Ventilated metal storage overpack (VMSO)

Abstract

A storage apparatus is provided for dry storage of radioactive nuclear waste. The storage apparatus comprises a sealed canister containing the radioactive nuclear waste and an outer ventilated metal storage overpack (VMSO). The VMSO has a plurality of vents to enable ambient air flow through the VMSO and around the canister to thereby dissipate heat from the canister. The VMSO has a side wall having an inner metal layer and one or more sets of alternating layers. Each set includes a neutron absorbing layer adjacent to another metal layer so that neutron absorbing and metal layers alternate throughout the side wall. The neutron absorbing layer or layers are designed to absorb neutron particles radiated from the radioactive nuclear waste and the metal layers are designed to absorb gamma particles radiated from the radioactive nuclear waste as well as radiated from the neutron absorbing layer or layers that result from reactions associated with absorption of neutron particles.

Claims

1. A storage apparatus for dry storage of radioactive nuclear waste, comprising: a canister configured to contain radioactive nuclear waste, the canister being an elongated cylindrical sealed canister comprising a circular top lid and a circular flat bottom; and a ventilated metal storage overpack (VMSO) containing the canister, the VMSO having a longitudinal body extending between a top at a top end and a bottom at a bottom end, the VMSO comprising a plurality of screened vents that enable ambient air flow through the VMSO from the bottom end to the top end to dissipate heat from the canister and permit evaporation, the plurality of screened vents comprising a plurality of air inlets positioned at the bottom end and a plurality of air outlets positioned at the top end, the longitudinal body of the VMSO being elongated and cylindrical, and having a sidewall with five layers that extend vertically above the circular top lid of the canister and below the circular flat bottom of the canister, the five layers comprising a first layer, a second layer adjacent to the first layer, a third layer adjacent to the second layer, a fourth layer adjacent to the third layer, and a fifth layer adjacent to the fourth layer; wherein the first layer, the third layer, and the fifth layer are each formed of carbon steel configured to absorb gamma particles radiated from the radioactive nuclear waste; and wherein the second layer and the fourth layer are each formed of a neutron inhibiting material configured to absorb neutron particles radiated from the radioactive nuclear waste, the neutron inhibiting material of the second layer and the fourth layer each comprise a polymer material doped with Boron or a cementitious material doped with Boron, and a density of the neutron inhibiting material of the second layer differs from a density of the neutron inhibiting material of the fourth layer to reduce emitted gamma radiation resulting from neutron attenuation.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the neutron inhibiting material further comprises a metallic portion.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the metallic portion comprises an aluminum-boron carbide metal matrix composite material.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the polymer material doped with Boron is a boron-containing epoxy resin, and the second layer and the fourth layer are each formed of a boron-containing epoxy resin having different densities.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the five layers exhibit, together, a sufficient neutron inhibiting characteristic and a sufficient gamma inhibiting characteristic so that substantially no neutron and gamma radiation escapes through the VMSO to an outside thereof.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the neutron inhibiting material is the polymer material doped with Boron.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the neutron inhibiting material is the cementitious material doped with Boron.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the top of the VMSO comprises one of a plurality of bolted lift lugs or a plurality of trunnions for moving the VMSO.

9. A method, comprising: providing a storage apparatus for dry storage of radioactive nuclear waste, comprising: a canister configured to contain radioactive nuclear waste, the canister being an elongated cylindrical sealed canister comprising a circular top lid and a circular flat bottom; and a ventilated metal storage overpack (VMSO) containing the canister, the VMSO having a longitudinal body extending between a top at a top end and a bottom at a bottom end, the VMSO comprising a plurality of screened vents that enable ambient air flow through the VMSO from the bottom end to the top end to dissipate heat from the canister and permit evaporation, the plurality of screened vents comprising a plurality of air inlets positioned at the bottom end and a plurality of air outlets positioned at the top end, the longitudinal body of the VMSO being elongated and cylindrical, and having a sidewall with five layers that extend vertically above the circular top lid of the canister and below the circular flat bottom of the canister, the five layers comprising a first layer, a second layer adjacent to the first layer, a third layer adjacent to the second layer, a fourth layer adjacent to the third layer, and a fifth layer adjacent to the fourth layer; wherein the first layer, the third layer, and the fifth layer are each formed of carbon steel configured to absorb gamma particles radiated from the radioactive nuclear waste; and wherein the second layer and the fourth layer are each formed of a neutron inhibiting material configured to absorb neutron particles radiated from the radioactive nuclear waste, the neutron inhibiting material of the second layer and the fourth layer each comprise a polymer material doped with Boron or a cementitious material doped with Boron, and a density of the neutron inhibiting material of the second layer differs from a density of the neutron inhibiting material of the fourth layer to reduce emitted gamma radiation resulting from neutron attenuation.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the neutron inhibiting material further comprises a metallic portion.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the metallic portion comprises an aluminum-boron carbide metal matrix composite material.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer material doped with Boron is a boron-containing epoxy resin, and the second layer and the fourth layer are each formed of a boron-containing epoxy resin having different densities.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein the five layers exhibit, together, a sufficient neutron inhibiting characteristic and a sufficient gamma inhibiting characteristic so that substantially no neutron and gamma radiation escapes through the VMSO to an outside thereof.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the neutron inhibiting material is the polymer material doped with Boron.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein the neutron inhibiting material is the cementitious material doped with Boron.

16. The method of claim 9, wherein the top of the VMSO comprises one of a plurality of bolted lift lugs or a plurality of trunnions for moving the VMSO.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Many aspects of the disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present disclosure. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views.

(2) FIG. 1 is a top view of a preferred embodiment of the ventilated metal storage overpack (VMSO) of the present invention.

(3) FIG. 2 is a partial cross sectional view of the preferred embodiment of the VMSO of FIG. 1, taken along cross section line A-A of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(4) The ventilated metal storage overpack (VMSO) utilizes a combination of dense neutron radiation absorbing materials layered within steel shells such that the overall diameter of the VMSO is minimized in comparison to the metal-concrete storage overpacks of the prior art, while serving to at least: (1) provide personnel radiological protection from the contents stored within the metal canister; (2) protect the radioactive contents stored within the metal canister from external events; (3) maximize the ability to reject heat from the contents stored within the metal canister while (4) minimize the physical area required for each storage system. By alternating the use of dense neutron absorbing material together with the physical protection of the steel used in the VMSO, the personnel protection from the radiation being emitted can be maximized, the overall diameter of the system can be minimized, and the heat rejection capability of the system can be maximized without reducing the protection capability of the system from external effects.

(5) The dense neutron attenuating material used within the VMSO (may be metallic, polymer, or cementitious in form coupled with any specified neutron absorbing type material) as selected by the designed based on the specific needs of the application which include the physical space availability (i.e., the maximum diameter of the system and number of systems needed) and the radiation levels on the exterior of the VMSO. The design may include three or more alternating layers of steel and dense neutron absorbing materials to form the VMSO. Further, the density of the neutron absorbing materials may be varied to maximize the effect of the materials when analyzed and constructed within two or more alternating layers of steel so as to reduce any gamma radiation that may be emitted from materials as a result of the neutron attenuation. Because of the strategic placement of the dense neutron absorbing materials within alternating layers of steel, the design of the VMSO can be enhanced specifically to diminish the amount of radiation being emitted from the VMSO, while minimizing the overall diameter of the VMSO thereby optimizing the system design which enhances the VMSO in comparison to the standard ventilated metal and concrete storage overpack and more closely resembles a metal storage overpack from a diametrical comparison.

(6) By ventilating the VMSO, the heat rejection capability of the VMSO closely resembles the heat rejection capability of the typical ventilated metal and concrete storage overpack without the increased diameter associated with the typical ventilated metal and concrete storage overpacks of the prior art.

(7) Furthermore, by strategic design and placement of the dense neutron absorbing material, the neutron and gamma radiation emitted from the VMSO can be minimized using the specific energy levels of the neutron and gamma radiation levels being emitted from the contents within the VMSO. The neutron absorbing material can be a metallic material (e.g., metamic, etc.) and/or a non-metallic material, such as a polymer (e.g., an NS4 polymer, a polymer doped with Boron, etc.) or a cementitious material (e.g., a cementitious material doped with Boron, etc.).

(8) Referring now to the figures, FIG. 1 is a top view of a preferred embodiment of the VMSO, denoted by reference numeral 10, and FIG. 2 is a partial cross sectional view of the VMSO 10, taken along cross section line A-A of FIG. 1. The VMSO 10 has a sealed elongated cylindrical canister 12 containing the hazardous nuclear material, for example but not limited to, spent nuclear fuel rods, etc., and a elongated cylindrical VMSO 14 containing the canister 12.

(9) The canister 12 has a mounted removable circular top lid 16, a circular flat bottom 18, and an elongated cylindrical side wall 22 extending between the lid 16 and the flat bottom 18. The canister 12 is shown, as an example, with tubes and disks, but other types of canisters 12 may be utilized. Generally, the canister 12 can implement any conductive or convective heat transfer scheme and is made from stainless steel parts. Other non-limiting examples of suitable canisters are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,558,857 and 6,784,443, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

(10) The VMSO 14 has a cylindrical longitudinal body 24 extending between a mounted removable circular top lid 26 and a circular flat bottom 28. As an example, the top lid 26 is shown bolted to the body 24 via a plurality of bolts 25. The top lid 26 could also be welded to the body 24 or otherwise attached.

(11) The top of the longitudinal body 24 also has a plurality of bolted lift lugs 27 that enable the VMSO 14 to be moved with, for example, a conventional crane. As an alternative embodiment, the longitudinal body 24 could be equipped with a plurality of trunnions.

(12) The bottom 28 is welded to, bolted to, or otherwise attached to the longitudinal body 24 of the VMSO 14.

(13) The longitudinal body 24 has at least three layers 32: an inside layer, at least one middle layer adjacent to the inside layer, and an outside layer adjacent to the at least one middle layer, with the inside and outside layers being metal, preferably but not limited to carbon steel, and the at least one middle layer comprising a neutron inhibiting material. In this embodiment, neutron particles pass through the first layer of carbon steel and are sufficiently attenuated and/or captured by the single layer of neutron absorbing material. Moreover, gamma particles from the canister 12 are absorbed and attenuated by the multiple layers of carbon steel, and any additional gamma particles spawned by absorption by neutron particles in the neutron absorbing layer are sufficiently attenuated and/or captured in the outer carbon steel layer.

(14) In the preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, the layers 32 (or shells) include a first layer 32a, a second layer 32b adjacent to the first layer 32a, a third layer 32c adjacent to the second layer 32b, a fourth layer 32d adjacent to the third layer 32c, and a fifth layer 32e adjacent to the fourth layer 32d. Moreover, the first, third, and fifth layers 32a, 32c, and 32e are made of metal, preferably but not limited to, carbon steel, and the second and fourth layers 32b and 32d are made of a neutron inhibiting material, such as a metallic, polymer, and/or a cementitious material.

(15) In this preferred embodiment, the three carbon steel layers and two neutron absorbing layers effectively and efficiently assist with attenuation of the neutron and gamma particles that escape from the canister 12. More specifically, neutron particles may be at different energy levels. The neutron particles will pass through the steel layers. Moreover, some will be slowed down but will pass through the first neutron absorbing layer, but will be captured by the second neutron absorbing layer. As the neutron particles are absorbed, additional gamma particles may be spawned and emitted, but they are attenuated and absorbed by the multiple carbon steel layers.

(16) The VMSO 14 is designed with a plurality of screened vents to enable ambient air flow through the VMSO 14 from the bottom end to the top end. For example, the VMSO 14 is shown with air inlets 34 in the bottom 28 at the bottom end and air outlets 36 in the top lid 26 at the top end so that ambient air enters at or near the bottom end, passes through the VMSO 14 along the outside of the canister 12 to thereby dissipate canister heat, and then out of the VMSO 14 at or near the top end. The vents also enable drainage and evaporation of water to keep the interior of the VMSO 14 sufficiently dry.

(17) It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present invention, particularly, any “preferred” embodiments, are merely possible nonlimiting examples of implementations, set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments of the invention without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the invention. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and the present invention.