RESTARTING A GAS TURBINE ENGINE

Abstract

Multi-engine aircraft power and propulsion systems and methods of restarting an engine of a multi-engine aircraft during fight are provided. One such method comprises: determining a condition to the effect that a flame in the combustion equipment of the second gas turbine engine has been extinguished; responsive to the determination, supplying electrical power from the electrical energy storage system to one or more of the electric machines of the second gas turbine engine and operating said one or more electric machines as motors to limit a reduction in a speed of the one or more spools of the second gas turbine engine following extinguishment of the flame in its combustion equipment; and restarting the second gas turbine engine by relighting the combustion equipment of the second gas turbine engine.

Claims

1. A multi-engine aircraft power and propulsion system comprising: first and second propulsive gas turbine engines, each comprising combustion equipment; a plurality of spools; and one or more electric machines mechanically coupled with one or more of the plurality of spools; an electrical system connecting one or more electric machines of the first gas turbine engine and one or more electric machines of the second gas turbine engine, whereby electrical power generated by electric machines of the first gas turbine engine can be transferred to electric machines of the second gas turbine engine, and further comprising an electrical energy storage system which can supply electrical power to the one or more electric machines of the first and second gas turbine engines; and a control system configured to, responsive to determining a condition to the effect that a flame in the combustion equipment of the second gas turbine engine has been extinguished, control the first and second gas turbine engines and the electrical system during an in-flight engine restart procedure, the restart procedure comprising: supplying electrical power from the electrical energy storage system to one or more of the electric machines of the second gas turbine engine and operating said one or more electric machines as motors to limit a reduction in a speed of the one or more spools of the second gas turbine engine following extinguishment of the flame in its combustion equipment; and restarting the second gas turbine engine by relighting the combustion equipment of the second gas turbine engine.

2. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 1, wherein the restart procedure further comprises: operating one or more of the electric machines of the first gas turbine engine as generators to extract mechanical power and generate electrical power from one or more of the spools of the first gas turbine engine; and after supplying electrical power from the electrical energy storage system to the one or more of the electric machines of the second gas turbine engine and prior to restarting the second gas turbine engine, transferring, via the electrical system, electrical power generated by the one or more electric machines of the first gas turbine engine to one or more of the electric machines of the second gas turbine engine and operating said one or more electric machines as motors to increase the speed of the one or more spools.

3. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 1, in which the electrical energy storage system comprises an energy storage device dedicated to supplying power to electrical machines of the first and second gas turbine engines during engine restart attempts.

4. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 1, in which the control system is further configured to maintain a state of charge of the electrical energy storage system above a predetermined level.

5. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 2, in which: each of the first and second gas turbine engines comprises a first spool and a second spool; and each of the first and second gas turbine engines comprises a first electric machine mechanically coupled with its first spool, and a second electric machine mechanically coupled with its second spool.

6. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 5, in which operating the one or more of the electric machines of the first gas turbine engine as generators comprises: operating both the first electric machine and the second electric machine of the first gas turbine engine as generators to extract mechanical power and generate electrical power from both the first spool and the second spool of the first gas turbine engine.

7. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 6, in which the control system is configured to transfer electrical power generated by the one or more electric machines of the first gas turbine engine to one or more of the electric machines of the second gas turbine engine, and operate said one or more electric machines as motors to drive rotation of one or more spools of the second gas turbine engine, wherein: transferring the electrical power generated from both the first spool and the second spool of the first gas turbine engine to one or both of the first electric machine of the second gas turbine engine and/or the second electric machine of the second gas turbine engine, and operating said one both of the first electric machine of the second gas turbine engine as motors to drive rotation of the first spool and/or second spool of the second gas turbine engine.

8. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 7, in which the electrical system comprises a dc electrical power distribution system, and electrical system further comprises: a first ac-dc converter connecting the first electric machine of the first gas turbine engine to the dc power distribution system; a second ac-dc converter connecting the second electric machine of the first gas turbine engine to the dc power distribution system; a third ac-dc converter connecting the first electric machine of the second gas turbine engine to a dc power distribution system; and a fourth ac-dc converter connecting the second electric machine of the second gas turbine engine to a dc distribution system.

9. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 8, in which the dc electrical power distribution system comprises: a first dc distribution bus connected with dc sides of the first and second ac-dc converters; a second dc distribution bus connected with dc sides of the third and fourth ac-dc converters; and a bus tie operable to connect together the first and second dc distribution busses, whereby electrical power generated by the first and/or second electric machine of the first gas turbine engine can be transferred to the first and/or second electric machine of the second gas turbine engine.

10. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 9, in which the restart procedure further comprises: closing the bus tie to connect the first dc distribution bus and the second dc distribution bus.

11. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 5, in which, for each of the first and second propulsive gas turbine engines: the first electric machine comprises a first sub-machine and a second sub-machine; and the second electric machine comprises a first sub-machine and a second sub-machine.

12. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 5, in which, for each respective one of the first and second gas turbine engines, a ratio, P.sub.1/T, equal to the maximum electrical power generation rating of the first electric machine divided by the maximum thrust rating of the gas turbine engine, is greater than or equal to 2.0 WN.sup.−1.

13. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 5, in which, for each respective one of the first and second gas turbine engines, a ratio, P.sub.2/T, equal to the maximum electrical power generation rating of the second electric machine divided by the maximum thrust rating of the gas turbine engine, is greater than or equal to 3.5 WN.sup.−1.

14. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 1, in which, for each respective one of the first and second gas turbine engines, a ratio defined as: the combined rated power of all of the one or more electrical machines mechanically coupled with the one or more spools of the respective gas turbine engine divided by the maximum rated thrust of the respective gas turbine engine is greater than or equal to 4.5 WN.sup.−1.

15. The aircraft power and propulsion system of claim 1 in which, for each respective one of the first and second gas turbine engines, one or more and optionally all of the electric machines are embedded with a core of the respective gas turbine engine.

16. An aircraft comprising the power and propulsion system of claim 1.

17. A method of restarting a propulsive gas turbine engine of a multi-engine aircraft during flight, the aircraft comprising: first and second propulsive gas turbine engines, each comprising combustion equipment; a plurality of spools; and one or more electric machines mechanically coupled with one or more of the plurality of spools; and an electrical system electrically connecting one or more electric machines of the first gas turbine and one or more electric machines of the second gas turbine engine whereby electrical power generated by electric machines of the first gas turbine engine can be delivered to electric machines of the second gas turbine engine and further comprising an electrical energy storage system which can supply electrical power to the one or more electric machines of the first and second gas turbine engines, the method comprising: determining a condition to the effect that a flame in the combustion equipment of the second gas turbine engine has been extinguished; responsive to the determination, supplying electrical power from the electrical energy storage system to one or more of the electric machines of the second gas turbine engine and operating said one or more electric machines as motors to limit a reduction in a speed of the one or more spools of the second gas turbine engine following extinguishment of the flame in its combustion equipment; and restarting the second gas turbine engine by relighting the combustion equipment of the second gas turbine engine.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: operating one or more of the electric machines of the first gas turbine engine as generators to extract mechanical power and generate electrical power from one or more of the spools of the first gas turbine engine; after supplying electrical power from the electrical energy storage system to the one or more of the electric machines of the second gas turbine engine and before restarting the second gas turbine engine, transferring, via the electrical system, electrical power generated by the one or more electric machines of the first gas turbine engine to one or more of the electric machines of the second gas turbine engine and operating said one or more electric machines as motors to increase the speed of the one or more spools.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein: each of the first and second gas turbine engines comprises a first spool and a second spool; and each of the first and second gas turbine engines comprises a first electric machine mechanically coupled with its first spool, and a second electric machine mechanically coupled with its second spool; operating one or more of the electric machines of the first gas turbine engine as generators to extract mechanical power and generate electrical power from one or more spools of the first gas turbine engine comprises: operating both the first and second electric machines of the first gas turbine engine as generators to extract mechanical power and generate electrical power from both the first spool and the second spool of the first gas turbine engine; and operating one or more electric machines of the second gas turbine engine as motors to drive rotation of one or more spools of the second gas turbine engine comprises: operating one or both of the first electric machine and the second electric machine of the second gas turbine engine as motors to drive rotation of the first spool and/or the second spool of the second gas turbine engine.

20. The method of claim 19, in which a ratio defined as: a peak electrical power generated by the one or more electric machines of the first gas turbine engine and transferred, via the electrical system, to the one or electric machines of the second gas turbine engine during the restart procedure, divided by the maximum rated thrust of the first gas turbine engine is greater than or equal to 3 WN.sup.−1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0050] Embodiments will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are purely schematic and not to scale, and in which:

[0051] FIG. 1 is a sectional side view of a gas turbine engine;

[0052] FIG. 2 is a close up sectional side view of an upstream portion of a gas turbine engine;

[0053] FIG. 3 is a partially cut-away view of a gearbox for a gas turbine engine;

[0054] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a twin-engine aircraft power and propulsion system including electric machines coupled with the spools of the engines; and

[0055] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of restarting a propulsive gas turbine engine of a multi-engine aircraft.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1

[0056] FIG. 1 illustrates a gas turbine engine 10 having a principal rotational axis 9. The engine 10 comprises an air intake 12 and a propulsive fan 23 that generates two airflows: a core airflow A and a bypass airflow B. The gas turbine engine 10 comprises a core 11 that receives the core airflow A. The engine core 11 comprises, in axial flow series, a low pressure compressor 14, a high-pressure compressor 15, combustion equipment 16, a high-pressure turbine 17, a low pressure turbine 19 and a core exhaust nozzle 20. A nacelle 21 surrounds the gas turbine engine 10 and defines a bypass duct 22 and a bypass exhaust nozzle 18. The bypass airflow B flows through the bypass duct 22. The fan 23 is attached to and driven by the low pressure turbine 19 via a shaft 26 and an epicyclic gearbox 30.

[0057] In use, the core airflow A is accelerated and compressed by the low pressure compressor 14 and directed into the high pressure compressor 15 where further compression takes place. The compressed air exhausted from the high pressure compressor 15 is directed into the combustion equipment 16 where it is mixed with fuel and the mixture is combusted. The resultant hot combustion products then expand through, and thereby drive, the high pressure and low pressure turbines 17, 19 before being exhausted through the nozzle 20 to provide some propulsive thrust. The high pressure turbine 17 drives the high pressure compressor 15 by a suitable interconnecting shaft 27. The fan 23 generally provides the majority of the propulsive thrust. The epicyclic gearbox 30 is a reduction gearbox.

[0058] It will be understood that the low-pressure compressor 14, the low-pressure turbine 19 and the interconnecting shaft 26 together form the low-pressure spool. Similarly, the high-pressure compressor 15, the high-pressure turbine 17 and the interconnecting shaft 27 together form the high-pressure spool.

FIG. 2

[0059] An exemplary arrangement for a geared fan gas turbine engine 10 is shown in FIG. 2. The low pressure turbine 19 (see FIG. 1) drives the shaft 26, which is coupled to a sun wheel, or sun gear, 28 of the epicyclic gear arrangement 30. Radially outwardly of the sun gear 28 and intermeshing therewith is a plurality of planet gears 32 that are coupled together by a planet carrier 34. The planet carrier 34 constrains the planet gears 32 to precess around the sun gear 28 in synchronicity whilst enabling each planet gear 32 to rotate about its own axis. The planet carrier 34 is coupled via linkages 36 to the fan 23 in order to drive its rotation about the engine axis 9. Radially outwardly of the planet gears 32 and intermeshing therewith is an annulus or ring gear 38 that is coupled, via linkages 40, to a stationary supporting structure 24.

[0060] Note that the terms “low pressure turbine” and “low pressure compressor” as used herein may be taken to mean the lowest pressure turbine stages and lowest pressure compressor stages (i.e. not including the fan 23) respectively and/or the turbine and compressor stages that are connected together by the interconnecting shaft 26 with the lowest rotational speed in the engine (i.e. not including the gearbox output shaft that drives the fan 23). In some literature, the “low pressure turbine” and “low pressure compressor” referred to herein may alternatively be known as the “intermediate pressure turbine” and “intermediate pressure compressor”. Where such alternative nomenclature is used, the fan 23 may be referred to as a first, or lowest pressure, compression stage.

FIG. 3

[0061] The epicyclic gearbox 30 is shown by way of example in greater detail in FIG. 3. Each of the sun gear 28, planet gears 32 and ring gear 38 comprise teeth about their periphery to intermesh with the other gears. However, for clarity only exemplary portions of the teeth are illustrated in FIG. 3. There are four planet gears 32 illustrated, although it will be apparent to the skilled reader that more or fewer planet gears 32 may be provided within the scope of the claimed invention. Practical applications of a planetary epicyclic gearbox 30 generally comprise at least three planet gears 32.

[0062] The epicyclic gearbox 30 illustrated by way of example in FIGS. 2 and 3 is of the planetary type, in that the planet carrier 34 is coupled to an output shaft via linkages 36, with the ring gear 38 fixed. However, any other suitable type of epicyclic gearbox 30 may be used. By way of further example, the epicyclic gearbox 30 may be a star arrangement, in which the planet carrier 34 is held fixed, with the ring (or annulus) gear 38 allowed to rotate. In such an arrangement the fan 23 is driven by the ring gear 38. By way of further alternative example, the gearbox 30 may be a differential gearbox in which the ring gear 38 and the planet carrier 34 are both allowed to rotate.

[0063] It will be appreciated that the arrangement shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 is by way of example only, and various alternatives are within the scope of the present disclosure. Purely by way of example, any suitable arrangement may be used for locating the gearbox 30 in the engine 10 and/or for connecting the gearbox 30 to the engine 10. By way of further example, the connections (such as the linkages 36, 40 in the FIG. 2 example) between the gearbox 30 and other parts of the engine 10 (such as the input shaft 26, the output shaft and the fixed structure 24) may have any desired degree of stiffness or flexibility. By way of further example, any suitable arrangement of the bearings between rotating and stationary parts of the engine (for example between the input and output shafts from the gearbox and the fixed structures, such as the gearbox casing) may be used, and the disclosure is not limited to the exemplary arrangement of FIG. 2. For example, where the gearbox 30 has a star arrangement (described above), the skilled person would readily understand that the arrangement of output and support linkages and bearing locations would typically be different to that shown by way of example in FIG. 2.

[0064] Accordingly, the present disclosure extends to a gas turbine engine having any arrangement of gearbox styles (for example star or planetary), support structures, input and output shaft arrangement, and bearing locations.

[0065] Optionally, the gearbox may drive additional and/or alternative components (e.g. the intermediate pressure compressor and/or a booster compressor).

[0066] Other gas turbine engines to which the present disclosure may be applied may have alternative configurations. For example, such engines may have an alternative number of compressors and/or turbines and/or an alternative number of interconnecting shafts. By way of further example, the gas turbine engine shown in FIG. 1 has a split flow nozzle 18, 20 meaning that the flow through the bypass duct 22 has its own nozzle 18 that is separate to and radially outside the core engine nozzle 20. However, this is not limiting, and any aspect of the present disclosure may also apply to engines in which the flow through the bypass duct 22 and the flow through the core 11 are mixed, or combined, before (or upstream of) a single nozzle, which may be referred to as a mixed flow nozzle. One or both nozzles (whether mixed or split flow) may have a fixed or variable area. Whilst the described example relates to a turbofan engine, the disclosure may apply, for example, to any type of gas turbine engine, such as an open rotor (in which the fan stage is not surrounded by a nacelle) or turboprop engine, for example. In some arrangements, the gas turbine engine 10 may not comprise a gearbox 30.

[0067] The geometry of the gas turbine engine 10, and components thereof, is defined by a conventional axis system, comprising an axial direction (which is aligned with the rotational axis 9), a radial direction (in the bottom-to-top direction in FIG. 1), and a circumferential direction (perpendicular to the page in the FIG. 1 view). The axial, radial and circumferential directions are mutually perpendicular.

FIG. 4

[0068] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an aircraft 1 with a multi-engine power and propulsion system 100. In accordance with the present disclosure, the power and propulsion system 100 is capable of performing an inflight cross-engine electric restart.

[0069] The illustrated power and propulsion system 100 includes two propulsive gas turbine engines 110a, 110b. It will however be understood that there could be a greater number of propulsive engines, for example three or four. Each of the illustrated engines 110a, 110b has two spools: a first spool, which in this case is a low-pressure spool having a low-pressure compressor 14; a low-pressure turbine 19; and an interconnecting shaft 26, and a second spool, which in this case is a high-pressure spool having high-pressure compressor 15; a high-pressure turbine 17; and an interconnecting shaft 27. The engine could alternatively be of the three-spool type and/or could include a gearbox as described above with reference to FIGS. 1-3. The engines 110a, 110b may be of the low- or high-bypass turbofan type or another type, for example the open rotor type.

[0070] Each of the propulsive gas turbine engines 110a, 110b includes two electric machines 111, 112: a first electric machine 111a, 111b (hereafter electric machine 111) mechanically coupled with its first spool and a second electric machine 112a, 112b (hereafter electric machine 112) coupled with its second spool. Each of the machines 111, 112 is operable as both a motor and as a generator. Thus, each machine 111, 112 can either drive rotation of its spool to increase its speed, or extract mechanical power from its spool and generate electrical power therefrom.

[0071] In a preferred embodiment one or both of the electric machines 111, 112 are coaxially coupled with the shafts of the spools and embedded within the core of the respective engine. The electric machines 111, 112 could, however, be coupled with the spools in another manner, for example through an auxiliary gearbox using a radial/tower shaft arrangement.

[0072] In this embodiment each electric machine 111, 112 comprises two sub-machines: the first electric machine 111 comprises a first sub-machine 111′ and a second sub-machine 111″; and the second electric machine 112 comprises a first sub-machine 112′ and a second sub-machine 112″. The term “sub-machine” will be understood to refer to one of a plurality of functionally separate electric machines which are physically integrated together to some extent. For example, the electric machine 111 may be a dual-wound machine having a single, common rotor and a single stator structure featuring two independent sets of field windings, with the two independent sets of windings forming the two sub-machines 111′, 111″. Alternatively, each of the two sub-machines 111′, 111″ may have its own stator and its own rotor axially spaced apart from the rotor and stator of the other sub-machine, with some common structure such as a common casing or mounting arrangement. Other sub-machine arrangements will occur to those skilled in the art. The overall power rating of each electric machine is preferably equally or approximately equally split between its two sub-machines, though this need not necessarily be the case: a split of 40-60% and 60-40% could be used, for example.

[0073] Each electric machine 111, 112 can be of any suitable type known in the art. In a preferred embodiment each machine 111, 112 is of the permanent magnet type, but induction or switched-reluctance machines could also be used, for example. The machines 111, 112 are preferably of the radial flux or transverse flux type, but other arrangements could be used.

[0074] The power and propulsion system 100 further includes an electrical system 120. The electrical system 120 includes one or more electrical distribution busses 123a-b, 124a-b which are electrically connected with the electric machines 111, 112 of the engines 110a, 110b. In this way, electrical power can be received from, delivered to and transferred between the electric machines 111, 112. Specifically, power generated by the electric machines 111, 112 of one engine (e.g. engine 110a) can be received by the electrical system 120 and transferred to the electric machines 111, 112 of the other engine 110b, one or both of which machines can be operated as motors to drive rotation of their respective spool(s).

[0075] In the illustrated embodiment the electrical system 120 is a dc electrical system with one or more dc electrical distribution busses 123a-b, 124a-b which interface with the electric machines 111, 112 through ac-dc power electronics converters. The use of a dc electrical system allows a single bus to simultaneously receive electrical power from electric machines driven to rotate at different speeds, allowing for what may be referred to as ‘dual spool power generation’. This means that significant amounts of electrical power can be generated from one engine (e.g. engine 110a) even at low-power engine operating points, and transferred to one or more of the electric machines 111b, 112b of the other engine 110b for restarting purposes. Additionally or alternatively, the ability to simultaneously generate power from two spools of the same engine may reduce the impact on the engine operating point. This allows the engine surge margin to be maintained during a restart attempt and/or the restart attempt to begin sooner, since no change or a smaller change in engine operating point is required to allow sufficient power generation with an acceptable surge margin. Extracting power from both spools may also limit the impact on peak turbine temperatures.

[0076] Each electric machine 111, 112 is connected with the dc electrical system 120 via a set of one or more ac-dc converters. Specifically, the first electric machine 111a of the first engine 110a has a first set of bidirectional ac-dc converters including a first converter 121a′ for its first sub-machine 111a′ and a second converter 121a″ for is second sub-machine 111a″. Likewise, the second electric machine 112a of the first engine 110a has a second set of bidirectional ac-dc converters, including a third converter 122a′ for its first sub-machine 112a′ and a fourth converter 122a″ for its second sub-machine 112a″. Third and fourth sets of bidirectional ac-dc converters 121b′, 121b″, 122b′, 122b″, each having one converter for each of the two sub-machines, are provided for the electric machines 111b, 112b of the second engine 110b. Any suitable ac-dc converter topology may be used, for example H-bridges accompanied by appropriate filters. The first to fourth sets of converters, totalling eight converters, are hereafter referred to as “the converters 121, 122”.

[0077] In the illustrated embodiment, each engine 110a, 110b of the power and propulsion system 100 is associated with its own set of one or more dc busses, and the sets of dc busses are selectively connectable with each other through bus ties. In this example, the first engine 110a is associated with a set of two busses 123a, 124a, and the second engine 110b is also associated a set of two busses 123b, 124b. The first bus 123a of the first set is connectable with the first bus 123b of the second set through a first bus tie 1231. The second bus 124a of the first set is connectable with the second bus 124b of the second set through a bus tie 1241. During some modes operation, perhaps including normal operation, the bus tie(s) 1231, 1241 are open so that electrical power cannot flow between the bus(ses) 123a, 124a associated with the first engine 110a and the bus(ses) 123b, 124b associated with the second engine 110b. However, the bus tie(s) 1231, 1241 are closed for the purposes of performing a cross-engine restart and possibly the management of some fault conditions, for example a fault in one or more electric machines of an engine.

[0078] In the illustrated embodiment, the dc-sides of the ac-dc converters 121, 122 are connected with the dc busses 123a-b, 124b so as to provide a high degree of re-configurability, and thus fault tolerance, in addition to simultaneous dual-spool power generation. Specifically, since each electric machine 111, 112 comprises two sub-machines, each electric machine can be connected with each of the two busses of the set of busses associated with its engine. For the first engine 110a, the first sub-machine 111′ of the first electric machine 111 is connectable with the first dc bus 123a, the second sub-machine 111″ of the first electric machine 111 can be connected with the second dc bus 124a, the first sub-machine 112′ of the second electric machine 111 can be connected with the first dc bus 123a, and the second sub-machine 112″ of the second electric machine 112 can be connected with the second dc bus 124a. A corresponding arrangement applies to the second engine 110b and its set of dc busses 123b, 124b.

[0079] The power and propulsion system 100 preferably further includes an energy storage system (ESS) 130. In preferred embodiments the ESS 130 takes the form of a rechargeable battery pack or module 131, formed from lithium-ion cells or cells of another suitable type. As illustrated by the dashed lines, the ESS is connected with the electrical system 120, possibly via a dc-dc power electronics converter 132 for conditioning the power and matching it to voltage of dc electrical system 130. In this embodiment it can be seen that the ESS is connected with each of the dc distribution busses 123a-b, 124a-b. In some embodiments, the ESS 130 may be used as an electrical power source to perform a ‘catch on the fly’ electrically assisted restart of one the gas turbine engines (e.g. engine 110b). In other embodiments the ESS 130 may be used to replace or supplement the electrical power generated and transferred from one engine (e.g. engine 110a) to another engine (e.g. engine 110b) during a cross-engine electric restart. This is discussed in more detail below with reference to FIG. 5.

[0080] The aircraft 1 may further include an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) 200. In some embodiments, one or more electric machines (not shown) driven by the APU 200 are used as an electrical power source to replace or supplement the power provided by the ESS 130 during an electric start of the first engine (e.g. engine 110a). In other embodiments, however, the APU 200 may not be used for this purpose, or may be entirely omitted from the aircraft 1 to reduce weight. In some instances, for example where the ESS 130 is not present or insufficiently charged and the APU is omitted or unable to provide power, a ground cart may be used to provide electrical power to start the first engine 110a.

[0081] An APU 200 is generally not capable of being started during flight, or at least this may not always be desirable. Thus, the aircraft may also further include a Ram Air Turbine (RAT) 250 or other emergency source of electrical power. In case of a loss of electrical power, the RAT 250 may be deployed, for example to charge the ESS 130 to allow an inflight restart attempt. In preferred embodiments, however, the RAT 250 may be omitted entirely to reduce aircraft weight, with the combination of the ESS 130 and the cross-engine electric restart function providing sufficient engine restart capability. In some embodiments a portion of the ESS 130 may be dedicated to providing electrical power during restart attempts so that the capability is always available. Additionally or alternatively, a state of charge of the ESS 130 may be maintained above a threshold level so that the capability is always available.

[0082] The power and propulsion system 100 further includes a control system 140. The control system 140, which can take any suitable form including a FADEC and may include one or more controllers and/or one or more functional modules, provides control of the engines 110a, 110b and electrical system 130, including the electrical machines 111, 112, ESS 130 and the associated power electronics 121a-b, 122a-b, 132. The control system 140 may, amongst other things, control: the configuration of the electrical system 120; the modes in which the electric machines 111, 112 of the engines 110a, 110b operate; the delivery of fuel into the combustion equipment 16 of the engines 110a, 110b; the mode of operation of the ESS 130 and/or APU 200; and parameters of the power electronics (e.g. switching frequencies and duty cycles of the semiconductor switches). An inflight restart procedure, at least partially performed under the control of the control system 140, is described below with reference to FIG. 5.

[0083] The power and propulsion system 100 is also shown to include a further electrical distribution system 150, which can receive electrical power from (and possibly deliver some electrical power to) the electrical system 120. The electrical system 150 facilitates the delivery of power to various other engine and platform electrical loads. The configuration of the electrical system 150 is beyond the scope of the present disclosure and will not be described further.

[0084] Compared with existing aircraft power and propulsion systems, the power and propulsion systems 100 of the present may have electric machines 111, 112 sized and designed so that a much greater amount of electrical power can be generated from the engine spools. Combined with dual spool power generation, this means various functions such as the simultaneous management of engine surge margin and charging of the ESS 130 are possible over a wide range of engine operating points.

[0085] Table 1 illustrates exemplary peak powers for the first machine 111 (coupled with the first spool, which may be a low-pressure or intermediate-pressure spool) and the second electric machine 112 (coupled with the second spool, which may be a high-pressure spool). The values are expressed as ratios, the divider being the peak engine thrust. For the avoidance of doubt, the ‘peak thrust’ is the peak dry thrust, which refers to the peak thrust without the use of any afterburner or reheat.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Max. Power Rating/Max. Engine Thrust (WN.sup.−1) Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Electric Machine 1 2.2 3.1 4.5 Electric Machine 2 3.8 6.4 8.0 Total 6.0 9.5 12.5

[0086] For both the electric machine power and the engine thrust, the term ‘peak’ will be readily understood by those skilled in the art to refer to the ‘rated’ values, i.e. the maximum values for which the electric machine or engine are designed to operate in without causing damage to the components. As explained above, each electric machine 111, 112 may include multiple sub-machines 111′, 111″, 112′, 112″. In this case, the peak power an electric machine (e.g. electric machine 111) is the sum of the peak powers of each of its sub-machines 111′, 111″.

[0087] Table 2 illustrates exemplary maximum values of the fraction of the power extracted from the spools of an engine (e.g. 110, 110a) by its electric machines during flight. In other words, the maximum value of the following percentage to occur during a flight of the aircraft 1:

[00001]$\mathrm{Percentage}=\frac{\mathrm{Electrical}\mathrm{Power}\mathrm{Generated}\mathrm{from}\mathrm{Spools}}{\mathrm{Total}\mathrm{Spool}\mathrm{Power}}\times 100\%$

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Electrical Power 570 720 920 Extracted (kW) Total Engine Spool 5.5 9.0 16.0 Power (LP + HP, MW) Ratio 10.4% 8.0% 5.8%

[0088] It will be appreciated that whilst the above relates to a two-spool engine, the same percentage can be calculated for a three-spool engine. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the absolute values of the spool power and electrical power generation are platform-dependent and will increase or decrease depending on the size of the platform and its engines.

[0089] Compared with existing aircraft power and propulsion systems, the ESS 130 of the power and propulsion system 100 of the present disclosure may be sized and designed so as to provide a greater amount of electrical power relative to the size of the platform 1. Table 3 illustrates exemplary ESS energy storage capacities as well peak power and propulsion system thrusts (i.e. the sum of the peak thrusts of all of the propulsive engines of the platform). A ratio, defined as the total energy storage capacity divided by the maximum rated thrust of the power and propulsion system is also provided.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Energy Storage 25 100 240 Capacity (kWh) Peak Platform 100 600 600 Thrust (kN) Ratio (WhN.sup.−1) 0.25 0.17 0.40

[0090] Various modifications and alternatives to the specific embodiments illustrated in FIG. 4 will occur to those skilled in the art. For example: [0091] i. In the illustrated embodiment, the full power of each electric machine 111, 112 is split between two sub-machines 111′, 111″; 112′, 112″. This need not be the case: each electric machine 111, 112 may be a single, larger electric machine of the full power rating. This may however reduce the fault-tolerance of the platform, and in particular may prevent cross-engine electric starting and restarting in the presence of one or more faults, for example a non-critical fault resulting in a partial or full loss of one or more of the electric machines. [0092] ii. In principle each electric machine 111, 112 could have more than two (e.g. three or four) sub-machines, but the number will in practice be limited by space constraints. [0093] iii. Whilst the illustrated embodiment has two dc busses per engine (e.g. 123a, 124a for engine 110a), fewer than two (i.e. one) or more than two dc busses could be provided. The use of a single bus would reduce fault tolerance compared with two busses. The use of more than two busses could increase fault tolerance but at the cost of increased system weight and complexity. [0094] iv. Whilst each engine 110a, 110b is associated with its own set of one or more busses 123a, 124a; 123b, 124b in the illustrated embodiment, with connection via bus ties 1231, 1241, this need not be the case. The bus or busses may be permanently shared between the engines 110a, 110b, with no bus ties. [0095] v. Whilst a battery 130 is illustrated, the ESS could take another form. It could, for example, additionally or alternatively include one or more supercapacitors. One or more fuel cells could also be used.

FIG. 5

[0096] FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an inflight electric restart procedure 300 in which a propulsive gas turbine 110b is restarted following a planned or unplanned shutdown. The procedure may be initiated automatically or by a pilot of the aircraft 1, and may be performed under the control of a control system, for example the control system 140 of the power and propulsion system 100 of FIG. 4.

[0097] At optional step 310, a determination is made that a flame in the combustion equipment 16 of one of the gas turbine engines (e.g. the second gas turbine engine 110b) has been extinguished. Step 310 is optional because in some cases the engine 110b may have been intentionally shut down, in which case no such determination needs to be made.

[0098] The determination that the flame in the combustion equipment 16 of the gas turbine engines 110b has been extinguished may be made in any suitable manner, and various ways will occur to those skilled in the art. Examples include: a drop in temperature in the combustion equipment 16 or in one or more of the turbine sections 17, 19; a drop in pressure in one or more of the compressor sections 14, 15; a drop in a speed of rotation of one or more of the spools; or a drop in the rotor torque of one or more of the electric machines 111, 112 of the gas turbine engine 110b. Any of these parameters may be sensed or derived, as is known in the art.

[0099] At step 320, optionally in response to the determination at step 310, one or more of the electric machines 111, 112 of the first gas turbine engine 110a are operated as generators to extract mechanical power and generate electrical power from the spool or spools.

[0100] In preferred embodiments, both of the electric machines 111, 112 are operated as generators during step 320 so that electrical power is generated from both of the first and second spools. This allows a relatively large amount of power to be generated even at lower-power operating points. Further, it may reduce the impact of the power extraction on the surge margin of the engine 110a. Further still, it may reduce or completely eliminate the need to adjust the engine operating point (e.g. increase the spool speeds and fuel delivered to the combustion equipment of the engine 110a) in order to generate the desired amount of electrical power. Reducing or eliminating the need to adjust operating points may reduce the amount of time that will elapse before the engine 110b is restarted, which may reduce the overall fuel burn during the restart procedure.

[0101] At 330, the electrical power generated by the one or more electric machines 111, 112 of the first engine 110a is transferred to the one or more electric machines 111, 112 of the second engine 110b via an electrical system 120. The one or more electric machines 111, 112 of the second engine 110b are operated as motors so as to drive rotation of the associated spool or spools.

[0102] The electric system 120 is preferably a dc electrical system so that both of the electric machines 111, 112 of the first engine 110a can simultaneously operate as generators and interface with the same electrical distribution system. This way, a greater amount of power can be transferred to the machine(s) 111, 112 of the second engine 110b, even at lower-power engine operating points.

[0103] In some embodiments, one of the spools (e.g. the second spool) is designated as the starting spool and so power is transferred to only one of the electric machines (e.g. the second machine 112). In this case, the rotation of the starting spool draws air through the engine 110b and causes the other, non-driven, spool or spools to rotate. In other embodiments, power is transferred to both the first and second electric machines 111, 112 so that both the first and second spools are driven to rotate.

[0104] The amount of electrical power transferred from the electric machine(s) 111, 112 of the first engine 110a to the electric machine(s) 111, 112 of the second engine may be relatively large. For example, the peak electrical power transferred from the from the electric machine(s) 111, 112 of the first engine 110a to the electric machine(s) 111, 112 of the second engine divided by the peak dry thrust of the first engine 110a may be greater than about 2.0 WN.sup.−1, and in one specific example is about 3.3 WN.sup.−1.

[0105] Finally, once the spools of the second engine 110b are rotating at sufficient speed, the procedure continues to 340 where the second gas turbine engine 110b is restarted by lighting its combustion equipment 16. The details of this are beyond the scope of the present disclosure, but will be familiar to those skilled in the art. In brief, the control system 140 will control the delivery of fuel into the combustor of the engine and ignite the fuel when a suitable fuel-to-air mixture is obtained. After lighting the combustion equipment 16, the electric machines 111, 112 may continue to motor the one or more spools for some time to increase the spool speed to a level where the engine operation becomes self-sustaining, i.e. when the combustion of fuel and resulting driving of the turbines can drive the compressors without the assistance of the electric machine 111, 112. For example, the combustor 16 may be lit at about 20% engine power, but the machines 111, 112 may continue to motor the spools until about 40% power.

[0106] Thus, an inflight engine restart procedure which utilizes electrical power generated by and transferred from an engine 110a that remains in operation is provided. Utilizing electrical power generated by the first engine 110a may improve the restart envelope, reducing or eliminating the need to perform manoeuvers (e.g. a controlled dive) before a restart attempt. Where dual spool power generation and a dc electrical system 120 are used, the restart procedure can take place at relatively low-power operating points of the first engine 110a, which may speed up the restarting of the second engine 110b and reduce the associated fuel consumption.

[0107] In some embodiments, the ESS 130 may be utilized to attempt a ‘catch on the fly’ engine restart. Specifically, an advantage of the ESS 130 is that it can provide electrical power to the one or more electric machines 111, 112 of the second engine 110b almost instantaneously after a flameout event. This is in contrast to the transfer of electrical power generated by the electric machines 111, 112 of the first engine 110a, which may first require that the engine operating point is adjusted and/or the mode of operation of the electric machines 111, 112 and the associated power electronics 121a, 122a changed. The ability to almost instantaneously provide electrical power may mean that a restart attempt can be made before the speeds of the spools of the second engine meaningfully slow, which may significantly reduce the total amount of electrical power required to perform the restart.

[0108] Thus, following the optional determination of step 310, the method 300 may proceed to step 315 instead of step 320. At step 315 the control system 140 controls the ESS 130 and the electrical system 120 so that electrical power is supplied to one or both of the electric machines 111, 112 of the second engine 110b. Said one or both of the electric machines 111, 112 of the second engine 110b are operated as motors to increase the speed of their spool or spools so as to move the second engine 110b into the envelope in which the combustion equipment 16 can be relit.

[0109] The control system 140 may control the electrical system 120 and its ESS 130 so that it delivers the electrical power as soon as possible (e.g. almost instantly) after determination of the flameout even. For example, the control system 140 may be configured to control the ESS 130 so that it supplies the electrical power to the one or more electric machines 111, 112 within 5 seconds, or even within 3 seconds, of the determination that the flame in the combustion equipment has been extinguished.

[0110] Following step 315, the procedure moves to step 340 where the second gas turbine engine 110b is restarted by lighting its combustion equipment 16. In the event the ‘catch on the fly’ restart attempt fails, the procedure may proceed from step 315 or step 340 to step 320, where power is generated by and transferred from the electric machines 111, 112 of the first engine 110a.

[0111] It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments above-described and various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the concepts described herein. Except where mutually exclusive, any of the features may be employed separately or in combination with any other features and the disclosure extends to and includes all combinations and sub-combinations of one or more features described herein. The scope of protection is defined in the appended claims.