Load control device for a light-emitting diode light source having different operating modes

Abstract

A load control device for regulating an average magnitude of a load current conducted through an electrical load may operate in different modes. The load control device may comprise a control circuit configured to activate an inverter circuit during an active state period and deactivate the inverter circuit during an inactive state period. In one mode, the control circuit may adjust the average magnitude of the load current by adjusting the inactive state period while keeping the active state period constant. In another mode, the control circuit may adjust the average magnitude of the load current by adjusting the active state period while keeping the inactive state period constant. In yet another mode, the control circuit may keep a duty cycle of the inverter circuit constant and regulate the average magnitude of the load current by adjusting a target load current conducted through the electrical load.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising: a light source; a drive circuit configured to conduct a load current through the light source; and a control circuit configured to generate a drive signal for controlling the drive circuit, the control circuit configured to control the drive circuit to adjust an average magnitude of the load current to adjust an intensity of the light source towards a target intensity; wherein the control circuit is further configured to: operate in a first state and a second state on a periodic basis over a plurality of periods, each of the plurality of periods including a first time period and a second time period; control the drive circuit in the first state during the first time period in which the control circuit adjusts a value of an operational characteristic of the drive signal to regulate a peak magnitude of the load current towards a target current in response to a feedback signal; control the drive circuit in the second state during the second time period in which the control circuit ceases to generate the drive signal and maintains the operational characteristic of the drive signal approximately constant; when the target intensity is within a first intensity range, adjust the average magnitude of the load current by keeping a length of the first time period constant and adjusting a length of the second time period; and when the target intensity is within a second intensity range, adjust the average magnitude of the load current by keeping the length of the second time period constant and adjusting the length of the first time period.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first intensity range and the second intensity range are below a transition intensity, the first intensity range being lower than the second intensity range.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein, when the target intensity is greater than the transition intensity, the control circuit is configured to adjust the value of the operational characteristic of the drive signal in response to the feedback signal in order to regulate the average magnitude of the load current towards the target current.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein, when the target intensity is greater than the transition intensity, the control circuit is configured to hold the length of the first time period and the length of the second time period constant, and adjust the target current between a first rated current and a second rated current.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein, when the target intensity is greater than the transition intensity, the control circuit is configured to maintain the length of the second time period at approximately zero seconds.

6. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the transition intensity corresponds to a minimum rated current of the drive circuit, and, when the target intensity is less than the transition intensity, the target current is approximately equal to the minimum rated current.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein, when the target intensity is less than the transition intensity, the control circuit is configured to adjust a duty cycle to adjust the average magnitude of the load current below the minimum rated current, the duty cycle corresponding to a ratio of the length of the first time period to the length of the second time period.

8. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first intensity range is between 1% and 4% of a maximum rated intensity of the light source and the second intensity range is between 4% and 5% of the maximum rated intensity of the light source.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, when adjusting the average magnitude of the load current when the target intensity is within the first intensity range, the control circuit is configured to keep the length of the second time period equal to or above a predetermined minimum value.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein, when adjusting the average magnitude of the load current when the target intensity is within the first intensity range, the control circuit is configured to adjust the length of the second time period in steps.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein, the steps are characterized by a predetermined step size.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the control circuit comprises a timer characterized by a timer tick and the predetermined step size is determined in proportion to a length of the timer tick.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, when adjusting the average magnitude of the load current when the target intensity is within the second intensity range, the control circuit is configured to keep the length of the first time period equal to or above a minimum value.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein, when adjusting the average magnitude of the load current when the target intensity is within the second intensity range, the control circuit is configured to adjust the first time period in steps.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein, the steps are characterized by a predetermined step size.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein, the drive circuit comprises an inverter circuit characterized by an operating period, the predetermined step size being equal to approximately a length of the operating period.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operational characteristic of the drive signal comprises a duty cycle of the drive signal or an operating frequency of the drive signal.

18. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a current sense circuit configured to generate the feedback signal, wherein the feedback signal comprises a load current feedback signal that indicates the magnitude of the load current conducted through the light source.

19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a light-emitting diode light source.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a light-emitting diode (LED) driver for controlling the intensity of an LED light source.

(2) FIG. 2 is an example plot of a target load current of the LED driver of FIG. 1 as a function of a target intensity.

(3) FIG. 3 is an example plot of a burst duty cycle of the LED driver of FIG. 1 as a function of the target intensity.

(4) FIG. 4 is an example state diagram illustrating the operation of a load regulation circuit of the LED driver of FIG. 1 when operating in a burst mode.

(5) FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of an isolated forward converter and a current sense circuit of an LED driver.

(6) FIG. 6 is an example diagram illustrating a magnetic core set of an energy-storage inductor of a forward converter.

(7) FIG. 7 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of a forward converter and a current sense circuit when the intensity of an LED light source is near a high-end intensity.

(8) FIG. 8 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of a forward converter and a current sense circuit when the intensity of an LED light source is near a low-end intensity.

(9) FIG. 9 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of a forward converter of an LED driver when operating in a burst mode.

(10) FIG. 10 shows a diagram of an example waveform illustrating a load current when a load regulation circuit is operating in a burst mode.

(11) FIG. 11 shows an example plot illustrating how a relative average light level may change as a function of a number of inverter cycles included in an active state period when a load regulation circuit is operating in a burst mode.

(12) FIG. 12 shows example waveforms illustrating a load current when a control circuit of the LED driver of FIG. 1 is operating in a burst mode.

(13) FIG. 13 shows an example of a plot relationship between a target load current and the lengths of an active state period and an inactive state period when a load regulation circuit is operating in a burst mode.

(14) FIG. 14 shows a simplified flowchart of an example procedure for operating a LED drive circuit of an LED driver in a normal mode and a burst mode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(15) FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a load control device, e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED) driver 100, for controlling the amount of power delivered to an electrical load, such as, an LED light source 102 (e.g., an LED light engine), and thus the intensity of the electrical load. The LED light source 102 is shown as a plurality of LEDs connected in series but may comprise a single LED or a plurality of LEDs connected in parallel or a suitable combination thereof, depending on the particular lighting system. The LED light source 102 may comprise one or more organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The light source 102 may comprise one or more quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). The LED driver 100 may comprise a hot terminal H and a neutral terminal. The terminals may be adapted to be coupled to an alternating-current (AC) power source (not shown).

(16) The LED driver 100 may comprise a radio-frequency interference (RFI) filter circuit 110, a rectifier circuit 120, a boost converter 130, a load regulation circuit 140, a control circuit 150, a current sense circuit 160, a memory 170, a communication circuit 180, and/or a power supply 190. The RFI filter circuit 110 may minimize the noise provided on the AC mains. The rectifier circuit 120 may generate a rectified voltage V.sub.RECT.

(17) The boost converter 130 may receive the rectified voltage V.sub.REC.sub.T and generate a boosted direct-current (DC) bus voltage V.sub.BUS across a bus capacitor C.sub.BUS. The boost converter 130 may comprise any suitable power converter circuit for generating an appropriate bus voltage, such as, for example, a flyback converter, a single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC), a Ćuk converter, or other suitable power converter circuit. The boost converter 120 may operate as a power factor correction (PFC) circuit to adjust the power factor of the LED driver 100 towards a power factor of one.

(18) The load regulation circuit 140 may receive the bus voltage V.sub.BUS and control the amount of power delivered to the LED light source 102, for example, to control the intensity of the LED light source 102 between a low-end (e.g., minimum) intensity L.sub.LE (e.g., approximately 1-5%) and a high-end (e.g., maximum) intensity L.sub.HE (e.g., approximately 100%). An example of the load regulation circuit 140 may be an isolated, half-bridge forward converter. An example of the load control device (e.g., LED driver 100) comprising a forward converter is described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/935,799, filed Jul. 5, 2013, entitled LOAD CONTROL DEVICE FOR A LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE LIGHT SOURCE, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The load regulation circuit 140 may comprise, for example, a buck converter, a linear regulator, or any suitable LED drive circuit for adjusting the intensity of the LED light source 102.

(19) The control circuit 150 may be configured to control the operation of the boost converter 130 and/or the load regulation circuit 140. An example of the control circuit 150 may be a controller. The control circuit 150 may comprise, for example, a digital controller or any other suitable processing device, such as, for example, a microcontroller, a programmable logic device (PLD), a microprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The control circuit 150 may generate a bus voltage control signal V.sub.BUS-CNTL, which may be provided to the boost converter 130 for adjusting the magnitude of the bus voltage V.sub.BUS. The control circuit 150 may receive a bus voltage feedback control signal V.sub.BUS-FB from the boost converter 130, which may indicate the magnitude of the bus voltage V.sub.BUS.

(20) The control circuit 150 may generate drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2. The drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 may be provided to the load regulation circuit 140 for adjusting the magnitude of a load voltage V.sub.LOAD generated across the LED light source 102 and/or the magnitude of a load current I.sub.LOAD conducted through the LED light source 120. By controlling the load voltage V.sub.LOAD and/or the load current I.sub.LOAD, the control circuit may control the intensity of the LED light source 120 to a target intensity L.sub.TRGT. The control circuit 150 may adjust an operating frequency f.sub.OP and/or a duty cycle DC.sub.INV (e.g., an on time T.sub.ON) of the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 in order to adjust the magnitude of the load voltage V.sub.LOAD and/or the load current I.sub.LOAD.

(21) The current sense circuit 160 may receive a sense voltage V.sub.SENSE. The sense voltage V.sub.SENSE may be generated by the load regulation circuit 140. The sense voltage V.sub.SENSE may indicate the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD. The current sense circuit 160 may receive a signal-chopper control signal V.sub.CHOP from the control circuit 150. The current sense circuit 160 may generate a load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD, which may be a DC voltage indicating the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD. The control circuit 150 may receive the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD from the current sense circuit 160. The control circuit 150 may adjust the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 based on the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD so that the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD may be adjusted towards a target load current I.sub.TRGT. For example, the control circuit 150 may set initial operating parameters for the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 (e.g., an operating frequency f.sub.OP and/or a duty cycle DC.sub.INV). The control circuit 150 may receive the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD indicating the effect of the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2. Based on the indication, the control circuit 150 may adjust the operating parameters of the drive control signals to thus adjust the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD towards a target load current I.sub.TRGT (e.g., using a control loop).

(22) The load current I.sub.LOAD may be the current that is conducted through the LED light source 102. The target load current I.sub.TRGT may be the current that the control circuit 150 aims to conduct through the LED light source 102 (e.g., based at least on the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD). The load current I.sub.LOAD may be approximately equal to the target load current I.sub.TRGT but may not always follow the target load current I.sub.TRGT. This may be because, for example, the control circuit 150 may have specific levels of granularity in which it can control the current conducted through the LED light source 102 (e.g., due to inverter cycle lengths, etc.). Non-ideal reactions of the LED light source 102 (e.g., an overshoot in the load current I.sub.LOAD) may also cause the load current I.sub.LOAD to deviate from the target load current I.sub.TRGT. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the figures shown herein (e.g., FIGS. 2 and 13) that illustrate the current conducted through an LED light source as a linear graph illustrate the target load current I.sub.TRGT since the load current I.sub.LOAD itself may not actually follow a true linear path.

(23) The control circuit 150 may be coupled to the memory 170. The memory 170 may store operational characteristics of the LED driver 100 (e.g., the target intensity L.sub.TRGT, the low-end intensity L.sub.LE, the high-end intensity L.sub.HE, etc.). The communication circuit 180 may be coupled to, for example, a wired communication link or a wireless communication link, such as a radio-frequency (RF) communication link or an infrared (IR) communication link. The control circuit 150 may be configured to update the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the LED light source 102 and/or the operational characteristics stored in the memory 170 in response to digital messages received via the communication circuit 180. The LED driver 100 may be operable to receive a phase-control signal from a dimmer switch for determining the target intensity L.sub.TRGT for the LED light source 102. The power supply 190 may receive the rectified voltage V.sub.REC.sub.T and generate a direct-current (DC) supply voltage V.sub.CC for powering the circuitry of the LED driver 100.

(24) FIG. 2 is an example plot of the target load current I.sub.TRGT as a function of the target intensity L.sub.TRGT. As shown, a linear relationship may exist between the target intensity L.sub.TRGT and the target load current I.sub.TRGT (e.g., in at least an ideal situation). For example, to achieve a higher target intensity, the control circuit 150 may increase the target load current I.sub.TRGT (e.g., in proportion to the increase in the target intensity); to achieve a lower target intensity, the control circuit 150 may decrease the target load current I.sub.TRGT (e.g., in proportion to the decrease in the target intensity). As the target load current I.sub.TRGT is being adjusted, the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD may change accordingly. There may be limits, however, to how much the load current I.sub.LOAD may be adjusted. For example, the load current I.sub.LOAD may not be adjusted above a maximum rated current I.sub.MAX or below a minimum rated current I.sub.MIN (e.g., due to hardware limitations of the load regulation circuit 140 and/or the control circuit 150). Therefore, the control circuit 150 may be configured to adjust the target load current I.sub.TRGT between the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN and a maximum rated current I.sub.MAX so that the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD may fall in the same range. The maximum rated current I.sub.MAX may correspond to a high-end intensity L.sub.HE (e.g., approximately 100%). The minimum rated current I.sub.MIN may correspond to a transition intensity L.sub.TRAN (e.g., approximately 5%). Between the high-end intensity L.sub.HE and the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN, the control circuit 150 may operate the load regulation circuit 140 in a normal mode in which an average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may be controlled to be equal (e.g., approximately equal) to the target load current I.sub.TRGT. During the normal mode, the control circuit 150 may control the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD to the target load current I.sub.TRGT in response to the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD (e.g., using closed loop control), for example.

(25) To adjust the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD to below the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN (and to thus adjust the target intensity L.sub.TRGT below the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN), the control circuit 150 may be configured to operate the load regulation circuit 140 in a burst mode. The burst mode may be characterized by a burst operating period that includes an active state period and an inactive state period. During the active state period, the control circuit 150 may be configured to regulate the load current I.sub.LOAD in ways similar to those in the normal mode. During the inactive state period, the control circuit 150 may be configured to stop regulating the load current I.sub.LOAD (e.g., to allow the load current I.sub.LOAD to drop to approximately zero). The ratio of the active state period to the burst operating period, e.g., T.sub.ACTIVE/T.sub.BURST, may represent a burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST. The burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST may be controlled between a maximum duty cycle DC.sub.MAX (e.g., approximately 100%) and a minimum duty cycle DC.sub.MIN (e.g., approximately 20%). The load current I.sub.LOAD may be adjusted towards the target current I.sub.TRGT (e.g., the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN) during the active state period of the burst mode. Setting the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST to a value less than the maximum duty cycle DC.sub.MAX may reduce the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD to below the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN.

(26) FIG. 3 is an example plot of a burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST (e.g., an ideal burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST-IDEAL) as a function of the target intensity L.sub.TRGT. As described herein, when the target intensity L.sub.TRGT is between the high-end intensity L.sub.HE (e.g., approximately 100%) and the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN (e.g., approximately 5%), the control circuit 150 may be configured to operate the load regulation circuit 140 in the normal mode, e.g., by setting the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST at a constant value that is equal to approximately a maximum duty cycle DC.sub.MAX or approximately 100%. To adjust the target intensity L.sub.TRGT below the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN, the control circuit 150 may be configured to operate the load regulation circuit 140 in the burst mode, e.g., by adjusting the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST between the maximum duty cycle DC.sub.MAX and the minimum duty cycle DC.sub.MIN (e.g., approximately 20%).

(27) With reference to FIG. 3, the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST may refer to an ideal burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST-IDEAL, which may include an integer portion DC.sub.BURST-INTEGER and/or a fractional portion DC.sub.BURST-FRACTIONAL. The integer portion DC.sub.BURST-INTEGER may be characterized by the percentage of the ideal burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST-IDEAL that includes complete inverter cycles (e.g., an integer value of inverter cycles). The fractional portion DC.sub.BURST-FRACTIONAL may be characterized by the percentage of the ideal burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST-DEAL that includes a fraction of an inverter cycle. In at least some cases, the control circuit 150 (e.g., via the load regulation circuit 140) may be configured to adjust the number of inverter cycles by an integer number (e.g., by DC.sub.BURST-INTEGER) and not a fractional amount (e.g., DC.sub.BURST-FRACTIONAL). Therefore, although the example plot of FIG. 3 illustrates an ideal curve showing continuous adjustment of the ideal burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST-IDEAL from a maximum duty cycle DC.sub.MAX to a minimum duty cycle DC.sub.MIN, unless defined differently, burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST may refer to the integer portion DC.sub.BURST-INTEGER of the ideal burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST-IDEAL (e.g., if the control circuit 150 is not be configured to operate the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST at fractional amounts).

(28) FIG. 4 is an example state diagram illustrating the operation of the load regulation circuit 140 in the burst mode. During the burst mode, the control circuit 150 may periodically control the load regulation circuit 140 into an active state and an inactive state, e.g., in dependence upon a burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST and a burst mode period T.sub.BURST (e.g., approximately 4.4 milliseconds). For example, the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE may be equal to the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST times the burst mode period T.sub.BURST and the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE may be equal to one minus the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST times the burst mode period T.sub.BURST. That is, T.sub.ACTIVE=DC.sub.BURST.Math.T.sub.BURST and T.sub.INACTIVE=(1−DC.sub.BURST).Math.T.sub.BURST.

(29) In the active state of the burst mode, the control circuit 150 may be configured to generate the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2. The control circuit 150 may be further configured to adjust the operating frequency f.sub.OP and/or the duty cycle DC.sub.INV (e.g., an on time T.sub.ON) of the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 to adjust the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD. The control circuit 150 may be configured to make the adjustments using closed loop control. For example, in the active state of the burst mode, the control circuit 150 may generate the drive signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 to adjust the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD to be equal to a target load current I.sub.TRGT (e.g., the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN) in response to the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD.

(30) In the inactive state of the burst mode, the control circuit 150 may let the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD drop to approximately zero amps, e.g., by freezing the closed loop control and/or not generating the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2. While the control loop is frozen (e.g., in the inactive state), the control circuit 150 may stop responding to the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD (e.g., the control circuit 150 may not adjust the values of the operating frequency f.sub.OP and/or the duty cycle DC.sub.INV in response to the load current feedback signal). The control circuit 150 may store the present duty cycle DC.sub.INV (e.g., the present on time T.sub.ON) of the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 in the memory 170 prior to (e.g., immediately prior to) freezing the control loop. When the control loop is unfrozen (e.g., when the control circuit 150 enters the active state), the control circuit 150 may resume generating the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 using the operating frequency f.sub.OP and/or the duty cycle DC.sub.INV from the previous active state.

(31) The control circuit 150 may be configured to adjust the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST using an open loop control. For example, the control circuit 150 may be configured to adjust the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST as a function of the target intensity L.sub.TRGT when the target intensity L.sub.TRGT is below the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN. For example, the control circuit 150 may be configured to linearly decrease the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST as the target intensity L.sub.TRGT is decreased below the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN (e.g., as shown in FIG. 3), while the target load current I.sub.TRGT is held constant at the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2). Since the control circuit 150 may switch between the active state and the inactive state in dependence upon the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST and the burst mode period T.sub.BURST (e.g., as shown in the state diagram of FIG. 4), the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may change as a function of the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST (e.g., I.sub.AVE=DC.sub.BURST.Math.I.sub.MIN). In other words, during the burst mode, the peak magnitude I.sub.PK of the load current I.sub.LOAD may be equal to the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN, but the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may be less than the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN, depending on the value of the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST.

(32) FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of a forward converter 240 and a current sense circuit 260 of an LED driver (e.g., the LED driver 100 shown in FIG. 1). The forward converter 240 may be an example of the load regulation circuit 140 of the LED driver 100 shown in FIG. 1. The current sense circuit 260 may be an example of the current sense circuit 160 of the LED driver 100 shown in FIG. 1.

(33) The forward converter 240 may comprise a half-bridge inverter circuit having two field effect transistors (FETs) Q210, Q212 for generating a high-frequency inverter voltage V.sub.INV, e.g., from the bus voltage V.sub.BUS. The FETs Q210, Q212 may be rendered conductive and non-conductive in response to the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2. The drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 may be received from the control circuit 150. The drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 may be coupled to the gates of the respective FETs Q210, Q212 via a gate drive circuit 214 (e.g., which may comprise part number L6382DTR, manufactured by ST Microelectronics). The control circuit 150 may be configured to generate the inverter voltage V.sub.INV at an operating frequency f.sub.OP (e.g., approximately 60-65 kHz) and thus an operating period T.sub.OP. The control circuit 150 may be configured to adjust the operating frequency f.sub.OP under certain operating conditions. For example, the control circuit 150 may be configured to decrease the operating frequency near the high-end intensity Lap. The control circuit 150 may be configured to adjust a duty cycle DC.sub.INV of the inverter voltage V.sub.INV (e.g., with or without also adjusting the operating frequency) to control the intensity of an LED light source 202 towards the target intensity L.sub.TRGT.

(34) In a normal mode of operation, when the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the LED light source 202 is between the high-end intensity L.sub.HE and the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN, the control circuit 150 may adjust the duty cycle DC.sub.INV of the inverter voltage V.sub.INV to adjust the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD (e.g., the average magnitude I.sub.AVE) towards the target load current I.sub.TRGT. The magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD may vary between the maximum rated current I.sub.MAX and the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2). The minimum rated current I.sub.MIN may be determined, for example, based on a minimum on time T.sub.ON-MIN of the half-bridge inverter circuit of the forward converter 240. The minimum on time T.sub.ON-MIN may vary based on hardware limitations of the forward converter. At the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN (e.g., at the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN), the inverter voltage V.sub.INV may be characterized by a low-end operating frequency f.sub.OP-LE and a low-end operating period T.sub.OP-LE.

(35) When the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the LED light source 202 is below the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN, the control circuit 150 may be configured to operate the forward converter 240 in a burst mode of operation. In addition to or in lieu of using target intensity as a threshold for determining when to operate in burst mode, the control circuit 150 may use power (e.g., a transition power) and/or current (e.g., a transition current) as the threshold. In the burst mode of operation, the control circuit 150 may be configured to switch the forward converter 240 between an active state (e.g., in which the control circuit 150 may actively generate the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 to regulate the peak magnitude I.sub.PK of the load current I.sub.LOAD to be equal to the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN) and an inactive state (e.g., in which the control circuit 150 freezes the control loop and does not generate the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2). FIG. 4 shows a state diagram illustrating the transmission between the two states. The control circuit 150 may switch the forward converter 240 between the active state and the inactive state in dependence upon a burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST and/or a burst mode period T.sub.BURST (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4). The control circuit 150 may adjust the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST as a function of the target intensity L.sub.TRGT, which may be below the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN (e.g., as shown in FIG. 3). In the active state of the burst mode (as well as in the normal mode), the forward converter 240 may be characterized by a turn-on time T.sub.TURN-ON and a turn-off time T.sub.TURN-OFF. The turn-on time T.sub.TURN-ON may be a time period from when the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 are driven until the respective FET Q210, Q212 is rendered conductive. The turn-off time T.sub.TURN-OFF may be a time period from when the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 are driven until the respective FET Q210, Q212 is rendered non-conductive.

(36) The inverter voltage V.sub.INV may be coupled to the primary winding of a transformer 220 through a DC-blocking capacitor C216 (e.g., which may have a capacitance of approximately 0.047 g). A primary voltage V.sub.PRI may be generated across the primary winding. The transformer 220 may be characterized by a turns ratio n.sub.TURNS (e.g., N.sub.1/N.sub.2), which may be approximately 115:29. A sense voltage V.sub.SENSE may be generated across a sense resistor R222, which may be coupled in series with the primary winding of the transformer 220. The FETs Q210, Q212 and the primary winding of the transformer 220 may be characterized by parasitic capacitances Cm, C.sub.P2, C.sub.P3, respectively. The secondary winding of the transformer 220 may generate a secondary voltage. The secondary voltage may be coupled to the AC terminals of a full-wave diode rectifier bridge 224 for rectifying the secondary voltage generated across the secondary winding. The positive DC terminal of the rectifier bridge 224 may be coupled to the LED light source 202 through an output energy-storage inductor L226 (e.g., which may have an inductance of approximately 10 mH). The load voltage V.sub.LOAD may be generated across an output capacitor C228 (e.g., which may have a capacitance of approximately 3 μF).

(37) The current sense circuit 260 may comprise an averaging circuit for producing the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD. The averaging circuit may include a low-pass filter. The low-pass filter may comprise a capacitor C230 (e.g., which may have a capacitance of approximately 0.066 uF) and a resistor R232 (e.g., which may have a resistance of approximately 3.32 kΩ). The low-pass filter may receive the sense voltage V.sub.SENSE via a resistor R234 (e.g., which may have a resistance of approximately 1 kΩ). The current sense circuit 160 may comprise a transistor Q236 (e.g., a FET as shown in FIG. 5). The transistor Q236 may be coupled between the junction of the resistors R232, R234 and circuit common. The gate of the transistor Q236 may be coupled to circuit common through a resistor R238 (e.g., which may have a resistance of approximately 22 kΩ). The gate of the transistor Q236 may receive the signal-chopper control signal V.sub.CHOP from the control circuit 150. An example of the current sense circuit 260 may be described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/834,153, filed Mar. 15, 2013, entitled FORWARD CONVERTER HAVING A PRIMARY-SIDE CURRENT SENSE CIRCUIT, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

(38) FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example magnetic core set 290 of an energy-storage inductor (e.g., the output energy-storage inductor L226 of the forward converter 240 shown in FIG. 5). The magnetic core set 290 may comprise two E-cores 292A, 292B, and may comprise part number PC40EE16-Z, manufactured by TDK Corporation. The E-cores 292A, 292B may comprise respective outer legs 294A, 294B and inner legs 296A, 296B. The inner legs 296A, 296B may be characterized by a width w.sub.LEG (e.g., approximately 4 mm). The inner leg 296A of the first E-core 292A may comprise a partial gap 298A (e.g., the magnetic core set 290 may be partially-gapped), such that the inner legs 296A, 296B may be spaced apart by a gap distance d.sub.GAP (e.g., approximately 0.5 mm). The partial gap 298A may extend for a gap width w.sub.GAP (e.g., approximately 2.8 mm) such that the partial gap 298A may extend for approximately 70% of the leg width w.sub.LEG of the inner leg 296A. Either or both of the inner legs 296A, 296B may comprise partial gaps. The partially-gapped magnetic core set 290 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 6) may allow the output energy-storage inductor L226 of the forward converter 240 (e.g., shown in FIG. 5) to maintain continuous current at low load conditions (e.g., near the low-end intensity L.sub.LE).

(39) FIG. 7 shows waveforms illustrating example operation of a forward converter (e.g., the forward converter 240) and a current sense circuit (e.g., the current sense circuit 260). The forward converter 240 may generate the waveforms shown in FIG. 7, for example, when operating in the normal mode and in the active state of the burst mode as described herein. As shown in FIG. 7, a control circuit (e.g., the control circuit 150) may drive the respective drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 high to approximately the supply voltage V.sub.CC to render the respective FETs Q210, Q212 conductive for an on time T.sub.ON. The FETs Q210, Q212 may be rendered conductive at different times. When the high-side FET Q210 is conductive, the primary winding of the transformer 220 may conduct a primary current I.sub.PRI to circuit common, e.g., through the capacitor C216 and sense resistor R222. After (e.g., immediately after) the high-side FET Q210 is rendered conductive (at time t.sub.1 in FIG. 7), the primary current I.sub.PRI may exhibit a short high-magnitude pulse, e.g., due to the parasitic capacitance C.sub.P3 of the transformer 220 as shown in FIG. 7. While the high-side FET Q210 is conductive, the capacitor C216 may charge, such that a voltage having a magnitude of approximately half of the magnitude of the bus voltage V.sub.BUS may be developed across the capacitor. The magnitude of the primary voltage V.sub.PRI across the primary winding of the transformer 220 may be equal to approximately half of the magnitude of the bus voltage V.sub.BUS (e.g., V.sub.BUS/2). When the low-side FET Q212 is conductive, the primary winding of the transformer 220 may conduct the primary current I.sub.PRI in an opposite direction and the capacitor C216 may be coupled across the primary winding, such that the primary voltage V.sub.PRI may have a negative polarity with a magnitude equal to approximately half of the magnitude of the bus voltage V.sub.BUS.

(40) When either of the high-side and low-side FETs Q210, Q212 are conductive, the magnitude of an output inductor current I.sub.L conducted by the output inductor L226 and/or the magnitude of the load voltage V.sub.LOAD across the LED light source 202 may increase with respect to time. The magnitude of the primary current I.sub.PRI may increase with respect to time while the FETs Q210, Q212 are conductive (e.g., after an initial current spike). When the FETs Q210, Q212 are non-conductive, the output inductor current I.sub.L and the load voltage V.sub.LOAD may decrease in magnitude with respective to time. The output inductor current I.sub.L may be characterized by a peak magnitude I.sub.L-PK and an average magnitude I.sub.L-AVG, for example, as shown in FIG. 7. The control circuit 150 may increase and/or decrease the on times T.sub.ON of the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 (e.g., and the duty cycle DC.sub.INV of the inverter voltage V.sub.INV) to respectively increase and/or decrease the average magnitude I.sub.L-AVG of the output inductor current I.sub.L, and thus respectively increase and/or decrease the intensity of the LED light source 202.

(41) When the FETs Q210, Q212 are rendered non-conductive, the magnitude of the primary current I.sub.PRI may drop toward zero amps (e.g., as shown at time t.sub.2 in FIG. 7 when the high-side FET Q210 is rendered non-conductive). A magnetizing current I.sub.MAG may continue to flow through the primary winding of the transformer 220, e.g., due to the magnetizing inductance L.sub.MAG of the transformer. When the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the LED light source 102 is near the low-end intensity L.sub.LE, the magnitude of the primary current I.sub.PRI may oscillate after either of the FETs Q210, Q212 is rendered non-conductive. The oscillation may be caused by the parasitic capacitances C.sub.P1, C.sub.P2 of the FETs, the parasitic capacitance C.sub.P3 of the primary winding of the transformer 220, and/or other parasitic capacitances of the circuit (e.g., such as the parasitic capacitances of the printed circuit board on which the forward converter 240 is mounted).

(42) The real component of the primary current I.sub.PRI may indicate the magnitude of the secondary current I.sub.SEC and thus the intensity of the LED light source 202. The magnetizing current I.sub.MAG (e.g., the reactive component of the primary current I.sub.PRI) may flow through the sense resistor R222. When the high-side FET Q210 is conductive, the magnetizing current I.sub.MAG may change from a negative polarity to a positive polarity. When the low-side FET Q212 is conductive, the magnetizing current I.sub.MAG may change from a positive polarity to a negative polarity. When the magnitude of the primary voltage V.sub.PRI is zero volts, the magnetizing current I.sub.MAG may remain constant, for example, as shown in FIG. 7. The magnetizing current I.sub.MAG may have a maximum magnitude defined by the following equation:

(43) $I_{\mathrm{MAG}-M\mathrm{AX}}=\frac{V_{\mathrm{BUS}}.Math.T_{\mathrm{HC}}}{4.Math.L_{\mathrm{MAG}}},$

(44) where T.sub.HC may be the half-cycle period of the inverter voltage V.sub.INV, e.g., T.sub.HC=T.sub.OP/2. As shown in FIG. 7, the areas 250, 252 may be approximately equal such that the average value of the magnitude of the magnetizing current I.sub.MAG may be zero during the period of time when the magnitude of the primary voltage V.sub.PRI is greater than approximately zero volts (e.g., during the on time T.sub.ON as shown in FIG. 7).

(45) The current sense circuit 260 may determine an average of the primary current I.sub.PRI during the positive cycles of the inverter voltage V.sub.INV, e.g., when the high-side FET Q210 is conductive. As described herein, the high-side FET Q210 may be conductive during the on time T.sub.ON. The current sense circuit 260 may generate a load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD, which may have a DC magnitude that is the average value of the primary current I.sub.PRI (e.g., when the high-side FET Q210 is conductive). Because the average value of the magnitude of the magnetizing current I.sub.MAG may be approximately zero during the period of time that the high-side FET Q210 is conductive (e.g., during the on time T.sub.ON), the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD generated by the current sense circuit may indicate the real component (e.g., only the real component) of the primary current I.sub.PRI (e.g., during the on time T.sub.ON).

(46) When the high-side FET Q210 is rendered conductive, the control circuit 150 may drive the signal-chopper control signal V.sub.CHOP low towards circuit common to render the transistor Q236 of the current sense circuit 260 non-conductive for a signal-chopper time T.sub.CHOP. The signal-chopper time T.sub.CHOP may be approximately equal to the on time T.sub.ON of the high-side FET Q210, e.g., as shown in FIG. 7. The capacitor C230 may charge from the sense voltage V.sub.SENSE through the resistors R232, R234 while the signal-chopper control signal V.sub.CHOP is low. The magnitude of the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD may be the average value of the primary current I.sub.PRI and may indicate the real component of the primary current during the time when the high-side FET Q210 is conductive. When the high-side FET Q210 is not conductive, the control circuit 150 may drive the signal-chopper control signal V.sub.CHOP high to render the transistor Q236 conductive. Accordingly, as described herein, the control circuit 150 may be able to determine the average magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD from the magnitude of the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD, at least partially because the effects of the magnetizing current I.sub.MAG and the oscillations of the primary current I.sub.PRI on the magnitude of the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD may be reduced or eliminated.

(47) As the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the LED light source 202 is decreased towards the low-end intensity L.sub.LE and/or as the on times T.sub.ON of the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 get smaller, the parasitic of the load regulation circuit 140 (e.g., the parasitic capacitances C.sub.P1, C.sub.P2 of the FETs Q210, Q212, the parasitic capacitance C.sub.P3 of the primary winding of the transformer 220, and/or other parasitic capacitances of the circuit) may cause the magnitude of the primary voltage V.sub.PRI to slowly decrease towards zero volts after the FETs Q210, Q212 are rendered non-conductive.

(48) FIG. 8 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of a forward converter and a current sense circuit (e.g., the forward converter 240 and the current sense circuit 260) when the target intensity L.sub.TRGT is near the low-end intensity L.sub.LE, and when the forward converter 240 is operating in the normal mode and the active state of the burst mode. The gradual drop off in the magnitude of the primary voltage V.sub.PRI may allow the primary winding of the transformer 220 to continue to conduct the primary current I.sub.PRI, such that the transformer 220 may continue to deliver power to the secondary winding after the FETs Q210, Q212 are rendered non-conductive, e.g., as shown in FIG. 8. The magnetizing current I.sub.MAG may continue to increase in magnitude after the on time T.sub.ON of the drive control signal V.sub.DRIVE1 (e.g., and/or the drive control signal V.sub.DRIVE2). The control circuit 150 may increase the signal-chopper time T.sub.CHOP to be greater than the on time T.sub.ON. For example, the control circuit 150 may increase the signal-chopper time T.sub.CHOP (e.g., during which the signal-chopper control signal V.sub.CHOP is low) by an offset time T.sub.OS when the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the LED light source 202 is near the low-end intensity L.sub.LE.

(49) FIG. 9 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of a forward converter (e.g., the forward converter 240 shown in FIG. 5) during the burst mode. The inverter circuit of the forward converter 240 may be controlled to generate the inverter voltage V.sub.INV during an active state (e.g., for an active state period T.sub.ACTIVE). A purpose of the inverter voltage V.sub.INV may be to regulate the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD to the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN during the active state period. During the inactive state (e.g., for an inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE), the inverter voltage V.sub.INV may be reduced to zero (e.g., not generated). The forward converter may enter the active state on a periodic basis with an interval approximately equal to a burst mode period T.sub.BURST (e.g., approximately 4.4 milliseconds). The active state period T.sub.ACTIVE and inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE may be characterized by durations that are dependent upon a burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST, e.g., T.sub.ACTIVE=DC.sub.BURST.Math.T.sub.BURST and T.sub.INACTIVE=(1−DC.sub.BURST).Math.T.sub.BURST. The average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may be dependent on the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST. For example, the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may be equal to the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST times the load current I.sub.LOAD (e.g., I.sub.AVE=DC.sub.BURST.Math.LOAD). When the load current I.sub.LOAD is equal to the minimum load current I.sub.MIN, the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may be equal to DC.sub.BURST.Math.I.sub.MIN.

(50) The burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST may be controlled (e.g., by the control circuit 150) in order to adjust the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD. The burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST may be controlled in different ways. For example, the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST may be controlled by holding the burst mode period T.sub.BURST constant and varying the length of the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE. As another example, the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST may be controlled by holding the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE constant and varying the length of the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE (and thus the burst mode period T.sub.BURST). As the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST is increased, the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may increase. As the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST is decreased, the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may decrease. In an example, the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST may be adjusted via open loop control (e.g., in response to the target intensity L.sub.TRGT). In another example, the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST may be adjusted via closed loop control (e.g., in response to the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD).

(51) FIG. 10 shows a diagram of an example waveform 1000 illustrating the load current I.sub.LOAD when a load regulation circuit (e.g., the load regulation circuit 140) operates in the burst mode. The active state period T.sub.ACTIVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may have a length that is dependent upon the length of an inverter cycle of the inverter circuit (e.g., the operating period T.sub.OP). For example, referring back to FIG. 9, the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE may comprise six inverter cycles, and as such, has a length that is equal to the duration of the six inverter cycles. A control circuit (e.g., the control circuit 150 of the LED driver 100 shown in FIG. 1 and/or the control circuit 150 show in FIG. 5) may adjust (e.g., increase or decrease) the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE by adjusting the number of inverter cycles in the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE. As such, the control circuit may be operable to adjust the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE by specific increments/decrements (e.g., the values of which may be predetermined), with each increment/decrement equal to approximately one inverter cycle (e.g., such as the low-end operating period T.sub.OP-LE, which may be approximately 12.8 microseconds). Since the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD may depend upon the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE, the average magnitude I.sub.AVE may be adjusted by an increment/decrement (e.g., the value of which may be predetermined) that corresponds to a change in load current I.sub.LOAD resulting from the addition or removal of one inverter cycle per active state period T.sub.ACTIVE.

(52) FIG. 10 shows four example burst mode periods T.sub.BURST 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008 with equivalent lengths. The first three burst mode periods 1002, 1004, 1006 may be characterized by equivalent active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE1 (e.g., with a same number of inverter cycles) and equivalent inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE1. The fourth burst mode periods T.sub.BURST 1008 may be characterized by an active state period T.sub.ACTIVE2 that is larger than the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE1 (e.g., by an additional inverter cycle) and an inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE2 that is smaller than the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE1 (e.g., by one fewer inverter cycle). The larger active state period T.sub.ACTIVE2 and smaller inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE2 may result in a larger duty cycle and a corresponding larger average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD (e.g., as shown during burst mode period 1008). As the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD increases, the intensity of the light source may increase accordingly. Hence, as shown in FIG. 10, by adding inverter cycles to or removing inverter cycles from the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE while maintaining the length of the burst mode periods T.sub.BURST, the control circuit may be operable to adjust the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD. Such adjustments to only the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE, however, may cause changes in the intensity of the lighting load that are perceptible to the user, e.g., when the target intensity is equal to or below the low-end intensity L.sub.LE (e.g., 5% of a rated peak intensity).

(53) FIG. 11 illustrates how the average light intensity of a light source may change as a function of the number N.sub.INV of inverter cycles included in an active state period T.sub.ACTIVE if the control circuit only adjusts the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE during the burst mode. As described herein, the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE may be expressed as T.sub.ACTIVE=N.sub.INV.Math.T.sub.OP-LE, wherein T.sub.OP-LE may represent a low-end operating period of the relevant inverter circuit. As shown in FIG. 11, if the control circuit adjusts the length of the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE from four to five inverter cycles, the relative light level may change by approximately 25%. If the control circuit adjusts the length of the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE from five to six inverter cycles, the relative light level may change by approximately 20%.

(54) Fine tuning of the intensity of a lighting load while operating in the burst mode may be achieved by configuring the control circuit to apply different control techniques to the load regulation circuit. For example, the control circuit may be configured to apply a specific control technique based on the target intensity. As described herein, the control circuit may enter the burst mode of operation if the target intensity is equal to or below the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN (e.g., approximately 5% of a rated peak intensity). Within this low-end intensity range (e.g., from approximately 1% to 5% of the rated peak intensity), the control circuit may be configured to operate in at least two different modes. A low-end mode may be entered when the target intensity is within the lower portion of the low-end intensity range, e.g., between approximately 1% and 4% of the rated peak intensity. An intermediate mode may be entered when the target intensity is within the higher portion of the low-end intensity range, e.g., from approximately 4% of the rated peak intensity to the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN or just below the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN (e.g., approximately 5% of the rated peak intensity).

(55) FIG. 12 shows example waveforms illustrating a load current when a control circuit (e.g., the control circuit 150) is operating in a burst mode. For example, as shown in FIG. 12, the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the light source (e.g., the LED light source 202) may increase from approximately the low-end intensity L.sub.LE to the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN from one waveform to the next moving down the sheet from the top to the bottom. The control circuit may control the load current I.sub.LOAD over one or more default burst mode periods T.sub.BURST-DEF. The default burst mode period T.sub.BURST-DEF may, for example, have a value of approximately 800 microseconds to correspond to a frequency of approximately 1.25 kHz. The inverter circuit of the load regulation circuit may be characterized by an operating frequency f.sub.OP-BURST (e.g., approximately 25 kHz) and an operating period T.sub.OP-BURST (e.g., approximately 40 microseconds).

(56) The control circuit may enter the low-end mode of operation when the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the light source is between a first value (e.g., the low-end intensity L.sub.LE, which may be approximately 1% of the rated peak intensity) and a second value (e.g., approximately 4% of a rated peak intensity). In the low-end mode, the control circuit may be configured to adjust the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD (and thereby the intensity of the light source) by adjusting the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE while keeping the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE constant. For example, to increase the average magnitude I.sub.AVE, the control circuit may keep the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE constant and decrease the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE; to decrease the average magnitude I.sub.AVE, the control circuit may keep the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE constant and increase the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE.

(57) The control circuit may adjust the length of the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE in one or more steps. For example, the control circuit may adjust the length of the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE by an inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE at a time. The inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE may have a value (e.g., a predetermined value) that is, for example, a percentage (e.g., approximately 1%) of the default burst mode period T.sub.BURST-DEF or in proportion to the length of a timer tick (e.g., a tick of a timer comprised in the control device). Other values for the inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE may also be possible, so long as they may allow fine tuning of the intensity of the light source. The value of the inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE may be stored in a storage device (e.g., a memory). The storage device may be coupled to the control device and/or accessible to the control device. The value of the inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE may be set during a configuration process of the load control system. The value may be modified, for example, via a user interface.

(58) The control circuit may adjust the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE as a function of the target intensity L.sub.TRGT (e.g., using open loop control). For example, given a target intensity L.sub.TRGT, the control circuit may determine an amount of adjustment to apply to the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE in order to bring the intensity of the light source to the target intensity. The control circuit may determine the amount of adjustment in various ways, e.g., by calculating the value in real-time and/or by retrieving the value from memory (e.g., via a lookup table or the like). The control circuit may be configured to adjust the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE by the inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE one step at a time (e.g., in multiple steps) until the target intensity is achieved.

(59) The control circuit may adjust the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE to achieve a target intensity L.sub.TRGT based on a current feedback signal (e.g., using closed loop control). For example, given the target intensity L.sub.TRGT, the control circuit may be configured to adjust the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE initially by the inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE. The control circuit may then wait for a load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD from a current sense circuit (e.g., the current sense circuit 160). The load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD may indicate the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD and thereby the intensity of the light source. The control circuit may compare the indicated intensity of the light source with the target intensity to determine whether additional adjustments of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE are necessary. The control circuit may make multiple stepped adjustments to achieve the target intensity. The step size may be equal to approximately the inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE.

(60) Waveforms 1210-1260 in FIG. 12 illustrate the example control technique that may be applied in the low-end mode (e.g., as target intensity L.sub.TRGT is increasing from waveform 1210 to waveform 1260). As shown in the waveform 1210, the load current I.sub.LOAD may have a burst mode period T.sub.BURST-DEF (e.g., approximately 800 microseconds corresponding to a frequency of approximately 1.25 kHz) and a burst duty cycle. The burst duty cycle may be 20%, for example, to correspond to a light intensity of 1% of the rated peak intensity. The inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE corresponding to the burst mode period T.sub.BURST-DEF and the burst duty cycle may be denoted herein as T.sub.INACTIVE-MAX. In the waveform 1220, the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD is decreased by the inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE while the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE is maintained in order to adjust the intensity of the light source toward a higher target intensity. The decrease may continue in steps, e.g., as shown in the waveforms 1230 to 1260, by the inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE in each step until the target intensity is achieved or a minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN is reached (e.g., as shown in waveform 1260). The minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN may be determined based on the configuration and/or limitations of one or more hardware components of the relevant circuitry. For example, as the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE decrease, the operating frequency of the burst mode may increase. When the operating frequency reaches a certain level, the outputs of some hardware components (e.g., the output current of the inductor L226 of the forward converter 240, as shown in FIG. 5) at the tail of one burst cycle may begin to interfere with the outputs at the start of the next burst cycle. Accordingly, in the example described herein, the minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN may be set to a minimum value at which the component outputs during consecutive burst cycles would not interfere with each other. In at least some cases, such a minimum value may correspond to a burst duty cycle of approximately 80% and to a target intensity value at which the control circuit may enter the intermediate mode of operation.

(61) Once the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE has reached the minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN, the control circuit may be configured to transition into the intermediate mode of operation described herein. In certain embodiments, the transition may occur when the target intensity is at a specific value (e.g., approximately 4% of the rated peak intensity). While in the intermediate mode, the control circuit may be configured to adjust the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD by adjusting the length of the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE and keeping the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE constant (e.g., at the minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN). The adjustments to the active state periods may be made gradually, e.g., by an active-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.ACTIVE in each increment/decrement (e.g., as shown in waveform 1270 in FIG. 12). In certain embodiments, the active-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.ACTIVE may be approximately equal to one inverter cycle length.

(62) The control circuit may adjust the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE as a function of the target intensity L.sub.TRGT (e.g., using open loop control). For example, given a target intensity L.sub.TRGT, the control circuit may determine an amount of adjustment to apply to the active state period T.sub.INACTIVE in order to bring the intensity of the light source to the target intensity. The control circuit may determine the amount of adjustment in various ways, e.g., by calculating the value in real-time and/or by retrieving the value from memory (e.g., via a lookup table or the like). The control circuit may be configured to adjust the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE by the active-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.ACTIVE one step at a time (e.g., in multiple steps) until the total amount of adjustment is achieved.

(63) The control circuit may adjust the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE to achieve a target intensity L.sub.TRGT based on a current feedback signal (e.g., using closed loop control). For example, given the target intensity L.sub.TRGT, the control circuit may be configured to adjust the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE initially by the active-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.ACTIVE. The control circuit may then wait for a load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD from a current sense circuit (e.g., the current sense circuit 160). The load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD may indicate the average magnitude I.sub.AVE of the load current I.sub.LOAD and thereby the intensity of the light source. The control circuit may compare the indicated intensity of the light source with the target intensity to determine whether additional adjustments of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE are necessary. The control circuit may make multiple adjustments to achieve the target intensity. For example, the adjustments may be made in multiple steps, with a step size equal to approximately the active-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.ACTIVE.

(64) As the target intensity increases in the intermediate mode of operation, the control circuit may eventually adjust the burst mode period back to the initial burst mode period T.sub.BURST-DEF (e.g., as shown in waveform 1280 in FIG. 12). At that point, the burst duty cycle in certain embodiments may be approximately 95% and the length of the active state periods (denoted herein as T.sub.ACTIVE-95% DC) in those embodiments may be equal to approximately the difference between the initial burst mode period T.sub.BURST-DEF and the present length of the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE (e.g., the minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN). To further increase the intensity of the light source until the control circuit enters the normal mode of operation (e.g., at approximately 5% of the rated peak intensity and/or 100% burst duty cycle, as shown in waveform 1290), the control circuit may be configured to apply other control techniques including, for example, a dithering technique. Since the transition is over a relatively small range (e.g., from a 95% duty cycle at the end of the intermediate mode to a 100% duty cycle at the beginning of the normal mode), it may be made with minimally visible changes in the intensity of the lighting load.

(65) FIG. 13 shows two example plot relationships between a target intensity of the lighting load and the respective lengths of the active and inactive state periods. Both plots depict situations that may occur during one or more of the modes of operation described herein. For example, the plot 1300 shows an example plot relationship between the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE and the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the light source. As another example, the plot 1310 shows an example plot relationship between the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE and the target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the light source. In the illustrated example, the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE may be expressed either in terms of time or in terms of the number of inverter cycles N.sub.INV included in the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE.

(66) As described herein, the control circuit (e.g., the control circuit 150) may determine the magnitude of the target load current I.sub.TRGT and/or the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST during the burst mode based on a target intensity L.sub.TRGT. The control circuit may receive the target intensity L.sub.TRGT, for example, via a digital message transmitted through a communication circuit (e.g., the communication circuit 180), via a phase-control signal from a dimmer switch, and/or the like. The control circuit may determine the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE and the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE such that the intensity of the light source may be driven to the target intensity L.sub.TRGT. The control circuit may determine the lengths of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE and the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE, for example, by calculating the values in real-time or by retrieving the values from memory (e.g., via a lookup table or the like).

(67) Referring to FIG. 13, if the control circuit determines that the target intensity L.sub.TRGT falls within a range 1321, the control circuit may operate in the low-end mode and may set the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE to a minimum active state period T.sub.ACTIVE-MIN (e.g., including four inverter cycles and/or corresponding to a 20% burst duty cycle). Near the low-end intensity L.sub.LE (e.g., approximately 1%), the control circuit may set the burst mode period to a default burst mode period (e.g., such as the default burst mode period T.sub.BURST-DEF, which may be approximately 800 microseconds). The control circuit may set the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE according to a profile 1341, which may range from a maximum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MAX to a minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN. The maximum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MAX may be equal to the difference between the default burst mode period and the minimum active state period T.sub.ACTIVE-MIN, and/or may correspond to a low-end duty cycle of 20%. The minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN may depend on hardware configuration and/or limitations of the relevant circuitry, as described herein. The gradient (e.g., rate of change) of the profile 1341 may be determined based on an inactive-state adjustment amount (e.g., such as the inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE), which may in turn be determined as a function of (e.g., in proportion to) the length of a timer tick (e.g., a timer comprised in the control device) or a percentage (e.g., approximately 1%) of the default burst mode period T.sub.BURST-DEF, for example. As noted, the control circuit may determine the lengths of the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE and/or the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE by calculating the values in real-time and/or retrieving the values from memory.

(68) If the control circuit determines that the target intensity L.sub.TRGT falls within a range 1322, the control circuit may operate in the intermediate mode and may set the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE to the minimum inactive state period (e.g., such as the minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN). The control circuit may set the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE according to a profile 1342. The profile 1342 may have a minimum value, which may be the minimum active state period T.sub.ACTIVE-MIN. The profile 1342 may have a maximum value T.sub.ACTIVE-95% DC, which may correspond to the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE when the burst mode period has been adjusted back to the default burst mode period T.sub.BURST-DEF and the inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE is at the minimum inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE-MIN. In at least some examples, the maximum value for the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE may correspond to a burst duty cycle of 95%. The gradient (e.g., the rate of change) of the profile 1342 may be determined based on an active-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.ACTIVE. As described herein, the active-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.ACTIVE may be equal to the length of one inverter cycle.

(69) If the control circuit determines that the target intensity L.sub.TRGT falls within the range 1323, the control circuit may utilize other control techniques (e.g., such as dithering) to transition the load regulation circuit into a normal mode of operation. Although the active state period T.sub.ACTIVE and inactive state period T.sub.INACTIVE are depicted in FIG. 13 as being unchanged during the transition (e.g., from a 95% duty cycle to a 100% duty cycle), a person skilled in the art will appreciate that the profiles of the active and inactive periods may be different than depicted in FIG. 13 depending on the specific control technique applied. The normal mode of operation may occur during the range 1324 (e.g., from approximately 5% to 100% of the rated peak intensity). During the normal mode of operation, the length of the inactive state period may be reduced to near zero and the burst duty cycle may be increased to approximately 100%.

(70) The profiles 1341, 1342 may be linear or non-linear, and may be continuous (e.g., as shown in FIG. 13) or comprise discrete steps. The inactive-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.INACTIVE and/or the active-state adjustment amount Δ.sub.ACTIVE may be sized to reduce visible changes in the relative light level of the lighting load. The transition points (e.g., in terms of a target intensity) at which the control circuit may switch from one mode of operation to another are illustrative and may vary in implementations, for example, based on the hardware used and/or the standard being followed.

(71) FIG. 14 shows a simplified flowchart of an example light intensity control procedure 1400 that may be executed by a control circuit (e.g., the control circuit 150). The light intensity control procedure 1400 may be started, for example, when a target intensity L.sub.TRGT of the lighting load is changed at 1410 (e.g., via digital messages received through the communication circuit 180). At 1412, the control circuit may determine whether it should operate in the burst mode (e.g., the target intensity L.sub.TRGT is between the low-end intensity L.sub.LE and the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN, i.e., L.sub.LE<L.sub.TRGT<L.sub.TRAN). If the control circuit determines that it should not be in the burst mode (e.g., but rather in the normal mode), the control circuit may, at 1414, determine and set the target load current I.sub.TRGT as a function of the target intensity L.sub.TRGT (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2). At 1416, the control circuit may set the burst duty cycle DC.sub.BURST equal to a maximum duty cycle DC.sub.MAX (e.g., approximately 100%) (e.g., as shown in FIG. 3), and the control circuit may exit the light intensity control procedure 1400.

(72) If, at 1412, the control circuit determines that it should enter the burst mode (e.g., the target intensity L.sub.TRGT is below the transition intensity L.sub.TRAN or L.sub.TRGT<L.sub.TRAN), the control circuit may determine, at 1418, target lengths of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE and/or the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE for one or more burst mode periods T.sub.BURST. The control circuit may determine the target lengths of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE and/or the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE, for example, by calculating the values in real-time and/or retrieving the values from memory (e.g., via a lookup table or the like). At 1420, the control circuit may determine whether it should operate in the low-end mode of operation. If the determination is to operate in the low-end mode, the control circuit may, at 1422, adjust the length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE for each of the plurality of burst mode periods T.sub.BURST while keeping the length of the active state periods constant. The control circuit may make multiple adjustments (e.g., with equal amount of adjustment each time) to the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE until the target length of the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE is reached. The control circuit may then exit the light intensity control procedure 1400.

(73) If the determination at 1420 is to not operate in the low-end mode (but rather in the intermediate mode), the control circuit may, at 1424, adjust the length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE for each of the plurality of burst mode periods T.sub.BURST while keeping the length of the inactive state periods constant. The control circuit may make multiple adjustments (e.g., with equal amount of adjustment each time) to the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE until the target length of the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE is reached. The control circuit may then exit the light intensity control procedure 1400.

(74) As described herein, the control circuit may adjust the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE and/or the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE as a function of the target intensity L.sub.TRGT (e.g., using open loop control). The control circuit may adjust the active state periods T.sub.ACTIVE and/or the inactive state periods T.sub.INACTIVE in response to a load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD (e.g., using closed loop control).

(75) As described herein, during the active state periods of the burst mode, the control circuit may be configured to adjust the on time T.sub.ON of the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 to control the peak magnitude I.sub.PK of the load current I.sub.LOAD to the minimum rated current I.sub.MIN using closed loop control (e.g., in response to the load current feedback signal V.sub.I-LOAD). The value of the low-end operating frequency f.sub.OP may be selected to ensure that the control circuit does not adjust the on time T.sub.ON of the drive control signals V.sub.DRIVE1, V.sub.DRIVE2 below the minimum on time T.sub.ON-MIN. For example, the low-end operating frequency f.sub.OP may be calculated by assuming worst case operating conditions and component tolerances and stored in memory in the LED driver. Since the LED driver may be configured to drive a plurality of different LED light sources (e.g., manufactured by a plurality of different manufacturers) and/or adjust the magnitude of the load current I.sub.LOAD and the magnitude of the load voltage V.sub.LOAD to a plurality of different magnitudes, the value of the on time T.sub.ON during the active state of the burst mode may be much greater than the minimum on time T.sub.ON-MIN for many installations. If the value of the on time T.sub.ON during the active state of the burst mode is too large, steps in the intensity of the LED light source may be visible to a user when the target intensity L.sub.TRGT is adjusted near the low-end intensity (e.g., during the burst mode).

(76) One or more of the embodiments described herein (e.g., as performed by a load control device) may be used to decrease the intensity of a lighting load and/or increase the intensity of the lighting load. For example, one or more embodiments described herein may be used to adjust the intensity of the lighting load from on to off, off to on, from a higher intensity to a lower intensity, and/or from a lower intensity to a higher intensity. For example, one or more of the embodiments described herein (e.g., as performed by a load control device) may be used to fade the intensity of a light source from on to off (i.e., the low-end intensity L.sub.LE may be equal to 0%) and/or to fade the intensity of the light source from off to on.

(77) Although described with reference to an LED driver, one or more embodiments described herein may be used with other load control devices. For example, one or more of the embodiments described herein may be performed by a variety of load control devices that are configured to control of a variety of electrical load types, such as, for example, a LED driver for driving an LED light source (e.g., an LED light engine); a screw-in luminaire including a dimmer circuit and an incandescent or halogen lamp; a screw-in luminaire including a ballast and a compact fluorescent lamp; a screw-in luminaire including an LED driver and an LED light source; a dimming circuit for controlling the intensity of an incandescent lamp, a halogen lamp, an electronic low-voltage lighting load, a magnetic low-voltage lighting load, or another type of lighting load; an electronic switch, controllable circuit breaker, or other switching device for turning electrical loads or appliances on and off; a plug-in load control device, controllable electrical receptacle, or controllable power strip for controlling one or more plug-in electrical loads (e.g., coffee pots, space heaters, other home appliances, and the like); a motor control unit for controlling a motor load (e.g., a ceiling fan or an exhaust fan); a drive unit for controlling a motorized window treatment or a projection screen; motorized interior or exterior shutters; a thermostat for a heating and/or cooling system; a temperature control device for controlling a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system; an air conditioner; a compressor; an electric baseboard heater controller; a controllable damper; a humidity control unit; a dehumidifier; a water heater; a pool pump; a refrigerator; a freezer; a television or computer monitor; a power supply; an audio system or amplifier; a generator; an electric charger, such as an electric vehicle charger; and an alternative energy controller (e.g., a solar, wind, or thermal energy controller). A single control circuit may be coupled to and/or adapted to control multiple types of electrical loads in a load control system.