Direct isopropanol fuel cell

Abstract

A direct isopropanol fuel cell adapted for use in ambient conditions and utilizing as fuel isopropanol and water preferably with isopropanol at relatively high concentrations representing 30% to 90% isopropanol.

Claims

1. A method of use of a direct isopropanol fuel cell, comprising: providing a direct fuel cell comprising: a proton conducting or exchange membrane with a cathode side and an anode side, a cathode having a cathode catalyst on the cathode side of the membrane and an anode having an anode catalyst on the anode side of the membrane such that the membrane is arranged between the cathode and the anode, operating the direct fuel cell to generate electricity by supplying the anode with a liquid fuel and supplying the cathode with atmospheric air from the atmosphere containing oxygen; characterized by: the cathode is open to the atmosphere placing the cathode side of the membrane passively in communication with the atmosphere, the anode catalyst is selected from the group of a platinum and ruthenium catalyst, a platinum and nickel catalyst, a platinum and gold catalyst, and mixtures thereof, the cathode catalyst comprises a platinum catalyst, the liquid fuel consisting of 10% to 90% by volume isopropanol, 90% to 10% by volume water and 0% to 30% by volume acetone in contact with the anode catalyst on the anode side of the membrane, operating the fuel cell at electrical potentials between the anode and cathode such that a reaction at the anode catalyst to oxidize a molecule of isopropanol into a molecule of acetone releasing two electrons is a principal reaction, and the membrane selected to permit the acetone at the anode catalyst to pass through the membrane to the cathode side of the membrane into communication with the atmosphere, the acetone at the anode catalyst passing through the membrane to the cathode side of the membrane into communication with the atmosphere and evaporating into the atmosphere at the cathode side of the membrane.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 including operating the fuel cell at ambient temperatures, and providing the atmospheric air at ambient temperature to the cathode, and storing the liquid fuel at ambient temperatures and supplying the liquid fuel at ambient temperatures to the anode.

3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the anode catalyst consists of the platinum and ruthenium catalyst, including operating the fuel cell at ambient temperatures in the range of plus 5 degrees Celsius to plus 40 degrees Celsius, the fuel cell comprises a membrane electrode assembly, the membrane electrode assembly comprising a layered assembly of an anode gas diffusion layer, an anode catalyst layer including the anode catalyst, the membrane, a cathode catalyst layer including the cathode catalyst, and a cathode gas diffusion layer in that order, and the membrane electrode assembly is between a cathode current collector on the cathode side of the membrane and an anode current collector on the anode side of the membrane, the cathode diffusion layer open to the atmosphere, the oxygen from the atmospheric air passing through the cathode diffusion layer to the cathode catalyst layer into contact with the cathode catalyst, the acetone at the anode catalyst passing through the anode catalyst layer to the anode side of the membrane, through the membrane from the anode side of the membrane to the cathode side of the membrane, from the cathode side of the membrane through the cathode catalyst layer to the cathode gas diffusion layer, and through the cathode gas diffusion layer into communication with the atmosphere with the acetone evaporating into the atmosphere, the acetone at the anode catalyst passing successively through the anode catalyst layer, membrane, and the cathode gas diffusion layer into communication with the atmosphere with the acetone evaporating into the atmosphere.

4. A method as claimed in claim 2 including: providing the fuel cell in a dispenser of a hand cleaning fluid that has a dispensing pump to dispense a cleaning fluid onto a hand of a person, supplying the electricity generated by the fuel cell to the dispenser for operation of the dispenser, and operating the dispensing pump to dispense the hand cleaning fluid onto a person's hands, wherein the hand cleaning fluid includes the liquid fuel selected from the group consisting of: (a) the liquid fuel which has not been supplied to the anode, and (b) the liquid fuel after having been supplied to the anode.

5. A method as claimed in claim 1 including operating the fuel cell at electrical potentials between the anode and cathode greater than 200 mV.

6. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the liquid fuel having 40% to 90% by volume isopropanol, and 60% to 10% by volume water.

7. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the liquid fuel having of 65% to 75% by volume isopropanol, and 35% to 25% by volume water.

8. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the liquid fuel having 0% to 5% by volume acetone.

9. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the fuel cell comprises a membrane electrode assembly, the membrane electrode assembly comprising a layered assembly of an anode gas diffusion layer, an anode catalyst layer including the anode catalyst, the membrane, a cathode catalyst layer including the cathode catalyst, and a cathode gas diffusion layer in that order, and the membrane electrode assembly is between a cathode current collector on the cathode side of the membrane and an anode current collector on the anode side of the membrane, the cathode diffusion layer passively open to the atmosphere, the oxygen from the atmospheric air passing through the cathode diffusion layer to the cathode catalyst, the anode diffusion layer in contact with the fuel, the fuel passing through the anode diffusion layer to the anode catalyst, the acetone evaporating from the cathode gas diffusion layer to the atmosphere.

10. A method as claimed in claim 1 including: providing the fuel cell in a dispenser of a hand cleaning fluid that has a dispensing pump to dispense a cleaning fluid onto a hand of a person, supplying the electricity generated by the fuel cell to the dispenser for operation of the dispenser, and operating the dispensing pump to dispense the hand cleaning fluid onto a person's hands, wherein the hand cleaning fluid includes the liquid fuel selected from the group consisting of: (a) the liquid fuel which has not been supplied to the anode, and (b) the liquid fuel after having been supplied to the anode.

11. A method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the hand cleaning fluid consists of the liquid fuel selected from the group consisting of: (a) the liquid fuel which has not been supplied to the anode, and (b) the liquid fuel after having been supplied to the fuel cell.

12. A method as claimed in claim 4 wherein liquid fuel after having been supplied to the anode includes acetone produced by the oxidization of isopropanol in the fuel cell.

13. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein the hand cleaning fluid includes less than 5% by volume of acetone.

14. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the supplying the cathode with atmospheric air from the atmosphere containing oxygen is by the cathode side of the membrane being passively open to the atmosphere.

15. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the supplying the anode with the liquid fuel includes providing the liquid fuel to the anode within a closed fuel system whereby the acetone created at the anode catalyst becomes part of the liquid fuel, and the acetone evaporating at the cathode side of the membrane into the atmosphere reduces the acetone in the liquid fuel.

16. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the liquid fuel having 40% to 90% by volume isopropanol, and 60% to 10% by volume water.

17. A method as claimed in claim 16 wherein the liquid fuel having 0% to 5% by volume acetone.

18. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein: the fuel cell comprises a membrane electrode assembly, the membrane electrode assembly comprising a layered assembly of an anode gas diffusion layer, an anode catalyst layer including the anode catalyst, the membrane, a cathode catalyst layer including the cathode catalyst, and a cathode gas diffusion layer in that order, and the membrane electrode assembly is between a cathode current collector on the cathode side of the membrane and an anode current collector on the anode side of the membrane, the cathode diffusion layer passively open to the atmosphere, the oxygen from the atmospheric air passing through the cathode diffusion layer to the cathode catalyst, the anode diffusion layer in contact with the fuel, the fuel passing through the anode diffusion layer to the anode catalyst, the acetone evaporating from the cathode gas diffusion layer to the atmosphere, providing the fuel cell in a dispenser of a hand cleaning fluid that has a dispensing pump to dispense a cleaning fluid onto a hand of a person, wherein the hand cleaning fluid includes the liquid fuel selected from the group consisting of: (a) the liquid fuel which has not been supplied to the anode, and (b) the liquid fuel after having been supplied to the anode.

19. A method as claimed in claim 18 including operating the fuel cell at electrical potentials between the anode and the cathode not below 300 mV.

20. A method as claimed in claim 18 including operating the fuel cell at electrical potentials between the anode and the cathode in the range of 300 mV and 400 mV.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will appear from the following description taken together with the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a fuel cell arrangement in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention;

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a fuel cell arrangement in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention;

(4) FIG. 3 is a pictorial front and top view of a fuel cell assembly in accordance with the second embodiment with an air closure cover in a closed position;

(5) FIG. 4 is a pictorial view of the fuel cell assembly of FIG. 3 with the air closure cover in an open position;

(6) FIG. 5 is a pictorial view of the fuel cell apparatus of FIG. 3 with the air closure cover, the cover movement mechanism and a motor for a fluid pump removed so as to show an assembled plate assembly;

(7) FIG. 6 is an exploded pictorial front view of the plate assembly of FIG. 5 with a fluid pump removed;

(8) FIG. 7 is an exploded pictorial rear view of the cathode end plate and the anode end plate of FIG. 6;

(9) FIG. 8 is a pictorial front view of the anode end plate of FIG. 7, however, drawn as though the material forming the anode end plate is transparent;

(10) FIG. 9 is a partially cross-sectioned pictorial front side view of the transparent anode end plate of FIG. 8 along section line A-A′ in FIG. 8;

(11) FIG. 10 is a partially cross-sectioned pictorial front bottom view of the transparent anode end plate of FIG. 8 along cross-section line B-B′ in FIG. 8;

(12) FIG. 11 is a schematic pictorial view of the layered assembly shown in FIG. 6;

(13) FIG. 12 is a partial cross-sectional side view of the assembled plate assembly along section line C-C′ in FIG. 5;

(14) FIG. 13 is a partial cross-section side view of the anode end plate of FIG. 8 along the cross-section line A-A′ but also showing a fuel pump assembly coupled to the anode plate;

(15) FIG. 14 is a schematic pictorial view of a pump casing, two pump gears and an O-ring of the fuel pump assembly of FIG. 13;

(16) FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view along section D-D′ FIG. 13;

(17) FIG. 16 is a pictorial view of a liquid feeder of the fuel cell of FIG. 6;

(18) FIG. 17 is a partial cross-sectional view through the feeder of FIG. 16 when s coupled to the anode end plate as in FIG. 6;

(19) FIG. 18 is a graph showing during operation of a first configuration of a fuel cell in accordance with the present invention for a period of time shortly after start-up of the fuel cell, the fuel cell voltage, the fuel cell current and the voltage of the buffer battery as measured at different points in time;

(20) FIG. 19 is a graph showing, for the same fuel cell as in FIG. 18, during operation for a period of time after operation of the fuel cell of almost six months following the start-up of the fuel cell, the fuel cell voltage, the fuel cell current and the voltage of the buffer battery as measured at different points in time;

(21) FIG. 20 is a graph showing during operation of a second configuration of a fuel cell in accordance with the present invention for a period of time shortly after start-up of the fuel cell, the fuel cell voltage, the fuel cell current and the voltage of the buffer battery as measured at different points in time;

(22) FIG. 21 is a graph showing, for the same fuel cell as in FIG. 20, during operation for a period of time after operation of the fuel cell of almost six weeks following the start-up of the fuel cell, the fuel cell voltage, the fuel cell current and the voltage of the buffer battery as measured at different points in time;

(23) FIG. 22 is a schematic view of a fuel cell arrangement in combination of a fluid dispenser in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention; and

(24) FIG. 23 is a schematic view of a fuel cell arrangement in combination with a fluid dispensing arrangement in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(25) Reference is made to FIG. 1 which is a schematic view of a fuel cell arrangement 10 in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. The fuel cell arrangement 10 notably includes a power generator 12 which provides a number of elements sandwiched together between on the right hand side, an anode end plate 14, and on the left hand side, a cathode end plate 15. A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 16 is provided in the center with an anode current collector 26 between the MEA 16 and the anode end plate 14 and a cathode current collector 27 between the cathode end plate 15 and the MEA 16.

(26) The MEA 16 comprises five layers of which the center layer is a proton exchange membrane 20. On the right side of the proton conducting or exchange membrane 20 an anode catalyst 22 is provided. To the right of the anode catalyst 22, an anode gas diffusion layer (GDL) 24 is provided beside the anode current collector 26. On the left hand side of the proton electrode membrane 20, a cathode catalyst 23 is provided. To the left of the cathode catalyst 23 a cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) 25 is provided beside the cathode current collector 27.

(27) To the left laterally outwardly of the cathode current collector 27, an air chamber 29 is defined within the cathode end plate 15. The air chamber 29 is open outwardly to the atmosphere via air openings 31 through the cathode end plate 15. On the right hand side the anode end plate 14 defines therein an anode fuel chamber 28 opening inwardly through the anode current collector 26 to the anode GDL 24. The anode fuel chamber 28 closed otherwise other than at a fuel chamber inlet 30 at an upper end of the anode fuel chamber 28 and a fuel chamber outlet 32 at a lower end of the anode fuel chamber 28.

(28) A fuel reservoir 34 is provided at a height below the anode fuel chamber 28. The fuel reservoir 34 is shown as an enclosed vessel with an enclosing wall 35. An air vent tube 289 provides an air vent passageway 36 through the wall 35 to the atmosphere so as to provide for equalization of the pressure inside the fuel reservoir 34 with the atmospheric air as, for example, to relieve any vacuum which may be developed within the fuel reservoir 34 as fuel is consumed by the fuel cell. A fuel chamber drain tube 290 provides a drain passageway 37 from fuel chamber outlet 32 to a drain tube outlet 291 in the fuel reservoir 34 to permit fluid within the anode fuel chamber 28 to flow, as under gravity, from the anode fuel chamber 28 into the fuel reservoir 34. A reservoir outlet 38 is provided connected via a fuel pump feed tube 293 providing a feed passageway 39 to a fuel pump 40. The fuel pump 40 is connected via a fuel pump discharge tube 294 providing a discharge passageway 41 to the fuel chamber inlet 30. The fuel pump 40 when operating draws fluid from the reservoir 34 via the feed passageway 39 and discharges it via the discharge passageway 44 into the anode fuel chamber 28.

(29) The anode current collector 26 comprises a conductive wire mesh or screen. An anode lead wire 42 is electrically connected to the anode collector 26 and extends upwardly therefrom. The cathode current collector 27 comprises a conductive wire mesh or screen. A cathode lead wire 43 is electronically connected to the cathode current collector 27.

(30) The anode lead wire 42 and the cathode lead wire 43 are schematically illustrated as connected so as to have an electronic load L therebetween as with electrons moving in the wires 42 and 43 in a direction indicated by the arrows 45 when the fuel cell arrangement is operational to create electrical energy. The load L is schematically illustrated as being electrically interconnected via a controller 47 to an electrical power storage device 46. The controller 47 is also electrically interconnected with an electric motor 48 to drive the fuel pump 40. In operation of the fuel cell arrangement 10 electrical power is generated by the cell 12 as schematically illustrated by the load L which power is under the control of the controller 47 directed as to be stored in electrical power storage device 46 and/or the delivered to the pump motor 48 to drive the fuel pump 40. The controller 47 preferably includes various sensing devices and capability to sense various aspects the operation of the fuel cell arrangement 10 the load L and the open circuit potential preferably over time. The electrical power storage device 46 may comprise rechargeable batteries, capacitors and the like.

(31) Reference is made to FIG. 2 which shows a fuel cell arrangement 10 in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. The fuel cell arrangement 10 of FIG. 2 is identical to the fuel cell arrangement of FIG. 1, however, with the following additions.

(32) As a first addition, an air closure cover 50 is provided mounted for pivoting about a pivot axis 51 from an open position as shown in FIG. 2 which permits a free flow of atmospheric air through the air openings 31 into the air chamber 29 and a closed position, not shown in FIG. 2, in which the air closure cover 50 pivots about the pivot axis 51 counter clockwise to engage the cathode end plate 15 and close the air openings 31 preventing communication between the atmospheric air and the air chamber 29. A cover movement mechanism is provided to move the air closure cover 50 between the open position and closed position including a cover motor 52 coupled to the controller 47, and a linkage assembly 53 connected between the cover motor 52 and the air closure cover 50 to move the air closure cover 50 between the open and closed positions as controlled by the controller 47 selectively operating the motor 52.

(33) As a second addition, a fuel supply container 54 is provided which may, for example, comprise a bottle. The container 54 has a container outlet 55. The container 54 supplies the liquid fuel to the fuel reservoir 34 to maintain the fuel reservoir 34 substantially full of fuel. In FIG. 2, the fuel supply container 54 is disposed at height above the fuel reservoir 34 and a gravity feed arrangement provides for the liquid fuel to flow under gravity from the fuel supply container 54 to the fuel reservoir 34. In this regard, a supply tube 295 provides a supply passageway 56 that connects the container outlet 55 to a fuel level controlling inlet valve 57 that opens into the fuel reservoir 34. The fuel level controlling inlet valve 57 permits the liquid fuel to flow from the fuel supply container 54 into the fuel reservoir 34 only when the level of the fuel within the reservoir 34 is below a certain level. The fuel level controlling inlet valve 57 may preferably is of a simple construction with a minimum of moving parts such as a preferred chicken feeder type valve arrangement.

(34) In FIG. 2, the air vent tube 289 is shown as preferably extending upwardly to provide the upper end of the air vent passageway 36 at a height above the height of the fuel within the fuel supply container 54. In a situation that the fuel level controlling inlet valve 57 may malfunction, providing the upper end of the air vent passageway 36 above the fuel supply container 54 will prevent fuel from flowing under gravity out the upper end of the air vent passageway 36.

(35) Reference is made to FIGS. 3 to 17 which illustrate a preferred configuration of selected elements of the fuel cell arrangement 10 shown schematically in FIG. 2.

(36) In FIG. 3, the air closure cover 50 is pivotally mounted to the cathode end plate 15 for pivoting about the pivot axis 51 disposed vertically in FIG. 3. The air closure cover 50 is movable between a closed position as shown in FIG. 3 and an open position as seen in FIG. 4. The cover motor 52 is shown as being mounted to the anode end plate 14. The linkage assembly 53 includes a pivot arm 60 which is rotated by the cover motor 52 about a horizontal axis 61 between a closed position shown in FIG. 3 and an open position shown in FIG. 4. A link arm 62 is pivotally connected at one end to the air closure cover 50 radially spaced from the axis 51 and at the other end to a distal end of the pivot arm 61 such that the relative rotational position of the pivot arm 61 about the axis 61 will determine the extent to which the air closure cover 50 will be located between the fully closed and the fully opened position.

(37) The air closure cover 50 has a face plate 63 which in the closed position is disposed to closely overly and engage an outer face 64 of the cathode end plate 15 to prevent air communication between the atmosphere and the air chamber 29.

(38) Reference is made to FIG. 5 which illustrates a pictorial view of the fuel cell arrangement of FIG. 3 but with the air closure cover 50, the cover motor 52, the linkage assembly 53 and the pump motor 48 removed for ease of illustration. FIG. 5 shows what is referred to as an assembled plate assembly 66. The components of the plate assembly 66 which are visible in FIG. 5 are notably the anode end plate 14 and the cathode end plate 15. The anode lead wire 42 and the cathode lead wire 43 are shown extending upwardly from between the anode end plate 14 and the cathode end plate 15. The anode end plate 14 and the cathode end plate 15 are fixedly secured together as by various fasteners which extend through complementary openings provided through the cathode end plate 14 and the anode end plate 14 from an outer face 64 of the cathode end plate 15 to an outer face 65 of the anode end plate 14. In FIG. 7, one threaded bolt 301 and one complementary nut 302 are shown in exploded view as arranged for coupling through aligned openings 303 and 304 through the plates 14 and 15.

(39) Reference is made to FIG. 6 which shows an exploded front view of the plate assembly 66 shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 6 shows a layered assembly 112 that is received between the cathode end plate 15 and the anode end plate 14. Referring to FIG. 11, the assembly 112 is schematically shown. The MEA 16 is shown as a relatively thin rectangular sheet. On opposite sides of the MEA 16 are the anode current collector 26 and the cathode current collector 27, each of which in the form of a rectangular sheet of similar size to the MEA 16. Each of the anode current collector 26 and the cathode current collector 27 are preferably a conductive mesh or screening, preferably of stainless steel and which provides both mechanical support and an electrode to which the respective anode lead wire 42 with the cathode lead wire 43 may be mechanically and electrically secured. Each of the anode current collector 26 and the cathode current collector 27 suitably permit air and fuel and other materials to pass there through as between the air chamber 29 and the MEA 16 on the anode side 72 of the MEA 16 and as between the anode fuel chamber 28 and the MEA 16 on the cathode side 73 of the MEA 16.

(40) Outwardly of the anode current collector 26 and the cathode current collector 27 are provided an anode seal 68 and a cathode seal 69, respectively. Each of the seals 68 and 69 is also shown as a rectangular sheet, however, of a size both in width and height larger than the rectangular sheets forming the MEA 16, the anode current collector 26 and the cathode current collector 27. On each of the seals 68 and 69, there is a border portion 70 between their circumferential edges and a dashed line. The border portion 70 of the anode seal 68 is adapted to engage and seal to the border portion 70 the cathode seal 69 forming an impermeable seal circumferentially thereabout. A central portion 71 of each of the seals 68 and 69 inside the border portion 70 is provided so as to suitably permit air and fuel and other materials to pass there through as between the air chamber 29 and the MEA 16 on the anode side 72 of the MEA 16 and as between the anode fuel chamber 28 and the MEA 16 on the cathode side 73 of the MEA 16. The joined border portions 70 of the seals 68 and 69 are sized to be complementary to the circumferential extent of a cell cavity 175 in the inner face 75 of the cathode end plate 15 shown on FIG. 7. As best seen in FIG. 12, the joined border portions 70 of the seals 68 and 69 are clamped in the cavity 175 between the cathode end plate 14 and the anode end plate 15 with the central portion 71 of the seal 68 open in to a fuel cavity 76 and the anode fuel chamber 28 in the anode end plate 14 and the central portion 71 of the seal 69 open to the atmosphere air via air openings 31 and the air chamber 29 in the cathode end plate 15. The border 70 of the seals 68 and 69 sealably engages about the fuel cavity 76 preventing communication between the anode fuel chamber 28 and the air chamber 29 other than through the central portions 71 of the seals 68 and 69 and thereby through various layers of the layered assembly 112 including the MEA 16.

(41) Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, the anode end plate 14 has an inner face 74 disposed substantially in a flat plane and the cathode end plate 15 has an inner face 75 also disposed in a substantially flat plane other than over the cavity 175 and where two channels 142 and 143 are provided to accommodate the lead wires 42 and 43. The inner face 74 of the cathode end plate 14 is adapted to be maintained in engagement with the inner face 75 of the cathode end plate 15 in assembly of the plate assembly 66 with the layered assembly 112 therebetween.

(42) Referring to FIG. 6, the anode end plate 14 has three cavities defined therein, namely, a fuel cavity 76, a reservoir cavity 77 and a pump cavity 78.

(43) Proximate the upper end of the anode end plate 14, the fuel cavity 76 is provided. The fuel cavity 76 has a rectangular configuration having a rectangular outer wall 201, a top wall 202 a bottom wall 203, a right side wall 204 and left side wall 205. The fuel cavity 76 defines an enclosed cavity open at an opening 200 through the inner face 74 of the anode end plate 14 as seen in FIG. 6.

(44) The anode end plate 14 carries the reservoir cavity 77 below the fuel cavity 76. The reservoir cavity 77 has an outer wall 206 and a top wall 207, bottom wall 208, left side wall 209 and a right side wall including portions 210, 211 and 212 of which portion 211 is horizontal as shown. The reservoir cavity 77 opens outwardly as an opening 214 through the inner face 74 of the anode end plate 14. A sealing bead 215 is provided in the inner face 74 of the anode end plate extending circumferentially about the opening 214 of the reservoir cavity 77. The sealing bead 215 assists in engagement with the inner face 75 of the cathode end plate 15 when the cathode end plate 15 and the anode end plate 14 are drawn together so as to provide a fluid impermeable seal therebetween. With the anode end plate 14 and the cathode end plate 15 secured together, the opening 214 of the reservoir cavity 77 is enclosed by the inner face 75 of the cathode end plate 15 is forming the reservoir 34 cavity therebetween.

(45) As can be seen in FIG. 8, a pump cavity 78 is also formed in the anode end plate 14. The pump cavity 78 has an outer wall 216 and an oval peripheral side wall 217 with a pump opening 218 through the inner face 74 the anode end plate 14. The structure of the pump cavity 78 is described later in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 13 to 15.

(46) As can be seen from FIGS. 6 and 7, the outer face 64 of the cathode end plate 15 had a pair of air chambers 29 defined therein separated by a horizontally extending support flange 220. Each air chamber 29 has an outwardly facing inner wall 221 ordered by respective top, bottom, left side and right side walls 222, 223, 224 and 225, respectively. A plurality of air openings 31 are provided from the inner wall 21 through the cathode end plate 15 to the inner face 75. As can best be seen in a comparison of the front view of FIG. 6 and the rear view of FIG. 7, each of these air openings 31 is located in registry with the fuel cavity 76. When the layered assembly 112 is engaged within the fuel cavity 76, the air openings 31 provide communication from the air chamber 29 to the central portions 71 of the cathode seal 69.

(47) Reference is made to FIGS. 8 to 10 which illustrate the anode end plate 14 as advantageously formed from a single unitary member of preferably of plastic or other non-electrically conducting material and from which selected portions of the material are removed to provide desired structures such as the cavities and passageways. In FIGS. 8 to 10 for ease of illustration, the anode end plate 14 is schematically shown as though the anode end plate 14 is formed from a transparent material.

(48) In a top wall 80 of the anode end plate 14 the upper ends of four vertically extending bores are shown.

(49) A vertical pump bore 240 extends from the top wall 80 through pump cavity 78 to the horizontal portion 210 of the side wall of the reservoir cavity 77. The vertical pump bore 240 opens at the top wall 80 as a pump bore upper opening 241. A horizontal pump bore 242 is cut from the fuel cavity 76 right side 204 horizontally to the vertical pump bore 240. A separate element, a pump bore plug 243, is engaged within the upper end of the vertical pump bore 240 after the vertical pump bore 240 is formed to sealably close the vertical pump bore 240 against fluid flow. The vertical pump bore 240 above the pump cavity 78 and the horizontal pump bore 242 form the discharge passageway 41. The vertical pump bore 240 below the pump cavity 78 forms the feed passageway 39. When the fuel pump 40 is received within the pump cavity 78, operation of the fuel pump 40 draws fluid from the reservoir cavity 77 and discharges fuel into the fuel cavity 76 by flow through the vertical pump bore 240 and the horizontal pump bore 242. FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-sectional view centered on the vertical pump bore 240 and best showing the passageways 39 and 41 and the pump bore plug 243. The pump bore 240 is disposed laterally to the right side of the fuel cavity 76 and does not interfere with the fuel cavity 76.

(50) A vertical drain bore 246 extends vertically downwardly from the top wall 80 through the top wall 207 into the reservoir cavity 77. The vertical drain bore 246 opens at an upper opening 248 in the top wall 80 of the anode end plate 14. A separate element, a drain bore plug 249, is received and closes the opening 248 to fluid flow after the vertical drain bore 246 is formed to sealably close the vertical drain bore 246 against fluid flow. A horizontal drain bore 247 extends from the left side wall 205 of the fuel cavity 76 horizontally into the vertical drain bore 246. The vertical drain bore 246 and the horizontal drain bore 247 define the drain passageway 37 for communication between the fuel cavity 76 and the reservoir cavity 77. The drain bore 244 is disposed laterally to the left side of the fuel cavity 76 and does not interfere with the fuel cavity 76.

(51) A vent bore 244 extends vertically downwardly from the top wall 80 through the top wall 207 into the reservoir cavity 77 providing the air vent passageway 36 therein. The vent bore 244 opens through the top wall 207 of the reservoir cavity 77 as an opening 245. The vent bore 244 is disposed laterally to the left side of the fuel cavity 76 and does not interfere with the fuel cavity 76.

(52) A supply bore 252 extends vertically downwardly from the top wall 80 through the top wall 207 into the reservoir cavity 77 providing the supply passageway 56 therein. The supply bore 252 is disposed laterally to the left side of the fuel cavity 76 and does not interfere with the fuel cavity 76. The supply bore 252 opens through the top wall 207 of the reservoir cavity 77 as an opening 254. The top wall 207 of the reservoir cavity 77 has about the opening 247 four short blind bores 255. A separate element, a sump box member 250 is shown by itself in FIG. 16 and coupled to the anode end plate 14 in FIGS. 6 and 17. The sump box member 250 carries four upwardly extending securing pegs 257 adapted to be frictionally received within the blind bores 248 to secure the sump box member 250 to the anode end plate 14. The sump box member 250 is a rectangular box closed on its bottom and four sides but open upwardly at its top. On one side an opening 259 is provided through a side wall 258. As can be seen in FIG. 17 in an assembled condition, another separate element, a dip tube 260 is secured in the supply bore 256 and extends downwardly to a lower end 261 of the dip tube 260. The sump box member 250 forms an enclosed feed chamber 262 about the dip tube 254 sealably engaged with the top wall 207 at its upper end and open into the reservoir merely via the opening 259. The lowermost portion of the opening 259 is at a vertical height H above the lower end 261 of the dip tube 260. On the basis that gas or vapour is provided within the fuel reservoir 34, fluid flow from the supply container 54 will only occur when a hydraulic pressure due to the height of fluid in the supply container 54 is adequate to displace fluid within the feed chamber 262 upwardly to the height of the opening 259. The sump box member 250, the dip tube 260 and the anode end plate 14 thus cooperate to form a liquid feeder, as in the manner of a known chicken feeder, and the fuel level controlling inlet valve 57 of FIG. 2.

(53) The particular nature of the fuel level controlling inlet valve 57 is not limited and various other valve arrangements may be provided for controlling the supply of fuel from the fuel supply container 54 to the fuel reservoir 34 under gravity. It is considered preferred to provide for the fuel supply container 54 so as to provide a larger supply of fuel than the capacity of fuel reservoir 34 to increase the energy and duration that the fuel cell may operate. A separate fuel supply container 54 is not necessary and is for example not provided in the embodiment of FIG. 1. The particular nature of fuel reservoir 34 may be adjusted to its size and location and manner in which it may be incorporated into or external of the plates 14 and 15 of fuel cell arrangement 10 as in FIG. 1.

(54) Providing for flow of fuel from the fuel supply container 54 into the fuel reservoir 34 by gravity as controlled by the fuel level controlling inlet valve 57 shown as a mechanical valve is preferred so as to not require any expenditure of the energy generated by the fuel cell as to deliver fuel from the fuel supply container 54 to the fuel reservoir 34. Alternately, with the fuel supply container 54 above the fuel reservoir 34, an electrical solenoid valve may form the fuel level controlling inlet valve 35 as controlled by the controller and with a fuel level sensor provided within the fuel reservoir 34 to determine when fuel from the fuel supply container 54 may be permitted to flow under gravity to the fuel reservoir 34, as another alternative, a supply pump may be provided to pump fuel from the fuel supply container 54 into the fuel reservoir 34 as controlled by the controller with a fuel level sensor within the fuel reservoir 34.

(55) In an assembled fuel cell, as seen in FIG. 12 in cross-section, the anode fuel chamber 28 is defined inside the fuel cavity 76 outwardly of the layered assembly 112 effectively defining a vertically extending fluid flow field of constant cross-section within the anode fuel chamber 28 via which fuel may flow from the fuel chamber inlet 30 to the fuel chamber outlet 32. The outer wall 201 of the fuel cavity 76 is shown as disposed in a flat vertical plane. As an alternative, the outer wall 201 may be provided with a raised boss in a serpentine shape having an inwardly directed inner surface disposed in a flat plane and side surfaces such that a serpentine shaped flow channel is provided between the side surfaces leading from the fuel chamber inlet 30 to the fuel camber outlet 32.

(56) Reference is made to FIGS. 13 to 15 which illustrate a preferred pump arrangement for the fuel pump 40 and its pump motor 48 in accordance with the present invention. The pump arrangement has a configuration similar in many respects to that illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,482 to Ophardt et al., issued Nov. 17, 1998, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The fuel pump 40 is a gear type rotary pump with two inter-machine gear-like impellers, namely, a driver impeller 146 and a driven impeller 148, received in a cavity within a pump casing 152. The casing 152 is adopted to be slidably inserted in a sealed manner within the pump cavity 78 and has a complimentary shape and side. The impellers 146 and 148 are identical with each adapted to be rotated about its respective axis 162 and 163. Each impeller has a gear portion 158 disposed coaxially about the axis with radially and axially extending teeth 160. Each impeller has an axial member 164 which extends axially from the gear portion 158 and serves to assist in journaling its impeller in the cavity 150. As seen in FIG. 14, the cavity 150 is formed so as to journal the impellers 146 and 148 for rotation with the axis of the impellers parallel, with the impellers disposed beside each other and with the teeth of one impeller intermeshing with the teeth of the other impeller in a nip 166 between the impellers. The cavity 150 carries two outwardly extending blind bores 165 sized to receive and journal axle members 164 of the impellers to journal the impellers. The cavity 150 has a circumferential side wall defined by part-cylindrical forming surface 170 disposed at a constant radius from the axis 162 of the driver impeller 146 and part-cylindrical forming surface 172 disposed at a constant radius from the axis 163 of the driven impeller 148. An inlet port 174 opens through the casing 152 into the cavity 150 on the lower side of the cavity 150 below the nip 166. Fluid in the fluid reservoir 34 is in communication with the cavity 150 via the feed passageway 39. An outlet port 176 opens through the casing 152 into the cavity in an upper side of the casing 150 above the nip 166. The driver impeller 146 has an axle extension rod 180 which extends coaxially therefrom outwardly. The inner wall 216 of the motor cavity 78 has a horizontally inwardly extending projection 177 complimentary in shape to the cavity 50. A bore extends horizontally through the projection 177 through which the extension rod 180 extend outwardly. The bore includes an enlarged radius portion adapted to receive a sealing washer 178 to sealably engage the extension rod 180.

(57) The pump motor 48 is fixedly secured to the outer face 65 of the anode end plate 14 and carries an axle 198 with a coupling 100 which extends into engagement with the extension rod 180 rotate the extension rod on rotation of the motor 48.

(58) When the motor 180 rotates the driver impeller 146 clockwise in a direction of the arrow 188 shown in FIG. 15, the driver impeller 146 engages the driven impeller 148 to rotate the driven impeller clockwise in a direction of the arrow 190. Fluid 18 in the cavity 150 approximate the inlet port 174 is located in the space between adjacent teeth 160 of either of the impellers. On rotation of the teeth of the impellers away from the inlet port 174, the fluid between the adjacent teeth becomes impounded in spaces between the adjacent teeth 160 and the fluid so impounded is moved with rotation of each impeller circumferentially from near the inlet port 74 upwardly to the outlet port 176. The intermeshing of the teeth 160 of the two gear-like portions in the nip 166 between the impellers substantially displaces fluid from the spaces between the teeth in the nip 166 so as to in effect to prevent fluid from passing between the gear-like portions in the nip.

(59) The particular nature of the pump motor showing is but one form of a pump which can be conveniently adapted. Rather than coupling the motor to the driven impeller via shaft that extends through the anode end plate 14 and requires a seal, a magnetic coupling may be provided. Various other motors and various other fluid pump arrangements can be provided without departing from the scope of the invention.

(60) In accordance with a preferred operation of the fuel cell 10 of the first and second embodiments the present invention, the liquid fuel is recirculated by the fuel pump 40 through the anode fuel chamber 28 and back to the fuel reservoir 34. This effectively is a closed circuit but for any additional fuel which may be supplied from the fuel supply container 54 in the second embodiment to maintain the fuel reservoir 34 substantially filled with fluid. In the second embodiment, the fuel which may be received from the fuel supply container 54 will replace fuel which may be consumed in or evaporate from the fuel cell.

Experimental Results

(61) A fuel cell as shown in FIGS. 3 to 17 was operated under varying configurations and conditions.

(62) In a first preferred configuration:

(63) (a) The active surface area of the air and the fuel compartment were 50 cm.sup.2 each.

(64) (b) The volume of the anode fuel chamber 28 was approximately 2 cm.sup.3.

(65) (c) The volume of the fuel reservoir 34 was approximately 2 cm.sup.3. The fuel was supplied from the fuel reservoir (approximately 2 cm.sup.3) and the spent fuel was discarded.

(66) (d) The pumping capacity of the fuel pump was approximately 1000 ml per minute. Pumping was controlled by a timer, and approximately 5 cm.sup.3 were pumped every twenty minutes.

(67) (e) The fuel cell was operated at ambient room temperatures of about 20 degrees Celsius.

(68) (f) The liquid fuel consisting of 70% by volume isopropanol and 30% by volume water was used the following operational.

(69) (g) The fuel cell was operated to produce electricity provided the open circuit potential was above approximately 380 mV.

(70) (h) The fuel cell was operated in intervals with load on for 60 seconds and load off for 60 seconds.

(71) (i) In a second series of experiments, the intervals were modified as follows: load on for 30 seconds and load off for 60 seconds.

(72) (j) The fuel cell was connected to a dc/dc converter in order to recharge a buffer battery (consisting of four NiMH cells).

(73) (k) The fuel cell was operated so as to maintain a stable battery voltage of approximately 5V.

(74) (1) This fuel cell was operated in excess of five months.

(75) (m) FIG. 18 shows the fuel cell voltage (Ecell [V]), the fuel cell current (Icell [A]) and the voltage of the buffer battery (Ebat [V]) during a charging period of Time in seconds shortly after fuel cell start-up.

(76) (n) FIG. 19 shows the same fuel cell after a period of operation of almost six months showing the fuel cell voltage (Ecell [V]), the fuel cell current (Icell [A]) and the voltage of the buffer battery (Ebat [V]) during a period of Time in seconds.

(77) In a second preferred configuration:

(78) (a) The active surface area of the air and the fuel compartment were 50 cm.sup.3.

(79) (b) The volume of the anode fuel chamber 28 was approximately 2 cm.sup.3.

(80) (c) The liquid fuel consisting of 70% by volume isopropanol and 30% by volume water was used the following operational.

(81) (d) The fuel was supplied from a reservoir 34 with approximately 300 cm.sup.3 volume and the spent fuel was recycled to this reservoir.

(82) (e) A feeder 57 was used to refill the reservoir 34 automatically from a fuel tank 54 with a volume of 300 cm.sup.3.

(83) (f) The pumping capacity of the fuel pump was approximately 1000 ml per minute. Pumping was controlled by a timer, and approximately 5 cm.sup.3 were pumped every ten minutes.

(84) (g) The fuel cell was operated at ambient room temperatures of about 20 degrees Celsius.

(85) (h) The fuel cell was operated to produce electricity provided the potential under load was above approximately 380 mV.

(86) (i) The fuel cell was operated in intervals with load on for 30 seconds and load off for 30 seconds.

(87) (j) The fuel cell was connected to a dc/dc converter in order to recharge a buffer battery (consisting of four NiMH cells).

(88) (k) The fuel cell was operated so as to maintain a stable battery voltage of approximately 5V.

(89) (l) This fuel cell was operated in excess of six weeks.

(90) (m) FIG. 20 shows the fuel cell voltage (E cell [V]), the fuel cell current (I cell [A]) and the voltage of the buffer battery (E bat [V]) during a charging period shortly after fuel cell start-up during a period of Time in seconds.

(91) (n) FIG. 21 shows the same fuel cell after a period of operation of almost six weeks swing the fuel cell voltage (E cell [V]), the fuel cell current (I cell [A]) and the voltage of the buffer battery (E bat [V]) during a charging period shortly after fuel cell start-up during a period of Time in seconds.

(92) Reference is made to FIG. 22 which illustrates as a third embodiment of the present invention a hand cleaning fluid dispenser 300 incorporating a fuel cell arrangement. FIG. 23 illustrates a vertical cross-sectional view through the fluid dispenser 300. The fluid dispenser 300 has a configuration substantially identical to that taught by above-noted U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,482, however, with a notable exception that a fuel cell arrangement is incorporated into the dispenser. The fuel cell arrangement 10 as shown in side view of FIG. 22 is the same as the fuel cell arrangement of FIGS. 3 to 17.

(93) The dispenser 300 includes a fluid container 54 and, in this regard, the fuel cell arrangement 10 in FIG. 22 has a configuration identical to that illustrated in the second embodiment of FIG. 2 with a supply tube 295 serving to deliver liquid fuel from a container outlet 55 to the fuel reservoir 34 as by the feed tube 295 providing communication to a feed inlet port 253 on the anode end plate 14. Throughout all the drawings, similar reference numerals are used to refer to similar elements.

(94) The dispenser 300 includes a housing 310 adapted to be mounted vertically as to a wall. The housing 310 includes a front plate 390 and a rear plate 391 secured together. The front plate 390 and includes a motor casing 392 which carries internally a dispensing motor 382. The motor casing 392 carries a forwardly open socket 308. The dispenser 300 has a replaceable unit 312 which comprises both the supply container 54 and a pump 320. The replaceable unit 312 is adapted to be removably coupled to the housing 310 by forward and rearward movement with the container 54 removably supported on a support shelf 332 of the front plate and the dispensing pump 320 removably engaged within the socket 308. A feed tube 340 connects the dispensing outlet 338 of the supply container 54 with the pump 320. A one-way inlet valve 336 permits flow from the container 54 to the pump 320. When the replaceable unit 312 is coupled to the housing 310, the pump 320 is operatively connected to the electrical motor 382 such that operation of the dispensing motor 382 drives the dispensing pump 320 to dispense liquid as from an outlet 344 onto a person's hand disposed underneath the outlet 344 but not shown. Below the motor casing 392, the front plate 390 carries a sensing mechanism 336 to sense the presence of a user's hand underneath the outlet 344 and to thereby as suitably controlled by the controller 47 to dispense the cleaning fluid from the container 54 onto a person's hand.

(95) Between the front plate 390 and the rear plate 391, a cavity 393 is schematically shown which extends downwardly past the lower end of the front plate 390 where the cavity 393 opens forwardly. A protective rigid wire screen 394 extends between the rear plate 391 and the front plate 390 below the front plate 390 in front of the cavity 393 to permit air flow into and out of the cavity 393. Within the cavity 393 below the front plate 390, the fuel cell arrangement 10 is provided with the anode end plate 14 fixedly secured to the rear plate 291 and carrying the cathode end plate 15 forwardly thereof. The cavity 393 is sized so as to accommodate all of the components of the fuel cell arrangement 10 providing sufficient room for the components such as those indicated in FIGS. 3 to 17 as the air closure cover 50, the cover motor 52, the linkage assembly 53 and the pump motor 48, however, not shown on FIG. 22. The wire screen 394 provides for free flow of atmospheric air into and out of the cavity 393. The controller 47 and the electrical power storage device 46 are schematically illustrated within the cavity 393 as electrically connected to various elements including electrical connection to the anode and cathode of the fuel cell and the pump motor of the fuel cell as well as any other sensors that may be provided in conjunction with the fuel cell. The controller 47 is also connected to the dispensing motor 382 and the sensing mechanism 336 to control operation of the fluid dispenser 300. It is to be appreciated that many other electrical components may be incorporated into the fluid dispenser 300 electrically connected to and controlled by the controller 47 including, for example, communication arrangements as, for example, for one or two-way communication as, for example, via a WiFi network with devices remote from the dispenser 300.

(96) The fuel cell arrangement 10 generates electrical power which is stored in the electrical power storage device 46 and is hence used by the controller 47 to operate the dispenser 300 as by sensing the presence of a user's hand with the sensing mechanism 336 and, when a user's hand is sensed, to operate the motor 382 to dispense a predetermined dose of fluid. When fluid within the supply container 54 is exhausted, the replaceable unit 312 may be removed and replaced by another unit. In such replacement, a quick connect and disconnect arrangement may be provided between the supply tube 295 and the container outlet 55.

(97) In FIG. 22, the fluid within the container 54 is dispensed directly onto a person's hand to serve as a hand cleaning fluid and, as well, is delivered directly to the fuel cell as a fuel for the fuel cell. Preferred fuels are isopropanol and water mixtures, preferably consisting merely of isopropanol and water without other components or any impurities which would impede the operation of the fuel cell or be detrimental to contact with a person's hand. Preferred mixtures consist of 10% to 90% isopropanol and 90% to 10% water, more preferably 40% to 90% isopropanol and 60% to 10% water. The other ranges of isopropanol and water fuels discussed with reference to the earlier embodiments are useful in the embodiment of FIG. 22, however, with a preferred liquid comprising 65% to 75% isopropanol and 35% to 25% water.

(98) Reference is made to FIG. 23 which illustrates a fourth embodiment in accordance with the present invention in which a hand cleaning fluid dispenser incorporates a fuel cell arrangement 10. The embodiment of FIG. 23 is identical to the embodiment of FIG. 22 but for the exception that the fuel supply container 54 is provided as a separate container from a container 316 of fluid to be dispensed by the fluid dispenser 300 onto a person's hand, and a discharge pump 400 is provided communicating by a discharge passageway 401 with the fluid reservoir 34 for the discharge of fuel from the fluid reservoir 35 via a passageway 402 into the dispensing container 316. In the arrangement of FIG. 23, the supply container 54 is filled with the isopropanol and water fuel and the container 316 may be filled with the same or a different liquid or fluid.

(99) In the embodiments of FIGS. 22 and 23, the supply container 54 may be a rigid container open to the atmosphere or may comprise a collapsible container, for example, having the fuel within a sealed flexible plastic bag. Similarly, the dispensing fluid container 316 in FIG. 23 may comprise a rigid container with some form of vacuum relief within the container or a collapsible container.

(100) The particular nature of the dispenser into which a fuel cell arrangement 10 in accordance with the present invention may be incorporated is not limited. Such fluid dispensers may serve many purposes. In the context of the dispenser being a dispenser of cleaning fluids, it is particularly advantageous if the fuel may serve a dual purpose of acting, on one hand, as a cleaning liquid for use in cleaning and, on the other hand, for use as a fuel in the fuel cell, however, this is not necessary.

(101) In accordance with the embodiments of the dispensers illustrated in FIG. 18, the liquid fuel which is provided to the fuel cell is recycled within the fuel cell and is not used as a cleaning fluid.

(102) In accordance with the embodiment of the dispenser illustrated in FIG. 23, the liquid fuel which is provided to the fuel cell is not only recycled within the fuel cell but is also delivered to the dispensing container 316 to be dispensed with the fluid in the dispensing container 316 onto the person's hand and thus also used as the cleaning fluid.

(103) The dispenser of FIG. 23 could similarly be configured to be similar to the embodiment of FIG. 18 by eliminating the discharge pump 400, the discharge passageway 401 and the passageway 402 in FIG. 23, such that the liquid fuel which is provided to the fuel cell is recycled within the fuel cell and is not used as a cleaning fluid. Conversely, the dispenser of FIG. 22 could be configured by providing a discharge pump 400, a discharge passageway 401 and a passageway 402 as in FIG. 19, such that the liquid fuel which is provided to the fuel cell is recycled not only within the fuel cell but also back to the supply container 54. The embodiment of FIG. 22 could also be modified to eliminate the fuel reservoir 34 and merely use the supply container 54 to supply fuel to the anode fuel chamber 28 with or without recycling.

(104) In accordance with the present invention, fuel within the fuel cell may be discharged from the outlet 344 of the dispenser 300 with the various mechanisms being provided for transferring of the fuel within the fuel cell back to the supply container 54, the dispensing container 316 or otherwise to the dispenser 16 for discharge out the discharge outlet 344 or the dispenser 16. FIG. 23 shows an arrangement with two fluid containers, namely, the dispensing fluid container 316 and the supply container 54. An optional second dispensing pump 410 shown in dashed lines could be provided to deliver the fluid from the supply container 54 via tubes 411 and 412 also shown in dashed lines to the dispensing outlet 344. This second pump 410 could be controlled to dispense fluid to the dispensing outlet 344 simultaneously with the dispensing of the fluid from the dispensing fluid container 316, preferably with mixing prior to discharge, or separately. As one example, the fluid in the dispensing fluid container 316 might comprise components incompatible with use in the fuel cell such as alcohols other than isopropanol and/or moisturizers and fragrances which would poison the catalysts. The fluid in the supply container 54 could provide a high concentration of isopropanol in water and, on mixture with the fluid in the dispensing fluid container 316, a resultant dispensed fluid may have advantageously reduced concentrations of isopropanol. As another example, the fluid in the dispensing fluid container 316 might comprise substantially water with or without components incompatible with use in the fuel cell. The fluid in the supply container 54 could provide a high concentration of isopropanol in water, and, on mixture with the fluid in the dispensing fluid container 316, a resultant dispensed fluid may have advantageously selected proportions of isopropanol and water, with the dispenser having a capability to vary the proportions by varying the relative amounts of each fluid dispensed simultaneously.

(105) In accordance with the present invention, with a fuel comprising a mixture of isopropanol and water, a reaction product of acetone will, with operation of fuel cells, come to be present with the isopropanol and water within the anode fuel chamber 28 and the fuel reservoir 34. The presence of acetone in relatively minor concentrations, for example, less than 30% by volume and, more preferably, less than 5% by volume, does not have a negative effect on a person's skin and thus can be tolerated in many applications where the dispensing fluid is to be used to clean a person's hand. Of course, when the liquid fuel is delivered from the fuel cell arrangement 10 into the dispensing fluid container 316, the acetone will be diluted with the fluid within the dispensing container 316. As well, the presence of acetone as, for example, up to 30% by volume is not detrimental for many other cleaning uses or other purposes.

(106) While the invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, many modifications and variations will now occur to persons skilled in the art. For a definition of the invention, reference is made to the following claims.