METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF RENAL INJURY AND RENAL FAILURE

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and determination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering from or suspected of having a renal injury. In particular, the invention relates to using a plurality of assays, one or more of which is configured to detect a kidney injury marker selected from the group consisting of Hyaluronic acid, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G1, Immunoglobulin G2, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, Alpha-1 antitrypsin, Serum amyloid P component, Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2, Hepatocyte growth factor, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Beta-2-glycoprotein 1, Interleukin-1 beta, Neutrophil Elastase, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B, Interleukin-11, Cathepsin D, C—C motif chemokine 24, C—X—C motif chemokine 6, C—C motif chemokine 13, C—X—C motif chemokines-1, -2, and -3, Matrilysin, Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, and Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in renal injuries.

Claims

1. An immunoassay test device, comprising: a first antibody which specifically binds human Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 and a second antibody which specifically binds human Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2.

2. An immunoassay test device according to claim 1, wherein the first antibody and the second antibody are bound to a solid support.

3. An immunoassay test device according to claim 2, wherein the first antibody and the second antibody are bound to specific test zones on the solid support.

4. An immunoassay test device according to claim 2, further comprising a third antibody which specifically binds human Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 and forms a sandwich complex with the first antibody and human Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, and a fourth antibody which specifically binds human Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 and forms a sandwich complex with the second antibody and human Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2.

5. An immunoassay test device according to claim 3, further comprising a third antibody which specifically binds human Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 and forms a sandwich complex with the first antibody and human Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, and a fourth antibody which specifically binds human Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 and forms a sandwich complex with the second antibody and human Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2.

6. An immunoassay test device according to claim 4, wherein the third antibody and the fourth antibody are each bound to a detectable label.

7. An immunoassay test device according to claim 6, wherein the detectable label is a fluorescent label.

8. An immunoassay test device according to claim 5, wherein the third antibody and the fourth antibody are each bound to a detectable label.

9. An immunoassay test device according to claim 8, wherein the detectable label is a fluorescent label.

10. An immunoassay test device according to claim 6, wherein the test device is configured to contact a urine sample with the first, second, third, and fourth antibodies to form the sandwich complexes.

11. An immunoassay test device according to claim 8, wherein the test device is configured to contact a urine sample with the first, second, third, and fourth antibodies to form the sandwich complexes.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0070] The present invention relates to methods and compositions for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, risk stratification, monitoring, classifying and determination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering or at risk of suffering from injury to renal function, reduced renal function and/or acute renal failure through measurement of one or more kidney injury markers. In various embodiments, Hyaluronic acid, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G1, Immunoglobulin G2, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, Alpha-1 antitrypsin, Serum amyloid P component, Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2, Hepatocyte growth factor, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Beta-2-glycoprotein 1, Interleukin-1 beta, Neutrophil Elastase, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B, Interleukin-11, Cathepsin D, C—C motif chemokine 24, C—X—C motif chemokine 6, C—C motif chemokine 13, C—X—C motif chemokines-1,-2, and -3, Matrilysin, Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (P01589), Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, and Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1, or one or more markers related thereto, are combined with one another and/or with one or more additional markers or clinical indicia, and the combination correlated to the renal status of the subject.

[0071] For purposes of this document, the following definitions apply:

[0072] As used herein, an “injury to renal function” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) measurable reduction in a measure of renal function. Such an injury may be identified, for example, by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate or estimated GFR, a reduction in urine output, an increase in serum creatinine, an increase in serum cystatin C, a requirement for renal replacement therapy, etc. “Improvement in Renal Function” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) measurable increase in a measure of renal function. Preferred methods for measuring and/or estimating GFR are described hereinafter.

[0073] As used herein, “reduced renal function” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function identified by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/dL (≧8.8 μmol/L), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 20% (1.2-fold from baseline), or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour).

[0074] As used herein, “acute renal failure” or “ARF” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function identified by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 0.3 mg/dl (≧26.4 μmol/l), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 50% (1.5-fold from baseline), or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour for at least 6 hours). This term is synonymous with “acute kidney injury” or “AKI.”

[0075] The following is a list of markers finding use in the present invention. Where applicable, the Swiss-Prot entry number of the human precursor is indicated in parenthesis: [0076] Hyaluronic acid (not a polypeptide antigen), Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G1, Immunoglobulin G2, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (Q16270), Alpha-1 antitrypsin (P01009), Serum amyloid P component (P02743), Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 (P16035), Hepatocyte growth factor (P14210), Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (P02749), Interleukin-1 beta (P01584), Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (P05362), Neutrophil Elastase (P08246), Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (O00300), Interleukin-11 (P20809), Cathepsin D (P07339), C—C motif chemokine 24 (O00175), C—X—C motif chemokine 6 (P80162), C—C motif chemokine 13 (Q99616), C—X—C motif chemokines-1 (P09341), -2 (P19875), and -3 (P19876), Matrilysin (P09237), Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (P01589), Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (P17936), Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (P09603).

[0077] As used herein, a reference to a marker is intended to refer to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the marker's precursor and that are of a sufficient length for detection in a specific binding assay as an indication of the marker's presence in the sample. In the case of immunoassays, this typically means a polypeptide of at least 8 amino acids (the length of a typical epitope). The skilled artisan understands that proteins are often post-translationally processed into biologically active “mature” polypeptides. The skilled artisan also understands that the signals obtained from specific binding assays (e.g., an immunoassay) are a result of complexes formed between one or more binding species (e.g., antibodies) and those polypeptides derived from the target biomolecule (i.e., the analyte) containing the necessary epitope(s) to which the antibodies bind.

[0078] While such assays may detect the full length biomarker and the assay result be expressed as a concentration of a biomarker of interest, the signal from the assay is actually a result of all such “immunoreactive” polypeptides present in the sample. In the case of C—X—C motif chemokines-1,-2, and -3 for example, sufficient sequence identity exists such that one can use an assay which detects each of C—X—C motif chemokine 1(P09341), C—X—C motif chemokine 2 (P19875), and C—X—C motif chemokine 3 (P19876). Expression of biomarkers may also be determined by means other than immunoassays, including protein measurements (such as dot blots, western blots, chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, etc.) and nucleic acid measurements (mRNA quatitation). This list is not meant to be limiting. Preferably an assay for use in the present method detects the mature marker; meaning in the case of a soluble protein, the protein without its secretory signal sequence, and in the case of a marker which is a membrane protein, a soluble form thereof.

[0079] As used herein, the term “relating a signal to the presence or amount” of an analyte reflects this understanding. Assay signals are typically related to the presence or amount of an analyte through the use of a standard curve calculated using known concentrations of the analyte of interest. As the term is used herein, an assay is “configured to detect” an analyte if an assay can generate a detectable signal indicative of the presence or amount of a physiologically relevant concentration of the analyte. Because an antibody epitope is on the order of 8 amino acids, an immunoassay configured to detect a marker of interest will also detect polypeptides related to the marker sequence, so long as those polypeptides contain the epitope(s) necessary to bind to the antibody or antibodies used in the assay. The term “related marker” as used herein with regard to a biomarker such as one of the kidney injury markers described herein refers to one or more fragments, variants, etc., of a particular marker or its biosynthetic parent that may be detected as a surrogate for the marker itself or as independent biomarkers. The term also refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the biomarker precursor complexed to additional species, such as binding proteins, receptors, heparin, lipids, sugars, etc.

[0080] The term “positive going” marker as that term is used herein refer to a marker that is determined to be elevated in subjects suffering from a disease or condition, relative to subjects not suffering from that disease or condition. The term “negative going” marker as that term is used herein refer to a marker that is determined to be reduced in subjects suffering from a disease or condition, relative to subjects not suffering from that disease or condition.

[0081] The term “subject” as used herein refers to a human or non-human organism. Thus, the methods and compositions described herein are applicable to both human and veterinary disease. Further, while a subject is preferably a living organism, the invention described herein may be used in post-mortem analysis as well. Preferred subjects are humans, and most preferably “patients,” which as used herein refers to living humans that are receiving medical care for a disease or condition. This includes persons with no defined illness who are being investigated for signs of pathology.

[0082] Preferably, an analyte is measured in a sample. Such a sample may be obtained from a subject, or may be obtained from biological materials intended to be provided to the subject. For example, a sample may be obtained from a kidney being evaluated for possible transplantation into a subject, and an analyte measurement used to evaluate the kidney for preexisting damage. Preferred samples are body fluid samples.

[0083] The term “body fluid sample” as used herein refers to a sample of bodily fluid obtained for the purpose of diagnosis, prognosis, classification or evaluation of a subject of interest, such as a patient or transplant donor. In certain embodiments, such a sample may be obtained for the purpose of determining the outcome of an ongoing condition or the effect of a treatment regimen on a condition. Preferred body fluid samples include blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, sputum, and pleural effusions. In addition, one of skill in the art would realize that certain body fluid samples would be more readily analyzed following a fractionation or purification procedure, for example, separation of whole blood into serum or plasma components.

[0084] The term “diagnosis” as used herein refers to methods by which the skilled artisan can estimate and/or determine the probability (“a likelihood”) of whether or not a patient is suffering from a given disease or condition. In the case of the present invention, “diagnosis” includes using the results of an assay, most preferably an immunoassay, for a kidney injury marker of the present invention, optionally together with other clinical characteristics, to arrive at a diagnosis (that is, the occurrence or nonoccurrence) of an acute renal injury or ARF for the subject from which a sample was obtained and assayed. That such a diagnosis is “determined” is not meant to imply that the diagnosis is 100% accurate. Many biomarkers are indicative of multiple conditions. The skilled clinician does not use biomarker results in an informational vacuum, but rather test results are used together with other clinical indicia to arrive at a diagnosis. Thus, a measured biomarker level on one side of a predetermined diagnostic threshold indicates a greater likelihood of the occurrence of disease in the subject relative to a measured level on the other side of the predetermined diagnostic threshold.

[0085] Similarly, a prognostic risk signals a probability (“a likelihood”) that a given course or outcome will occur. A level or a change in level of a prognostic indicator, which in turn is associated with an increased probability of morbidity (e.g., worsening renal function, future ARF, or death) is referred to as being “indicative of an increased likelihood” of an adverse outcome in a patient.

[0086] Marker Assays

[0087] In general, immunoassays involve contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing a biomarker of interest with at least one antibody that specifically binds to the biomarker. A signal is then generated indicative of the presence or amount of complexes formed by the binding of polypeptides in the sample to the antibody. The signal is then related to the presence or amount of the biomarker in the sample. Numerous methods and devices are well known to the skilled artisan for the detection and analysis of biomarkers. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,143,576; 6,113,855; 6,019,944; 5,985,579; 5,947,124; 5,939,272; 5,922,615; 5,885,527; 5,851,776; 5,824,799; 5,679,526; 5,525,524; and 5,480,792, and The Immunoassay Handbook, David Wild, ed. Stockton Press, New York, 1994, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures and claims.

[0088] The assay devices and methods known in the art can utilize labeled molecules in various sandwich, competitive, or non-competitive assay formats, to generate a signal that is related to the presence or amount of the biomarker of interest. Suitable assay formats also include chromatographic, mass spectrographic, and protein “blotting” methods. Additionally, certain methods and devices, such as biosensors and optical immunoassays, may be employed to determine the presence or amount of analytes without the need for a labeled molecule. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,631,171; and 5,955,377, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures and claims. One skilled in the art also recognizes that robotic instrumentation including but not limited to Beckman ACCESS®, Abbott AXSYM®, Roche ELECSYS®, Dade Behring STRATUS® systems are among the immunoassay analyzers that are capable of performing immunoassays. But any suitable immunoassay may be utilized, for example, enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), competitive binding assays, and the like.

[0089] Antibodies or other polypeptides may be immobilized onto a variety of solid supports for use in assays. Solid phases that may be used to immobilize specific binding members include include those developed and/or used as solid phases in solid phase binding assays. Examples of suitable solid phases include membrane filters, cellulose-based papers, beads (including polymeric, latex and paramagnetic particles), glass, silicon wafers, microparticles, nanoparticles, TentaGel™ resins (Rapp Polymere GmbH), AgroGel™ resins (I.L.S.A. Industria Lavorazione Sottoprodotti Animali S.P.A.), polyethylene glycol and acrylamide (PEGA) gels, SPOCC gels, and multiple-well plates. An assay strip could be prepared by coating the antibody or a plurality of antibodies in an array on solid support. This strip could then be dipped into the test sample and then processed quickly through washes and detection steps to generate a measurable signal, such as a colored spot. Antibodies or other polypeptides may be bound to specific zones of assay devices either by conjugating directly to an assay device surface, or by indirect binding. In an example of the later case, antibodies or other polypeptides may be immobilized on particles or other solid supports, and that solid support immobilized to the device surface.

[0090] Biological assays require methods for detection, and one of the most common methods for quantitation of results is to conjugate a detectable label to a protein or nucleic acid that has affinity for one of the components in the biological system being studied. Detectable labels may include molecules that are themselves detectable (e.g., fluorescent moieties, electrochemical labels, metal chelates, etc.) as well as molecules that may be indirectly detected by production of a detectable reaction product (e.g., enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.) or by a specific binding molecule which itself may be detectable (e.g., biotin, digoxigenin, maltose, oligohistidine, 2,4-dintrobenzene, phenylarsenate, ssDNA, dsDNA, etc.).

[0091] Preparation of solid phases and detectable label conjugates often comprise the use of chemical cross-linkers. Cross-linking reagents contain at least two reactive groups, and are divided generally into homofunctional cross-linkers (containing identical reactive groups) and heterofunctional cross-linkers (containing non-identical reactive groups). Homobifunctional cross-linkers that couple through amines, sulfhydryls or react non-specifically are available from many commercial sources. Maleimides, alkyl and aryl halides, alpha-haloacyls and pyridyl disulfides are thiol reactive groups. Maleimides, alkyl and aryl halides, and alpha-haloacyls react with sulfhydryls to form thiol ether bonds, while pyridyl disulfides react with sulfhydryls to produce mixed disulfides. The pyridyl disulfide product is cleavable. Imidoesters are also very useful for protein-protein cross-links. A variety of heterobifunctional cross-linkers, each combining different attributes for successful conjugation, are commercially available.

[0092] In certain aspects, the present invention provides kits for the analysis of the described kidney injury markers. The kit comprises reagents for the analysis of at least one test sample which comprise at least one antibody that a kidney injury marker. The kit can also include devices and instructions for performing one or more of the diagnostic and/or prognostic correlations described herein. Preferred kits will comprise an antibody pair for performing a sandwich assay, or a labeled species for performing a competitive assay, for the analyte. Preferably, an antibody pair comprises a first antibody conjugated to a solid phase and a second antibody conjugated to a detectable label, wherein each of the first and second antibodies that bind a kidney injury marker. Most preferably each of the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. The instructions for use of the kit and performing the correlations can be in the form of labeling, which refers to any written or recorded material that is attached to, or otherwise accompanies a kit at any time during its manufacture, transport, sale or use. For example, the term labeling encompasses advertising leaflets and brochures, packaging materials, instructions, audio or video cassettes, computer discs, as well as writing imprinted directly on kits.

[0093] Antibodies

[0094] The term “antibody” as used herein refers to a peptide or polypeptide derived from, modeled after or substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof, capable of specifically binding an antigen or epitope. See, e.g. Fundamental Immunology, 3rd Edition, W. E. Paul, ed., Raven Press, N.Y. (1993); Wilson (1994; J. Immunol. Methods 175:267-273; Yarmush (1992) J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 25:85-97. The term antibody includes antigen-binding portions, i.e., “antigen binding sites,” (e.g., fragments, subsequences, complementarity determining regions (CDRs)) that retain capacity to bind antigen, including (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHl domains; (ii) a F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CHl domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). Single chain antibodies are also included by reference in the term “antibody.”

[0095] Alternatives to antibodies as binding species in assays are well known in the art. These include natural receptors for a particular target, aptamers, etc. Aptamers are oligonucleic acid or peptide molecules that bind to a specific target molecule. Aptamers are usually created by selecting them from a large random sequence pool, but natural aptamers also exist. High-affinity aptamers containing modified nucleotides conferring improved characteristics on the ligand, such as improved in vivo stability or improved delivery characteristics. Examples of such modifications include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/or phosphate and/or base positions, and may include amino acid side chain functionalities. Exemplary aptamers are described, for example, in Ostroff et al., J. Proteomics 73: 649-66, 2010; DiGiusto et al., Chem Bio Chem 7: 535-44, 2006; Miyakawa et al., RNA 14: 1154-63, 2008; Charlton et al., Biochemistry 36: 3018-26, 1997; Gold et al., Nature Precedings: hdl: 10101/npre.2010.4538.1, 2010.

[0096] Antibodies or other binding moieties used in the assays described herein preferably specifically bind to a kidney injury marker of the present invention. The term “specifically binds” is not intended to indicate that an antibody binds exclusively to its intended target since, as noted above, an antibody binds to any polypeptide displaying the epitope(s) to which the antibody binds. Rather, an antibody “specifically binds” if its affinity for its intended target is about 5-fold greater when compared to its affinity for a non-target molecule which does not display the appropriate epitope(s). Preferably the affinity of the antibody will be at least about 5 fold, preferably 10 fold, more preferably 25-fold, even more preferably 50-fold, and most preferably 100-fold or more, greater for a target molecule than its affinity for a non-target molecule. In preferred embodiments, Preferred antibodies bind with affinities of at least about 10.sup.7 M.sup.−1, and preferably between about 10.sup.8 M.sup.−1 to about 10.sup.9 M.sup.−1, about 10.sup.9 M.sup.−1 to about 10.sup.10 M.sup.−1, or about 10.sup.10 M.sup.−1 to about 10.sup.12 M.sup.−1.

[0097] Affinity is calculated as K.sub.d=k.sub.off/k.sub.on (k.sub.off is the dissociation rate constant, K.sub.on is the association rate constant and K.sub.d is the equilibrium constant). Affinity can be determined at equilibrium by measuring the fraction bound (r) of labeled ligand at various concentrations (c). The data are graphed using the Scatchard equation: r/c=K(n−r): where r=moles of bound ligand/mole of receptor at equilibrium; c=free ligand concentration at equilibrium; K=equilibrium association constant; and n=number of ligand binding sites per receptor molecule. By graphical analysis, r/c is plotted on the Y-axis versus r on the X-axis, thus producing a Scatchard plot. Antibody affinity measurement by Scatchard analysis is well known in the art. See, e.g., van Erp et al., J. Immunoassay 12: 425-43, 1991; Nelson and Griswold, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 27: 65-8, 1988.

[0098] The term “epitope” refers to an antigenic determinant capable of specific binding to an antibody. Epitopes usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational and nonconformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents.

[0099] Numerous publications discuss the use of phage display technology to produce and screen libraries of polypeptides for binding to a selected analyte. See, e.g, Cwirla et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6378-82, 1990; Devlin et al., Science 249, 404-6, 1990, Scott and Smith, Science 249, 386-88, 1990; and Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,698. A basic concept of phage display methods is the establishment of a physical association between DNA encoding a polypeptide to be screened and the polypeptide. This physical association is provided by the phage particle, which displays a polypeptide as part of a capsid enclosing the phage genome which encodes the polypeptide. The establishment of a physical association between polypeptides and their genetic material allows simultaneous mass screening of very large numbers of phage bearing different polypeptides. Phage displaying a polypeptide with affinity to a target bind to the target and these phage are enriched by affinity screening to the target. The identity of polypeptides displayed from these phage can be determined from their respective genomes. Using these methods a polypeptide identified as having a binding affinity for a desired target can then be synthesized in bulk by conventional means. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,098, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, including all tables, figures, and claims.

[0100] The antibodies that are generated by these methods may then be selected by first screening for affinity and specificity with the purified polypeptide of interest and, if required, comparing the results to the affinity and specificity of the antibodies with polypeptides that are desired to be excluded from binding. The screening procedure can involve immobilization of the purified polypeptides in separate wells of microtiter plates. The solution containing a potential antibody or groups of antibodies is then placed into the respective microtiter wells and incubated for about 30 min to 2 h. The microtiter wells are then washed and a labeled secondary antibody (for example, an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase if the raised antibodies are mouse antibodies) is added to the wells and incubated for about 30 min and then washed. Substrate is added to the wells and a color reaction will appear where antibody to the immobilized polypeptide(s) are present.

[0101] The antibodies so identified may then be further analyzed for affinity and specificity in the assay design selected. In the development of immunoassays for a target protein, the purified target protein acts as a standard with which to judge the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassay using the antibodies that have been selected. Because the binding affinity of various antibodies may differ; certain antibody pairs (e.g., in sandwich assays) may interfere with one another sterically, etc., assay performance of an antibody may be a more important measure than absolute affinity and specificity of an antibody.

Assay Correlations

[0102] The term “correlating” as used herein in reference to the use of biomarkers refers to comparing the presence or amount of the biomarker(s) in a patient to its presence or amount in persons known to suffer from, or known to be at risk of, a given condition; or in persons known to be free of a given condition. Often, this takes the form of comparing an assay result in the form of a biomarker concentration to a predetermined threshold selected to be indicative of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a disease or the likelihood of some future outcome.

[0103] Selecting a diagnostic threshold involves, among other things, consideration of the probability of disease, distribution of true and false diagnoses at different test thresholds, and estimates of the consequences of treatment (or a failure to treat) based on the diagnosis. For example, when considering administering a specific therapy which is highly efficacious and has a low level of risk, few tests are needed because clinicians can accept substantial diagnostic uncertainty. On the other hand, in situations where treatment options are less effective and more risky, clinicians often need a higher degree of diagnostic certainty. Thus, cost/benefit analysis is involved in selecting a diagnostic threshold.

[0104] Suitable thresholds may be determined in a variety of ways. For example, one recommended diagnostic threshold for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction using cardiac troponin is the 97.5.sup.th percentile of the concentration seen in a normal population. Another method may be to look at serial samples from the same patient, where a prior “baseline” result is used to monitor for temporal changes in a biomarker level.

[0105] Population studies may also be used to select a decision threshold. Reciever Operating Characteristic (“ROC”) arose from the field of signal dectection therory developed during World War II for the analysis of radar images, and ROC analysis is often used to select a threshold able to best distinguish a “diseased” subpopulation from a “nondiseased” subpopulation. A false positive in this case occurs when the person tests positive, but actually does not have the disease. A false negative, on the other hand, occurs when the person tests negative, suggesting they are healthy, when they actually do have the disease. To draw a ROC curve, the true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR) are determined as the decision threshold is varied continuously. Since TPR is equivalent with sensitivity and FPR is equal to 1-specificity, the ROC graph is sometimes called the sensitivity vs (1—specificity) plot. A perfect test will have an area under the ROC curve of 1.0; a random test will have an area of 0.5. A threshold is selected to provide an acceptable level of specificity and sensitivity.

[0106] In this context, “diseased” is meant to refer to a population having one characteristic (the presence of a disease or condition or the occurrence of some outcome) and “nondiseased” is meant to refer to a population lacking the characteristic. While a single decision threshold is the simplest application of such a method, multiple decision thresholds may be used. For example, below a first threshold, the absence of disease may be assigned with relatively high confidence, and above a second threshold the presence of disease may also be assigned with relatively high confidence. Between the two thresholds may be considered indeterminate. This is meant to be exemplary in nature only.

[0107] In addition to threshold comparisons, other methods for correlating assay results to a patient classification (occurrence or nonoccurrence of disease, likelihood of an outcome, etc.) include decision trees, rule sets, Bayesian methods, and neural network methods. These methods can produce probability values representing the degree to which a subject belongs to one classification out of a plurality of classifications.

[0108] Measures of test accuracy may be obtained as described in Fischer et al., Intensive Care Med. 29: 1043-51, 2003, and used to determine the effectiveness of a given biomarker. These measures include sensitivity and specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratios, and ROC curve areas. The area under the curve (“AUC”) of a ROC plot is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive instance higher than a randomly chosen negative one. The area under the ROC curve may be thought of as equivalent to the Mann-Whitney U test, which tests for the median difference between scores obtained in the two groups considered if the groups are of continuous data, or to the Wilcoxon test of ranks.

[0109] As discussed above, suitable tests may exhibit one or more of the following results on these various measures: a specificity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9 and most preferably at least 0.95, with a corresponding sensitivity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than 0.3, more preferably greater than 0.4, still more preferably at least 0.5, even more preferably 0.6, yet more preferably greater than 0.7, still more preferably greater than 0.8, more preferably greater than 0.9, and most preferably greater than 0.95; a sensitivity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9 and most preferably at least 0.95, with a corresponding specificity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than 0.3, more preferably greater than 0.4, still more preferably at least 0.5, even more preferably 0.6, yet more preferably greater than 0.7, still more preferably greater than 0.8, more preferably greater than 0.9, and most preferably greater than 0.95; at least 75% sensitivity, combined with at least 75% specificity; a ROC curve area of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9, and most preferably at least 0.95; an odds ratio different from 1, preferably at least about 2 or more or about 0.5 or less, more preferably at least about 3 or more or about 0.33 or less, still more preferably at least about 4 or more or about 0.25 or less, even more preferably at least about 5 or more or about 0.2 or less, and most preferably at least about 10 or more or about 0.1 or less; a positive likelihood ratio (calculated as sensitivity/(1-specificity)) of greater than 1, at least 2, more preferably at least 3, still more preferably at least 5, and most preferably at least 10; and or a negative likelihood ratio (calculated as (1-sensitivity)/specificity) of less than 1, less than or equal to 0.5, more preferably less than or equal to 0.3, and most preferably less than or equal to 0.1

[0110] Additional clinical indicia may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention. These include other biomarkers related to renal status. Examples include the following, which recite the common biomarker name, followed by the Swiss-Prot entry number for that biomarker or its parent: Actin (P68133); Adenosine deaminase binding protein (DPP4, P27487); Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (P02763); Alpha-1-microglobulin (P02760); Albumin (P02768); Angiotensinogenase (Renin, P00797); Annexin A2 (P07355); Beta-glucuronidase (P08236); B-2-microglobulin (P61679); Beta-galactosidase (P16278); BMP-7 (P18075); Brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP, BNP-32, NTproBNP; P16860); Calcium-binding protein Beta (S100-beta, P04271); Carbonic anhydrase (Q16790); Casein Kinase 2 (P68400); Cathepsin B (P07858); Ceruloplasmin (P00450); Clusterin (P10909); Complement C3 (P01024); Cysteine-rich protein (CYR61, O00622); Cytochrome C (P99999); Epidermal growth factor (EGF, P01133); Endothelin-1 (P05305); Exosomal Fetuin-A (P02765); Fatty acid-binding protein, heart (FABP3, P05413); Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (P07148); Ferritin (light chain, P02793; heavy chain P02794); Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (P09467); GRO-alpha (CXCL1, (P09341); Growth Hormone (P01241); Hepatocyte growth factor (P14210); Insulin-like growth factor I (P01343); Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin Light Chains (Kappa and Lambda); Interferon gamma (P01308); Lysozyme (P61626); Interleukin-lalpha (P01583); Interleukin-2 (P60568); Interleukin-4 (P60568); Interleukin-9 (P15248); Interleukin-12p40 (P29460); Interleukin-13 (P35225); Interleukin-16 (Q14005); L1 cell adhesion molecule (P32004); Lactate dehydrogenase (P00338); Leucine Aminopeptidase (P28838); Meprin A-alpha subunit (Q16819); Meprin A-beta subunit (Q16820); Midkine (P21741); MIP2-alpha (CXCL2, P19875); MMP-2 (P08253); MMP-9 (P14780); Netrin-1 (O95631); Neutral endopeptidase (P08473); Osteopontin (P10451); Renal papillary antigen 1 (RPA1); Renal papillary antigen 2 (RPA2); Retinol binding protein (P09455); Ribonuclease; S100 calcium-binding protein A6 (P06703); Serum Amyloid P Component (P02743); Sodium/Hydrogen exchanger isoform (NHE3, P48764); Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (P21673); TGF-Betal (P01137); Transferrin (P02787); Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3, Q07654); Toll-Like protein 4 (O00206); Total protein; Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (Q9UJW2); Uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein, P07911).

[0111] For purposes of risk stratification, Adiponectin (Q15848); Alkaline phosphatase (P05186); Aminopeptidase N (P15144); CalbindinD28k (P05937); Cystatin C (P01034); 8 subunit of FIFO ATPase (P03928); Gamma-glutamyltransferase (P19440); GSTa (alpha-glutathione-S-transferase, P08263); GSTpi (Glutathione-S-transferase P; GST class-pi; P09211); IGFBP-1 (P08833); IGFBP-2 (P18065); IGFBP-6 (P24592); Integral membrane protein 1 (Itm1, P46977); Interleukin-6 (P05231); Interleukin-8 (P10145); Interleukin-18 (Q14116); IP-10 (10 kDa interferon-gamma-induced protein, P02778); IRPR (IFRD1, O00458); Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD, P26440); I-TAC/CXCL11 (O14625); Keratin 19 (P08727); Kim-1 (Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1, O43656); L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (P50440); Leptin (P41159); Lipocalin2 (NGAL, P80188); C—C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 2 (P13500); MIG (Gamma-interferon-induced monokine Q07325); MIP-1a (P10147); MIP-3a (P78556); MIP-1beta (P13236); MIP-1d (Q16663); NAG (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, P54802); Organic ion transporter (OCT2, O15244); Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (O14788); P8 protein (O60356); Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1, P05121); ProANP(1-98) (P01160); Protein phosphatase 1-beta (PPI-beta, P62140); Rab GDI-beta (P50395); Renal kallikrein (Q86U61); RT1.B-1 (alpha) chain of the integral membrane protein (Q5Y7A8); Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (sTNFR-I, P19438); Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (sTNFR-II, P20333); Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3, P35625); uPAR (Q03405) may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention.

[0112] Other clinical indicia which may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention includes demographic information (e.g., weight, gender, age, race), medical history (e.g., family history, type of surgery, pre-existing disease such as aneurism, congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, chronic lung disease, acute lung injury, HIV infection, volume depletion, hypotension, shock, or sepsis; actual drug exposure or drug exposure being contemplated for subject for purposes of diagnosis or treatment (nonlimiting list of common nephrotoxic agents associated with acute renal failure (Source: Critical Care Nephrology, 2nd ed, Eds: Ronco, Bellomo, Kellum, p. 169 Table 30-1, Saunders/Elsevier publisher): Amphotericin B, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, Calcineurin inhibitors, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NS AIDs), Radiocontrast agents, Acyclovir, Aminoglycosides, Carbamazepine, Carboplatin, Cidofovir, Cisplatin, Foscarnet, Ifosfamide, Vancomycin, Allopurinol, Cephalosporins, Cimetidine, Cytosine arabinoside, Furosemide, Penicillins, Phenytoin, Proton pump inhibitors, Quinolones, Rifampicin, Sulfonamides, Thiazide, Indinavir, Methotrexate, Sulfonamides, Triamterene, Clopidogrel, Gemcitabine, Mitomycin C, Quinine/quinidine, Rapamycin, Ticlopidine, Dextran, Hydroxyethyl starch, Immunoglobulins, Mannitol, Sucrose); clinical variables (e.g., blood pressure, temperature, respiration rate); risk scores (APACHE score, PREDICT score, TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI, Framingham Risk Score, Simplified Acute Physiology score, risk scores of Thakar et al. (J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16: 162-68, 2005), Mehran et al. (J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44: 1393-99, 2004), Wijeysundera et al. (JAMA 297: 1801-9, 2007), Goldstein and Chawla (Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5: 943-49, 2010), or Chawla et al. (Kidney Intl. 68: 2274-80, 2005)); other clinical measurements (a urine total protein measurement, a glomerular filtration rate, an estimated glomerular filtration rate, a urine production rate, a serum or plasma creatinine concentration, a renal papillary antigen 1 (RPA1) measurement; a renal papillary antigen 2 (RPA2) measurement; a urine creatinine concentration, a fractional excretion of sodium, a urine sodium concentration, a urine creatinine to serum or plasma creatinine ratio, a urine specific gravity, a urine osmolality, a urine urea nitrogen to plasma urea nitrogen ratio, a plasma BUN to creatnine ratio, and/or a renal failure index calculated as urine sodium/(urine creatinine/plasma creatinine)). Other measures of renal function which may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) are described hereinafter and in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17.sup.th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830, and Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2008, 47.sup.th Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0113] Combining assay results/clinical indicia in this manner can comprise the use of multivariate logistical regression, loglinear modeling, neural network analysis, n-of-m analysis, decision tree analysis, etc. This list is not meant to be limiting.

[0114] Diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure

[0115] As noted above, the terms “acute renal (or kidney) injury” and “acute renal (or kidney) failure” as used herein are defined in part in terms of changes in serum creatinine from a baseline value. Most definitions of ARF have common elements, including the use of serum creatinine and, often, urine output. Patients may present with renal dysfunction without an available baseline measure of renal function for use in this comparison. In such an event, one may estimate a baseline serum creatinine value by assuming the patient initially had a normal GFR. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be calculated by measuring any chemical that has a steady level in the blood, and is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. GFR is typically expressed in units of ml/min:

[00001]$\mathrm{GFR}=\frac{\mathrm{Urine}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Concentration}\times \mathrm{Urine}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Flow}}{\mathrm{Plasma}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Concentration}}$

[0116] By normalizing the GFR to the body surface area, a GFR of approximately 75-100 ml/min per 1.73 m.sup.2 can be assumed. The rate therefore measured is the quantity of the substance in the urine that originated from a calculable volume of blood.

[0117] There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR or eGFR). In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance is used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a metabolite of creatine, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the renal tubules in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10-20%. This margin of error is acceptable considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured.

[0118] Creatinine clearance (CCr) can be calculated if values for creatinine's urine concentration (U.sub.C.sub.r), urine flow rate (V), and creatinine's plasma concentration (P.sub.C.sub.r) are known. Since the product of urine concentration and urine flow rate yields creatinine's excretion rate, creatinine clearance is also said to be its excretion rate (U.sub.C.sub.r×V) divided by its plasma concentration. This is commonly represented mathematically as:

[00002]$C_{\mathrm{Cr}}=\frac{U_{\mathrm{Cr}}\times V}{P_{\mathrm{Cr}}}$

[0119] Commonly a 24 hour urine collection is undertaken, from empty-bladder one morning to the contents of the bladder the following morning, with a comparative blood test then taken:

[00003]$C_{\mathrm{Cr}}=\frac{U_{\mathrm{Cr}}\times 24.Math.\text{-}.Math.\mathrm{hour}.Math..Math.\mathrm{volume}}{P_{\mathrm{Cr}}\times 24\times 60.Math..Math.\mathrm{mins}}$

[0120] To allow comparison of results between people of different sizes, the CCr is often corrected for the body surface area (BSA) and expressed compared to the average sized man as ml/min/1.73 m2. While most adults have a BSA that approaches 1.7 (1.6-1.9), extremely obese or slim patients should have their CCr corrected for their actual BSA:

[00004]$C_{\mathrm{Cr}.Math.\text{-}.Math.\mathrm{corrected}}=\frac{C_{\mathrm{Cr}}\times 1.73}{\mathrm{BSA}}$

[0121] The accuracy of a creatinine clearance measurement (even when collection is complete) is limited because as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls creatinine secretion is increased, and thus the rise in serum creatinine is less. Thus, creatinine excretion is much greater than the filtered load, resulting in a potentially large overestimation of the GFR (as much as a twofold difference). However, for clinical purposes it is important to determine whether renal function is stable or getting worse or better. This is often determined by monitoring serum creatinine alone. Like creatinine clearance, the serum creatinine will not be an accurate reflection of GFR in the non-steady-state condition of ARF. Nonetheless, the degree to which serum creatinine changes from baseline will reflect the change in GFR. Serum creatinine is readily and easily measured and it is specific for renal function.

[0122] For purposes of determining urine output on a Urine output on a mL/kg/hr basis, hourly urine collection and measurement is adequate. In the case where, for example, only a cumulative 24-h output was available and no patient weights are provided, minor modifications of the RIFLE urine output criteria have been described. For example, Bagshaw et al., Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23: 1203-1210, 2008, assumes an average patient weight of 70 kg, and patients are assigned a RIFLE classification based on the following: <35 mL/h (Risk), <21 mL/h (Injury) or <4 mL/h (Failure).

[0123] Selecting a Treatment Regimen

[0124] Once a diagnosis is obtained, the clinician can readily select a treatment regimen that is compatible with the diagnosis, such as initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing delivery of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, kidney transplantation, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, modifying diuretic administration, initiating goal directed therapy, etc. The skilled artisan is aware of appropriate treatments for numerous diseases discussed in relation to the methods of diagnosis described herein. See, e.g., Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th Ed. Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999. In addition, since the methods and compositions described herein provide prognostic information, the markers of the present invention may be used to monitor a course of treatment. For example, improved or worsened prognostic state may indicate that a particular treatment is or is not efficacious.

[0125] One skilled in the art readily appreciates that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The examples provided herein are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Sample Collection

[0126] The objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples of plasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and after receiving intravascular contrast media. Approximately 250 adults undergoing radiographic/angiographic procedures involving intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media are enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

[0127] males and females 18 years of age or older; [0128] undergoing a radiographic/angiographic procedure (such as a CT scan or coronary intervention) involving the intravascular administration of contrast media; [0129] expected to be hospitalized for at least 48 hours after contrast administration. [0130] able and willing to provide written informed consent for study participation and to comply with all study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria

[0131] renal transplant recipients; [0132] acutely worsening renal function prior to the contrast procedure; [0133] already receiving dialysis (either acute or chronic) or in imminent need of dialysis at enrollment; [0134] expected to undergo a major surgical procedure (such as involving cardiopulmonary bypass) or an additional imaging procedure with contrast media with significant risk for further renal insult within the 48 hrs following contrast administration; [0135] participation in an interventional clinical study with an experimental therapy within the previous 30 days; [0136] known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitis virus.

[0137] Immediately prior to the first contrast administration (and after any pre-procedure hydration), an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL) and a urine sample (10 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 4 (±0.5), 8 (±1), 24 (±2) 48 (±2), and 72 (±2) hrs following the last administration of contrast media during the index contrast procedure. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma at the clinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.

[0138] Serum creatinine is assessed at the site immediately prior to the first contrast administration (after any pre-procedure hydration) and at 4 (±0.5), 8 (±1), 24 (±2) and 48 (±2)), and 72 (±2) hours following the last administration of contrast (ideally at the same time as the study samples are obtained). In addition, each patient's status is evaluated through day 30 with regard to additional serum and urine creatinine measurements, a need for dialysis, hospitalization status, and adverse clinical outcomes (including mortality).

[0139] Prior to contrast administration, each patient is assigned a risk based on the following assessment: systolic blood pressure<80 mm Hg=5 points; intra-arterial balloon pump=5 points; congestive heart failure (Class III-IV or history of pulmonary edema)=5 points; age>75 yrs=4 points; hematocrit level<39% for men, <35% for women=3 points; diabetes=3 points; contrast media volume=1 point for each 100 mL; serum creatinine level>1.5 g/dL=4 points OR estimated GFR 40-60 mL/min/1.73 m.sup.2=2 points, 20-40 mL/min/1.73 m.sup.2=4 points, <20 mL/min/1.73 m.sup.2=6 points. The risks assigned are as follows: risk for CIN and dialysis: 5 or less total points=risk of CIN−7.5%, risk of dialysis−0.04%; 6-10 total points=risk of CIN−14%, risk of dialysis−0.12%; 11-16 total points=risk of CIN−26.1%, risk of dialysis−1.09%; >16 total points=risk of CIN−57.3%, risk of dialysis−12.8%.

EXAMPLE 2

Cardiac Surgery Sample Collection

[0140] The objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples of plasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and after undergoing cardiovascular surgery, a procedure known to be potentially damaging to kidney function. Approximately 900 adults undergoing such surgery are enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

[0141] males and females 18 years of age or older; [0142] undergoing cardiovascular surgery; [0143] Toronto/Ottawa Predictive Risk Index for Renal Replacement risk score of at least 2 (Wijeysundera et al., JAMA 297: 1801-9, 2007); and [0144] able and willing to provide written informed consent for study participation and to comply with all study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria

[0145] known pregnancy; [0146] previous renal transplantation; [0147] acutely worsening renal function prior to enrollment (e.g., any category of RIFLE criteria); [0148] already receiving dialysis (either acute or chronic) or in imminent need of dialysis at enrollment; [0149] currently enrolled in another clinical study or expected to be enrolled in another clinical study within 7 days of cardiac surgery that involves drug infusion or a therapeutic intervention for AKI; [0150] known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitis virus.

[0151] Within 3 hours prior to the first incision (and after any pre-procedure hydration), an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL), whole blood (3 mL), and a urine sample (35 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 3 (±0.5), 6 (±0.5), 12 (±1), 24 (±2) and 48 (±2) hrs following the procedure and then daily on days 3 through 7 if the subject remains in the hospital. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.

EXAMPLE 3

Acutely Ill Subject Sample Collection

[0152] The objective of this study is to collect samples from acutely ill patients. Approximately 900 adults expected to be in the ICU for at least 48 hours will be enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

[0153] males and females 18 years of age or older; [0154] Study population 1: approximately 300 patients that have at least one of: [0155] shock (SBP<90 mmHg and/or need for vasopressor support to maintain MAP>60 mmHg and/or documented drop in SBP of at least 40 mmHg); and [0156] sepsis; [0157] Study population 2: approximately 300 patients that have at least one of: [0158] IV antibiotics ordered in computerized physician order entry (CPOE) within 24 hours of enrollment; [0159] contrast media exposure within 24 hours of enrollment; [0160] increased Intra-Abdominal Pressure with acute decompensated heart failure; and [0161] severe trauma as the primary reason for ICU admission and likely to be hospitalized in the ICU for 48 hours after enrollment; [0162] Study population 3: approximately 300 patients [0163] expected to be hospitalized through acute care setting (ICU or ED) with a known risk factor for acute renal injury (e.g. sepsis, hypotension/shock (Shock=systolic BP<90 mmHg and/or the need for vasopressor support to maintain a MAP>60 mmHg and/or a documented drop in SBP>40 mmHg), major trauma, hemorrhage, or major surgery); and/or expected to be hospitalized to the ICU for at least 24 hours after enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria

[0164] known pregnancy; [0165] institutionalized individuals; [0166] previous renal transplantation; [0167] known acutely worsening renal function prior to enrollment (e.g., any category of RIFLE criteria); [0168] received dialysis (either acute or chronic) within 5 days prior to enrollment or in imminent need of dialysis at the time of enrollment; [0169] known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitis virus; [0170] meets only the SBP<90 mmHg inclusion criterion set forth above, and does not have shock in the attending physician's or principal investigator's opinion.

[0171] After providing informed consent, an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL) and a urine sample (25-30 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 4 (±0.5) and 8 (±1) hours after contrast administration (if applicable); at 12 (±1), 24 (±2), and 48 (±2) hours after enrollment, and thereafter daily up to day 7 to day 14 while the subject is hospitalized. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma at the clinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.

EXAMPLE 4

Apparently Healthy Donor and Chronic Disease Patient Samples

[0172] Human urine samples from donors with no known chronic or acute disease (“Apparently Healthy Donors”) were purchased from two vendors (Golden West Biologicals, Inc., 27625 Commerce Center Dr., Temecula, Calif. 92590 and Virginia Medical Research, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd., Virginia Beach, Va. 23454). The urine samples were shipped and stored frozen at less than −20° C. The vendors supplied demographic information for the individual donors including gender, race (Black/White), smoking status and age.

[0173] Human urine samples from donors with various chronic diseases (“Chronic Disease Patients”) including congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were purchased from Virginia Medical Research, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd., Virginia Beach, Va. 23454. The urine samples were shipped and stored frozen at less than −20 degrees centigrade. The vendor provided a case report form for each individual donor with age, gender, race (Black/White), smoking status and alcohol use, height, weight, chronic disease(s) diagnosis, current medications and previous surgeries.

EXAMPLE 5

Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Renal Status in Patients

[0174] Patients from the intensive care unit (ICU) (Example 3, above) were used in the following analysis. Each patient was classified by kidney status as non-injury (0), risk of injury (R), injury (I), and failure (F) according to the maximum stage reached within 10 days of enrollment as determined by the RIFLE criteria. EDTA anti-coagulated blood samples (10 mL) and a urine samples (25-30 mL) were collected from each patient at enrollment, 4 (±0.5) and 8 (±1) hours after contrast administration (if applicable); at 12 (±1), 24 (±2), and 48 (±2) hours after enrollment, and thereafter daily up to day 7 to day 14 while the subject is hospitalized. Markers were each measured by standard immunoassay methods using commercially available assay reagents in the urine samples and the plasma component of the blood samples collected, except Hyaluronic Acid, which is a binding assay based on the binding protein Aggrecan. The following is a list of commercial assay reagents used for collecting measuring various markers:

TABLE-US-00002 Marker Assay name/Vendor Hyaluronic acid Echelon Hyaluronan Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit, cat. # K1200 Neutrophil Elastase Hycult/Cell Sciences Elisa kit for human neutrophil (ELANE) elastase, cat. #HK319 Interleukin-1 beta MSD.sup.†† Proinflamm 9-IL-1 96-Well MULTI-ARRAY ® and MULTI- (IL-1b) SPOT ® Human Cytokine Assays: Base Kit Interleukin-11 MP Lmx.sup.† MP63K 9plex-IL-11 Human Cytokine/Chemokine Panel (IL-11) III, cat. # MPXHCYP3-63K C-X-C motif MP Lmx MP63K 9plex-CXCL6 (GCP2) Human Cytokine/Chemokine chemokine 6 (GCP-2) Panel III, cat. # MPXHCYP3-63K Macrophage colony- MP Lmx MP 63K 9plex-M-CSF Human Cytokine/Chemokine Panel stimulating factor 1 III, cat. # MPXHCYP3-63K (CSF-1) Intercellular MP Lmx HNGD3-36K-7plex-sICAM-1 Human Neurodegenerative adhesion Disease Panel 3 Kit 96 Well Plate Assay, cat. # HNDG3-36K molecule 1 (ICAM-1) Cathepsin-D MP Lmx HNGD3-36K-7plex-Cathepsin D Human Neurodegenerative Disease Panel 3 Kit 96 Well Plate Assay, cat. # HNDG3-36K C-X-C motif MP Lmx MP60K-21plex-GRO Human Cytokine/Chemokine Kit 96- chemokines -1, -2, Well Plate Assay, cat. # MPXHCYTO-60K and -3 (CXCL-1, -2, -3) Interleukin-2 MP Lmx MP60K-21plex-sIL-2Ra Human Cytokine/Chemokine 96- receptor Well Plate Assay, cat. # MPXHCYTO-60K alpha chain (IL2Ra) Immunoglobulin A MP Lmx MP HGAM 6 plex-IgA Human Immunoglobulin Isotyping (IgA) Kit 96 Well Plate Assay, cat. # HGAM-301 Immunoglobulin G1 MP Lmx MP HGAM 6 plex-IgG1 Human Immunoglobulin Isotyping (IgG1) Kit 96 Well Plate Assay, cat. # HGAM-301 Immunoglobulin G2 MP Lmx MP HGAM 6 plex-IgG2 Human Immunoglobulin Isotyping (IgG2) Kit 96 Well Plate Assay, cat. # HGAM-301 Alpha-1 antitrypsin MP Lmx HNDG2-36K 4plex-Alpha 1 anti-Trypsin Human (A1AT) Neurodegenerative Disease Panel 2 Kit, cat. # HNDG2-36K C-C motif chemokine MP Lmx MP 62K - 23plex-MCP-4 Human Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 13 (MCP-4) II, cat. # MPXHCYP2-62K C-C motif chemokine MP Lmx MP 62K - 23plex-Eotaxin-2 Human Cytokine/Chemokine 24 (Eotaxin-2) Panel II, cat. # MPXHCYP2-62K Insulin-like growth MP Lmx HIGFBP-53K-Plex B-3plex-IGFBP-7 Human IGF Binding factor-binding Protein (IGFBP) Panel Kit, cat. # HIGFBP-53K protein 7 (IGFBP7) Insulin-like growth MP Lmx HIGFBP-53K-Plex B-3plex-IGFBP-3 Human IGF Binding factor-binding Protein (IGFBP) Panel Kit, cat. # HIGFBP-53K protein 3 (IGFBP3) Metalloproteinase RND Lmx TIMP-2 Human TIMP Multiplex Kit, cat. # LKT003 inhibitor 2 (TIMP2) Matrilysin (MMP-7) RND Lmx MMP 3plex Urine-MMP-7 Human MMP MultiAnalyte Profiling Base Kit, cat. # LMP000 Serum amyloid P EMD Lmx CVD5-SAP BeadPlex ® Human CVD Panel 5 (Acute component (SAP) Phase), cat. # BPHCVD05-8 Beta-2-glycoprotein-1 EMD Lmx CVD1-APO H BeadPlex ® Human CVD Panel 1 (ApoH) (Apolipoproteins), cat. # BPHCVD01-7 Hepatocyte growth MSD Custom 10-HGF MSD ® Custom Multiplex: Human G-CSF, IL-5, factor (HGF) IL-12p40, HGF, VEGF, IGFBP-1, HIF-1a, ITAC, OPGN, and TGF-b1 Assay Tumor necrosis factor MSD Custom 10-Human Osteoprotegrin Human G-CSF, IL-5, IL-12p40, receptor superfamily HGF, VEGF, IGFBP-1, HIF-1a, ITAC, OPGN, and TGF-b1 Assay member 11B (Osteoprotegerin, OPGN) .sup.†LMX indicates an assay run on a Luminex immunoassay platform. .sup.††MSD indicates an assay run on a Meso Scale Discovery immunoassay platform.
Vendor list: [0175] EMD: EMD Chemicals Inc., 480 South Democrat Road, Gibbstown, N.J. 08027 [0176] MSD: Meso Scale Discovery, 9238 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Md. 20877 [0177] MP: Millipore Inc., 290 Concord Road, Billerica, Mass. 01821 [0178] RND: R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, Minn. 55413 [0179] Echelon: Echelon Biosciences Inc., 675 Arapeen Drive, Suite 302, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108 [0180] Hycult: Hycult Biotech Inc., 600 West Germantown Pike, Suite 400, Plymouth Meeting, Pa. 1946

[0181] Concentrations were reported as follows: Hyaluronic acid—ng/mL, Immunoglobulin A—ng/mL, Immunoglobulin G1—ng/mL, Immunoglobulin G2—ng/mL, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7—ng/mL, Alpha-1 antitrypsin—ng/mL, Serum amyloid P component—ng/mL, Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2—pg/mL, Hepatocyte growth factor—pg/mL, Beta-2-glycoprotein 1—ng/mL, Interleukin-1 beta—pg/mL, Neutrophil Elastase—ng/mL, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B—pg/mL, Interleukin-11—pg/mL, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1—pg/mL, Cathepsin D—pg/mL, C—C motif chemokine 24—pg/mL, C—X—C motif chemokine 6—pg/mL, C—C motif chemokine 13—pg/mL, C—X—C motif chemokines-1—pg/mL, -2—pg/mL, and -3—pg/mL, Matrilysin—pg/mL, Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain—pg/mL, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3—ng/mL, and Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1—pg/mL. With the exception of Alpha-1 antitrypsin, the concentration of which was reduced in the context of AKI relative to control subjects using the foregoing assay, the concentrations of all markers were increased in the context of AKI relative to control subjects using the foregoing assays.

[0182] Two cohorts were defined as described in the introduction to each of the following tables. In the following tables, the time “prior to AKI stage” represents the time at which a sample is collected, relative to the time a particular patient reaches the lowest disease stage as defined for that cohort, binned into three groups which are +/−12 hours. For example, “24 hr prior” which uses 0 vs R, I, F as the two cohorts would mean 24 hr (+/−12 hours) prior to reaching stage R (or I if no sample at R, or F if no sample at R or I).

[0183] A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated for each biomarker measured and the area under each ROC curve (AUC) was determined. Patients in Cohort 2 were also separated according to the reason for adjudication to cohort 2 as being based on serum creatinine measurements (sCr), being based on urine output (UO), or being based on either serum creatinine measurements or urine output. Using the same example discussed above (0 vs R, I, F), for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output; for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements; and for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the stage 0 cohort contains only patients in stage 0 for both serum creatinine measurements and urine output. Also, in the data for patients adjudicated on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the adjudication method which yielded the most severe RIFLE stage was used.

[0184] The individual marker assay results were combined to provide a single result as indicated below, and the single result treated as an individual biomarker using standard statistical methods. Two exemplary methods for combining marker results are presented in the following tables. In one, referred to in the following tables as the “product model,” arithmetic operators such as “×” (multiplication) and “/” (division) were used in their ordinary sense to combine the measured marker levels. In the second, referred to in the following tables as the “logistic regression model,” a well known logistic regression method was used. Logistic regression is a method widely used for models which have a binary outcome, such as the “diseased” “non-diseased” dichotomy presented here. The method will be briefly described below, full treatments can be found in the literature. The model used was:

[00005]${\Pi }_i\left(y_i=1|x_i\right)=\frac{e^{\alpha +\beta .Math..Math.x_i}}{1+e^{\alpha +\beta .Math..Math.x_i}}$

[0185] In this model, x and β are vectors, x representing the different observables or analyte values, y.sub.i=1 indicates a diseased state, and II.sub.i is the model probability of this state for the i.sup.th case given x.sub.i. The panel value for each sample is II.sub.i. The log odds or logit is:

[00006]$\mathrm{logit}=\mathrm{in}\left[\frac{{\Pi }_i\left(y_i=1|x_i\right)}{1-{\Pi }_i\left(y_i=1|x_i\right)}\right]=\alpha +\beta .Math..Math.x_i$

[0186] Define p.sub.i as probability of observing the true outcome:

[00007]$p_i=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}{\Pi }_i\left(y_i=1|x_i\right)& \mathrm{if}.Math..Math.\mathrm{deseased}\\ 1-{\Pi }_i\left(y_i=1|x_i\right)& \mathrm{if}.Math..Math.\mathrm{non}.Math.\text{-}.Math.\mathrm{diseased}\end{array}\right\}$

[0187] The likelihood function is the product of the probabilities of observing the true outcomes, so the log likelihood (LL) is:

LL=ln(L(α, β))=Σln(p.sub.i)

[0188] To find the parameters, α and β, that best fit the model, the negative log likelihood (−LL) is minimized. This minimization was performed using the Levenberg-Marquardt method (Numerical Recipes The Art of Scientific Computing, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2007). The initial point for each parameter is 0.

[0189] A commonly used statistic to compare the fit of two nested models is the likelihood ratio test. This statistic, or the deviance, is the difference in twice the negative log likelihood (−2LL) for the two model, and is asymptotically a χ.sup.2 with DF equal to the change in the number of degrees of freedom (number of analytes) between the models. The p-value is calculated from this statistic. The null hypothesis is that the logistic model is not different than a constant model (βset to 0), is tested for each model using the likelihood ratio test. The ‘model p-value’ is defined as the probability that the null hypothesis is true. For the constant model, a closed form solution for α and −2LL can be found. It is a function of the number of diseased (#D) and the number of non-diseased (#ND) samples in the data set.

[00008]$\alpha =\ln \left(\frac{\#.Math.D}{\#.Math.\mathrm{ND}}\right)-2.Math.\mathrm{LL}=-2*\left[\#.Math.\mathrm{ND}.Math..Math.\ln \left(1-\Pi \right)+\#.Math.D.Math..Math.\ln \left(\Pi \right)\right]$$\mathrm{Where}.Math.\text{:}.Math..Math.\Pi =\frac{\#.Math.D}{\left(\#.Math.\mathrm{ND}+\#.Math.D\right)}$

[0190] The ability to distinguish cohort 1 from Cohort 2 was determined using ROC analysis. Standard errors were calculated as described in Hanley, J. A., and McNeil, B. J., The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology (1982) 143: 29-36; p values were calculated with a two-tailed Z-test, and are reported in the following Tables 1-12 as “−” if p<0.05, and as “+” if p≧0.05. All panels reported in Tables 1-12 below are calculated to increase in value in “disease” as compared to “control”.

[0191] The comparisons reported in the tables are: [0192] A: Comparison of marker levels in urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0) and in urine samples collected from subjects at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage R, I or F in Cohort 2. [0193] B: Comparison of marker levels in urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0 or R) and in urine samples collected from subjects at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage I or F in Cohort 2. [0194] C: Comparison of marker levels in urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0, R, or I) and in urine samples collected from Cohort 2 (subjects who progress to RIFLE stage F) at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to the subject reaching RIFLE stage I. [0195] D: Comparison of the maximum marker levels in urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0) and the maximum values in urine samples collected from subjects between enrollment and 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage F in Cohort 2. [0196] E: Comparison of marker levels in enroll urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0 or R within 48 hrs) and in enroll urine samples collected from Cohort 2 (subjects reaching RIFLE stage I or F within 48 hrs). Enroll samples from patients already at RIFLE stage I or F were included in Cohort 2.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1 Significance of exemplary two marker panels; product model; “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 24 hrs prior to AKI stage Panel sCr sCr_UO UO # Analysis A B C D A B C D A B C D Cathepsin D x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 1 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Interleukin-11 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − C-C motif chemokine 13 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 3 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 4 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Immunoglobulin G2 5 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Immunoglobulin G1 6 − − − − − − − − − − − − C-C motif chemokine 13 x Hepatocyte growth factor 7 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x C—X—C motif chemokine 6 8 + − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Interleukin- 9 − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 beta Neutrophil elastase x C-C motif chemokine 24 10 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 11 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x C-C motif 12 − − − − − − − − − − − − chemokine 24 Neutrophil elastase x Immunoglobulin A 13 + − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 14 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x C—X—C 15 − − − − − − − − − − − − motif chemokine 6 Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 16 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 17 − − − − − − − − − − − − Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 18 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Cathepsin D 19 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 20 + − − − − − − − − − − − Serum amyloid P-component x Insulin-like growth 21 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor-binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 22 − − − − − − − − − − − − C—X—C motif chemokines (−1, −2, −3) x Metalloproteinase 23 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 24 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 25 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Hepatocyte growth factor 26 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Immunoglobulin A 27 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 28 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin A Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase 29 + − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x C—X—C motif chemokines 30 − − − − − − − − − − − − (−1, −2, −3) Neutrophil elastase x Cathepsin D 31 + − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 x Hepatocyte growth factor 32 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Insulin-like growth factor-binding 33 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7 Serum amyloid P-component x Metalloproteinase 34 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 35 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Serum amyloid P-component 36 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 37 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 38 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid x Serum amyloid P-component 39 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Tumor necrosis factor receptor 40 − − − − − − − − − − − − superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding 41 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7 Hyaluronic acid x C—X—C motif chemokines (−1, −2, −3) 42 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 43 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Hepatocyte 44 − − − − − − − − − − − − growth factor Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 45 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Interleukin- 46 − − − − − − − − − − − − 11 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Insulin-like growth factor- 47 − − − − − − − − − − − − binding protein 7 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 48 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x C-C motif chemokine 13 49 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x C—X—C 50 − − − − − − − − − − − − motif chemokines (−1, −2, −3) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x C-C motif 51 − − − − − − − − − − − − chemokine 13

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 Significance of exemplary two marker panels; logistic regression model, “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 24 hrs prior to AKI stage Panel sCr sCr_UO UO # Analysis A B C D A B C D A B C D Cathepsin D; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 1 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Interleukin-11 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − C-C motif chemokine 13; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 3 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 4 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin G2 5 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin G1 6 − − − − − − − − − − − − C-C motif chemokine 13; Hepatocyte growth factor 7 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; C—X—C motif chemokine 6 8 + − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin- 9 − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 beta Neutrophil elastase; C-C motif chemokine 24 10 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 11 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-C motif 12 − − − − − − − − − − − − chemokine 24 Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin A 13 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 14 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C—X—C 15 − − − − − − − − − − − − motif chemokine 6 Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 16 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 17 − − − − − − − − − − − − Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 18 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Cathepsin D 19 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 20 + − − − − − − − − − − − Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor- 21 − − − − − − − − − − − − binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 22 − − − − − − − − − − − − C—X—C motif chemokines (−1, −2, −3); Metalloproteinase 23 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 24 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 25 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth factor 26 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin A 27 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 28 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin A Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase 29 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; C—X—C motif chemokines (−1, −2, −3) 30 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Cathepsin D 31 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; Hepatocyte growth factor 32 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 33 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7 Serum amyloid P-component; Metalloproteinase 34 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 35 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component 36 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; (Alpha-1 37 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 38 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid; Serum amyloid P-component 39 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Tumor necrosis factor receptor 40 − − − − − − − − − − − − superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 41 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7 Hyaluronic acid; C—X—C motif chemokines (−1, −2, −3) 42 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 43 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Hepatocyte 44 − − − − − − − − − − − − growth factor Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 45 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin- 46 − − − − − − − − − − − − 11 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 47 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 48 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; C-C motif chemokine 13 49 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C—X—C 50 − − − − − − − − − − − − motif chemokines (−1, −2, −3) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-C motif 51 − − − − − − − − − − − − chemokine 13

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3 Significance of exemplary two marker panels, analysis E; product model sCr sCr_UO UO Panel # Analysis E E E Cathepsin D × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 1 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Interleukin-11 2 − − − C-C motif chemokine 13 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 3 − − − Interleukin-11 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 4 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Immunoglobulin G2 5 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Immunoglobulin G1 6 − − − C-C motif chemokine 13 × Hepatocyte growth factor 7 − − − Neutrophil elastase × C-X-C motif chemokine 6 8 + − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Interleukin- 9 − − − 1 beta Neutrophil elastase × C-C motif chemokine 24 10 − − − Hyaluronic acid/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 11 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif 12 − − − chemokine 24 Neutrophil elastase × Immunoglobulin A 13 + − − Immunoglobulin G1 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 14 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-X-C 15 − − − motif chemokine 6 Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 16 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 17 − − − Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 18 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Cathepsin D 19 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 20 − − − Serum amyloid P-component × Insulin-like growth 21 − − − factor-binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 22 − − − C-X-C motif chemokines (-1, -2, -3) × Metalloproteinase 23 − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 24 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 25 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor 26 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Immunoglobulin A 27 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 28 − − − Immunoglobulin A Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase 29 + − − Neutrophil elastase × C-X-C motif chemokines (-1, -2, -3) 30 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Cathepsin D 31 + − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 × Hepatocyte growth factor 32 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding 33 − − − protein 7 Serum amyloid P-component × Metalloproteinase 34 − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 35 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component 36 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 37 − − − antitrypsin) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 38 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid × Serum amyloid P-component 39 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis factor receptor 40 − − − superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding 41 − − − protein 7 Hyaluronic acid × C-X-C motif chemokines (-1, -2, -3) 42 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 43 − − − Immunoglobulin G1 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte 44 − − − growth factor Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 45 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Interleukin-11 46 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor- 47 − − − binding protein 7 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 48 − − − Hyaluronic acid × C-C motif chemokine 13 49 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-X-C 50 − − − motif chemokines (-1, -2, -3) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif 51 − − − chemokine 13

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 Significance of exemplary two marker panels, analysis E; logistic regression model, “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 sCr sCr_UO UO Panel # Analysis E E E Cathepsin D; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 1 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Interleukin-11 2 − − − C-C motif chemokine 13; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 3 − − − Interleukin-11; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 4 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin G2 5 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin G1 6 − − − C-C motif chemokine 13; Hepatocyte growth factor 7 − − − Neutrophil elastase; C-X-C motif chemokine 6 8 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin- 9 − − − 1 beta Neutrophil elastase; C-C motif chemokine 24 10 − − − Hyaluronic acid; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 11 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-C motif 12 − − − chemokine 24 Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin A 13 + − − Immunoglobulin G1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 14 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-X-C 15 − − − motif chemokine 6 Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 16 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 17 − − − Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 18 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Cathepsin D 19 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 20 − − − Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor- 21 − − − binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 22 − − − C-X-C motif chemokines (-1, -2, -3); Metalloproteinase 23 − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 24 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 25 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth factor 26 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin A 27 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 28 − − − Immunoglobulin A Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase 29 − − − Neutrophil elastase; C-X-C motif chemokines (-1, -2, -3) 30 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Cathepsin D 31 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; Hepatocyte growth factor 32 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 33 − − − protein 7 Serum amyloid P-component; Metalloproteinase 34 − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 35 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component 36 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; (Alpha-1 37 − − − antitrypsin) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 38 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid; Serum amyloid P-component 39 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Tumor necrosis factor receptor 40 − − − superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 41 − − − protein 7 Hyaluronic acid; C-X-C motif chemokines (-1, -2, -3) 42 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 43 − − − Immunoglobulin G1 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Hepatocyte 44 − − − growth factor Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 45 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin-11 46 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 47 − − − protein 7 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 48 − − − Hyaluronic acid; C-C motif chemokine 13 49 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-X-C 50 − − − motif chemokines (-1, -2, -3) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-C motif 51 − − − chemokine 13

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5 Significance of exemplary two marker panels; product model, “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 Significant panels (P value less than or Anal- equal to 0.05) by analysis. Panel numbers ysis are as listed in Table 1 sCr 0 hrs A 4, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 34, 36, 37, prior 43, 45, 46, 50 to B 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, AKI 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, stage 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 C 1, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 50 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 48 hrs A prior B 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 28, to 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, AKI 50, 51 stage C 1, 7, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 28, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 sCr_UO 0 hrs A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, prior 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, to 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, AKI 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, stage 51 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 C 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 48 hrs A 6, 7, 11, 18, 22, 26, 32, 33, 44, 45 prior B 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, to 24, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, AKI 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51 stage C 19, 21, 28, 44 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 UO 0 hrs A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, prior 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, to 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, AKI 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, stage 51 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 C 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 48 hrs A 6, 7, 9, 11, 17, 26, 27, 32, 33, 42, 44, 45, 49 prior B 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, to 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, AKI 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, stage 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 C 28 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 6 Significance of exemplary two marker panels; logistic regression model; “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 Significant panels (P value less than or Anal- equal to 0.05) by analysis. Panel numbers ysis are as listed in Table 2 sCr 0 hrs A 1, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, prior 24, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 45, 46, 51 to B 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, AKI 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, stage 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 C 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 50, 51 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 48 hrs A 8, 9, 16, 46 prior B 1, 5, 9, 11, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 31, 32, to 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45 AKI C 1, 5, 7, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 31, 32, 34, 36, stage 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 51 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 sCr_UO 0 hrs A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, prior 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, to 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, AKI 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 stage B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 C 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 48 hrs A 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 17, 22, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 39, prior 42, 44, 45, 49 to B 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, AKI 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, stage 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 C 2, 4, 9, 12, 13, 15, 19, 21, 28, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 UO 0 hrs A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, prior 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, to 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, AKI 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, stage 51 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 C 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 48 hrs A 2, 6, 7, 11, 17, 22, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 39, prior 40, 42, 44, 45, 49 to B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, AKI 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, stage 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 C 12, 13, 28, 35, 38, 46, 47 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 7 Significance of exemplary three marker panels, product model; “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 24 hrs prior to AKI stage Panel sCr sCr_UO UO # Analysis A B C D A B C D A B C D Neutrophil elastase x Hyaluronic acid x Interleukin-11 1 − − − − − − − − − − − − Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 x Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 2 − − − + − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P-component x Neutrophil elastase x C-C motif 3 − − − − − − − − − − − − chemokine 24 Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 − − − − − − − − − − − − 7 x C—X—C motif chemokine 6 Serum amyloid P-component x Neutrophil elastase x Hepatocyte 5 − − − − − − − − − − − − growth factor Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x Immunoglobulin G2 6 − − − − − − − − − − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 7 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11 Cathepsin D x Neutrophil elastase x Hepatocyte growth factor 8 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1 x Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 9 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Interleukin-1 beta/(Alpha-1 10 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P-component x Insulin-like growth factor-binding 11 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7 x Interleukin-11 Neutrophil elastase x Immunoglobulin A x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 12 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Metalloproteinase 13 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 x Hepatocyte growth factor Neutrophil elastase x Cathepsin D/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 14 − − − − − − − − − − − − C-C motif chemokine 24 x Neutrophil elastase x Metalloproteinase 15 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 16 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1 Hyaluronic acid x Immunoglobulin A x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 17 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Hyaluronic acid x Immunoglobulin G1 18 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 19 − − − − − − − − − − − − Cathepsin D Hyaluronic acid x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 20 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hepatocyte growth factor C-C motif chemokine 24 x Serum amyloid P-component/ 21 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Interleukin-11 x 22 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Serum amyloid P-component x Insulin-like growth factor-binding 23 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x Immunoglobulin A 24 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 25 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1 Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 26 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11 Hyaluronic acid x Serum amyloid P-component x Metalloproteinase 27 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin G1 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 28 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Serum amyloid P-component x 29 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Neutrophil elastase x Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 30 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain x Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 31 − − − + − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Immunoglobulin G2 x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/ 32 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 33 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11 x Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 34 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Immunoglobulin A x 35 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Insulin-like growth factor-binding 36 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7 x Hepatocyte growth factor Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 37 + − − − − − − − − − − − Matrilysin x Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 38 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x C-C motif chemokine 24 39 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 x Neutrophil elastase x Tumor necrosis 40 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor receptor superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase x Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 41 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 x Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 42 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 43 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin A Hyaluronic acid x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x C-C motif 44 − − − − − − − − − − − − chemokine 13 Hyaluronic acid x Serum amyloid P-component x Insulin-like growth 45 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor-binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x Tumor necrosis factor 46 − − − − − − − − − − − − receptor superfamily member 11B Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Immunoglobulin A/(Alpha-1 47 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 48 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Neutrophil elastase x 49 − − − − − − − − − − − − Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase x Serum amyloid P-component x Insulin-like growth 50 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor-binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid x Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 51 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Immunoglobulin A/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 52 − − − − − − − − − − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 53 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 54 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x Immunoglobulin A/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 55 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 56 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x C-C motif chemokine 24/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 57 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 58 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth 59 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor-binding protein 7 Neutrophil elastase x Cathepsin D x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 60 − − − − − − − − − − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 61 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x Serum amyloid P-component 62 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 63 − − − − − − − − − − − − C-C motif chemokine 24 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Metalloproteinase 64 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 65 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin A x Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 66 − − − − − − − − − − − − Serum amyloid P-component x Hepatocyte growth factor/ 67 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 68 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x Cathepsin D 69 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Immunoglobulin G1/ 70 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 71 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 72 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Insulin-like growth 73 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor-binding protein 7 Neutrophil elastase x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 x Hepatocyte 74 − − − − − − − − − − − − growth factor Hyaluronic acid x Neutrophil elastase x Hepatocyte growth factor 75 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 76 − − − − − − − − − − − − Cathepsin D Neutrophil elastase x Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 77 − − − − − − − − − − − − member 11B/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/ 78 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 79 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Hepatocyte growth 80 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Hyaluronic acid/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 81 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 82 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hepatocyte growth factor Serum amyloid P-component x Insulin-like growth 83 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase x Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Insulin-like growth 84 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor-binding protein 7 Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 85 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 86 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 87 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 x 88 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin A Serum amyloid P-component x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/ 89 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 x Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 90 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x Immunoglobulin G1/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 91 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 92 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase x Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 93 − − − − − − − − − − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Intercellular 94 − − − − − − − − − − − − adhesion molecule 1)

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 8 Significance of exemplary three marker panels, logistic regression model; “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 24 hrs prior to AKI stage sCr sCr_UO UO Panel # Analysis A B C D A B C D A B C D Neutrophil elastase; Hyaluronic acid; Interleukin-11 1 − − − − − − − − − − − − Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P-component; Neutrophil elastase; C-C motif 3 − − − − − − − − − − − − chemokine 24 Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 4 − − − − − − − − − − − − C—X—C motif chemokine 6 Serum amyloid P-component; Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth 5 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin G2 6 − − − − − − − − − − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 7 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11 Cathepsin D; Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth factor 8 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 9 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin-1 beta; 10 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 11 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7; Interleukin-11 Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin A; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 12 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Metalloproteinase 13 − − − + − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2; Hepatocyte growth factor Neutrophil elastase; Cathepsin D; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 14 − − − − − − − − − − − − C-C motif chemokine 24; Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase 15 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 16 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1 Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin A; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 17 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin G1 18 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 19 − − − − − − − − − − − − Cathepsin D Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 20 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hepatocyte growth factor C-C motif chemokine 24; Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 21 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin-11; 22 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 23 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin A 24 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 25 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin G1 Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 26 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11 Hyaluronic acid; Serum amyloid P-component; Metalloproteinase 27 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin G1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 28 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component; Metalloproteinase 29 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2 Neutrophil elastase; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 30 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 31 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Immunoglobulin G2; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 32 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 33 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11; Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 34 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin A; 35 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 36 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hepatocyte growth factor Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 37 − − − − − − − − − − − − Matrilysin; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 38 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; C-C motif chemokine 24 39 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; Neutrophil elastase; Tumor necrosis 40 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor receptor superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 41 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; Neutrophil elastase; 42 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 43 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin A Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-C motif 44 − − − − − − − − − − − − chemokine 13 Hyaluronic acid; Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth 45 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor-binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Tumor necrosis factor receptor 46 − − − − − − − − − − − − superfamily member 11B Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin A; 47 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 48 − − − − − − − − − − − − Interleukin-11 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Neutrophil elastase; Tumor 49 − − − − − − − − − − − − necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth 50 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor-binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 51 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin A; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 52 − − − − − − − − − − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 53 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; (Alpha-1 54 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin A; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 55 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 56 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; C-C motif chemokine 24; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 57 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 58 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 59 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7 Neutrophil elastase; Cathepsin D; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 60 − − − − − − − − − − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 61 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component 62 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-C 63 − − − − − − − − − − − − motif chemokine 24 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Metalloproteinase 64 − − − − − − − − − − − − inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 65 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin A; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 66 − − − − − − − − − − − − Serum amyloid P-component; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 67 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 68 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Cathepsin D 69 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin G1; 70 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 71 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 72 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor- 73 − − − − − − − − − − − − binding protein 7 Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; Hepatocyte growth 74 − − − − − − − − − − − − factor Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth factor 75 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 76 − − − − − − − − − − − − Cathepsin D Neutrophil elastase; Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 77 − − − − − − − − − − − − member 11B; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 78 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 79 − − − − − − − − − − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Hepatocyte growth factor; 80 − − − − − − − − − − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Hyaluronic acid; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 81 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 82 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hepatocyte growth factor Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 83 − − − − − − − − − − − − protein 7; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor- 84 − − − − − − − − − − − − binding protein 7 Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 85 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 86 − − − − − − − − − − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 87 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 88 − − − − − − − − − − − − Immunoglobulin A Serum amyloid P-component; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 89 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 90 − − − − − − − − − − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin G1; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 91 − − − − − − − − − − − − Hyaluronic acid; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 92 − − − − − − − − − − − − Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 93 − − − − − − − − − − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Intercellular 94 − − − − − − − − − − − − adhesion molecule 1)

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 9 Significance of exemplary three marker panels, analysis E, product model; “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 sCr sCr_UO UO Panel # Analysis E E E Neutrophil elastase × Hyaluronic acid × Interleukin-11 1 − − − Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 × Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 2 − − − antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P-component × Neutrophil elastase × C-C motif chemokine 24 3 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-X-C motif 4 − − − chemokine 6 Serum amyloid P-component × Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor 5 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Immunoglobulin G2 6 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 7 − − − Interleukin-11 Cathepsin D × Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor 8 − − − Immunoglobulin G1 × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 9 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Interleukin-1 beta/(Alpha-1 10 − − − antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P-component × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 11 − − − Interleukin-11 Neutrophil elastase × Immunoglobulin A × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 12 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 × 13 − − − Hepatocyte growth factor Neutrophil elastase × Cathepsin D/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 14 − − − C-C motif chemokine 24 × Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 15 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 16 − − − Immunoglobulin G1 Hyaluronic acid × Immunoglobulin A × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 17 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Hyaluronic acid × Immunoglobulin G1 18 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Cathepsin D 19 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte growth 20 − − − factor C-C motif chemokine 24 × Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 21 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Interleukin-11 × Metalloproteinase 22 − − − inhibitor 2 Serum amyloid P-component × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 23 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Immunoglobulin A 24 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Immunoglobulin G1 25 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Interleukin-11 26 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Serum amyloid P-component × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 27 − − − Immunoglobulin G1 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 28 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 29 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 30 − − − Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain × Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 31 − − − Immunoglobulin G2 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 32 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 33 − − − Interleukin-11 × Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 34 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Immunoglobulin A × 35 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte 36 − − − growth factor Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 37 − − − Matrilysin × Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 38 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × C-C motif chemokine 24 39 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 × Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis factor 40 − − − receptor superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 41 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 × Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 42 − − − antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 43 − − − Immunoglobulin A Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif 44 − − − chemokine 13 Hyaluronic acid × Serum amyloid P-component × Insulin-like growth factor- 45 − − − binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 46 − − − member 11B Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Immunoglobulin A/(Alpha-1 47 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Interleukin-11 48 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis 49 − − − factor receptor superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component × Insulin-like growth factor- 50 − − − binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 51 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Immunoglobulin A/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 52 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 53 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 54 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid × Immunoglobulin A/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 55 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 56 − − − Neutrophil elastase × C-C motif chemokine 24/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 57 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 58 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 59 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Cathepsin D × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 60 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 61 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component 62 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif 63 − − − chemokine 24 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 64 − − − 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 65 − − − Immunoglobulin A × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 66 − − − Serum amyloid P-component × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 67 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 68 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Cathepsin D 69 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Immunoglobulin G1/(Alpha-1 70 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase 71 − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 72 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding 73 − − − protein 7 Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 × Hepatocyte growth factor 74 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor 75 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Cathepsin D 76 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B/ 77 − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 78 − − − antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 79 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 80 − − − antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Hyaluronic acid/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 81 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte 82 − − − growth factor Serum amyloid P-component × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/ 83 − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding 84 − − − protein 7 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 85 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × 86 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 87 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Immunoglobulin A 88 − − − Serum amyloid P-component × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 89 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 90 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Immunoglobulin G1/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 91 − − − Hyaluronic acid × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 92 − − − Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 93 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Intercellular adhesion 94 − − − molecule 1)

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 10 Significance of exemplary three marker panels, analysis E, logistic regression model; “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 sCr sCr_UO UO Panel # Analysis E E E Neutrophil elastase; Hyaluronic acid; Interleukin-11 1 − − − Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 2 − − − antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P-component; Neutrophil elastase; C-C motif chemokine 24 3 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-X-C motif 4 − − − chemokine 6 Serum amyloid P-component; Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth factor 5 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin G2 6 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin-11 7 − − − Cathepsin D; Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth factor 8 − − − Immunoglobulin G1; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 9 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin-1 beta; (Alpha-1 10 − − − antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 11 − − − Interleukin-11 Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin A; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 12 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; 13 − − − Hepatocyte growth factor Neutrophil elastase; Cathepsin D; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 14 − − − C-C motif chemokine 24; Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 15 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin G1 16 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin A; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 17 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin G1 18 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Cathepsin D 19 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Hepatocyte growth 20 − − − factor C-C motif chemokine 24; Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 21 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin-11; Metalloproteinase 22 − − − inhibitor 2 Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 23 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin A 24 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin G1 25 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin-11 26 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Serum amyloid P-component; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 27 − − − Immunoglobulin G1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 28 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 29 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 30 − − − Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 31 − − − Immunoglobulin G2; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; (Alpha-1 32 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 33 − − − Interleukin-11; Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 34 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin A; 35 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Hepatocyte 36 − − − growth factor Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 37 − − − Matrilysin; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 38 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; C-C motif chemokine 24 39 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; Neutrophil elastase; Tumor necrosis factor receptor 40 − − − superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 41 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 42 − − − antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin A 43 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-C motif 44 − − − chemokine 13 Hyaluronic acid; Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 45 − − − protein 7 Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 46 − − − member 11B Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin A; (Alpha-1 47 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Interleukin-11 48 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Neutrophil elastase; Tumor necrosis 49 − − − factor receptor superfamily member 11B Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor- 50 − − − binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 51 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Immunoglobulin A; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 52 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 53 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; (Alpha-1 54 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin A; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 55 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 56 − − − Neutrophil elastase; C-C motif chemokine 24; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 57 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 58 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 59 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Cathepsin D; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 60 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 61 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component 62 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; C-C motif 63 − − − chemokine 24 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; 64 − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 65 − − − Immunoglobulin A; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 66 − − − Serum amyloid P-component; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 67 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; (Alpha-1 68 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Cathepsin D 69 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin G1; (Alpha-1 70 − − − antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Metalloproteinase 71 − − − inhibitor 2 Immunoglobulin A; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 72 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 73 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; Hepatocyte growth factor 74 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Neutrophil elastase; Hepatocyte growth factor 75 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Cathepsin D 76 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B; 77 − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; (Alpha-1 78 − − − antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 79 − − − Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 80 − − − antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Hyaluronic acid; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 81 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Hepatocyte 82 − − − growth factor Serum amyloid P-component; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 83 − − − (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding 84 − − − protein 7 Neutrophil elastase; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 85 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; 86 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 87 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; Immunoglobulin A 88 − − − Serum amyloid P-component; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 89 − − − Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; Hepatocyte growth factor; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 90 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Immunoglobulin G1; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 91 − − − Hyaluronic acid; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 92 − − − Neutrophil elastase; Serum amyloid P-component; (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 93 − − − Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; (Intercellular adhesion 94 − − − molecule 1)

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 11 Significance of exemplary three marker panels, product model; Panel numbers are as listed in Table 7; “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 sCr 0 hrs A 3, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 32, prior 34, 38, 41, 42, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, to 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 77, AKI 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 stage B 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 48 hrs A 32, 70 prior B 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, to 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 44, AKI 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 61, stage 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 56, 61, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 D 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 sCr_UO 0 hrs A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, prior 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, to 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, AKI 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, stage 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 48 hrs A 8, 9, 20, 28, 41, 46, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58, 66, prior 67, 69, 74, 75, 80, 82, 89, 90, 91, 92 to B 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, AKI 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, stage 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 C 45 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 UO 0 hrs A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, prior 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, to 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, AKI 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, stage 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 48 hrs A 8, 9, 10, 19, 20, 25, 36, 41, 46, 51, 54, 55, prior 56, 66, 67, 75, 80, 81, 87, 90, 91, 92 to B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, AKI 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 26, stage 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 12 Significance of exemplary three marker panels, logistic regression model; Panel numbers are as listed in Table 8; “−” if p < 0.05, and as “+” if p ≧ 0.05 sCr 0 hrs A 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, prior 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, to 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, AKI 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, stage 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 48 hrs A 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20, 22, prior 26, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 49, 50, 51, 52, to 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 68, 70, 75, 76, 77, 79, AKI 84, 93 stage B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 sCr_UO 0 hrs A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, prior 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, to 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, AKI 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, stage 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 48 hrs A 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, prior 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, to 44, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, AKI 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, stage 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 59, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 UO 0 hrs A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, prior 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, to 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, AKI 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, stage 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 48 hrs A 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, prior 27, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, to 49, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, AKI 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 87, 88, 90, 91, stage 92 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 C 3, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 35, 36, 43, 45, 47, 48, 52, 63, 66, 71, 72, 73, 78, 84, 86, 88 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94

[0197] For exemplary purposes, the patient population from a selected set of the foregoing analyses was segregated based on the panel results using threshold values which divided the population into thirds (“tertiles”). Patients with panel results in the lower, middle, and upper third comprise the first, second, and third tertiles, respectively. The relative risk of reaching the inidicated AKI stage was calculated for the second and third tertiles, relative to a value of 1 for the first tertile, as indicated in the following tables 13 and 14.

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 13 Relative risk of developing at least RIFLE I (Analysis B and E) or RIFLE F (Analysis C) for exemplary 2- Marker Panels. Collection time is 24 hr prior to RIFLE I for Analysis B and C. Collection time is at enrollment for Analysis E. Collection time is at enrollment for Analysis E, and subjects at rifle stage I or F at enrollment were excluded. T2, p2, T3, and p3 are the relative risk and corresponding p value for second and third tertile (relative to the first tertile), respsectively. Analysis B Analysis C Analysis E Panel T2 p2 T3 p3 T2 p2 T3 P3 T2 p2 T3 p3 Neutrophil elastase X Insulin-like 3.3 7.0E−02 11.3 6.7E−05 >2.0 <0.57 >13.0 <0.014 3.0 1.9E−01 11.9 9.4E−04 growth factor-binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid X Neutrophil 2.0 2.7E−01 8.7 5.3E−05 >1 <1 >14.0 <0.011 1.7 4.9E−01 7.9 9.7E−04 elastase Neutrophil elastase X Metallo- 3.0 1.0E−01 11.6 5.5E−05 >1.0 <1 >14.0 <0.011 2.0 4.3E−01 12.9 6.2E−04 proteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid X Insulin-like 3.0 1.0E−01 12.0 4.5E−05 1.0 1.0 14.0 1.1E−02 3.0 1.9E−01 11.9 9.4E−04 growth factor-binding protein 7 Insulin-like growth factor-binding 1.7 3.8E−01 9.2 3.2E−05 1.0 1.0 14.0 1.1E−02 2.5 2.8E−01 12.4 7.6E−04 protein 7 X Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Neutrophil elastase X Hepatocyte 2.7 1.5E−01 12.0 4.5E−05 >1 <1 >14.0 <0.011 1.3 7.1E−01 8.3 7.4E−04 growth factor Hyaluronic acid X Metalloproteinase 3.0 1.0E−01 12.0 4.3E−05 3.0 3.4E−01 12.0 1.7E−02 2.0 3.4E−01 7.6 1.3E−03 inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 X Insulin-like 3.0 1.0E−01 12.0 4.5E−05 0.0 na 15.0 8.9E−03 4.5 6.0E−02 10.4 1.9E−03 growth factor-binding protein 7 Insulin-like growth factor-binding 6.0 2.0E−02 16.9 1.1E−04 2.0 5.7E−01 13.0 1.4E−02 3.5 1.2E−01 11.4 1.2E−03 protein 7 X Hepatocyte growth factor Insulin-like growth factor-binding 6.5 1.4E−02 16.5 1.3E−04 >3.0 <0.34 >13.0 <0.014 >9.0 <0.038 >23 <0.0023 protein 7 X CXCL-1-2 and -3 Insulin-like growth factor-binding 1.2 7.7E−01 7.4 3.7E−05 0.0 na 15.0 8.9E−03 2.3 2.3E−01 7.3 1.7E−03 protein 7 X Immunoglobulin A Neutrophil elastase X Tumor necrosis 2.3 1.8E−01 8.5 6.8E−05 >2 <0.57 >13.0 <0.014 2.5 2.8E−01 12.4 7.6E−04 factor receptor superfamily member 11B Serum amyloid P-component X 3.3 7.1E−02 11.6 5.5E−05 2.0 5.7E−01 13.0 1.4E−02 3.5 1.2E−01 11.5 1.1E−03 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid X Serum amyloid P- 4.0 3.3E−02 11.0 8.4E−05 2.0 5.7E−01 13.0 1.4E−02 3.5 1.2E−01 11.4 1.2E−03 component Insulin-like growth factor-binding 1.0 1.0E+00 7.6 2.9E−05 0.0 na 15.0 9.0E−03 4.0 8.4E−02 10.9 1.5E−03 protein 7/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Interleukin-11 X Metalloproteinase 4.0 3.3E−02 10.7 1.1E−04 >2.0 <0.57 >13.0 <0.014 7.9 5.3E−02 21.8 2.8E−03 inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid X Interleukin-11 1.8 3.0E−01 6.6 1.2E−04 1.0 1.0 13.0 1.4E−02 1.7 4.9E−01 7.6 1.3E−03 Insulin-like growth factor-binding 4.0 3.3E−02 10.6 1.1E−04 >2.0 <0.57 >13.0 <0.014 9.0 3.9E−02 21.0 3.2E−03 protein 7 X Interleukin-11 Hyaluronic acid/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.0 1.0E−01 12.0 4.5E−05 1.0 1.0 14.0 1.1E−02 10.9 2.3E−02 19.8 3.9E−03 Hyaluronic acid X Immuno- 1.0 9.9E−01 6.0 7.1E−05 2.0 5.7E−01 13.0 1.4E−02 2.7 1.6E−01 7.0 2.1E−03 globulin A Immunoglobulin A X Metallo- 1.8 3.8E−01 9.2 3.2E−05 0.0 na 15.0 9.0E−03 4.0 8.4E−02 10.9 1.5E−03 proteinase inhibitor 2 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 X Metallo- 1.6 4.2E−01 7.0 6.4E−05 0.0 na 15.0 8.9E−03 2.0 3.4E−01 7.6 1.3E−03 proteinase inhibitor 2 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/ 4.3 2.4E−02 10.6 1.1E−04 1.0 1.0 14.0 1.1E−02 >10.0 <0.029 >22 <0.0027 (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P-component X 2.5 1.3E−01 8.5 6.6E−05 2.0 5.7E−01 13.0 1.4E−02 3.5 1.3E−01 11.4 1.2E−03 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid X Beta-2- 1.8 3.0E−01 6.8 8.7E−05 2.0 5.7E−01 13.0 1.4E−02 1.5 5.4E−01 5.5 2.4E−03 glycoprotein 1

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 14 Relative risk of developing at least RIFLE I (Analysis B and E) or RIFLE F (Analysis C) for exemplary 3- Marker Panels. Collection time is 24 hr prior to RIFLE I for Analysis B and C. Collection time is at enrollment for Analysis E, and subjects at rifle stage I or F at enrollment were excluded. T2, p2, T3, and p3 are the relative risk and corresponding p value for second and third tertile (relative to the first tertile), respsectively. Analysis B Analysis C Analysis E Panel T2 p2 T3 p3 T2 p2 T3 p3 T2 p2 T3 p3 Hyaluronic acid x Beta-2- 5.0 4.0E−02 17.9 8.1E−05 >3.0 <3.4E−01 >13.0 <1.4E−02 >9.1 <3.8E−02 >23.2 <2.3E−03 glycoprotein 1/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x 5.0 3.9E−02 17.9 8.1E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >14.0 <1.1E−02 >7.0 <7.1E−02 >25.0 <1.8E−03 Insulin-like growth factor- binding protein 7/(Alpha- 1 antitrypsin) Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 x 5.5 2.8E−02 17.4 9.6E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >14.0 <1.1E−02 >9.0 <3.9E−02 >23.0 <2.3E−03 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x 3.0 1.0E−01 11.6 5.5E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >13.0 <1.4E−02 3.5 1.2E−01 11.4 1.2E−03 Neutrophil elastase x Insulin-like growth factor- binding protein 7 Neutrophil elastase x 3.0 1.0E−01 11.7 5.4E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >13.0 <1.4E−02 6.9 7.2E−02 23.8 2.1E−03 Insulin-like growth factor- binding protein 7 x Cathepsin D Hyaluronic acid x 2.7 1.5E−01 12.0 4.5E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >14.0 <1.1E−02 3.5 1.2E−01 11.4 1.2E−03 Neutrophil elastase/ (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Insulin-like growth factor- 2.3 2.2E−01 12.6 2.9E−05 0.0 na 15.0 9.0E−03 >6.1 <9.8E−02 >26.0 <1.5E−03 binding protein 7 x Hepatocyte growth factor/ (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Insulin-like growth factor- 5.0 3.9E−02 18.0 7.9E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >15.0 <8.9E−03 >8.1 <5.1E−02 >24.0 <2.0E−03 binding protein 7 x Immunoglobulin A/ (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x Insulin- 2.3 2.3E−01 12.6 2.9E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >15.0 <8.9E−03 5.9 1.0E−01 24.8 1.8E−03 like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase x 5.0 3.9E−02 17.5 9.4E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >14.0 <1.1E−02 2.5 2.8E−01 12.4 7.6E−04 Hepatocyte growth factor/ (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase x 2.0 2.6E−01 8.8 5.1E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >14.0 <1.1E−02 7.9 5.3E−02 22.8 2.4E−03 Insulin-like growth factor- binding protein 7/(Alpha- 1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x 4.0 8.2E−02 18.9 5.8E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >14.0 <1.1E−02 >8.1 <5.1E−02 >24.2 <2.0E−03 Immunoglobulin A/ (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase x 5.5 2.8E−02 17.0 1.1E−04 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >13.0 <1.4E−02 3.5 1.3E−01 11.4 1.2E−03 Insulin-like growth factor- binding protein 7 x Hepatocyte growth factor Neutrophil elastase x 3.0 1.0E−01 11.6 5.5E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >13.0 <1.4E−02 3.5 1.3E−01 11.4 1.2E−03 Insulin-like growth factor- binding protein 7 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Neutrophil elastase x 1.8 3.8E−01 9.0 4.1E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >14.0 <1.1E−02 5.9 1.0E−01 24.8 1.8E−03 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x 4.0 8.2E−02 18.4 6.8E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >13.0 <1.4E−02 3.0 1.8E−01 11.9 9.4E−04 Neutrophil elastase x Hepatocyte growth factor Neutrophil elastase x 4.5 5.7E−02 17.9 8.1E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >13.0 <1.4E−02 2.5 2.8E−01 12.4 7.6E−04 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 x Hepatocyte growth factor Neutrophil elastase x 0.6 3.8E−01 5.1 1.1E−04 0.0 na 14.0 1.1E−02 3.0 1.8E−01 11.9 9.4E−04 Serum amyloid P- component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x Serum 4.0 8.1E−02 19.0 5.6E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >15.0 <8.9E−03 4.0 2.2E−01 26.8 1.4E−03 amyloid P-component/ (Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Neutrophil elastase x 2.0 2.6E−01 8.8 5.1E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >14.0 <1.1E−02 5.9 1.0E−01 24.8 1.8E−03 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Serum amyloid P- 2.0 3.3E−01 12.9 2.4E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >14.0 <1.1E−02 5.0 1.4E−01 26.0 1.5E−03 component x Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) Hyaluronic acid x 1.5 5.4E−01 9.2 3.2E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >14.0 <1.1E−02 1.7 4.9E−01 7.9 9.7E−04 Neutrophil elastase x Cathepsin D Hyaluronic acid x Beta-2- 3.3 7.1E−02 11.6 5.5E−05 0.0 na 15.0 9.0E−03 2.0 3.4E−01 7.7 1.2E−03 glycoprotein 1 x Insulin- like growth factor-binding protein 7 Hyaluronic acid x 1.4 5.7E−01 7.0 6.4E−05 1.0 1.0E00 13.0 1.4E−02 3.0 1.8E−01 12.0 9.0E−04 Neutrophil elastase x Serum amyloid P- component Neutrophil elastase x 1.5 5.3E−01 9.2 3.2E−05 1.0 1.0E00 13.0 1.4E−02 8.0 5.2E−02 22.8 2.4E−03 Insulin-like growth factor- binding protein 7 x C-C motif chemokine 24 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 3.3 7.0E−02 11.3 6.9E−05 >1.0 <1.0E00 >14.0 <1.1E−02 5.0 1.5E−01 25.8 1.6E−03 2 x Neutrophil elastase x Cathepsin D Hyaluronic acid x 2.3 2.2E−01 12.3 3.5E−05 >2.0 <5.7E−01 >13.0 <1.4E−02 2.5 2.8E−01 12.4 7.6E−04 Neutrophil elastase x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 Hyaluronic acid x Insulin- 3.3 7.0E−02 11.7 5.4E−05 1.0 1.0E00 14.0 1.1E−02 2.5 2.8E−01 12.4 7.6E−04 like growth factor-binding protein 7 x Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2

EXAMPLE 6

Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Mortality Risk in Patients

[0198] Patients from the intensive care unit (ICU) were enrolled in the following study. Each patient was classified by kidney status as non-injury (0), risk of injury (R), injury (I), and failure (F) according to the maximum stage reached within 48 hours of enrollment as determined by the RIFLE criteria. EDTA anti-coagulated blood samples (10 mL) and a urine samples (25-30 mL) were collected from each patient at the time of enrollment into the study. Markers were each measured by standard immunoassay methods using commercially available assay reagents in the urine samples and the plasma component of the blood samples collected.

[0199] The individual marker assay results obtained from the enrollment sample were combined to provide a single result as indicated herein, and the single result treated as an individual biomarker using standard statistical methods. In expressing these combinations, the arithmetic operators such as “×” (multiplication) and “/” (division) are used in their ordinary mathematical sense. The patient population was segregated based on the panel results using threshold values which divided the population into thirds (“tertiles”). Patients with panel results in the lower, middle, and upper third comprise the first, second, and third tertiles, respectively. The relative risk of AKI-related mortality within 7, 14, and 28 days was calculated for the second and third tertiles, relative to a value of 1 for the first tertile, as indicated in the following table. “AKI-related mortality” or “AKI-related death” was defined as death accompanied by a minimum RIFLE stage of R.

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 15 Relative risk of AKI-related death within 7, 14, and 28 days from enrollment for the third tertile compared to the first tertile of panel results. Relative Risk for Third Tertile Panel (p < 0.05) AKI-Related Death within 7 Days after enrollment Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 10.0 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte growth factor 11.0 Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component 5.0 Hyaluronic acid × Serum amyloid P-component 5.0 Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B 9.0 Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 10.0 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif chemokine 13 6.0 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Immunoglobulin A 5.0 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 5.0 Serum amyloid P-component × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 5.0 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 5.0 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 10.0 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component 5.0 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor 9.0 Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 5.0 Hyaluronic acid × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 5.5 Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 × Hepatocyte growth factor 5.0 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif chemokine 24 5.5 Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 5.0 AKI-Related Death within 14 Days after enrollment Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 6.0 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 6.0 Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 6.0 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte growth factor 7.0 Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component 7.0 Hyaluronic acid × Serum amyloid P-component 5.5 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase 4.0 Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor 5.5 Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B 12.0 Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 12.0 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif chemokine 13 7.0 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Immunoglobulin A 4.3 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-X-C motif chemokines (−1, −2, −3) 5.5 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 6.0 Serum amyloid P-component × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 6.0 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.7 AKI-Related Death within 7 Days after enrollment Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Hyaluronic acid/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 5.0 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 5.0 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 6.5 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 13.0 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component 6.0 Hyaluronic acid × Immunoglobulin A/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.7 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 4.0 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor 11.0 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Cathepsin D 6.5 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 4.0 Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 6.0 Hyaluronic acid × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 6.5 Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 4.3 Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 × Hepatocyte growth factor 6.5 Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.7 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Cathepsin D 4.0 Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.3 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 4.7 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte growth factor 4.3 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif chemokine 24 7.0 Neutrophil elastase × Cathepsin D × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 4.0 Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 7.0 AKI-Related Death within 28 Days after enrollment Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 4.3 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 4.3 Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 4.3 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte growth factor 5.0 Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component 4.7 Hyaluronic acid × Serum amyloid P-component 3.7 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase 3.3 Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor 4.0 Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B 6.5 Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 6.5 AKI-Related Death within 7 Days after enrollment Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif chemokine 13 5.0 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Immunoglobulin A 3.3 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-X-C motif chemokines (−1, −2, −3) 4.0 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 4.0 Serum amyloid P-component × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 4.0 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Hyaluronic acid/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.7 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.7 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 4.7 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 7.0 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component 4.3 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.3 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor 6.0 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Cathepsin D 4.7 Hyaluronic acid × Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 3.3 Hyaluronic acid × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 4.3 Hyaluronic acid × Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 4.7 Neutrophil elastase × Hepatocyte growth factor/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.5 Neutrophil elastase × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 × Hepatocyte growth factor 4.7 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Cathepsin D 3.3 Neutrophil elastase × Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 2.8 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 3.8 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × Hepatocyte growth factor 3.5 Neutrophil elastase × Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 × C-C motif chemokine 24 5.0 Neutrophil elastase × Cathepsin D × Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 3.3 Neutrophil elastase × Serum amyloid P-component/(Alpha-1 antitrypsin) 5.0

[0200] While the invention has been described and exemplified in sufficient detail for those skilled in this art to make and use it, various alternatives, modifications, and improvements should be apparent without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The examples provided herein are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Modifications therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art. These modifications are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the claims.

[0201] It will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

[0202] All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0203] The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein any of the terms “comprising”, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0204] Other embodiments are set forth within the following claims.