Abstract
A system and method for a wireless link to a remote receiver includes a communication device for generating RF and a planar antenna apparatus for transmitting the RF. The planar antenna apparatus includes selectable antenna elements, each of which has gain and a directional radiation pattern. The directional radiation pattern is substantially in the plane of the antenna apparatus. Switching different antenna elements results in a configurable radiation pattern. Alternatively, selecting all or substantially all elements results in an omnidirectional radiation pattern. One or more directors and/or one or more reflectors may be included to constrict the directional radiation pattern. The antenna apparatus may be conformally mounted to a housing containing the communication device and the antenna apparatus.
Claims
1. A network peripheral device comprising: a plurality of individually selectable antennas formed on a first side of a substrate; a plurality of Y-shaped reflector formed on a second side of the substrate opposite to the first side, each Y-shaped reflector corresponding to one of the plurality of selectable antennas; a radio frequency feed port configured to receive radio frequency signals generated by a communication device, wherein the plurality of individually selectable antennas form a radially symmetrical layout about the radio frequency feed port; an antenna element selector configured to couple and decouple the radio frequency feed port to one or more of the plurality of individually selectable antennas, wherein a radiation pattern is changed based on the coupling and decoupling of the radio frequency feed port and the one or more of the plurality of individually selectable antennas, and wherein the radiation pattern is substantially omnidirectional when the radio frequency port is coupled to a subset of the plurality of individually selectable antennas; and a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs) each to be activated and deactivated depending on a selection and de-selection of respective antennas from among the plurality of individually selectable antennas by the antenna element selector.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the network peripheral device includes an access point configured to communicate to one or more remote receiving nodes over a wireless link or network.
3. The device of claim 1, further comprising a modulator/demodulator that is communicatively coupled to the communication device, wherein the modulator/demodulator is configured to convert data received by the device into an RF signal to be transmitted to one or more remote receiving nodes.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein each LED is lit when a corresponding antenna among the plurality of individually selectable antennas is selected.
5. The device of claim 1, further comprising a ground component formed on the second side of the substrate, wherein a portion of the ground component is configured to form an arrow-shaped bent dipole in conjunction with one or more of the selectable antennas.
6. The device of claim 1, further comprising one or more directors and one or more gain directors.
7. The device of claim 6, wherein said one or more directors and one or more gain directors are formed on the first side of the substrate.
8. The device of claim 6, wherein said one or more directors and one or more gain directors are formed on the second side of the substrate.
9. The device of claim 5, wherein each antenna is coplanar with the ground component.
10. The device of claim 5, wherein the antenna element selector is mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB), and wherein the PCB is electrically coupled to the plurality of individually selectable antennas.
11. A method for providing a network peripheral device, the method comprising: providing a plurality of individually selectable antennas on a first side of a substrate; providing a plurality of Y-shaped reflector on a second side of the substrate opposite to the first side, each Y-shaped reflector corresponding to one of the plurality of selectable antennas; receiving radio frequency signals generated by a communication device, by a radio frequency feed port, wherein the plurality of individually selectable antennas form a radially symmetrical layout about the radio frequency feed port; coupling and decoupling the radio frequency feed port to one or more of the plurality of individually selectable antennas, by an antenna element selector to change a radiation pattern based on the coupling and decoupling of the radio frequency feed port and the one or more of the plurality of individually selectable antennas, wherein the radiation pattern is substantially omnidirectional when the radio frequency port is coupled to a subset of the plurality of individually selectable antennas; and activating and deactivating a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs), depending on a selection and de-selection of respective antennas from among the plurality of individually selectable antennas by the antenna element selector.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising communicating with one or more remote receiving nodes over a wireless link or network by an access point included in the network peripheral device.
13. The method of claim 11, further comprising converting data received by the network peripheral device into an RF signal to be transmitted to one or more remote receiving nodes, by a modulator/demodulator that is communicatively coupled to the communication device.
14. The method of claim 11, further comprising activating each LED when a corresponding antenna among the plurality of individually selectable antennas is selected.
15. The method of claim 11, further comprising providing a ground component formed on the second side of the substrate, wherein a portion of the ground component is configured to form an arrow-shaped bent dipole in conjunction with one or more of the selectable antennas.
16. The method of claim 11, further comprising providing one or more directors and one or more gain directors.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein said one or more directors and one or more gain directors are formed on the first side of the substrate.
18. The device of claim 16, wherein said one or more directors and one or more gain directors are formed on the second side of the substrate.
19. The device of claim 15, wherein each antenna is coplanar with the ground component.
20. The device of claim 15, wherein the antenna element selector is mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB), and wherein the PCB is electrically coupled to the plurality of individually selectable antennas.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
(1) The present invention will now be described with reference to drawings that represent a preferred embodiment of the invention. In the drawings, like components have the same reference numerals. The illustrated embodiment is intended to illustrate, but not to limit the invention. The drawings include the following figures:
(2) FIG. 1 illustrates a system comprising an omnidirectional planar antenna apparatus with selectable elements, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention;
(3) FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate the planar antenna apparatus of FIG. 1, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention;
(4) FIGS. 2C and 2D illustrate dimensions for several components of the planar antenna apparatus of FIG. 1, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention;
(5) FIG. 3A illustrates various radiation patterns resulting from selecting different antenna elements of the planar antenna apparatus of FIG. 2, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention;
(6) FIG. 3B illustrates an elevation radiation pattern for the planar antenna apparatus of FIG. 2, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention; and
(7) FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate an alternative embodiment of the planar antenna apparatus 110 of FIG. 1, in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(8) A system for a wireless (i.e., radio frequency or RF) link to a remote receiving device includes a communication device for generating an RF signal and a planar antenna apparatus for transmitting and/or receiving the RF signal. The planar antenna apparatus includes selectable antenna elements. Each of the antenna elements provides gain (with respect to isotropic) and a directional radiation pattern substantially in the plane of the antenna elements. Each antenna element may be electrically selected (e.g., switched on or off) so that the planar antenna apparatus may form a configurable radiation pattern. If all elements are switched on, the planar antenna apparatus forms an omnidirectional radiation pattern. In some embodiments, if two or more of the elements is switched on, the planar antenna apparatus may form a substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern.
(9) Advantageously, the system may select a particular configuration of selected antenna elements that minimizes interference over the wireless link to the remote receiving device. If the wireless link experiences interference, for example due to other radio transmitting devices, or changes or disturbances in the wireless link between the system and the remote receiving device, the system may select a different configuration of selected antenna elements to change the resulting radiation pattern and minimize the interference. The system may select a configuration of selected antenna elements corresponding to a maximum gain between the system and the remote receiving device. Alternatively, the system may select a configuration of selected antenna elements corresponding to less than maximal gain, but corresponding to reduced interference in the wireless link.
(10) As described further herein, the planar antenna apparatus radiates the directional radiation pattern substantially in the plane of the antenna elements. When mounted horizontally, the RF signal transmission is horizontally polarized, so that RF signal transmission indoors is enhanced as compared to a vertically polarized antenna. The planar antenna apparatus is easily manufactured from common planar substrates such as an FR4 printed circuit board (PCB). Further, the planar antenna apparatus may be integrated into or conformally mounted to a housing of the system, to minimize cost and to provide support for the planar antenna apparatus.
(11) FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 comprising an omnidirectional planar antenna apparatus with selectable elements, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention. The system 100 may comprise, for example without limitation, a transmitter and/or a receiver, such as an 802.11 access point, an 802.11 receiver, a set-top box, a laptop computer, a television, a PCMCIA card, a remote control, and a remote terminal such as a handheld gaming device. In some exemplary embodiments, the system 100 comprises an access point 130 for communicating to one or more remote receiving nodes 140a-140d over a wireless link 150, for example in an 802.11 wireless network. Typically, the system 100 may receive data from a router connected to the Internet (not shown), and the system 100 may transmit the data to one or more of the remote receiving nodes 140a-140d. The system 100 may also from a part of a wireless local area network by enabling communications among several remote receiving nodes. Although the disclosure will focus on a specific embodiment for the system 100, aspects of the invention are applicable to a wide variety of appliances, and are not intended to be limited to the disclosed embodiment. For example, although the system 100 may be described as transmitting to the remote receiving node via the planar antenna apparatus, the system 100 may also receive data from the remote receiving node via the planar antenna apparatus.
(12) The system 100 includes a communication device 120 (e.g., a transceiver) and a planar antenna apparatus 110. The communication device 120 comprises virtually any device for generating and/or receiving an RF signal. The communication device 120 may include, for example, a radio modulator/demodulator for converting data received into the system 100 (e.g., from the router) into the RF signal for transmission to one or more of the remote receiving nodes. In some embodiments, for example, the communication device 120 comprises well-known circuitry for receiving data packets of video from the router and circuitry for converting the data packets into 802.11 compliant RF signals.
(13) As described further herein, the planar antenna apparatus 110 comprises a plurality of individually selectable planar antenna elements. Each of the antenna elements has a directional radiation pattern with gain (as compared to an omnidirectional antenna). Each of the antenna elements also has a polarization substantially in the plane of the planar antenna apparatus 110. The planar antenna apparatus 110 may include an antenna element selecting device configured to selectively couple one or more of the antenna elements to the communication device 120.
(14) FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate the planar antenna apparatus 110 of FIG. 1, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention. The planar antenna apparatus 110 of this embodiment includes a substrate (considered as the plane of FIGS. 2A and 2B) having a first side (e.g., FIG. 2A) and a second side (e.g., FIG. 2B) substantially parallel to the first side. In some embodiments, the substrate comprises a PCB such as FR4, Rogers 4003, or other dielectric material.
(15) On the first side of the substrate, the planar antenna apparatus 110 of FIG. 2A includes a radio frequency feed port 220 and four antenna elements 205a-205d. As described with respect to FIG. 4, although four antenna elements are depicted, more or fewer antenna elements are contemplated. Although the antenna elements 205a-205d of FIG. 2A are oriented substantially on diagonals of a square shaped planar antenna so as to minimize the size of the planar antenna apparatus 110, other shapes are contemplated. Further, although the antenna elements 205a-205d form a radially symmetrical layout about the radio frequency feed port 220, a number of non-symmetrical layouts, rectangular layouts, and layouts symmetrical in only one axis, are contemplated. Furthermore, the antenna elements 205a-205d need not be of identical dimension, although depicted as such in FIG. 2A.
(16) On the second side of the substrate, as shown in FIG. 2B, the planar antenna apparatus 110 includes a ground component 225. It will be appreciated that a portion (e.g., the portion 230a) of the ground component 225 is configured to form an arrow-shaped bent dipole in conjunction with the antenna element 205a. The resultant bent dipole provides a directional radiation pattern substantially in the plane of the planar antenna apparatus 110, as described further with respect to FIG. 3.
(17) FIGS. 2C and 2D illustrate dimensions for several components of the planar antenna apparatus 110, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention. It will be appreciated that the dimensions of the individual components of the planar antenna apparatus 110 (e.g., the antenna element 205a, the portion 230a of the ground component 205) depend upon a desired operating frequency of the planar antenna apparatus 110. The dimensions of the individual components may be established by use of RF simulation software, such as IE3D from Zeland Software of Fremont, Calif. For example, the planar antenna apparatus 110 incorporating the components of dimension according to FIGS. 2C and 2D is designed for operation near 2.4 GHz, based on a substrate PCB of Rogers 4003 material, but it will be appreciated by an antenna designer of ordinary skill that a different substrate having different dielectric properties, such as FR4, may require different dimensions than those shown in FIGS. 2C and 2D.
(18) As shown in FIG. 2, the planar antenna apparatus 110 may optionally include one or more directors 210, one or more gain directors 215, and/or one or more Y-shaped reflectors 235 (e.g., the Y-shaped reflector 235b depicted in FIGS. 2B and 2D). The directors 210, the gain directors 215, and the Y-shaped reflectors 235 comprise passive elements that concentrate the directional radiation pattern of the dipoles formed by the antenna elements 205a-205d in conjunction with the portions 230a-230d. In one embodiment, providing a director 210 for each antenna element 205a-205d yields an additional 1-2 dB of gain for each dipole. It will be appreciated that the directors 210 and/or the gain directors 215 may be placed on either side of the substrate. In some embodiments, the portion of the substrate for the directors 210 and/or gain directors 215 is scored so that the directors 210 and/or gain directors 215 may be removed. It will also be appreciated that additional directors (depicted in a position shown by dashed line 211 for the antenna element 205b) and/or additional gain directors (depicted in a position shown by a dashed line 216) may be included to further concentrate the directional radiation pattern of one or more of the dipoles. The Y-shaped reflectors 235 will be further described herein.
(19) The radio frequency feed port 220 is configured to receive an RF signal from and/or transmit an RF signal to the communication device 120 of FIG. 1. An antenna element selector (not shown) may be used to couple the radio frequency feed port 220 to one or more of the antenna elements 205a-205d. The antenna element selector may comprise an RF switch (not shown), such as a PIN diode, a GaAs FET, or virtually any RF switching device, as is well known in the art.
(20) In the embodiment of FIG. 2A, the antenna element selector comprises four PIN diodes 240a-240d, each PIN diode 240a-240d connecting one of the antenna elements 205a-205d to the radio frequency feed port 220. In this embodiment, the PIN diode comprises a single-pole single-throw switch to switch each antenna element either on or off (i.e., couple or decouple each of the antenna elements 205a-205d to the radio frequency feed port 220). In one embodiment, a series of control signals (not shown) is used to bias each PIN diode 240a-240d. With the PIN diode forward biased and conducting a DC current, the PIN diode switch is on, and the corresponding antenna element is selected. With the diode reverse biased, the PIN diode switch is off. In this embodiment, the radio frequency feed port 220 and the PIN diodes 240a-240d of the antenna element selector are on the side of the substrate with the antenna elements 205a-205d, however, other embodiments separate the radio frequency feed port 220, the antenna element selector, and the antenna elements 205a-205d. In some embodiments, the antenna element selector comprises one or more single-pole multiple-throw switches. In some embodiments, one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) 241a-241d are coupled to the antenna element selector as a visual indicator of which of the antenna elements 205a-205d is on or off. In one embodiment, a light emitting diode is placed in circuit with the PIN diode so that the light emitting diode is lit when the corresponding antenna element 205 is selected.
(21) In some embodiments, the antenna components (e.g., the antenna elements 205a-205d, the ground component 225, the directors 210, and the gain directors 215) are formed from RF conductive material. For example, the antenna elements 205a-205d and the ground component 225 may be formed from metal or other RF conducting foil. Rather than being provided on opposing sides of the substrate as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, each antenna element 205a-205d is coplanar with the ground component 225. In some embodiments, the antenna components may be conformally mounted to the housing of the system 100. In such embodiments, the antenna element selector comprises a separate structure (not shown) from the antenna elements 205a-205d. The antenna element selector may be mounted on a relatively small PCB, and the PCB may be electrically coupled to the antenna elements 205a-205d. In some embodiments, the switch PCB is soldered directly to the antenna elements 205a-205d.
(22) In the embodiment of FIG. 2B, the Y-shaped reflectors 235 (e.g., the reflectors 235a) may be included as a portion of the ground component 225 to broaden a frequency response (i.e., bandwidth) of the bent dipole (e.g., the antenna element 205a in conjunction with the portion 230a of the ground component 225). For example, in some embodiments, the planar antenna apparatus 110 is designed to operate over a frequency range of about 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz, for wireless LAN in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 standard. The reflectors 235a-235d broaden the frequency response of each dipole to about 300 MHz (12.5% of the center frequency) to 500 MHz (˜20% of the center frequency). The combined operational bandwidth of the planar antenna apparatus 110 resulting from coupling more than one of the antenna elements 205a-205d to the radio frequency feed port 220 is less than the bandwidth resulting from coupling only one of the antenna elements 205a-205d to the radio frequency feed port 220. For example, with all four antenna elements 205a-205d selected to result in an omnidirectional radiation pattern, the combined frequency response of the planar antenna apparatus 110 is about 90 MHz. In some embodiments, coupling more than one of the antenna elements 205a-205d to the radio frequency feed port 220 maintains a match with less than 10 dB return loss over 802.11 wireless LAN frequencies, regardless of the number of antenna elements 205a-205d that are switched on.
(23) FIG. 3A illustrates various radiation patterns resulting from selecting different antenna elements of the planar antenna apparatus 110 of FIG. 2, in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 3A depicts the radiation pattern in azimuth (e.g., substantially in the plane of the substrate of FIG. 2). A line 300 displays a generally cardioid directional radiation pattern resulting from selecting a single antenna element (e.g., the antenna element 205a). As shown, the antenna element 205a alone yields approximately 5 dBi of gain. A dashed line 305 displays a similar directional radiation pattern, offset by approximately 90 degrees, resulting from selecting an adjacent antenna element (e.g., the antenna element 205b). A line 310 displays a combined radiation pattern resulting from selecting the two adjacent antenna elements 205a and 205b. In this embodiment, enabling the two adjacent antenna elements 205a and 205b results in higher directionality in azimuth as compared to selecting either of the antenna elements 205a or 205b alone, with approximately 5.6 dBi gain.
(24) The radiation pattern of FIG. 3A in azimuth illustrates how the selectable antenna elements 205a-205d may be combined to result in various radiation patterns for the planar antenna apparatus 110. As shown, the combined radiation pattern resulting from two or more adjacent antenna elements (e.g., the antenna element 205a and the antenna element 205b) being coupled to the radio frequency feed port is more directional than the radiation pattern of a single antenna element.
(25) Not shown in FIG. 3A for improved legibility, is that the selectable antenna elements 205a-205d may be combined to result in a combined radiation pattern that is less directional than the radiation pattern of a single antenna element. For example, selecting all of the antenna elements 205a-205d results in a substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern that has less directionality than that of a single antenna element. Similarly, selecting two or more antenna elements (e.g., the antenna element 205a and the antenna element 205c on opposite diagonals of the substrate) may result in a substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern. In this fashion, selecting a subset of the antenna elements 205a-205d, or substantially all of the antenna elements 205a-205d, may result in a substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern for the planar antenna apparatus 110.
(26) Although not shown in FIG. 3A, it will be appreciated that additional directors (e.g., the directors 211) and/or gain directors (e.g., the gain directors 216) may further concentrate the directional radiation pattern of one or more of the antenna elements 205a-205d in azimuth. Conversely, removing or eliminating one or more of the directors 211, the gain directors 216, or the Y-shaped reflectors 235 expands the directional radiation pattern of one or more of the antenna elements 205a-205d in azimuth.
(27) FIG. 3A also shows how the planar antenna apparatus 110 may be advantageously configured, for example, to reduce interference in the wireless link between the system 100 of FIG. 1 and a remote receiving node. For example, if the remote receiving node is situated at zero degrees in azimuth relative to the system 100 (at the center of FIG. 3A), the antenna element 205a corresponding to the line 300 yields approximately the same gain in the direction of the remote receiving node as the antenna element 205b corresponding to the line 305. However, as can be seen by comparing the line 300 and the line 305, if an interferer is situated at twenty degrees of azimuth relative to the system 100, selecting the antenna element 205a yields approximately a 4 dB signal strength reduction for the interferer as opposed to selecting the antenna element 205b. Advantageously, depending on the signal environment around the system 100, the planar antenna apparatus 110 may be configured (e.g., by switching one or more of the antenna elements 205a-205d on or off) to reduce interference in the wireless link between the system 100 and one or more remote receiving nodes.
(28) FIG. 3B illustrates an elevation radiation pattern for the planar antenna apparatus 110 of FIG. 2. In the figure, the plane of the planar antenna apparatus 110 corresponds to a line from 0 to 180 degrees in the figure. Although not shown, it will be appreciated that additional directors (e.g., the directors 211) and/or gain directors (e.g., the gain directors 216) may advantageously further concentrate the radiation pattern of one or more of the antenna elements 205a-205d in elevation. For example, in some embodiments, the system 110 may be located on a floor of a building to establish a wireless local area network with one or more remote receiving nodes on the same floor. Including the additional directors 211 and/or gain directors 216 in the planar antenna apparatus 110 further concentrates the wireless link to substantially the same floor, and minimizes interference from RF sources on other floors of the building.
(29) FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate an alternative embodiment of the planar antenna apparatus 110 of FIG. 1, in accordance with the present invention. On the first side of the substrate as shown in FIG. 4A, the planar antenna apparatus 110 includes a radio frequency feed port 420 and six antenna elements (e.g., the antenna element 405). On the second side of the substrate, as shown in FIG. 4B, the planar antenna apparatus 110 includes a ground component 425 incorporating a number of Y-shaped reflectors 435. It will be appreciated that a portion (e.g., the portion 430) of the ground component 425 is configured to form an arrow-shaped bent dipole in conjunction with the antenna element 405. Similarly to the embodiment of FIG. 2, the resultant bent dipole has a directional radiation pattern. However, in contrast to the embodiment of FIG. 2, the six antenna element embodiment provides a larger number of possible combined radiation patterns.
(30) Similarly with respect to FIG. 2, the planar antenna apparatus 110 of FIG. 4 may optionally include one or more directors (not shown) and/or one or more gain directors 415. The directors and the gain directors 415 comprise passive elements that concentrate the directional radiation pattern of the antenna elements 405. In one embodiment, providing a director for each antenna element yields an additional 1-2 dB of gain for each element. It will be appreciated that the directors and/or the gain directors 415 may be placed on either side of the substrate. It will also be appreciated that additional directors and/or gain directors may be included to further concentrate the directional radiation pattern of one or more of the antenna elements 405.
(31) An advantage of the planar antenna apparatus 110 of FIGS. 2-4 is that the antenna elements (e.g., the antenna elements 205a-205d) are each selectable and may be switched on or off to form various combined radiation patterns for the planar antenna apparatus 110. For example, the system 100 communicating over the wireless link to the remote receiving node may select a particular configuration of selected antenna elements that minimizes interference over the wireless link. If the wireless link experiences interference, for example due to other radio transmitting devices, or changes or disturbances in the wireless link between the system 100 and the remote receiving node, the system 100 may select a different configuration of selected antenna elements to change the radiation pattern of the planar antenna apparatus 110 and minimize the interference in the wireless link. The system 100 may select a configuration of selected antenna elements corresponding to a maximum gain between the system and the remote receiving node. Alternatively, the system may select a configuration of selected antenna elements corresponding to less than maximal gain, but corresponding to reduced interference. Alternatively, all or substantially all of the antenna elements may be selected to form a combined omnidirectional radiation pattern.
(32) A further advantage of the planar antenna apparatus 110 is that RF signals travel better indoors with horizontally polarized signals. Typically, network interface cards (NICs) are horizontally polarized. Providing horizontally polarized signals with the planar antenna apparatus 110 improves interference rejection (potentially, up to 20 dB) from RF sources that use commonly-available vertically polarized antennas.
(33) Another advantage of the system 100 is that the planar antenna apparatus 110 includes switching at RF as opposed to switching at baseband. Switching at RF means that the communication device 120 requires only one RF up/down converter. Switching at RF also requires a significantly simplified interface between the communication device 120 and the planar antenna apparatus 110. For example, the planar antenna apparatus provides an impedance match under all configurations of selected antenna elements, regardless of which antenna elements are selected. In one embodiment, a match with less than 10 dB return loss is maintained under all configurations of selected antenna elements, over the range of frequencies of the 802.11 standard, regardless of which antenna elements are selected.
(34) A still further advantage of the system 100 is that, in comparison for example to a phased array antenna with relatively complex phase switching elements, switching for the planar antenna apparatus 110 is performed to form the combined radiation pattern by merely switching antenna elements on or off. No phase variation, with attendant phase matching complexity, is required in the planar antenna apparatus 110.
(35) Yet another advantage of the planar antenna apparatus 110 on PCB is that the planar antenna apparatus 110 does not require a 3-dimensional manufactured structure, as would be required by a plurality of “patch” antennas needed to form an omnidirectional antenna. Another advantage is that the planar antenna apparatus 110 may be constructed on PCB so that the entire planar antenna apparatus 110 can be easily manufactured at low cost. One embodiment or layout of the planar antenna apparatus 110 comprises a square or rectangular shape, so that the planar antenna apparatus 110 is easily panelized.
(36) The invention has been described herein in terms of several preferred embodiments. Other embodiments of the invention, including alternatives, modifications, permutations and equivalents of the embodiments described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification, study of the drawings, and practice of the invention. The embodiments and preferred features described above should be considered exemplary, with the invention being defined by the appended claims, which therefore include all such alternatives, modifications, permutations and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
