Friction stir welding method for steel sheets and method of manufacturing joint

Abstract

A friction stir welding method for welding steel sheets together includes a heating device disposed ahead of a rotating tool in an advancing direction that preheats an unwelded portion before the welding thereof by the rotating tool and at the time of preheating, the surface temperature distribution in a direction perpendicular to the advancing direction in a position at which the welding by the rotating tool is initiated is set such that given that T.sub.Ac1 is the Ac.sub.1 point of a steel sheet, the maximum temperature (T.sub.U) thereof is 0.6×T.sub.Ac1<T.sub.U<1.8×T.sub.Ac1, and given that L is the width of the heating region exceeding a temperature (T.sub.L)=0.6×T.sub.Ac1, 0.3×d≦L≦2.0×d is satisfied with a diameter (d) of the shoulder.

Claims

1. A friction stir welding method comprising: inserting a rotating tool into an unwelded portion where two or more steel sheets are overlapped or butted together; moving the rotating tool along portions to be welded while rotating the tool so that a softened portion is formed in the steel sheets by friction heat generated between the rotating tool and the steel sheets, and the steel sheets are welded together by utilizing a plastic flow generated by the softened portion being stirred; preheating the unwelded portion before welding thereof by the rotating tool using a heating device disposed ahead of the rotating tool in an advancing direction, wherein a surface temperature distribution in a direction perpendicular to the advancing direction in the steel sheets is caused by the preheating, the surface temperature distribution at a position where welding is performed by the rotating tool being such that a maximum temperature T.sub.U satisfies 0.6×T.sub.Ac1<T.sub.U<1.8×T.sub.Ac1, and a width L of a heating region reaching a surface temperature greater than a temperature T.sub.L=0.6×T.sub.Ac1 satisfies 0.3×d≦L≦2.0×d with respect to a diameter d of a shoulder of the rotating tool; and re-heating a welded portion formed by the rotating tool with a rear heating device disposed behind the rotating tool in the advancing direction, and a maximum temperature T.sub.p after re-heating of the region to be re-heated by the rear heating device satisfies 0.6×T.sub.Ac1≦T.sub.p≦1.2×T.sub.Ac1, where T.sub.Ac1 is a temperature defined by formula (1) using amounts of added elements of the steel sheets:
T.sub.Ac1=723−10.7[% Mn]−16.9[% Ni]+29.1[% Si]+16.9[% Cr]+290[% As]+6.38[% W]  (1) where [% M] represents content of M element (mass %) in the steel sheets.

2. The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, wherein heat conductivity TC.sub.B of a backing material disposed in a position opposite to a rotating tool across the unwelded portion satisfies 0.5×TC.sub.S≦TC.sub.B≦1.0×TC.sub.S with respect to heat conductivity TC.sub.S of the steel sheets.

3. The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, wherein the heating device is a high-frequency induction heating device, and the frequency to be used of the heating device is 20 kHz or more and 360 kHz or less.

4. The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, wherein the C content of the steel sheet containing most C among the two or more steel sheets is 0.1 mass % or more and 0.6 mass % or less.

5. The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, wherein a cooling device is disposed between the rotating tool and the rear heating device to cool the welded portion.

6. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 1.

7. The friction stir welding method according to claim 2, wherein the heating device is a high-frequency induction heating device, and the frequency to be used of the heating device is 20 kHz or more and 360 kHz or less.

8. The friction stir welding method according to claim 2, wherein the C content of the steel sheet containing most C among the two or more steel sheets is 0.1 mass % or more and 0.6 mass % or less.

9. The friction stir welding method according to claim 3, wherein the C content of the steel sheet containing most C among the two or more steel sheets is 0.1 mass % or more and 0.6 mass % or less.

10. The friction stir welding method according to claim 7, wherein the C content of the steel sheet containing most C among the two or more steel sheets is 0.1 mass % or more and 0.6 mass % or less.

11. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 2.

12. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 3.

13. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 4.

14. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 1.

15. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 5.

16. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 7.

17. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 8.

18. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 9.

19. A method of manufacturing a joint of the steel sheets with the friction stir welding method according to claim 10.

20. The friction stir welding method according to claim 5, further comprising performing cooling at a cooling rate of around 50° C./s to 1000° C./s.

21. The friction stir welding method according to claim 20, wherein cooling is performed until reaching 200° C. or lower.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows the general welding procedures of when performing friction stir welding on steel sheets which are butted together.

(2) FIG. 2 shows the procedures of when performing friction stir welding using gas flame as the heating device.

(3) FIG. 3 shows the relationship between temperature conditions in the welding position and presence of welding defects or damages of tools and joint efficiency, of when performing welding at the front of the welding tool in the advancing direction while heating the steel sheets under various conditions.

(4) FIG. 4 shows a friction stir welding device used for carrying out the disclosed methods.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

(5) 1, 2 Welding member 3 Welding device 4 Induction heating device 8 Rear heating device 9 Cooling device 10 Rotating tool 11 Upper part of the rotating body 12 Probe 13 Unwelded portion 14 Welded portion 20 Unwelded portion 21, 22 Steel sheets 25 Welded portion 30 Backing material 35 Power source 40 Heating temperature setting panel 60 Welding tool (rotor) 61 Shoulder 62 Probe 70 Gas flame 71 Gas nozzle part 72 Heating device

DETAIL DESCRIPTION

(6) We investigated the relationship between the temperature distribution right before initiating welding using a rotating tool and the conditions of the joint, in friction stir welding of steel sheets.

(7) As a result, we discovered the following:

(8) (1) When the heated region is broad, good welded portions are obtained due to the influence of softening. However, the range of the heat-affected zone is expanded because of the large influence of the heat generated by the steel sheets and the rotating tool.

(9) (2) Conversely, when the heated region is too small, the welding performed by the rotating tool becomes insufficient, and defects occur more easily.

(10) (3) Therefore, when performing friction stir welding of steel sheets, the management of the temperature range right before the welding is particularly important.

(11) Therefore, we heated welding portions using a heating device disposed ahead of the rotating tool in the advancing direction under various conditions to manage the temperature range right before welding. Further, we conducted intense investigations particularly regarding the influence of the surface temperature distribution in a direction perpendicular to the advancing direction on the conditions of the joint, caused by the heating, at a position where welding is performed by the rotating tool (i.e. a position where the rotating tool reaches in welding, hereinafter simply referred to as “welding position”).

(12) The microstructure, hardness, form of fracture and the like of the weld joint obtained as described above were intensely investigated, and we discovered that by raising the temperature in the welding position to a certain temperature, high speed welding is made possible by the softening of the steel sheets. However, we discovered that if the temperature is excessively raised, the plastic flow which is the principle of friction stir welding is reduced, and defects are caused.

(13) Further, we discovered that if the temperature in the welding position does not reach a certain temperature, heating caused by the tool becomes the main source of heating, and since such structure is nothing different from those of conventional methods, joint strength is not improved. However, we also found that with an excessively high temperature, the friction heat caused by the tool is reduced and the change in temperature distribution caused by the tool does not take place and, since quenching is performed in such state, embrittlement is caused.

(14) Further, with high-C steel, cracks may occur due to embrittlement caused by rapid cooling after welding or residual stress generated from restraining, because of the high quench hardenability of said steel. Therefore, the cooling rate may need to be decreased or the hardening and embrittlement caused by tempering may need to be suppressed.

(15) Based on the above, we investigated re-heating after the welding as well as cooling after welding and before the re-heating and, as a result, the effectiveness thereof was confirmed.

(16) Our methods and products will be described in detail below.

(17) The disclosure relates to friction stir welding where steel sheets are welded together by inserting a rotating tool into an unwelded portion where two or more steel sheets are overlapped or butted together, moving the rotating tool while rotating the same along the portions to be welded, and utilizing the softening of the steel sheets caused by the friction heat generated between the rotating tool and the above steel sheets and the plastic flow created by stirring the softened portions. Any friction stir welding device that enables welding steel sheets by pressurizing and rotating the rotating tool may be used, and the controlling method thereof is not particularly limited such as whether the device is controlled by positioning or pressurization.

(18) As the rotating tool, a tool having a flat part called the shoulder and a protrusion called a probe which is concentric with the shoulder, is normally used. The shape of the probe is not limited and treatment such as a screw-like spiral may be performed thereto. Further, although the material is not particularly limited either, ceramics or metal material having excellent high temperature strength is preferable.

(19) FIG. 3 shows the results of investigating the relationship between temperature conditions in the welding position and presence of welding defects or damages of tools and joint efficiency, of when performing welding at the front of the welding tool in the advancing direction while heating the steel sheets under various conditions. The data was obtained by performing butt-welding or overlap welding at a welding speed of 1 m/min and an Ac.sub.1 temperature of 720° C. on steel sheets with a sheet thickness of 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm, using a welding tool having a shoulder diameter d of 12 mm.

(20) As shown in FIG. 3, in the welding position, temperature distribution occurs in the surface of the direction perpendicular to the advancing direction, and given that the maximum temperature in the temperature distribution is defined as T.sub.U, a high strength joint with joint efficiency of joint strength exceeding 80% of the base material is obtained without causing welding defects or damaging tools when T.sub.U satisfies 0.6×T.sub.Ac1<T.sub.U<1.8×T.sub.Ac1, and a width L of a range exceeding a temperature T.sub.L (=0.6×T.sub.Ac1) satisfies 0.3×d≦L≦2.0×d with respect to a diameter d of a shoulder of the rotating tool,

(21) where T.sub.Ac1 is a temperature defined by formula (1) using amounts of added elements of the steel sheets and corresponds to the Ac.sub.1 point of steel:
T.sub.Ac1=723−10.7[% Mn]−16.9[% Ni]+29.1[% Si]+16.9[% Cr]+290[% As]+6.38[% W]  (1)

(22) where [% M] represents the content of M element (mass %) in the steel sheets.

(23) By raising the maximum temperature T.sub.U to over 0.6×T.sub.Ac1, it is possible to perform high speed welding due to the preferable softening of the steel sheets. However, if the maximum temperature T.sub.U is raised to 1.8×T.sub.Ac1 or higher, the plastic flow which is the principle of friction stir welding is reduced, and welding defects are caused.

(24) The heating means is not limited to a particular type and any means capable of heating up to a predetermined temperature may be used. However, heating means using high-frequency induction heating or a laser beam are advantageously applied.

(25) Particularly, when using a high-frequency heating device, the frequency is preferably 20 kHz or more and 360 kHz or less in view of heating efficiency and heating range. By using a device of such frequency, it is possible to control the temperature to the above temperature range.

(26) For the positional relationship between the welding tool and the heating device as well as the heating range, the temperature before performing welding is important and, as long as the heating device is disposed ahead of the welding tool in the advancing direction, the distance from the welding tool to the heating device and the heating range of the heating device are not particularly limited. However, considering the influence on heating efficiency and the steel sheets, the heating device is preferably disposed ahead of the tool by a distance of 1 mm to 100 mm, and the heating range thereof is preferably 0.1 cm.sup.2 to 100 cm.sup.2.

(27) The heating device may move separately from or in conjunction with the movement of the tool. For example, in a device where the tool is movable, the heating device may be attached to the device such that it can move at the same speed as the device, or alternatively in a device with a joint fixed to a movable stage, the heating device may be disposed on the stage. The heating device may be an induction heating device or a laser.

(28) As mentioned above, the positional relationship between the welded portion and the heating device is not particularly limited as long as the heating device is disposed ahead of the tool in the advancing direction. However, when comparing the side where the advancing direction and the rotating direction of the tool are the same (advancing side, i.e., left side in FIG. 1) and the side where the advancing direction and the rotating direction are opposite to each other (retreating side, i.e., right side in FIG. 1), it is known that the resistance is higher and defects occur more easily in the advancing side, in friction stir welding. Therefore, by moving the heating range to the advancing side, weldability is stabilized even when performing high speed welding. When shifting the heating range to the advancing side, it is desirable that the position in the heating range which reaches the maximum temperature is slightly shifted from the center line of the welded portion and is within the width of the welded portion.

(29) Further, when performing welding, if the heat conductivity (TC.sub.B) of the backing material is too high, the heat balance at the time of welding cannot be maintained and defects are caused. On the other hand, if TC.sub.B is too low, excessive heat input is caused.

(30) Further, from the viewpoint of appropriately controlling temperature distribution, TC.sub.B of the disclosure preferably satisfies the following relationship with the heat conductivity (TC.sub.S) of the welding material.

(31) Therefore, the heat conductivity of the backing material is preferably 0.5 times or more and around 1.0 times the heat conductivity of the welding material.

(32) In other words, the above TC.sub.B and TC.sub.S preferably satisfy 0.5×TC.sub.S≦TC.sub.B≦1.0×TC.sub.S.

(33) Although the steel sheet is not particularly limited, the friction stir welding method described herein is particularly effective for steel sheets containing, as an additive element, 0.1 mass % to 0.6 mass % of carbon.

(34) This is because, by applying the disclosure, such steel sheet can be welded at a particularly high speed compared to the conventional welding speed.

(35) As previously mentioned, with high carbon steel contemplated in the disclosure, cracks may be generated after welding by the influence of hardening and embrittlement caused by rapid cooling and residual stress. Regarding this point, this disclosure enables suppression of generation of cracks by re-heating the welded portion after welding. However, excessive re-heating may become the cause of curing and embrittlement in a wider range. If re-heating is performed, it is necessary for the maximum temperature T.sub.p reached after the re-heating of the region which is heated by the rear heating device to be controlled to 0.6×T.sub.Ac1≦T.sub.p≦1.2×T.sub.Ac1 in relationship with T.sub.Ac1 to suppress such hardening and the like.

(36) For the positional relationship between the welding tool and the rear heating device as well as the re-heating range of when performing the above re-heating, the re-heating itself is important and, as long as the re-heating device is disposed behind the welding tool in the advancing direction, the distance from the welding tool to the re-heating device and the heating range of the re-heating device are not particularly limited. However, considering the influence on efficiency and the steel sheets, the re-heating device is preferably disposed behind the tool by a distance of 1 mm to 200 mm, and the heating range thereof is preferably 0.1 cm.sup.2 to 100 cm.sup.2.

(37) Further, the re-heating device can move separately from or in conjunction with the movement of the tool. For example, in a device where the tool is movable, the heating device may be attached to the device such that it can move at the same speed as the device, or alternatively in a device with a joint fixed to a movable stage, the heating device may be disposed on the stage. The heating device may be an induction heating device or a laser.

(38) When performing the above re-heating, it is advantageous to provide a cooling device between the welding tool and the rear heating device to prevent cracks caused by tempering. As the cooling method, gas, mist, copper sheet contact and the like may be applied. Considering cooling efficiency, and the influences caused by oxidization of the joint and rust formation, it is desirable for inert gas to be used.

(39) Further, cooling is preferably performed at the cooling rate of around 50° C./s to 1000° C./s until reaching 200° C. or lower.

(40) As mentioned above, the disclosure enables high speed welding of steel sheets.

(41) Specifically, while the general welding speed in friction stir welding is around 0.05 m/min to 0.2 m/min, welding can be performed, by applying the disclosure, at a rate of 0.5 m/min or more even when welding high carbon steel which is known as being difficult to weld at a high speed.

(42) Other welding conditions in the friction stir welding method described herein are as follows.

(43) Tool rotational speed: 100 rpm to 1500 rpm

(44) To generate friction heat generated between the rotating tool and the welded portion of the workpiece, and to generate a plastic flow by stirring the welded portion softened by the heat with the tool, the tool rotational speed must be appropriately controlled. If the tool rotational speed is less than 100 rpm, an unwelded portion may be formed in the welded portion due to the lack of heat generation and plastic flow, or the rotating tool may be damaged due to the excessive load placed thereon. On the other hand, if the tool rotational speed exceeds 1500 rpm, sufficient thickness may not be obtained in the welded portion because heat generation and plastic flow becomes excessive and softened metal chips off from the welded portion as burrs, or the rotating tool may be excessively heated and damaged. Therefore, the tool rotational speed is preferably 100 rpm to 1500 rpm.

(45) Tool rotational torque: 50 Nm to 1000 Nm

(46) To generate friction heat generated between the rotating tool and the welded portion of the workpiece, and to generate a plastic flow by stirring the welded portion softened by the heat with the tool, the tool rotational torque must be set within an appropriate range. If the tool rotational torque is less than 50 Nm, an unwelded portion may be formed in the welded portion due to the lack of heat generation and plastic flow, or the rotating tool may be damaged due to the excessive load placed thereon. On the other hand, if the tool rotational torque exceeds 1000 Nm, sufficient thickness may not be obtained in the welded portion because heat generation and plastic flow becomes excessive and softened metal chips off from the welded portion as burrs, or the rotating tool may be excessively heated and damaged. Therefore, the tool rotational torque is preferably 50 Nm to 1000 Nm.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(47) FIG. 4 shows a friction stir welding device. This device comprises an induction heating device 4 disposed ahead of a welding tool 60 in the advancing direction, and an induction heating device 8 disposed behind the welding tool 60 in the advancing direction, and heating is performed using these induction heating devices. The tool 60 is shaped such that it has a tungsten carbide-based protruded probe 62 and a flat shoulder 61. Further, to suppress oxidization of the welded portion, welding was performed while spraying argon gas from the front of the tool 60 in the advancing direction.

(48) Regarding the reference symbols in the drawings, reference numeral 9 indicates a cooling device, reference numeral 35 indicates a power source, and reference numeral 40 indicates a heating temperature setting panel.

(49) Using the friction stir welding device shown in FIG. 4, friction stir welding was performed on steel sheets having a sheet thickness of 1.2 mm (comprising C: 0.3 mass %, Si: 0.1 mass %, Mn: 1.0 mass %) under the conditions shown in Table 1. The joints were butted together using a non-angled or so-called I-type groove. Further, the frequency of when heating steel sheets using the induction heating device was set to 30 kHz to 300 kHz.

(50) The results of investigating the possibility of welding when performing the above friction stir welding is also shown in Table 1.

(51) Regarding the possibility of welding, “A” indicates that welding could be performed without damaging the tool, and no visible failure was observed across the whole length of the welded portion, and “B” indicates that the tool was damaged, or a visible defect was observed somewhere across the whole length of the welded portion. Failure refers to when irregularities of half or more of the sheet thickness or through holes are formed due to insufficient stirring or excessive stirring or when a crack is formed in the welded portion.

(52) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ac.sub.1 Maximum Shoulder Rotating Welding Temperature Temperature Joint Diameter d Speed Speed T.sub.Ac1 T.sub.U Width L Welding Efficiency No. (mm) (rpm) (m/min) (° C.) (° C.) (mm) Possibility ≧80% Remarks 1 12 200 0.5 720 440   3.6 A Achieved Example 2 12 200 0.5 720 1280    23.7 A Achieved Example 3 12 200 0.5 720 460 22 A Achieved Example 4 12 200 0.5 720 1050   5 A Achieved Example 5 12 200 0.5 720 600 24 A Achieved Example 6 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 A Achieved Example 7 12 200 0.5 720 1055  12 A Achieved Example 8 12 200 0.5 720 No Preheating — B Not Achieved Comparative Example 9 12 200 0.5 720 350  0 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 10 12 200 0.5 720 900  2 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 11 12 200 0.5 720 1200  36 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 12 12 200 1 720 600 20 A Achieved Example 13 12 200 1 720 600  8 A Achieved Example 14 12 200 1 720 815 14 A Achieved Example 15 12 200 1 720 1055   8 A Achieved Example 16 12 200 1 720 1055  20 A Achieved Example 17 12 200 1 720 No Preheating — B Not Achieved Comparative Example 18 12 200 1 720 350  0 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 19 12 200 1 720 900  2 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 20 12 200 1 720 1200  36 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 21 12 500 1 720 600 20 A Achieved Example 22 12 500 1 720 600  8 A Achieved Example 23 12 500 1 720 815 14 A Achieved Example 24 12 500 1 720 1055   8 A Achieved Example 25 12 500 1 720 1055  20 A Achieved Example 26 12 500 1 720 No Preheating — B Not Achieved Comparative Example 27 12 500 1 720 350  0 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 28 12 500 1 720 900  2 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 29 12 500 1 720 1200  36 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 30 18 200 1 720 600 30 A Achieved Example 31 18 200 1 720 600 10 A Achieved Example 32 18 200 1 720 815 17 A Achieved Example 33 18 200 1 720 1100  10 A Achieved Example 34 18 200 1 720 1100  36 A Achieved Example 35 18 200 1 720 No Preheating — B Not Achieved Comparative Example 36 18 200 1 720 350  0 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 37 18 200 1 720 900  4 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 38 18 200 1 720 1200  42 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 39 12 200 2 720 600 20 A Achieved Example 40 12 200 2 720 600  8 A Achieved Example 41 12 200 2 720 815 14 A Achieved Example 42 12 200 2 720 1055   8 A Achieved Example 43 12 200 2 720 1055  20 A Achieved Example 44 12 200 2 720 No Preheating — B Not Achieved Comparative Example 45 12 200 2 720 350  0 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 46 12 200 2 720 900  2 B Not Achieved Comparative Example 47 12 200 2 720 1200  36 B Not Achieved Comparative Example

(53) As shown in Table 1, a joint with no welding defects and having high joint efficiency was obtained even with a welding speed exceeding 0.5 m/min, when performing friction stir welding in accordance with the disclosure.

Example 2

(54) Similar to Example 1, friction stir welding was performed under the conditions shown in Table 2 using the friction stir welding device shown in FIG. 4. Although the welding conditions were substantially the same as Example 1, a backing material was used when performing welding in Example 2.

(55) The results of investigating the possibility of welding, joint efficiency, and stability of bead width when performing the above friction stir welding are also shown in Table 2. As for bead width, the minimum bead width and the maximum bead width were measured, and when the difference between them was 20% or less of the minimum bead width, bead width was evaluated as being stable.

(56) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Backing Ac.sub.1 Maximum Stability of Shoulder Rotating Welding Material TC.sub.B/ Temperature Temperature Joint Bead Width Diameter d Speed Speed Steel Sheet T.sub.Ac1 T.sub.U Width L Welding Efficiency (Difference No. (mm) (rpm) (m/min) TC.sub.S (° C.) (° C.) (mm) Possibility ≧80% ≦20%) Remarks 1 15 300 0.5 0.5 720 880 20 A Achieved Stable Example 2 15 300 0.5 0.8 720 880 20 A Achieved Stable Example 3 15 300 0.5 1 720 880 20 A Achieved Stable Example 4 15 300 0.5 0.4 720 880 20 A Achieved Unstable Example 5 15 300 0.5 1.5 720 880 20 A Achieved Unstable Example 6 15 300 1 0.5 720 880 20 A Achieved Stable Example 7 15 300 1 0.8 720 880 20 A Achieved Stable Example 8 15 300 1 1 720 880 20 A Achieved Stable Example 9 15 300 1 0.4 720 880 20 A Achieved Unstable Example 10 15 300 1 1.5 720 880 20 A Achieved Unstable Example

(57) As shown in Table 2, a joint with a stable bead width and no welding defects was obtained with high joint efficiency even with a welding speed exceeding 0.5 m/min, when performing our friction stir welding.

Example 3

(58) Similar to Example 1, friction stir welding was performed under the conditions shown in Table 3 using the friction stir welding device shown in FIG. 4. Although the welding conditions were substantially the same as Example 1, a cooling device 9 and a rear heating device 8 were used when performing welding in Example 3.

(59) The results of investigating the joint efficiency when performing the above friction stir welding and the standard deviation of the joint efficiency of ten samples obtained under the same conditions are also shown in Table 3.

(60) Regarding the possibility of welding, “B” and “A” indicate that welding could be performed, “A” indicates that welding could be performed without damaging the tool, no visible failure was observed across the whole length of the welded portion, and the bead width was stable, “B” indicates that welding could be performed without damaging the tool, and no visible failure was observed in the welded portion, and “C” indicates that the tool was damaged or a visible failure was observed somewhere across the whole length of the welded portion. Failure refers to when irregularities of half or more of the sheet thickness or through holes are formed due to insufficient stirring or excessive stirring or when a crack is formed in the welded portion.

(61) Regarding the evaluation of standard deviation of joint efficiency of the samples, the joint strength was divided by the base material strength to obtain a percentage value, and those with a value of more than 5% and 8% or less are indicated as “C”, those with a value of more than 3% and 5% or less are indicated as “B”, and those with a value of 3% or less are indicated as “A”.

(62) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Maximum Ac.sub.1 Maximum Temperature Shoulder Rotating Welding Temperature Temperature after Diameter d Speed Speed T.sub.Ac1 T.sub.U Width L Welding No. (mm) (rpm) (m/min) (° C.) (° C.) (mm) (° C.) Cooling  1 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Not Performed  2 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Not Performed  3 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Not Performed  4 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Performed  5 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Performed  6 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Performed  7 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Not Performed  8 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Not Performed  9 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Not Performed 10 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Performed 11 12 200 0.5 720 815 18 1100 Performed 12 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Not Performed 13 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Not Performed 14 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Not Performed 15 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Performed 16 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Performed 17 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Performed 18 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Not Performed 19 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Not Performed 20 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Not Performed 21 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Performed 22 12 500 1 720 815 14 1100 Performed Maximum Maximum Standard Temperature Temperature Deviation before after Joint of Joint Postheating Postheating Welding Efficiency Efficiency No. (° C.) Postheating (° C.) Possibility ≧80% (%, N = 10) Remarks  1 620 Performed 720 A Achieved B Example  2 480 Performed 510 A Achieved B Example  3 820 Performed 600 A Achieved B Example  4 280 Performed 540 A Achieved A Example  5 110 Performed 600 A Achieved A Example  6 160 Performed 820 A Achieved A Example  7 — Not Performed — A Achieved C Example  8 630 Performed 1215 A Achieved C Example  9 715 Performed 940 A Achieved C Example 10 180 Performed 1215 A Achieved C Example 11 140 Performed 300 A Achieved C Example 12 615 Performed 735 A Achieved B Example 13 465 Performed 525 A Achieved B Example 14 805 Performed 595 A Achieved B Example 15 265 Performed 550 A Achieved A Example 16 105 Performed 615 A Achieved A Example 17 155 Performed 825 A Achieved A Example 18 — Not Performed — A Achieved C Example 19 615 Performed 1210 A Achieved C Example 20 710 Performed 930 A Achieved C Example 21 175 Performed 1210 A Achieved C Example 22 130 Performed 295 A Achieved C Example

(63) As shown in Table 3, a joint with no welding defects was obtained with high joint efficiency even with a welding speed exceeding 0.5 m/min, when performing our friction stir welding. In particular, when performing appropriate re-heating treatment or cooling-re-heating treatment after friction stir welding, an even more stable joint was obtained.