FLOW RATE OPTIMIZING IN A CELL CULTIVATION APPARATUS

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a cell culture apparatus, methods for cell cultivation by using the cell culture apparatus, and a cell culture incubator comprising the cell culture apparatus. The cell culture apparatus comprises a plurality of cell culture modules arranged adjacent to each other. Each cell culture module comprises two or more culture medium reservoirs connected by two or more flow channels. The flow channels go through a basal chamber arranged under an apical chamber. The apical and basal chambers are separated by a porous membrane. The bottom part of the at least two culture medium reservoirs comprise a holding member configured to be compatible with a liquid handling system. The basal chamber has a bottom part arranged higher than a bottom part of each of the culture medium reservoirs. The cell culture apparatus further comprises a cavity under the bottom part of the basal chamber.

Claims

1. A cell culture apparatus comprising: a plurality of cell culture modules arranged adjacent to each other, each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules comprising: at least two culture medium reservoirs each having a top part and a bottom part, the top part having an inlet for a culture medium and the bottom part having an outlet for the culture medium; a first chamber arranged between the at least two culture medium reservoirs such that the first chamber and the at least two culture medium reservoirs are aligned with each other in a first direction; a second chamber arranged under the first chamber and aligned with the first chamber in a second direction, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction, the second chamber having a bottom part having at least two lateral holes, the bottom part of the second chamber being arranged higher than the bottom part of each of the at least two culture medium reservoirs; a membrane having through pores formed therein, the membrane being arranged between the first chamber and the second chamber such that the first chamber and the second chamber are in flow communication with each other via the through pores; and at least two flow channels each connecting the outlet of the bottom part of one of the at least two culture medium reservoirs to one of the at least two lateral holes of the bottom part of the second chamber; and a flow driving unit configured to cause the culture medium to flow, in each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules, between the at least two culture medium reservoirs via the at least two flow channels and the second chamber, wherein the bottom part of the at least two culture medium reservoirs comprise a holding member configured to be compatible with a liquid handling system.

2. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the holding member has a truncated cone shape.

3. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the bottom of each of the at least two culture medium reservoirs continue as the holding member and a top edge of the holding member comprises the outlet for the culture medium, wherein the outlet for the culture medium is configured to receive at least part of the liquid handling system.

4. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the holding member has a bottom edge at the bottom of each of the at least two culture medium reservoirs, wherein the bottom edge of the holding member has a larger diameter, and the top edge of the holding member has a smaller diameter.

5. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a side of the holding member extends at a second tilting angle to the first direction starting at the bottom of the corresponding culture medium reservoir.

6. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the outlet for the culture medium is configured to receive at least part of the liquid handling system and the culture medium is configured to be directed through the outlet to at least one of the at least two flow channels.

7. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one culture medium reservoir of the at least two culture medium reservoirs comprises an overflow cavity between the holding member and the bottom of the at least one culture medium reservoir.

8. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the culture medium is configured to be injected through the outlet to at least one flow channel of the at least two flow channels, wherein an injection rate for the culture medium from the outlet for the culture medium to the at least one flow channel is smaller than a maximum viable cell flow rate and larger than a cell settling rate, wherein the injection rate is the speed of cell suspensions being injected into the at least one flow channel, wherein the maximum viable cell flow rate is the maximum speed of cell suspension or culture medium flows at which cells will be damaged or dead if exceeded, and wherein the cell settling rate is a speed at which the cells in the culture medium will settle to at least one of the bottom of at least one of the first chamber and the second chamber, reservoir, the at least one flow channel, and the culture medium.

9. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 8, wherein an optimal injection time is configured to be calculated by dividing amount of the culture medium by the injection rate.

10. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least part of at least one of the following is coated, from inside, with a cell repellent layer: at least one flow channel, at least one culture medium reservoir, and at least one of the first chamber and the second chamber in at least one cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules.

11. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the cell repellent layer being made of at least one of the following material: Teflon, Pluronic, PEG, and similar chained polymers.

12. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules comprising a cavity at least under the bottom part of the second chamber.

13. The cell culture apparatus according to claim 12, wherein each of the at least two flow channels extends at least partly at a tilting angle to the first direction and wherein the bottom part of the second chamber and at least part of each of the at least two flow channels form the cavity.

14. A cell culture incubator comprising: a cell culture apparatus comprising, a plurality of cell culture modules arranged adjacent to each other, each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules comprising, at least two culture medium reservoirs each having a top part and a bottom part, the top part having an inlet for a culture medium and the bottom part having an outlet for the culture medium; a first chamber arranged between the at least two culture medium reservoirs such that the first chamber and the at least two culture medium reservoirs are aligned with each other in a first direction; a second chamber arranged under the first chamber and aligned with the first chamber in a second direction, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction, the second chamber having a bottom part having at least two lateral holes, the bottom part of the second chamber being arranged higher than the bottom part of each of the at least two culture medium reservoirs; a membrane having through pores formed therein, the membrane being arranged between the first chamber and the second chamber such that the first chamber and the second chamber are in flow communication with each other via the through pores; and at least two flow channels each connecting the outlet of the bottom part of one of the at least two culture medium reservoirs to one of the at least two lateral holes of the bottom part of the second chamber; and a flow driving unit configured to cause the culture medium to flow, in each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules, between the at least two culture medium reservoirs via the at least two flow channels and the second chamber, wherein the bottom part of the at least two culture medium reservoirs comprise a holding member configured to be compatible with a liquid handling system; and the liquid handling system configured to feed the culture medium to at least one of at least one of the at least two culture medium reservoirs and at least one outlet of the at least two culture medium reservoirs in each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules.

15. A method for cell cultivation, the method comprising: providing a culture medium to at least one of at least two culture medium reservoirs and at least one outlet of the at least two culture medium reservoirs in each cell culture module of a plurality of cell culture modules, wherein a cell culture apparatus comprises, the plurality of cell culture modules arranged adjacent to each other, each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules comprising, the at least two culture medium reservoirs each having a top part and a bottom part, the top part having an inlet for the culture medium and the bottom part having an outlet for the culture medium; a first chamber arranged between the at least two culture medium reservoirs such that the first chamber and the at least two culture medium reservoirs are aligned with each other in a first direction; a second chamber arranged under the first chamber and aligned with the first chamber in a second direction, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction, the second chamber having a bottom part having at least two lateral holes, the bottom part of the second chamber being arranged higher than the bottom part of each of the at least two culture medium reservoirs; a membrane having through pores formed therein, the membrane being arranged between the first chamber and the second chamber such that the first chamber and the second chamber are in flow communication with each other via the through pores; and at least two flow channels each connecting the outlet of the bottom part of one of the at least two culture medium reservoirs to one of the at least two lateral holes of the bottom part of the second chamber; and causing, by a flow driving unit, the culture medium to flow from said one of the at least two culture medium reservoirs to the rest of the at least two culture medium reservoirs in each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules for a predefined time period, the predefined time period being selected based on the culture medium, wherein the bottom part of the at least two culture medium reservoirs comprises a holding member configured to be compatible with a liquid handling system;

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein providing the culture medium comprises controlling feeding of the culture medium from the outlet of the culture medium to at least one flow channel of the at least two flow channels by optimizing injection rate, wherein optimal injection rate for the culture medium from the outlet of the culture medium to the at least one flow channel is smaller than a maximum viable cell flow rate and larger than a cell settling rate.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein providing the culture medium comprises optimizing an injection time that is calculated by dividing amount of the culture medium by the injection rate.

18. A method for cell cultivation, the method comprising: providing a culture medium to at least one of at least two culture medium reservoirs and at least one outlet of the at least two culture medium reservoirs in each cell culture module of a plurality of cell culture modules, wherein a cell culture apparatus comprises, the plurality of cell culture modules arranged adjacent to each other, each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules comprising, the at least two culture medium reservoirs each having a top part and a bottom part, the top part having an inlet for the culture medium and the bottom part having an outlet for the culture medium; a first chamber arranged between the at least two culture medium reservoirs such that the first chamber and the at least two culture medium reservoirs are aligned with each other in a first direction; a second chamber arranged under the first chamber and aligned with the first chamber in a second direction, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction, the second chamber having a bottom part having at least two lateral holes, the bottom part of the second chamber being arranged higher than the bottom part of each of the at least two culture medium reservoirs; a membrane having through pores formed therein, the membrane being arranged between the first chamber and the second chamber such that the first chamber and the second chamber are in flow communication with each other via the through pores; and at least two flow channels each connecting the outlet of the bottom part of one of the at least two culture medium reservoirs to one of the at least two lateral holes of the bottom part of the second chamber; causing, by a flow driving unit, the culture medium to flow to the second chamber from said one or more of the at least two culture medium reservoirs in each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules; placing the cell culture apparatus in an inverted position; and incubating the cell culture apparatus in the inverted position for a predefined time period, the predefined time period being selected based on the culture medium.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0066] The present disclosure is explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0067] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a cell culture apparatus in accordance with one exemplary embodiment;

[0068] FIGS. 2A and 2B show different schematic views of a cell culture module included in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment, namely: FIG. 2A shows a schematic side view of the cell culture module and FIG. 2B shows a schematic top view of the cell culture module;

[0069] FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a cell culture incubator in accordance with one exemplary embodiment;

[0070] FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of a method for cell cultivation by using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment;

[0071] FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of a method for cell cultivation by using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment; and

[0072] FIGS. 6A and 6B show confocal images of a BBB model by using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with the method shown in FIG. 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0073] Various embodiments of the present disclosure are further described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure may be embodied in many other forms and should not be construed as limited to any certain structure or function discussed in the following description. In contrast, these embodiments are provided to make the description of the present disclosure detailed and complete.

[0074] According to the detailed description, it will be apparent to the ones skilled in the art that the scope of the present disclosure encompasses any embodiment thereof, which is disclosed herein, irrespective of whether this embodiment is implemented independently or in concert with any other embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, apparatuses and/or methods disclosed herein may be implemented in practice using any numbers of the embodiments provided herein. Furthermore, it should be understood that any embodiment of the present disclosure may be implemented using one or more of the elements presented in the appended claims.

[0075] The word “exemplary” is used herein in the meaning of “used as an illustration”. Unless otherwise stated, any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” should not be construed as preferable or having an advantage over other embodiments.

[0076] Any positioning terminology, such as “left”, “right”, “top”, “bottom”, “above”, “under”, “apical”, “basal”, etc., may be used herein for convenience to describe one element's or feature's relationship to one or more other elements or features in accordance with the figures. It should be apparent that the positioning terminology is intended to encompass different orientations of the structure and device disclosed herein, in addition to the orientation(s) depicted in the figures. As an example, if one imaginatively rotates the structure or device in the figures 90 degrees clockwise, elements or features described as “top” and “bottom” relative to other elements or features would then be oriented, respectively, “right” and “left” relative to the other elements or features. Therefore, the positioning terminology used herein should not be construed as any limitation of the present disclosure.

[0077] Furthermore, although the numerative terminology, such as “first”, “second”, etc., may be used herein to describe various embodiments, elements or features, it should be understood that these embodiments, elements or features should not be limited by this numerative terminology. This numerative terminology is used herein only to distinguish one embodiment, element or feature from another embodiment, element or feature. For example, a first chamber discussed below could be called a second chamber, and vice versa, without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.

[0078] In the embodiments disclosed herein, a cell may refer to a biological cell, such as a plant cell, an animal cell (e.g., a mammalian cell), a bacterial cell, a fungal cell, or the like. A mammalian cell may be, for example, from a human, a mouse, a horse, a goat, a sheep, a cow, a primate, or the like.

[0079] As used in the embodiments disclosed herein, a culture medium, also referred to as a growth medium, may refer to a liquid, suspension, or gel designed to support cellular growth in an artificial environment, i.e., in vitro. There are different types of culture media suitable for growing different types of cells. In general, the culture media may be broken into two primary categories: natural media and synthetic media. The natural media are those that are derived from tissue extraction or animal body fluids, such as plasma, lymph, and serum. The synthetic media are those created using a variety of organic and inorganic compounds. Moreover, the culture medium itself may comprise cells, bodies of cells (e.g., organoids), lipid particles, including natural or engineered (e.g., exosomal microvesicles, vacuoles, micelles or lipid particles of various design, virus particles, nanoparticles, etc.).

[0080] In the embodiments disclosed herein, a cell culture apparatus may refer to an apparatus having various wells (e.g., reservoirs, chambers, etc.) connected by microchannels in which fluids (i.e., culture media) will exhibit microfluidic behavior in their flow through the microchannels. Such a cell culture apparatus is also referred to as a microfluidic chip in this technical field. The microfluidic cell culture performed by the cell culture apparatus is generally related to cell culture, maintenance and perturbation in micro-scale fluid volumes. The reasons behind the popularity of the microfluidic cell culture are both economic and scientific. The microfluidic chips have the advantages of in vitro cell culture (high-throughput, parallel experiments, experiments may be done at the discretion of an experimenter, no need for specialized infrastructure and personnel, etc.) with in vivo like performance. For example, in mouse models, drugs are really selected for mice, not humans. By using human cells, drugs are screened for humans. Thus, using humanized microfluidic cell and tissue cultures to screen drug candidates reduces pre-clinical trial time and those drugs entering clinical testing are better suited for humans. This may reduce the probability of adverse effects and increase the chance of showing efficacy resulting in less failures in clinical trials.

[0081] In the embodiments disclosed herein, each microchannel of the cell culture apparatus is also referred to as a flow channel and may relate to a sub-millimeter-scale channel that has a hydraulic diameter below 1 mm and is used for fluidically connecting the wells of the cell culture apparatus. In other words, the microchannel or flow channel generally denotes a channel configured to pass different fluids, such, for example, as culture media (e.g., cell suspensions), reagents, or gels, in micro-scale volumes. The microchannel may be shaped such that it has appropriate flow characteristics (e.g., flow rates) depending on particular applications. For example, the microchannel may have a rectangular, e.g., square, or rounded cross-section, as well as be straight, bended, or tilted towards a required direction.

[0082] The microfluidic cell culture may involve using a porous membrane sandwiched between two flow layers within a microchannel or between a culture chamber and a microchannel for cell deposition. However, the membrane-based cell culture apparatuses known so far suffer from low throughput and incompatibility with available liquid handling systems (e.g., microtiter plate formats) and imaging systems. Furthermore, the flow control in such apparatuses is often limited to one method and not flexible enough to adapt to different resource settings. On top of that, the cell deposition on the basal (i.e., bottom) surface of the porous membrane(s) is possible in the current cell culture apparatuses only with very high cell concentrations, liquid flow control, and by inverting the cell culture apparatus.

[0083] The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein provide a technical solution that allows mitigating or even eliminating the drawbacks of the prior art. In particular, the technical solution disclosed herein provides a cell culture apparatus comprising a plurality of cell culture modules arranged adjacent to each other. Each cell culture module may comprise two or more culture medium reservoirs connected by two or more flow channels. The bottom part of the at least two culture medium reservoirs may comprise a holding member configured to be compatible with a liquid handling system. The flow channels go through a basal chamber arranged under an apical chamber. The apical and basal chambers are separated by a porous membrane. The basal chamber has a bottom part arranged higher than a bottom part of each of the culture medium reservoirs. Each cell culture module may further comprise a cavity under at least the bottom part of the second chamber. In this apparatus configuration, flows of culture media may be perfused and regulated between the culture medium reservoirs in each cell culture module by either placing the apparatus on a rocking platform or connecting the apparatus to a pneumatic pump. Moreover, the apparatus thus configured may cultivate cells of the same or different types on the basal surface of the porous membranes in the cell culture modules under uniform and controlled in vitro conditions. The deposition of the cells on the basal surface of the porous membranes may be provided without having to invert the apparatus and to use high concentrations of the cells in the culture medium.

[0084] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a cell culture apparatus 100 in accordance with one exemplary embodiment. The apparatus 100 is intended for the above-mentioned microfluidic cell culture. As shown in FIG. 1, the apparatus 100 may comprise a cell culture plate 102 and a flow driving unit 104 coupled to the cell culture plate 102. The cell culture plate 102 may comprise multiple cell culture modules 106 and may be configured to fit the standard 96, 384, or 1536 microtiter plates. The flow driving unit 104 may be configured to cause a culture medium to flow in each cell culture module 106, as will be described below in more detail. It should be noted that the number, arrangement, and interconnection of the constructive elements constituting the apparatus 100, which are shown in FIG. 1, are not intended to be any limitation of the present invention, but merely used to provide a general idea of how the constructive elements may be implemented within the apparatus 100. For example, the cell culture plate 102 may be replaced with two or more cell culture plates, and the flow driving unit 104 may be replaced with two or more flow driving units each configured to control a culture medium flow in one of the cell culture plates.

[0085] FIGS. 2A and 2B show different schematic views of the cell culture module 106 included in the apparatus 100 in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment. More specifically, FIG. 2A shows an example of schematic side view of the cell culture module 106 and FIG. 2B shows an example of a schematic top view of the cell culture module 106. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the cell culture module 106 may comprises a first culture medium reservoir 202, a second culture medium reservoir 204, a first (apical or top) chamber 206, a second (basal or bottom) chamber 208, a first flow channel 210, a second flow channel 212, a membrane 214, and a cavity 224 below the second chamber 208. It should be again noted that the present disclosure is not limited to the shown number, arrangement, and interconnection of the constructive elements of the cell culture module 106. According to an example embodiment, the bottom part of the at least two culture medium reservoirs comprise a holding member 240. The holding member 240 may be configured to be compatible with a liquid handling system 602. In some example embodiments, there may be more than two culture medium reservoirs, thereby leading to more than two flow channels. In other example embodiments, there may be more than two apical chambers and more than two basal chambers between the two culture reservoirs, thereby also increasing the number of the flow channels connecting the two culture reservoirs through the apical chambers and the basal chambers.

[0086] The first culture medium reservoir 202 may have a top part with an inlet 216 for the culture medium and a bottom part with an outlet 218 for the culture medium. Similarly, the second culture medium reservoir 204 may have a top part with an inlet 220 for the culture medium and a bottom part with an outlet 222 for the culture medium. The first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 may be implemented as identical hollow tubes. Although FIGS. 2A and 2B show that each of the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 has a circular cross-section, this should not be construed as any limitation of the present disclosure; in some embodiments, any other cross-sectional shapes, such as polygonal, oval, etc., for example, are possible, if required and depending on particular applications. Moreover, the bottom part of each of the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 may have a different profile, for example, a positively tapered profile as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

[0087] The bottom part of the at least two culture medium reservoirs 202, 204 of each cell culture module 106 of the plurality of cell culture modules may comprise a holding member 240 configured to be compatible with a liquid handling system 602. The holding member 240 may have a truncated cone shape. Although FIGS. 2A and 2B show that each of the holding members 240 has a circular cross-section, this should not be construed as any limitation of the present disclosure; in some embodiments, any other cross-sectional shapes, such as polygonal, oval, etc., for example, are possible, if required and depending on particular applications.

[0088] According to an example embodiment, the bottom of the culture medium reservoir 202, 204 continues as the holding member 240. A top edge of the holding member 240 may comprise the outlet 218, 222 for the culture medium. The outlet 218, 222 for the culture medium may be configured to receive at least part of the liquid handling system 602. According to an example embodiment, the outlet 218, 222 for the culture medium is configured to receive at least part of the liquid handling system 602. The culture medium may be configured to be directed through the outlet 218, 222 to the flow channel 210, 212.

[0089] According to an example embodiment, the holding member 240 has a bottom edge 242 at the bottom of the culture medium reservoir 202, 204, wherein the bottom edge 242 of the holding member 240 has a larger diameter, and the top edge of the holding member 240 or the outlet 218, 222 for the culture medium has a smaller diameter. The holding member 240 may be located inside the culture medium reservoir 202, 204. Height of the holding member may increase from the bottom part of the culture medium reservoir 202, 204 towards the top part of the culture medium reservoir 202, 204 and at the same time the holding member may taper towards the outlet 218, 222 for the culture medium. The height of the holding member may fall within a range from 0.5 mm to 6 mm, for example. The bottom edge 242 of the holding member 240 may be located at the center of the bottom part of the culture medium reservoir 202, 204.

[0090] According to an example embodiment, a side 246 of the holding member 240 extends at a second tilting angle β to the first direction A starting at the bottom of the corresponding culture medium reservoir 202, 204. The tilting angle β may fall within a range of 5 degrees to 85 degrees.

[0091] According to an example embodiment, the at least one culture medium reservoir 202, 204 comprises an overflow cavity 244 between the holding member 240 and the bottom of the culture medium reservoir 202, 204. The overflow cavity 244 may be located between an outer side 246 of the holding member 240 and an inner surface of the bottom of the culture medium reservoir 202, 204. The overflow cavity 244 may store excess liquid from the liquid handling system 602, thus preventing the culture medium reservoir 202, 204 to dry out.

[0092] The first chamber 206 may be arranged between the first and second medium culture reservoirs 202 and 204 such that the first chamber 206 and the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 are aligned with each other in a first (horizontal) direction A. The first chamber 206 may be implemented as a bottomless hollow tube, for example, with a positively tapered profile (as shown in FIG. 2A) or with a uniform cross-section. Again, the shown circular cross-section of the first chamber 206 is for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered as any limitation of the present disclosure.

[0093] The second chamber 208 may be arranged under the first chamber 206 and aligned with the first chamber 206 in a second (vertical) direction B. The first direction A may be approximately perpendicular to the second direction. An angle between the first and the second direction A, B is about 90 degrees, for example. The second chamber 208 may have a cross-section corresponding to the cross-section of the first chamber 206. The second chamber 208 may have a bottom part having two or more lateral holes (not shown in FIG. 2A). As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the second chamber 208 may have dimensions significantly smaller than the first chamber 206. For example, if the first chamber has a height of about 7 mm, then the height of the second chamber 208 may fall within a range from 50 μm to 150 μm (at height values higher than 150 μm, the second chamber 208 may lose microfluidic properties). Such height values of the first and second chambers 206 and 208 (in addition to the heights of the reservoirs 202 and 204) may make the cell culture module 106 more compact, thereby reducing the total dimensions of the apparatus 100.

[0094] The membrane 214 may have through pores (see FIG. 2B) and may be arranged between the first chamber 206 and the second chamber 208 such that the first chamber 206 and the second chamber 208 are in flow communication with each other via the through pores of the membrane 214. The membrane 214 may be composed of silicone, plastic, protein, natural polymers, artificial polymers (e.g., polyester (PET)), metallic polymers or carbohydrates (e.g., cellulose), and may be formed by using one of the following methods: lithography, stamping, casting, electrospinning or in situ polymerization. The through pores may have different cross-sectional shapes, such, for example, as triangular, rectangular, square, oval, or polygonal (e.g., hexagonal). The polygonal cross-section shape of the through pores may refer to a convex or concave polygon. In some other embodiments, the through pores may have different cross-sectional shapes, such as any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned cross-sectional shapes (e.g., the combination of circular and square cross-section shapes). Furthermore, each of the through pores may have a pore size varying within a predefined range of values. For example, the pore size may vary from 0.2 μm to 10 μm. In general, the predefined range of values for the pore size (as well as the spacing between the through pores) may be selected based on certain cells to be deposited on the membrane 214. More specially, the pore sizes may be more or less than sizes of the cells to be deposited on the membrane. For example, if the pore size is less than the cell size, then it is possible to prevent the cells from migrating between the basal and apical surfaces of the membrane 214.

[0095] The first and second flow channels 210 and 212 may be microchannels providing the passage of the culture medium between the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 through the second chamber 208. In particular, the first flow channel 210 may connect the bottom edge 242 of the bottom part of the first culture medium reservoir 202 to one or more of the lateral holes arranged on the left side of the bottom part of the second chamber 208. The second flow channel 212 may connect the bottom edge 242 of the bottom part of the second culture medium reservoir 204 to one or more of the lateral holes arranged on the right side of the bottom part of the second chamber 208. Each of the first and second flow channels 210 and 212 may have a longitudinal section and a cross-section which allow one to achieve required flow characteristics (e.g., an appropriate flow rate). For example, each of the first and second flow channels 210 and 212 may have a variable channel height and a variable channel width which increase (e.g., gradually) towards the second chamber 208. In an example of FIG. 2A each of the first and second flow channels 210 and 212 have a constant channel height and a variable channel width which increase (e.g., gradually) towards the second chamber 208. According to an example embodiment, each of the at least two flow channels 210, 212 in at least one cell culture module 106 of the plurality of cell culture modules may have a variable or constant channel height, and/or a variable channel width which increase towards the second chamber 208.

[0096] According to another example embodiment, the culture medium is configured to be injected through the outlet 218, 222 to the flow channel 210, 212, wherein an injection rate for the culture medium from the outlet 218, 222 of the culture medium to the flow channel 210, 212 is smaller than a maximum viable cell flow rate and larger than a cell settling rate. The injection rate for the culture medium is the speed of cell suspensions being injected into the flow channel 210, 212. The maximum viable cell flow rate is the maximum speed of the cell suspension or culture medium flows at which the cells will be damaged or dead if exceeded. The cell settling rate is a speed at which the cells in the culture medium will settle to the bottom of the chambers 206, 208, reservoirs 202, 204, flow channels 210, 212, and/or culture medium. The optimized injection rate may allow to provide an optimized cell loading and flow mechanism and to guide the cells to attach to the membrane area. Too high injection rate may damage the cells, too low injection rate may make the cell settle along the flow channel and/or the channel.

[0097] According to another example embodiment, an optimal injection time is configured to be calculated by dividing amount of the culture medium by the injection rate. The liquid handling system may be used to optimize the injection rate and/or the injection time.

[0098] In an example of FIG. 2A can be seen a first and second flow channel 210, 212 of the cell culture modules 106. As shown in FIG. 2A, the second flow channel 212 may comprise a first channel portion 300 and a second channel portion 302. It should be noted that the first flow channel 210 may have a similar first channel portion 300 and a second channel portion 302 as the second flow channel, only presented as a mirror image. The first channel portion 300 may extend from the bottom of the second culture medium reservoir 204 and is parallel to the first (horizontal) direction. The second channel portion 302 may connect the first channel portion 300 to the lateral hole(s) (not shown in FIG. 2A) arranged on the right side of the second chamber 208. The second channel portion may be tilted up (i.e., at a tilting angle α to the first direction) such that the bottom part of the second chamber 208 may be arranged or lifted higher than the bottom part of the second culture medium reservoir 204 (i.e., higher than the bottom edge 242 of the holding member). The tilting angle α of the second channel portion 302 relative to the first (horizontal) direction A may preferably fall within a range of 5 degrees to 45 degrees to provide appropriate flow characteristics.

[0099] According to another example embodiment, each of the first and second flow channels 210 and 212 may be fully tilted up at the tilting angle α, starting from the bottom of the corresponding culture medium reservoir 202, 204 (i.e., there may be no first channel portion parallel to the first (horizontal) direction). According to an example embodiment, each of the at least two flow channels 210, 212 in at least one cell culture module 106 extends at a tilting angle α to the first direction A starting from the bottom or bottom edge 242 of the corresponding culture medium reservoir 202, 204. The bottom part of the second chamber 208 and at least part of the each of the at least two flow channels 210, 212 may form a cavity.

[0100] According to an example embodiment, each of the at least two flow channels 210, 212 in at least one cell culture module 106 of the plurality of cell culture modules comprising a first channel portion 300 and a second channel portion 302. The first channel portion 300 may extend from the bottom of one of the corresponding culture medium reservoirs 202, 204 and being parallel to the first direction A. The second channel portion 302 may connect the first channel portion 300 to the one of the at least two lateral holes of the second chamber 208. The second channel portion may extend at least partly at the tilting angle α to the first direction A. The bottom of the second chamber 208 and each of the second channel portions 302 of the at least two flow channels 210, 212 may form the cavity 224 under the lifted bottom part of the second chamber 208. The cavity 224 may be inverted.

[0101] According to an example embodiment, each of the at least two flow channels 210, 212 in at least one cell culture module 106 extends at a tilting angle α to the first direction A starting from the bottom of the corresponding culture medium reservoir 202, 204. The bottom part of the second chamber 208 and at least part of the each of the at least two flow channels 210, 212 may form the cavity 224.

[0102] In one embodiment, each of the second chamber 208, the first flow channel 210, and the second flow channel 212 may be coated, from inside, with a cell adhesion enhancing layer. The cell adhesion enhancing layer may be made of a hydrophilic material. Some non-restrictive examples of the hydrophilic material may include Matrigel, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, different types of collagen (e.g., a type I collagen which is suitable for creating a blood-brain barrier cell culture model based on the apparatus 100), laminins, tenascin, elastane, nanocellulose with a host of different molecules. Such cell adhesion enhancing layers allow for less cells to be used in an experiment and more precise deposition of the cells on the basal surface of the membrane 214.

[0103] According to an example embodiment, at least part of at least one of the following is coated, from inside, with a cell repellent layer: at least one flow channel 210, 212, at least one culture medium reservoir 202, 204, first and/or second chamber 206, 208 in at least one cell culture module 106 of the plurality of cell culture modules. According to an example embodiment, the cell repellent layer being made of at least one of the following material: Teflon, Pluronic, PEG, or similar chained polymers. The cell repellent coating may be used for forming organoid on top of the membrane 214 and preventing the cells to adhere to some specific parts of the flow channels 210, 212. In some example embodiments, only the membrane areas may be used for cell adherence, which may reduce the number of cells needed and avoid non-specific binding. The cell repellent layer may be used to prevent the cells to adhere to some specific parts of the apparatus.

[0104] According to an example embodiment, a layered structure represents one possible implementation example of the cell culture module 106. The layered structure may comprise a first layer and a second layer. The first layer may comprise the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 with holding members 240, as well as the first chamber 206. The second layer may comprise the second chamber 208 arranged exactly under the membrane 214, as well as the flow channels 210 and 212. The membrane 214 may be arranged between the first chamber 206 and the second chamber 208 to provide the fluid communication therebetween via the through pores. Moreover, the inlets of the flow channels 210 and 212 may be arranged seamlessly exactly under the outlets 218, 222 and the bottom edges 242 of the holding members 240 of the culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204, respectively, to provide the closed fluid communication between the reservoirs 202 and 204 and the flow channels 210 and 212, respectively. It should be noted that each of the first layer and the second layer may be made of room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) silicone (e.g., RTV615) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Moreover, the layers may be attached to each other by using adhesive or plasma bonding. The cell culture modules 106 thus configured may be attached to each other by the using the same adhesive or plasma bonding to implement the cell culture plate 102 of the apparatus 100.

[0105] According to a second embodiment, the cell culture module 106 may comprises a first culture medium reservoir 202, a second culture medium reservoir 204, a first (apical or top) chamber 206, a second (basal or bottom) chamber 208, a first flow channel 210, a second flow channel 212, a membrane 214, and a cavity 224. The first culture medium reservoir 202 may have a top part with an inlet 216 for the culture medium and a bottom part with an outlet 218 for the culture medium. Similarly, the second culture medium reservoir 204 may have a top part with an inlet 220 for the culture medium and a bottom part with an outlet 222 for the culture medium. In general, the first culture medium reservoir 202, the second culture medium reservoir 204, the second chamber 208, the first flow channel 210, the second flow channel 12, the membrane 214, the cavity 224, and the holding member 240 may be implemented in the same or similar manner as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. However, the first chamber 206 may be implemented as a hollow tube having a curved or angled bottom. The curved or angled bottom of the first chamber 206 may comprise nine cavities each provided with one or more holes, so that the first chamber 206 and the second chamber 208 are in fluid communication via the through pores of the membrane 214. For example, there may be a single cavity with a single hole. In general, the configuration of the cavity or cavities depends on particular applications (e.g., a number of organoids and/spheroids to be formed on the apical surface of the membrane 214). According to an example embodiment, the curved or angled bottom of the first chamber 206 is coated, from outside, with a cell adhesion enhancing layer such that the holes of the cavities remain open. The cell adhesion enhancing layer may be the same as the one mentioned earlier in accordance with the first embodiment of the cell culture module 106.

[0106] Referring back to an example of FIG. 1, the flow driving unit 104 is configured to cause the culture medium to flow, in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102, between the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204. In one embodiment, the flow driving unit 104 may be a rocking platform that is configured to periodically rock the cell culture plate 102, thereby providing the culture medium flow. In another embodiment, the flow driving unit 104 may be a pneumatic pump that is configured to supply a compressed gas or a pressurized air to the inlet of each of the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102, thereby causing the culture medium flow therein. In yet another embodiment, the flow driving unit 104 may be configured to cause the culture medium flow in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102 by pipetting the culture medium from the first culture medium reservoir 202 to the second culture medium reservoir 204, or vice versa, at regular time intervals or based on a level of the culture medium in each of the reservoirs. Pipetting may be done with the liquid handling system 602. Thus, unlike the current microfluidic cell culture devices, the apparatus 100 may be compatible with at least three different flow control methods which are indicated above.

[0107] In one embodiment, the apparatus 100 may further comprise a variety of electrodes. These electrodes may serve different purposes, and their arrangement inside the apparatus 100 depends on which purpose they are used for. In one embodiment, one or more cell culture modules of the cell culture plate 102 may comprise a first electrode arranged in the first chamber 206 and a second electrode arranged in the second chamber 208. In another embodiment, the first electrode may be arranged in the first culture medium reservoir 202 and/or the second culture medium reservoir 204 in one or more culture modules 106, while the second electrode may be arranged in the first chamber 206 of the cell culture module(s) 106. Both these embodiments with the first and second electrodes may be, for example, used to perform real-time Transepithelial/Transendothelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurements. In this case, the first and second electrodes may be connected to an external control unit.

[0108] Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 100 may further comprise two or more third electrodes arranged in the first chamber 206 of one or more cell culture modules 106. These third electrodes may be arranged on the chamber walls for measuring a fluid level inside the first chamber 206. In this case, the third electrodes may either be in direct contact with the fluid/culture medium to determine the fluid level by performing conductivity measurements, or be embedded into the chamber walls (e.g., at a distance of 0.5 mm-2 mm from each other) to determine the fluid level by measuring inductive or capacitive changes in the third electrodes. At the same time, the two third electrodes may be arranged opposite to each other such that one of the two third electrodes is used to issue an ultrasound wave and another of the two third electrodes is used to receive the ultrasound wave passed through the interior of the first chamber 206 (these ultrasound measurements may be performed just like radar measurements).

[0109] Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 100 may further comprise two or more fourth electrodes embedded into the membrane 214 of one or more cell culture modules 106. These fourth electrodes may be used to provide different stimulus signals to cells deposited on the apical and/or basal surface of the membrane.

[0110] In one embodiment, the first chamber 206 or the second chamber 208 of one or more cell culture modules 106 of the cell culture plate 102 may further comprise an oxygen sensor, a pH sensor, a CO.sub.2 sensor, or any combination thereof. These sensors may be used to enable real-time measurements of different parameters crucial for cell behavior.

[0111] FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a cell culture incubator 600 in accordance with one exemplary embodiment. The cell culture incubator 600 may comprise the cell culture apparatus 100, and a liquid handling system 602 coupled to the apparatus 100. More specifically, the liquid handling system 602 may be configured to feed the culture medium to each of the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 and/or to each outlet of the at least two culture medium reservoirs in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102. The holding member 240 may comprise the outlet 218, 222 of the at least two culture medium reservoirs 202, 204, wherein the at least part of the liquid handling system 602, for example tip of the pipetting device, may be mounted.

[0112] The liquid handling system 602 may be used to feed the culture medium to each of the at least two culture medium reservoirs and/or to each outlet of the at least two culture medium reservoirs in each cell culture module of the plurality of cell culture modules. The liquid handling system 602 may also be used in flow driving unit 104 for pipetting the culture medium from one of the at least two culture medium reservoirs 202, 204 to another of the at least two culture medium reservoirs 202, 204 at regular time intervals or based on a level of the culture medium in each of the at least two culture medium reservoirs 202, 204.

[0113] According to an example embodiment types of liquid handling systems 602 comprise pipetting devices, pipets and micropipets, both digital and electronic, with fixed or disposable tips; microplate or microtiter plate dispensers, stackers, handlers, and washers; and a wide variety of automated robotic systems. The liquid handling systems 602 are well-known in this technical field, for which reason its description is omitted herein.

[0114] FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of a method 700 for cell cultivation by using the cell culture apparatus 100 in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment. The method 700 may start with an operation S702, in which a required culture medium is provided, e.g., by the liquid handling system 602, for example pipetting station, to at least one of the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 and/or to at least one outlet of the at least two culture medium reservoirs in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102. Let us assume that the culture medium may be provided to the first culture medium reservoir 202 and/or to the outlet of the first culture medium reservoir 202. Then, the method 700 proceeds to an operation S704, in which the flow driving unit 104 may cause the culture medium to flow from the first culture medium reservoir 202 to the second culture medium reservoir 204 in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102 for a predefined time period. The predefined time period may be selected based on the culture medium (i.e., a type of cells used therein). In particular, the cell deposition on the basal surface of the membrane 214 may be achieved if a flow rate is greater than gravity and a continuous flow lasts at least 30 min, preferably 60 min.

[0115] In one embodiment, the method 700 may comprise, during the operation S704, an additional operation, in which a different culture medium may be fed, e.g., by the liquid handling system 602, via the first chamber 206 towards the membrane 214 in one or more cell culture modules 106 of the cell culture plate 102. If the first chamber 206 is used, a cell monolayer may be formed on the apical surface of the membrane 214, and this cell monolayer may interact with a cell layer forming on the basal surface of the membrane 214 via the through pores of the membrane 214. If the first chamber 206 is used, multiple microcavities may be bonded to the membrane 214, for which reason cells from the different culture medium may be trapped to form a single organoid in each cavity. In this case, the flow channels 210 and 212 may perfuse the culture medium through the membrane 214 to keep the organoids alive.

[0116] In one embodiment, the operation S704 of the method 700 may be performed by applying a positive pressure to the first and second culture medium reservoirs 202 and 204 in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102 for the predefined time period (e.g., 60 min). In another embodiment, the operation S704 of the method 700 may be performed by applying a positive pressure to the first two culture medium reservoir 202 in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102 for the predefined time period (e.g., 60 min), while capping the second culture medium reservoir 204, or vice versa. In yet another embodiment, the operation S704 of the method 700 may be performed by: (i) applying a first positive pressure to the first culture medium reservoir 202 in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102 for the predefined time interval, while capping the second culture medium reservoir 204; and (ii) applying a second positive pressure to the second culture medium reservoir 204 in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102 for the predefined time interval, while capping the first culture medium reservoir 202. The selection of each of the above-indicated embodiments of the operations S704 depends on particular applications.

[0117] According to an example embodiment, the operation (a) comprises controlling feeding of the culture medium from the outlet 218, 222 of the culture medium to the flow channel 210, 212 by optimizing an injection rate, wherein the optimal injection rate for the culture medium from the outlet of the culture medium to the flow channel 210, 212 is smaller than a maximum viable cell flow rate and larger than a cell settling rate. This means that the maximum viable cell flow rate>the optimal injection rate>the cell settling rate. The injection rate is the speed of cell suspensions being injected into the flow channel 210, 212. The maximum viable cell flow rate is the maximum speed of the cell suspension or culture medium flows at which the cells will be damaged or dead if exceeded. The cell settling rate is a speed at which the cells in the culture medium will settle to the bottom of the chambers 206, 208, reservoirs 202, 204, flow channels 210, 212, and/or culture medium. The liquid handling system may be used to optimize the injection rate and/or the injection time. The optimized injection rate may allow to provide an optimized cell loading and flow mechanism and to guide the cells to attach to the membrane area. Too high injection rate may damage the cells, too low injection rate may make the cell settle along the flow channel and/or the channel.

[0118] According to another example embodiment, the operation (a) comprises optimizing an injection time, wherein the optimal injection time is calculated by dividing amount of the culture medium by the injection rate.

[0119] FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of a method 800 for cell cultivation by using the cell culture apparatus 100 in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment. The method 800 starts with an operation S802, in which a required culture medium may be provided to one or each of the first and second medium reservoirs 202 and 204 and/or to at least one outlet 218, 222 of the at least two culture medium reservoirs 202, 204 in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102. Then, the method 800 proceeds to an operation S804, in which the flow driving unit 104 may cause the culture medium to flow to the second chamber 208 from the first medium culture reservoir 202 and/or the second medium reservoir 204 in each cell culture module 106 of the cell culture plate 102. After that, the method 800 goes on to an operation S806, in which the cell culture plate 102 may be placed in an inverted position. Next, the method 800 proceeds to an operation S808, in which the cell culture plate 102 may be incubated in the inverted position for a predefined time period. The predefined time period may be again selected based on the culture medium.

[0120] According to an example embodiment, similar to the method 700, in the method 800 the operation (a) comprises controlling feeding of the culture medium from the outlet 218, 222 of the culture medium to the flow channel 210, 212 by optimizing an injection rate, wherein the optimal injection rate for the culture medium from the outlet 218, 222 of the culture medium to the flow channel 210, 212 is smaller than a maximum viable cell flow rate and larger than a cell settling rate. This means that the maximum viable cell flow rate>the optimal injection rate>the cell settling rate. The injection rate is the speed of cell suspensions being injected into the flow channel 210, 212. The maximum viable cell flow rate is the maximum speed of the cell suspension or culture medium flows at which the cells will be damaged or dead if exceeded. The cell settling rate is a speed at which the cells in the culture medium will settle to the bottom of the chambers 206, 208, reservoirs 202, 204, flow channels 210, 212, and/or culture medium.

[0121] According to another example embodiment, similar to the method 700, in the method 800 the operation (a) comprises optimizing an injection time, wherein the optimal injection time is calculated by dividing amount of the culture medium by the injection rate. The liquid handling system may be used to optimize the injection rate and/or the injection time.

[0122] In one embodiment, similar to the method 700, the method 800 further comprises, during the operation S804, an additional operation, in which a different culture medium is fed, e.g., by the liquid handling system 602, via the first chamber 206 towards the membrane 214 in one or more cell culture modules 106 of the cell culture plate 102. If the first chamber 206 is used, a cell monolayer may be formed on the apical surface of the membrane 214. If the first chamber 206 is used, a single organoid is formed in each cavity of the first chamber. The culture medium may be perfused through the flow channels 210 and 212 may comprise human brain vascular endothelial cells, while the different culture medium fed to the first chamber 206 may comprise human astrocytes. By using these types of cells, it is possible to mimic an artificial blood-brain barrier (BBB).

[0123] Further features of the method directly result for example from the functionalities and parameters of the cell culture apparatus 100 and the cell culture incubator 600 as described in the appended claims and throughout the specification and are therefore not repeated here. Different variations of the methods may also be applied, as described in connection with the various example embodiments.

[0124] A cell culture apparatus may be configured to perform or cause performance of any aspect of the methods described herein.

Experimental Results

[0125] The apparatus 100 comprising the cell culture modules like the one shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B was used in accordance with the method 800 to obtain BBB models based on mouse astrocytes and human brain endothelial cells. Each BBB model was obtained in two stages which are described below in more detail.

I. Stage of preparing the apparatus 100:

Materials:

[0126]

TABLE-US-00001 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) coating Collagen I (Col-I) 100 μg/mL, solution (used as a cell adhesion 0.1% acetic acid enhancing layer for the flow channels 210, 212, the second chamber 208, and the first chamber 206) Washing 1xPBS (phosphate buffer saline), ethanol 96% Plate 102 96-well format

[0127] The stage of preparing was performed as follows:

[0128] The dry apparatus 100 was treated with plasma for 60 s.

[0129] The apparatus 100 was washed with 96% ethanol. 50 μL of 96% ethanol was added to each open-top (first) chamber 206.

[0130] The ethanol inside the flow channels 210, 212 and the first chamber 206 was replaced/washed twice with 50 μL of PBS.

[0131] 50 μL of Col-I coating solution was injected into the flow channels 210, 212.

[0132] 50 μL of Col-I coating solution was added into each first chamber 206 of the apparatus 100.

[0133] Each culture medium reservoir was filled with 50 μL PBS, closed, and incubated at 37° C., 5% CO.sub.2, for 1 hour on the rocking platform (1 cycle per 15 min).

[0134] After incubation, the coating solution in the flow channels 210, 212 and each first chamber 206 of the apparatus 100 was replaced with PBS.

II. Stage of Obtaining the BBB Model:

Materials:

[0135]

TABLE-US-00002 Cells used for Mouse astrocytes (MA) (2 × 10.sup.6 cells/mL, min. 4.8 mL), the BBB model mouse primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (concentration, (MPBMEC) (2 × 10.sup.6 cells/mL, min. 4.8 mL). volume) Human astrocytes (HA) (2 × 10.sup.6 cells/mL, min. 4.8 mL), human primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (HPBMEC) (2 × 10.sup.6 cells/mL, min. 4.8 mL).

[0136] The BBB model based on the mouse cells (i.e., MA-cells and MPBMEC) was obtained as follows:

[0137] 4800 μL MA-cells at 2×10.sup.6 cells/mL were prepared according to the conventional cell culture protocols.

[0138] The MA-cells were placed on ice.

[0139] The MA-cell loading was performed by: [0140] removing all the PBS from the first chambers 206, [0141] replacing the PBS in the flow channels 210, 212 with μL 100 endothelial cell medium, [0142] pipetting 50 μL MA-cell suspension at 2×10.sup.6 cells/mL into the first chambers 206, [0143] incubating the apparatus 100 at 37° C., 5% CO.sub.2, for 1 hour (static, not on the rocking platform), [0144] checking every 10 min that the membrane 214 does not dry out (if required, a fresh culture medium may be added to the first chamber(s) 206 to keep the membrane 214 moist).

[0145] 4800 μL MPBMEC at 2×10.sup.6 cells/mL were prepared according to the conventional cell culture protocols.

[0146] The MPBMEC were again placed on ice.

[0147] The cell culture medium (added in the apparatus in step 3e) was replaced by injecting 50 μL MPBMEC suspension at 2×10.sup.6 cells/mL into the flow channels 210, 212 of the plate 102.

[0148] The plate 102 was manually rocked a few times to make sure the cell confluency is consistent.

[0149] The plate 102 was inverted and incubated at 37° C., 5% CO.sub.2, for 1 hour (static, not on the rocking platform).

[0150] 100 μL MPBMEC were added to the culture medium reservoir at one side of each flow channel in the plate 102.

[0151] 15 μL MPBMEC were added to the cell culture reservoir at one side of each flow channel in the plate 102.

[0152] The plate 102 was placed on the rocking platform at 37° C., 5% CO.sub.2.

[0153] The BBB model based on the human cells (i.e., HA-cells and HPBMEC) may be obtained in the same manner (one just needs to replace “MA” and “MPBMEC” with “HA” and “HPBMEC”, respectively, in operations 1-11 above).

[0154] Thus, the MAs were introduced in the first chamber 206 and grown a monolayer on the apical surface of the membrane 214, while the MPBMEC were perfused through the second chamber 208 and deposited on the basal side of the membrane 214.

[0155] Subsequently, the cells were treated immunohistochemically with antibodies against CD31, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Actin and DAPI (which is a small molecule that binds to DNA showing the cell nuclei).

[0156] FIGS. 6A and 6B show confocal images of the BBB model by using the apparatus 100 in accordance with the method 800. More specifically, FIG. 6A shows the basal surface of the membrane 214, on which the MPBMEC were cultured. Adherens junction marker CD31 (used as the cell type-specific marker of the MPBMEC) and actin expression have shown robust expression and indicated intact cell junctions. FIG. 6B shows the apical surface of the membrane (from the side of the first chamber 206), on which the MAs were cultured. FIG. 6B shows the GFAP (used as the cell type-specific marker of the mouse brain astrocytes) and actin expression.

[0157] Although the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein, it should be noted that any various changes and modifications could be made in the embodiments of the present disclosure, without departing from the scope of legal protection which is defined by the appended claims. In the appended claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements, steps or operations, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.