 10 min. After 60 min the polymer was fully dissolved. Both solutions were mixed together with a metal spatula and placed on the ultrasonic bath for another 5 min. After mixing the mixture was transferred into a 250 mL perfluoroxy alkane (PFA) round-bottom flask and dried at 25° C. for 24 hours at a vacuum of 600-0 mbar and 50 rpm on a rotary evaporator (Laborata 4000 efficient, Heidolph). Solvent evaporation yielded an amorphous solid formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyethylene glycol. The drug load was calculated to about 20 weight %.

EXAMPLE 2: MANUFACTURE OF AN AMORPHOUS CORALLOPYRONIN A FORMULATION BY POLYMER FILM CASTING USING HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE

[0072] 0.1539 g Corallopyronin A (produced by the Myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides B035; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Dept. Microbial Drugs, Braunschweig) was weighted in a beaker and 2 mL ethanol were added. Thereafter, the beaker was covered with parafilm and placed on an ultrasonic bath (Bandelin, Sonorex Digitec). The temperature of the bath was held to ≤25° C. by replacing the water every 10 min. After 20 min the corallopyronin A was fully dissolved. In a further beaker 0.6001 g hydroxypropyl cellulose super super fine (HPC SSL, Nisso) was weighted and 11.5 mL ethanol was added to the beaker. The beaker was covered with parafilm and placed on the ultrasonic bath. The temperature of the bath was held to ≤25° C. by replacing the water every 10 min. After 40 min the polymer was fully dissolved. Both solutions were mixed together with a metal spatula and placed on the ultrasonic bath for another 5 min. After mixing the mixture was transferred into a 250 mL perfluoroxy alkane (PFA) round-bottom flask and dried at 25° C. for 24 hours at a vacuum of 600-0 mbar and 50 rpm on a rotary evaporator (Laborata 4000 efficient, Heidolph). Solvent evaporation yielded an amorphous solid formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in hydroxypropyl cellulose. The drug load was calculated to 20 weight %.

EXAMPLE 3: MANUFACTURE OF AN AMORPHOUS FORMULATION OF CORALLOPYRONIN A EMBEDDED IN POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE BY SPRAY DRYING

[0073] 1.6022 g Corallopyronin A (produced by the Myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides B035; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Dept. Microbial Drugs, Braunschweig) was weighted in a beaker and 16.0 mL ethanol was added. Thereafter, the beaker was covered with parafilm and placed on an ultrasonic bath (Bandelin, Sonorex Digitec). The temperature of the bath was held to <25° C. by replacing the water every 10 min. After 40 min the corallopyronin A was fully dissolved. In a further beaker 6.4237 g polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K30 LP, BASF) was weighted in and 51.0 mL ethanol was added. The beaker was covered with parafilm and placed on the ultrasonic bath at 25° C. After 5 min the polymer was dissolved. Both solutions were mixed together with a metal spatula and placed on the ultrasonic bath for another 5 min. After mixing, the pipe of the spray dryer (B-290; BÜCHI) was connected to the solution and the spray drying process started with an inlet temperature of 85° C., an outlet temperature of 59° C., aspirator 100% and pump running at 20%. Nitrogen was used as drying gas and the flow rate was set to 5.6 mL/min. Spray drying yielded an amorphous solid formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone. The drug load was calculated to about 20 weight %.

EXAMPLE 4: MANUFACTURE OF AN AMORPHOUS FORMULATION OF CORALLOPYRONIN A EMBEDDED IN POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE/VINYLACETATE COPOLYMER BY SPRAY DRYING

[0074] 1.6008 g Corallopyronin A (produced by the Myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides B035; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Dept. Microbial Drugs, Braunschweig) was weighted in a beaker and 16 mL ethanol were added. Thereafter, the beaker was covered with parafilm and placed on an ultrasonic bath (Bandelin, Sonorex Digitec). The temperature of the bath was held to ≤25° C. by replacing the water every 10 min. After 40 min the corallopyronin A was fully dissolved. In a further beaker 6.4032 g polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer (Kollidon VA 64; BASF) was weighted and 51.0 mL ethanol was added. The beaker was covered with parafilm and placed on the ultrasonic bath at 25° C. After 5 min the polymer was dissolved. Both solutions were mixed together with a metal spatula and placed on the ultrasonic bath for another 5 min. After mixing the pipe of the spray dryer (B-290; BÜCHI) was connected to the solution and the spray drying process started with an inlet temperature of 85° C., an outlet temperature of 59° C., aspirator 100% and pump running at 20%. Nitrogen was used as drying gas and the flow rate was set to 4.5 mL/min. Spray drying yielded an amorphous solid formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer. The drug load was calculated to about 20 weight %.

EXAMPLE 5: MANUFACTURE OF A CORALLOPYRONIN A FORMULATION BY ADSORPTION TO MESOPOROUS SILICA

[0075] 0.1012 g Corallopyronin A (produced by the Myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides B035; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Dept. Microbial Drugs, Braunschweig) was weighted in a 3 mL glass vial and 300 μl ethanol was added. Thereafter, the glass vial was covered with parafilm and placed on an ultrasonic bath (Bandelin, Sonorex Digitec). The temperature of the bath was held to ≤25° C. by replacing the water every 10 min. After 20 min the corallopyronin A was fully dissolved. Thereafter, 0.1021 g of mesoporous silica (Syloid XRD 3050, Grace GmbH, Worms) was added to the glass vial and the mixture was mixed with a metal spatula and dried for 24 h under the fume hood at 20° C. Drying yielded a solid formulation of corallopyronin A loaded onto mesoporous silica. The drug load was calculated to about 50 weight %.

EXAMPLE 6: PHARMACOLOGICAL TESTING OF THE AMORPHOUS FORMULATION OF CORALLOPYRONIN A EMBEDDED IN POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE

[0076] The amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone by spray drying as prepared in example 3 was tested for dissolution performance, pharmacokinetics and stability.

[0077] 6.1 Biphasic Dissolution Tests

[0078] Biphasic release is a process in which, in addition to solubility in an aqueous medium, adsorption into the intestinal wall is demonstrated using an organic phase. The transition to the organic phase can be understood as an absorption of active substances into the blood. The biphasic release experiments were investigated using a fully automated biphasic dissolution apparatus (BiPHa+) as described in A. Denninger et al., Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 237.

[0079] To simulate the gastrointestinal properties to obtain in vivo predictive results, the pH-profile, bile salt concentration and gastrointestinal passage time were adjusted in the aqueous phase to mimic human gut conditions. Additionally, an organic phase above the aqueous phase imitates the fraction absorbed from the gut. An organic phase of 1-decanol above the aqueous phase imitated the fraction absorbed from the gut. As a test model, the profile of a person without prior food intake was chosen. Therefore, FaSSIF-V2 medium, which represents the bile salts concentration of a fasted human was used. FaSSIF-V2 medium is a mixture of a phosphate and a citrate buffer system, which facilitates comparable in vivo buffer capacities. To generate an in-situ biorelevant aqueous medium for the fasted state, biorelevant surfactants, namely sodium-taurocholate (3 mM) and lecithin (0.2 mM), were added.

[0080] Prior to the start of the experiments, both phases, 1-decanol and the acidic aqueous phase, were saturated with each other. First, about 10 mg of the API corallopyronin A in the respective formulation was added to 50 mL HCl (0.1 M), simulating the stomach. During the first thirty minutes the formulation disintegrated/dispersed in 50 mL of 0.1N HCl.

[0081] After 30 min FaSSIF-V2 concentrate (sodium-taurocholate and lecithin) was added simultaneously to the addition of citrate-phosphate buffer (tri-potassium phosphate and potassium citrate) resulting in a first pH-shift from pH 1 to pH 5.5, simulating the duodenum. Thereafter, 50 mL decanol was added. The last pH-shift from 5.5 to 6.8 after 90 minutes was gradually adjusted by adding more citrate-phosphate buffer, representing the jejunum and ileum (final concentrations: 3 mM sodium-taurocholate, 0.2 mM lecithin, 525 mM tri-potassium phosphate and 225 M potassium citrate). The adjusted buffers were titrated by 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M HCl (pH 5.5-6.8). The whole dissolution took 4.5 hours.

[0082] The concentration profiles of the aqueous and organic phase were measured online continuously with an Agilent 8454 UV-Vis spectrometer (Waldbronn, Germany) and quantified on the compound-specific wavelength. Three independent dissolution tests were performed.

[0083] FIG. 1 shows the pH profile and illustrates the biphasic dissolution profile of the amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone as prepared in example 3 compared to neat corallopyronin A. As can be taken from FIG. 1, the amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A provided 87.6% predicted absorption. The formulation thus provides very good in vitro performance. Compared to the solubility of the neat compound corallopyronin A, as described in comparative example 10, the biphasic dissolution model for human absorption shows a more than 10 fold increase of fraction absorbed due to solubility enhanced amorphous solid formulation. Individual dissolution graphs of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone and of the pure corallopyronin A compound are provided in FIGS. 2 and 7, respectively.

[0084] 6.2 Pharmacokinetic Analysis

[0085] Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in vivo in fed BALB/c female mice (n=4) (Study DZIF11). The solid formulation was suspended right before administration in PBS (phosphate buffered saline; pH=7.4) and was administered via gavage (36 mg/kg CorA, 10 mL/kg). Blood samples from the vena facialis were collected after 5, 10, 15, 30, 180, and 480 min. The samples were centrifuges for 10 min at 4° C. and 15000 g. The generated plasma was mixed in a ration of 1:3 with ice-cold acetonitrile (Bernd Kraft GmbH, Duisburg). The mixture was vortexed for 10 sec and centrifuged for 25 min at 4° C. and 11600 g. The HPLC measurements were performed on a Waters Alliance e2695 separation module connected to a waters 2998 PDA detector. A waters XBridge® Shield RP.sub.18, 3.5 inn, 2.1×100 mm, 130 A column was used. For the gradient method starting from 70% A/30% B to 20% A/80% B stepwise within 30 min, the mobile phases A (acetonitrile/water (Bernd Kraft GmbH, Duisburg) 5/95 with 5 mM ammonium acetate (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt) and 40 μL acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim) per Liter) and B (acetonitrile/water 95/5 with 5 mM ammonium acetate and 40 μL acetic acid per Liter) enabled to quantitate corallopyronin A precisely at 300 nm at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and a column temperature of 30° C. The samples were quantitated via external reference standard. The content of the corallopyronin A reference material was analyzed by .sup.1H-NMR.

[0086] Plasma concentration-time profiles were generated and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated.

[0087] To calculate the absolute bioavailability of the oral formulation, an intravenous (IV) profile was conducted. Therefore, corallopyrinine A (CorA) was prepared in a liquid formulation (propylene glycol (20%) (Caesar & Lorenz GmbH, Hilden); Kolliphor® HS-15 (20%) (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Taufkirchen); PBS pH 7.4 (60%)). The prepared solution was then administered intravenously (36 mg/kg CorA, 5 mL/kg) in the tail vein. The following table 1 shows the results of the pharmacokinetic analysis.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Results of the pharmacokinetic analysis IV PO liquid CorA solid CorA formulation formulation pharmacokinetic analysis (PG; K-HS15; (PVP) (median values) PBS) (36 mg/kg) (36 mg/kg) AUC.sub.(0-8 h) [μg*h/mL] 115.5 67.8 AUC.sub.(0-inf) [μg*h/mL] 127.7 75.9 c.sub.max [μg/mL] 119.6 64.3 t.sub.max [min] 5* *first 10 measured value F.sub.abs [%] 100 59

[0088] Table 1 shows the pharmacokinetic parameters after the IV administration of the liquid formulation and the PO administration of the solid formulation. The area under the concentration-time over all time was calculated for the IV application as 127.7 μg*h/mL (median value) and for the PO application as 75.9 μg*h/mL (median value). Based on the AUC results, the absolute bioavailability after the PO was calculated to be 59% (F.sub.abs=(AUC.sub.(0-inf)IV/AUC.sub.(0-inf)PO*100), demonstrating a high oral bioavailability in mice due to the enhanced solubility formulation principle.

[0089] FIG. 3 illustrates the plasma concentration-time profile of the IV administration of the CorA solution and the PO administration of the solid formulation in vivo. The fast course and high measured values of the PO curve demonstrate the solubility enhancement of the formulation principle since a fast and high oral absorption of an active pharmaceutical ingredient is only possible when the API is dissolved and transported via passive or active transport into the blood circulation. Due to the lipophilic character of corallopyronin A a sufficient absorption through membranes was predicted in combination with the solubility enhanced formulation principle a sufficient oral bioavailability in mice was demonstrated.

[0090] 6.3 Stability Analysis

[0091] The stability of the spray dried amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone was analyzed after storing samples in drying cabinets at 25° C./60% relative humidity (RH) and under accelerated conditions at 40° C./75% RH for 7, 14, 28 days and 3 months. The samples were stored in closed twist-off glass vials under nitrogen and in the presence of silica desiccant. The content was analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). The samples were, therefore, dissolved in acetonitrile (Bernd Kraft GmbH, Duisburg). The HPLC measurements were performed on a Waters Alliance e2695 separation module connected to a waters 2998 PDA detector. A waters XBridge® Shield RP.sub.18, 3.5 μm, 2.1×100 mm, 130 A column was used. For the gradient method starting from 70% A/30% B to 20% A/80% B stepwise within 30 min, the mobile phases A (acetonitrile/water (Bernd Kraft GmbH, Duisburg) 5/95 with 5 mM ammonium acetate (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt) and 40 μL acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim) per Liter) and B (acetonitrile/water 95/5 with 5 mM ammonium acetate and 40 μL acetic acid per liter) enabled to quantitate corallopyronin A precisely at 300 nm at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and a column temperature of 30° C. The samples were quantitated via external reference standard. The content of the corallopyronin A reference material was analyzed by .sup.1H-NMR. The following table 2 summarizes the results of the stability analysis.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Results of the stability analysis Storage Duration Storage Condition CorA Content [%] 0 100 7 days 25° C.; 60% RH 100 14 days 25° C.; 60% RH 100 28 days 25° C.; 60% RH 98 3 months 25° C.; 60% RH 98 7 days 40° C.; 75% RH 98 14 days 40° C.; 75% RH 97 28 days 40° C.; 75% RH 93 3 months 40° C.; 75% RH 83

[0092] The results of table 2 show that the spray dried amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone showed good long term stability at 25° C., and also provided sufficient stability under conditions of accelerated decay. Compared to the highly instable compound corallopyronin A as shown in example 10.2, the spray dried formulation with polyvinylpyrrolidone provides a considerable stability enhancement. This shows that formulations embedding corallopyronin A in water-soluble polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone provides solubility and stability enhancements.

EXAMPLE 7: PHARMACOLOGICAL TESTING OF THE AMORPHOUS FORMULATION OF CORALLOPYRONIN A EMBEDDED IN POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE/VINYLACETATE COPOLYMER

[0093] 7.1 Biphasic Dissolution Tests

[0094] The amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer by spray drying as prepared in example 4 was tested for dissolution performance as described in example 6.1.

[0095] The FIG. 4 shows the pH profile and illustrates the biphasic dissolution profile of the amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A in polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer. As can be taken from FIG. 4, the formulation provided 55.4% predicted absorption. The formulation thus provides good in vitro performance.

[0096] 7.2 Stability Analysis

[0097] The stability of the amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A in polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer was tested as described in example 6.3. The following table 3 summarizes the results of the stability analysis.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Results of the stability analysis Storage Duration Storage Condition CorA Content [%] 0 100 7 days 25° C.; 60% RH 100 14 days 25° C.; 60% RH 100 28 days 25° C.; 60% RH 99 3 months 25° C.; 60% RH 98 7 days 40° C.; 75% RH 100 14 days 40° C.; 75% RH 99 28 days 40° C.; 75% RH 98 3 months 40° C.; 75% RH 88

[0098] The results of table 3 show that the spray dried amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer (PVP/VA) showed good long term stability at 25° C., and also provided sufficient stability under conditions of accelerated decay. This shows that also a stability enhancement was achieved by embedding the corallopyronin A in PVP/VA. This shows that also formulations embedding corallopyronin A in PVP/VA provide solubility and stability enhancements.

EXAMPLE 8: BIPHASIC DISSOLUTION TEST OF THE AMORPHOUS FORMULATION OF CORALLOPYRONIN A EMBEDDED IN POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL

[0099] The amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyethylene glycol by film casting as prepared in example 1 was tested for dissolution performance as described in example 6.1.

[0100] FIG. 5 shows the pH profile and illustrates the biphasic dissolution profile of the amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyethylene glycol. As can be taken from FIG. 5, the formulation provided 53.9% predicted absorption. The formulation thus provides good in vitro performance.

EXAMPLE 9: BIPHASIC DISSOLUTION TEST OF THE AMORPHOUS FORMULATION OF CORALLOPYRONIN A EMBEDDED IN HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE

[0101] The amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in hydroxypropyl cellulose by film casting as prepared in example 2 was tested for dissolution performance as described in example 6.1.

[0102] FIG. 6 shows the pH profile and illustrates the biphasic dissolution profile of the amorphous formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in hydroxypropyl cellulose. As can be taken from FIG. 6, the formulation provided 17.8% predicted absorption.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 10: PHARMACOLOGICAL TESTING OF PURE CORALLOPYRONIN A COMPOUND

[0103] 10.1 Biphasic Dissolution Tests

[0104] Corallopyronin A was tested for dissolution performance as described in example 6.1. FIG. 7 shows the pH profile and the biphasic dissolution profile of neat corallopyronin A compound (CorA). As can be taken from FIG. 7, the pure substance only provided 7.7% predicted absorption.

[0105] 10.2 Stability Analysis

[0106] The stability of neat corallopyronin A compound was tested as described in example 6.3. The following table 4 summarises the results of the stability analysis.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Results of the stability analysis of Corallopyronin A Storage Duration Storage Condition CorA Content [%] 0 99 7 days 25° C.; 60% RH 85 14 days 25° C.; 60% RH 76 28 days 25° C.; 60% RH 63 3 months 25° C.; 60% RH 39 7 days 40° C.; 75% RH 47 14 days 40° C.; 75% RH 31 28 days 40° C.; 75% RH 17 3 months 40° C.; 75% RH 6

[0107] The results of table 4 show that the corallopyronin A content decreases fast at 25° C. and under conditions of 40° C.; after 7 days the corallpyronin A content at 25° C. falls below 90% and after 3 months below 40%; at accelerated conditions (40° C.) the collopyronin A content falls below 50% within 7 days and below 10% within 3 months.

EXAMPLE 11: MANUFACTURE OF AMORPHOUS SOLID DISPERSIONS OF CORALLOPYRONIN A EMBEDDED IN VARIOUS POLYMERS

[0108] Amorphous solid dispersion formulations were prepared via film casting or spray drying as described in Example 1 and 2, and 3 and 4, respectively, with the exception that the polymers summarised in table 5 were used.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Polymers used for the amorphous solid dispersion formulations Polymer Supplier Eudragit ® E100 Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany) Eudragit ® L100-55 Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany) AquaSolve ™ HPMCAS Ashland Industries Deutschland GmbH, (Düsseldorf, Deutschland) HPMCP 55 Shin-Etsu (Tokyo, Japan) Phthalavin ® PVAP Colorcon GmbH (Idstein, Germany) Soluplus ® BASF SE (Ludwigshafen, Germany Kolliphor ® P407 BASF SE (Ludwigshafen, Germany (Poloxamer)

[0109] Spray drying and film casting yielded amorphous solid dispersions of corallopyronin A embedded in the respective polymer. The following table 6 summarises the formulation technique and composition of the corallopyronin A amorphous solid dispersion (CorA-ASD) formulations

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Formulation technique and composition of the CorA-ASD formulations active Amount Amount pharmaceutical CorA polymer Formulation ingredient (API) (mg) Polymer (mg) Solvent Technique CorA 150 Soluplus ® 601 ethanol film casting CorA 148 Eudragit ® E100 593 ethanol film casting CorA 151 PVAP 609 methanol film casting CorA 148 Eudragit ® L100-55 558 ethanol film casting CorA 149 HPMCP 602 acetone film casting CorA 101 Poloxamer P407 404 ethanol film casting CorA 149 HPMCAS 600 diclormethane/ film casting methanol

EXAMPLE 12: BIPHASIC DISSOLUTION TEST OF THE AMORPHOUS SOLID DISPERSIONS OF CORALLOPYRONIN A EMBEDDED IN VARIOUS POLYMERS

[0110] The performance of the formulations which were manufactured as described in Example 11 compared to neat corallopyronin A were evaluated via the in vivo predictive in vitro biphasic dissolution apparatus BiPHa+ as described in Example 6.1.

[0111] The following table 7 summarises the Biphasic dissolution results compared to the results for neat corallopyronin A (CorA) as determined in example 10. The term neat corallopyronin A (CorA) refers to the pure amorphous CorA material, which was produced by Myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides B035 (Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Dept. Microbial Drugs, Braunschweig).

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Biphasic dissolution results in the organic phase of neat CorA and CorA-ASD formulations Maximum Partitioned Drug API Polymer in the Organic Phase (%) CorA / 8 CorA Soluplus ® 23 CorA Eudragit ® E100 43 CorA PVAP 45 CorA Eudragit ® L100-55 50 CorA HPMCP 71 CorA Poloxamer P407 71 CorA HPMCAS 82

[0112] As can be seen in table 7, for all formulations an increased amount partitioned into the organic phase. The organic phase in vitro simulates fasted human gut conditions, being a surrogate parameter for the fraction absorbed in vivo. The results predict for all CorA formulations an increased fraction to be absorbed in vivo and therefore an increased bioavailability compared to neat CorA.

[0113] Of neat CorA only 8% partitioned into the organic phase. In comparison, when CorA was embedded in a polymer of table 5 an increase of the partitioned amount was detected. If over the 4.5 h dissolution process in total at least 18% partitioned into the organic phase, such as when CorA was embedded into HPC as shown in example 9, this corresponds to a 2-fold increase. Under in vivo conditions an increase of 50% means that only 50% of the dosage would be needed, which represents a major advantage for the patient due to a lower risk of side effects and also a great economical advantage. By embedding CorA in Soluplus® an increase to 23% was achieved. When CorA was embedded in the polymers Eudragit® E100, PVP/VA, Eudragit® L100-55 or PEG 20000 an increase of 5-7 fold was achieved. The best in vitro performance regarding the dissolution and solubility increasement were achieved when CorA was embedded in HPMCP, Poloxamer P407, HPMCAS or PVP, where an increase of 9-10 fold was achieved.

[0114] The biphasic dissolution results demonstrated a major benefit regarding the simulated fraction absorbed in vitro, which is considered predictive for results under in vivo conditions. An increase in bioavailability in vivo is, therefore, highly likely.

EXAMPLE 13: PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF FORMULATION OF AMORPHOUS SOLID DISPERSION OF CORALLOPYRONIN A EMBEDDED IN POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE/VINYLACETATE COPOLYMER

[0115] The formulation of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer was further evaluated in a pharmacokinetic study to evaluate the performance in vivo in BALB/c mice compared to neat corallopyronin A as described in Example 6.2.

[0116] A liquid formulation of CorA was prepared comprising propylene glycol (20%, Carl Roth GmbH+. Co. KG), Kolliphor® HS-15 (20%), and PBS pH 7.4 (60%). This CorA-solution was administered intravenously (36 mg/kg CorA, 5 mL/kg) in the tail vein to establish an intravenous (IV) pharmacokinetic profile.

[0117] Absolute bioavailability of the oral formulation was calculated according to the following Equation (1):

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}{F}_{abs}\left(\%\right)=100*\frac{{\mathrm{AUC}}_{\left(0‐\inf \right)}PO}{{\mathrm{AUC}}_{\left(0‐\inf \right)}\mathrm{IV}}\end{array},& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

wherein [0118] F.sub.abs=absolute bioavailability (%), [0119] AUC.sub.(0-inf)IV=area under the curve after intravenous administration, [0120] AUC.sub.(0-inf)PO=area under the curve after per oral administration.

[0121] The results are illustrated in FIG. 8 and in table 8. Table 8 shows the oral bioavailability of oral administration (PO) of CorA-PVP/VA-ASD formulation and neat corallopyronin A (CorA) compared to intravenous (IV) administration set to 100%.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Increased oral bioavailability in BALB/c mice after the oral administration of CorA-PVP- ASD formulation compared to neat CorA. Route of Absolute API Excipients Administration Bioavailability CorA Propylene glycol, IV set to 100% Kolliphor HS15, PBS Buffer CorA PVP/VA PO 19% CorA / PO 11%

[0122] FIG. 8 shows the bioavailability after the oral administration of corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer (CorA-PVP/VA-ASD) compared to neat corallopyronin A (CorA) (2-compartment model) and further compared to the results for corallopyronin A embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone (CorA-PVP-ASD) and as determined in example 6.2.

[0123] A significant increase of the absorption after oral administration for corallopyronin A embedded in PVP/VA and, therefore, an increase in bioavailability of the amorphous solid dispersions of corallopyronin A was determined. The formulation was able to increase the fraction absorbed and, therefore, the bioavailability. The comparison showed better results for PVP compared to PVP/VA, whether these results will translate into a better pharmacodynamic efficacy, or if PVP/VA will demonstrate e.g., a slower but longer release and therefore a better efficacy needs to be evaluated during clinical studies.

[0124] In summary, the results are in line with the in vitro findings and the formulation was found very advantageously for the administration of corallopyronin A regarding enhancement of dissolution, solubility, and stability.

EXAMPLE 14: MANUFACTURE OF A SOLID CORALLOPYRONIN A FORMULATION BY ADSORPTION TO MESOPOROUS SILICA

[0125] Corallopyronin A (10 mg) was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (Syloid® XDP 3050, W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. Europe) as described in example 5. The formulations were prepared and analyzed in triplicate (dissolutions 1, 2, 3) as summarized in table 9.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Composition of solid formulations of CorA on mesoporous silica Dissolution 1 Dissolution 2 Dissolution 3 Compounds Amounts Amounts Amounts CorA 10.2 mg 10.3 mg 10.0 mg EtOH 100 μL 100 μL 100 μL Syloid ® XDP 3050 49.6 mg 51.1 mg 50.4 mg

EXAMPLE 15: MANUFACTURE OF A LIQUISOLID CORALLOPYRONIN A FORMULATION BY ADSORPTION TO MESOPOROUS SILICA

[0126] For the manufacture of the mesoporous silica based liquisolid formulation, 10 mg corallopyronin A and 50 μL propylene carbonate (≥99.7%, Carl Roth GmbH+Co. KG) were mixed in a 10 mL glass vial and dissolved by using an ultrasonic bath (Sonorex Digitec, Bandelin electronic GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, Germany) for about 5 min at a temperature of ≤25° C. until the corallopyronin A was fully dissolved in propylene carbonate. The mesoporous silica (Syloid® XDP 3050, W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. Europe) was added and mixed with a metal spatula until the solution was fully adsorbed by the silica. The formulations were prepared and analyzed in triplicate (dissolutions 1, 2, 3) as summarized in table 10.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Composition of liquisolid formulations of CorA on mesoporous silica Dissolution 1 Dissolution 2 Dissolution 3 Compounds Amounts Amounts Amounts CorA 10.6 mg 10.0 mg 10.1 mg PC 50 μL 50 μL 50 μL Syloid ® XDP 3050 75.2 mg 75.1 mg 76.1 mg

EXAMPLE 16: BIPHASIC DISSOLUTION TEST OF THE SOLID AND LIQUISOLID FORMULATIONS OF CORALLOPYRONIN A ON MESOPOROUS SILICA

[0127] The performance of the formulations of Examples 14 and 15 compared to neat corallopyronin A were evaluated via in vitro biphasic dissolution apparatus BiPHa+ as described in Examples 6 and 12.

[0128] The following table 11 summarises the biphasic dissolution results for the solid and liquisolid formulations of corallopyronin A on mesoporous silica.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Composition of solid and liquisolid formulations of CorA on mesoporous silica Maximum Partitioned Drug API Excipients in the Organic Phase (%) CorA / 8 CorA (Ethanol) 52 Syloid ® XDP 3050 CorA Propylene Carbonate 86 Syloid ® XDP 3050

[0129] As can be seen from table 11, both, solid and liquisolid formulations of CorA on mesoporous silica, provided a great increase in the amount of corallopyronin A in the organic phase, which is a surrogate parameter for the fraction absorbed in vivo. The increased dissolution and solubility of CorA is assumed to result in an increased bioavailability in vivo.