Organic electroluminescent materials and devices

Abstract

A composition formed of a first mixture of a first compound and a second compound wherein the first compound has different chemical structure than the second compound; the first compound is capable of functioning as a hole transporting material in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; the first compound comprises at least one carbazole group; the first compound has a evaporation temperature T1 of 150 to 350° C.; the second compound has evaporation temperature T2 of 150 to 350° C.; the absolute value of T1−T2 is less than 20° C.; the first compound having a concentration C1 in said first mixture, and the first compound having a concentration C2 in a film formed by evaporating the first mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the mixture being evaporated; and wherein the absolute value of (C1−C2)/C1 is less than 5%.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: a mixture of a first host compound and a second host compound, wherein the first host compound has a different chemical structure than the second host compound; wherein the first host compound is capable of functioning as a hole transporting material in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first host compound comprises at least one carbazole group; wherein the first host compound has an evaporation temperature T1 of 150 to 350° C. and the second host compound has an evaporation temperature T2 of 150 to 350° C., wherein the evaporation temperature a compound is measured in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure, between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the evaporating compound; wherein the absolute value of T1−T2 is less than 20° C.; wherein the first host compound has a concentration C1 in said mixture, and the first host compound has a concentration C2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the mixture being evaporated; wherein the absolute value of (C1−C2)/C1 is less than 5%; wherein the first host compound has a structure according to formula (I): ##STR00240## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution; R.sup.9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions, or no substitution; R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4, A.sup.5, and A.sup.6 are each independently selected from N or C; n is an integer from 1 to 20; wherein the second host compound has a structure according to a formula (II): ##STR00241## wherein R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution; Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″; L is a single bond or comprises an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 5-24 carbon atoms, which is optionally further substituted; X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 are each independently selected from group consisting of CR and N; at least one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 is N; and R, R′, R″, and R′″ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first host compound has evaporation temperature T1 of 200 to 350° C. and the second host compound has evaporation temperature of T2 of 200 to 350° C.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the absolute value of (C1−C2)/C1 is less than 3%.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first host compound has a vapor pressure of P1 at T1, the second host compound has vapor pressure of P2 at T2; and wherein the ratio of P1/P2 is within the range of 0.90 to 1.10.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first host compound has a first mass loss rate and the second host compound has a second mass loss rate, wherein the ratio between the first mass loss rate and the second mass loss rate is within the range of 0.90 to 1.10.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first host compound further comprises at least one of the chemical groups selected from the group consisting of triphenylene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, and dibenzoselenophene.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second host compound is capable of functioning as an electron transporting material in an organic light emitting device at room temperature.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a third host compound, wherein the third host compound has a different chemical structure than the first host and second host compounds, wherein the third host compound has an evaporation temperature T3 of 150 to 350° C., and wherein absolute value of T1−T3 is less than 20° C.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in liquid form at a temperature lower than T1 and T2.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first host compound has a formula selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00242##

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first host compound has a formula selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00243## wherein R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first host compound is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00244## ##STR00245## ##STR00246## ##STR00247## ##STR00248## ##STR00249## ##STR00250## ##STR00251## ##STR00252##

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein X.sup.1, X.sup.3, and X.sup.5 are N; and wherein X.sup.2 and X.sup.4 are CR.

14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second host compound is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00253## ##STR00254## ##STR00255## ##STR00256## ##STR00257## ##STR00258## ##STR00259## ##STR00260## ##STR00261## ##STR00262## ##STR00263## ##STR00264## ##STR00265## ##STR00266## ##STR00267## ##STR00268## ##STR00269## ##STR00270## ##STR00271## ##STR00272## ##STR00273## ##STR00274## ##STR00275## ##STR00276## ##STR00277##

15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the mixture of the first host compound and the second host compound is selected from the group consisting of: (Compound 2 and Compound E2), (Compound 3 and Compound E4), (Compound 1 and Compound E5), (Compound 6 and Compound E7), (Compound 7 and Compound E7), (Compound 9 and Compound E8), (Compound 17 and Compound E8), and (Compound 15 and Compound E18).

16. A first device comprising a first organic light emitting device, the first organic light emitting device comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a first composition comprising a mixture of a first host compound and a second v compound, wherein the first host compound has a different chemical structure than the second host compound; wherein the first host compound is capable of functioning as a hole transporting material in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first host compound comprises at least one carbazole group; wherein the first host compound has evaporation temperature of T1 of 150 to 350° C. and the second host compound has evaporation temperature of T2 of 150 to 350° C., wherein the evaporation temperature a compound is measured in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure, between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the evaporating compound; wherein the absolute value of T1−T2 is less than 20° C.; wherein the first host compound has a concentration C1 in said mixture, and the first host compound has a concentration C2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, that can produce a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the mixture being evaporated; wherein the absolute value of (C1−C2)/C1 is less than 5%; wherein the first host compound has a structure according to formula (I): ##STR00278## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution; R.sup.9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions, or no substitution; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4, A.sup.5, and A.sup.6 are each independently selected from N or C; n is an integer from 1 to 20; wherein the second host compound has a structure according to a formula (II): ##STR00279## wherein R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution; Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″, L is a single bond or comprises an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 5-24 carbon atoms, which is optionally further substituted; X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 are each independently selected from group consisting of CR and N; at least one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 is N; and R, R′, R″, and R′″ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

17. A method of fabricating an organic light emitting device comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first organic layer comprises a first organic composition further comprising a first mixture of a first host compound and a second host compound, the method comprising: providing a substrate having the first electrode disposed thereon; depositing the first organic composition over the first electrode; and depositing the second electrode over the first organic layer, wherein the first compound has a different chemical structure than the second compound; wherein the first host compound is capable of functioning as a hole transporting material in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first host compound comprises at least one carbazole group; wherein the first host compound has evaporation temperature T1 of 150 to 350° C. and the second host compound has evaporation temperature T2 of 150 to 350° C., wherein the evaporation temperature a compound is measured in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure, between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the evaporating compound; wherein the absolute value of T1−T2 is less than 20° C.; wherein the first host compound has a concentration C1 in said mixture, and the first host compound has a concentration C2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the mixture being evaporated; wherein absolute value of (C1−C2)/C1 is less than 5%; wherein the first host compound has a structure according to formula (I): ##STR00280## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution; R.sup.9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions, or no substitution; R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4, A.sup.5, and A.sup.6 are each independently selected from N or C; n is an integer from 1 to 20; wherein the second host compound has a structure according to a formula (II): ##STR00281## wherein R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution; Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″, L is a single bond or comprises an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 5-24 carbon atoms, which is optionally further substituted; X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 are each independently selected from group consisting of CR and N; at least one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 is N; and R, R′, R″, and R′″ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device that can incorporate the inventive host material disclosed herein.

(2) FIG. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device that can incorporate the inventive host material disclosed herein.

(3) FIG. 3 shows Compounds 2 and E2 representing the first and second compounds which are example components of the novel organic host composition disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(4) Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

(5) The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

(6) More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75. No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference.

(7) FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a barrier layer 170. Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference.

(8) More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F.sub.4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

(9) FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposed under anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100.

(10) The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

(11) Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

(12) Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

(13) Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may further optionally comprise a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damaging exposure to harmful species in the environment including moisture, vapor and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited over, under or next to a substrate, an electrode, or over any other parts of a device including an edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer, or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include compositions having a single phase as well as compositions having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate an inorganic or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layer comprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, PCT Pat. Application Nos. PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. To be considered a “mixture”, the aforesaid polymeric and non-polymeric materials comprising the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or at the same time. The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be created from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

(14) Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, 3-D displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.), but could be used outside this temperature range, for example, from −40 degree C. to +80 degree C.

(15) The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

(16) The term “halo” or “halogen” as used herein includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

(17) The term “alkyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyl radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing from one to fifteen carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and the like. Additionally, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted.

(18) The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein contemplates cyclic alkyl radicals. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms and includes cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. Additionally, the cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

(19) The term “alkenyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkene radicals. Preferred alkenyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkenyl group may be optionally substituted.

(20) The term “alkynyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyne radicals. Preferred alkynyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkynyl group may be optionally substituted.

(21) The terms “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” as used herein are used interchangeably and contemplate an alkyl group that has as a substituent an aromatic group. Additionally, the aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.

(22) The term “heterocyclic group” as used herein contemplates aromatic and non-aromatic cyclic radicals. Hetero-aromatic cyclic radicals also refer to heteroaryl. Preferred hetero-non-aromatic cyclic groups are those containing 3 or 7 ring atoms which includes at least one hetero atom, and includes cyclic amines such as morpholino, piperdino, pyrrolidino, and the like, and cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and the like. Additionally, the heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted.

(23) The term “aryl” or “aromatic group” as used herein contemplates single-ring groups and polycyclic ring systems. The polycyclic rings may have two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the aryl group may be optionally substituted.

(24) The term “heteroaryl” as used herein contemplates single-ring hetero-aromatic groups that may include from one to three heteroatoms, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine and pyrimidine, and the like. The term heteroaryl also includes polycyclic hetero-aromatic systems having two or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is a heteroaryl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

(25) The alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, cyclic amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(26) As used herein, “substituted” indicates that a substituent other than H is bonded to the relevant position, such as carbon. Thus, for example, where R.sup.1 is mono-substituted, then one R.sup.1 must be other than H. Similarly, where R.sup.1 is di-substituted, then two of R.sup.1 must be other than H. Similarly, where R.sup.1 is unsubstituted, R.sup.1 is hydrogen for all available positions.

(27) The “aza” designation in the fragments described herein, i.e. aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, etc. means that one or more of the C—H groups in the respective fragment can be replaced by a nitrogen atom, for example, and without any limitation, azatriphenylene encompasses both dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline and dibenzo[f,h]quinoline. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily envision other nitrogen analogs of the aza-derivatives described above, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.

(28) It is to be understood that when a molecular fragment is described as being a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its name may be written as if it were a fragment (e.g. naphthyl, dibenzofuryl) or as if it were the whole molecule (e.g. naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these different ways of designating a substituent or attached fragment are considered to be equivalent.

(29) Often, the emissive layer (EML) of OLED devices exhibiting good lifetime and efficiency requires more than two components (e.g. 3 or 4 components). For this purpose, 3 or 4 source materials are required to fabricate such an EML, which is very complicated and costly compared to a standard two-component EML with a single host and an emitter, which requires only two sources. Premixing two or more materials and evaporating them from one source can reduce the complexity of the fabrication process. Selected hole transporting hosts and another type of hosts, such as electron transporting hosts can be mixed and co-evaporated from one crucible and achieve stable evaporation.

(30) However, the co-evaporation must be stable, i.e. the composition of the evaporated film should remain constant during the manufacturing process. Any composition change may affect the device performance adversely. In order to obtain a stable co-evaporation from a mixture of compounds under vacuum, one would assume that the materials must have the same evaporation temperature under the same condition. However, this may not be the only parameter one has to consider. When the two compounds are mixed together, they may interact with each other and their evaporation properties may differ from their individual properties. On the other hand, materials with slightly different evaporation temperatures may form a stable co-evaporation mixture. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to achieve a stable co-evaporation mixture. So far, there have been very few stable co-evaporation mixture examples despite that there have been tens of thousands of hosts materials available in the literature. “Evaporation temperature” of a material is measured in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure, between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a set distance away from the evaporation source of the material being evaporated, e.g. sublimation crucible in a VTE tool. The various measured values such as temperature, pressure, deposition rate, etc. disclosed herein are expected to have nominal variations because of the expected tolerances in the measurements that produced these quantitative values as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

(31) This disclosure describes the new class of hole transporting and electron transporting hosts which can be premixed to provide a stable co-evaporation mixture that is useful as a host material for green phosphorescent emitters. Many factors other than temperatures can contribute to the evaporation, such as miscibility of different materials, different phase transition. The inventors found that when two materials have similar evaporation temperature, and similar mass loss rate or similar vapor pressure, the two materials can co-evaporate consistently. Mass loss rate is defined as percentage of mass lost over time (minute) and is determined by measuring the time it takes to lose the first 10% of the mass as measured by thermal gravity analysis (TGA) under same experimental condition at a same constant given temperature for each compound after the composition reach a steady evaporation state. The constant given temperature is one temperature point that is chosen so that the value of mass loss rate is between about 0.05 to 0.50 percentage/min. Skilled person in this field should appreciate that in order to compare two parameters, the experimental condition should be consistent. The method of measuring mass loss rate and vapor pressure is well known in the art and can be found, for example, in Bull. et al. Mater. Sci. 2011, 34, 7.

(32) Current state of the art green phosphorescent host materials consist of two components: a hole transporting cohost (h-host) and an electron transporting cohost (e-host). Some examples of such green phosphorescent host materials are disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,720. In order to fabricate EML of a PHOLED with such host material, three evaporation sources are required: one for h-host, another one for c-host, and a third one for the emitter. The concentration of the cohost and the emitter is critical for the device performance and typically, the rate of deposition of each component is measured individually during the deposition. This makes the fabrication process complicated and costly. Thus, it is desired to mix at least two of the components to reduce the number of sources.

(33) The host compounds Compound 2 and Compound E2 show stable premixability, which means they can be premixed and codeposited from one source without changing the composition. Uniform co-evaporation of the two hosts is critical for the consistency of the devices performance fabricated from this mixture.

(34) The premixability of these two compounds was tested by high pressure liquid chromotography (HPLC) analysis of evaporated films. For this purpose, the 0.15 g of Compound 2 and 0.15 g of Compound E2 were mixed and ground. 0.3 g of the mixture was loaded into the evaporation source of the VTE vacuum chamber. The chamber was pumped down to 10.sup.−7 Torr pressure. The premixed components were deposited at the rate of 2 Å/s onto glass substrates. The substrates were replaced continuously after deposition of 600 Å film without stopping the deposition process so that the source is maintained at proper temperature and avoid cooling the source. The deposited films were analyzed by HPLC and results are shown in Table 1 below. Seven such substrate samples were taken and are labeled as Plate1 to Plate7 in Table 1. The composition of the components Compound 2 and Compound E2 did not change significantly from Plate1 to Plate7. Some fluctuations in the concentrations do not reveal any trend and can be explained by the accuracy of sample collection and HPLC analysis. Normally, the change of the concentration before and after depositions within 5% throughout the process is considered to be good and useful for commercial OLED application.

(35) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 HPLC composition (%) of sequentially deposited films from premixed hosts, (h-host:e-host), with ratio 1:1. (HPLC Conditions C18, 100 45 min, Detected wavelength 254 nm) Films Compound 2 Compound E2 (600 Å) (h-host) (e-host) Plate1 54.1 45.9 Plate2 57.3 42.7 Plate3 56.9 43.1 Plate4 56.7 43.3 Plate5 56.4 43.6 Plate6 56.1 43.9 Plate7 54.6 45.4

(36) This is evidence that Compound 2 and Compound E2 form a stable co-evaporation mixture. Inventors conclude that other hosts from these families can be premixed to be used as hosts for PHOLEDs. Table 2 below shows some representative examples which the inventors believe are suitable for pre-mixing and evaporation from a common source based on the compounds' evaporation temperature and their similar chemical structures.

(37) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Examples of possible premix pairs. Mixture Hole transporting Electron transporting number host host 1 Compound 2 Compound E2 2 Compound 3 Compound E4 3 Compound 1 Compound E5 4 Compound 6 Compound E7 5 Compound 7 Compound E7 6 Compound 9 Compound E8 7 Compound 17 Compound E8 8 Compound 15 Compound E18
HOMO and LUMO levels of selected compounds for the possible premix pairs are listed in Table 3 below. The HOMO/LUMO levels were obtained through differential pulse voltammetry in DMF solutions at a concentration of 10.sup.−3 M, with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate as the supporting electrolyte. A glass carbon disk, a platinum wire and a silver wire are used as the working, counter and pseudo reference electrodes, respectively. Ferrocene is added into the solution to serve as the internal standard for each measurement. The resultant oxidation potential (E.sub.ox) and reduction potential (E.sub.red), adjusted to ferrocene, are used to calculate the HOMO/LUMO levels as −4.8 eV−qE.sub.ox and −4.8 eV−qE.sub.red, respectively, where q is the electron charge.

(38) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 HOMO and LUMO levels of selected compounds for premix pairs. Compound HOMO (eV) LUMO (eV) Compound 1 −5.7 −2.1 Compound 2 −5.7 −2.1 Compound E2 −5.6 −2.7 Compound E69 −5.6 −2.7
Having HOMO and LUMO levels at −5.7 eV and −2.1 eV, respectively, both Compounds 1 and 2 are considered as hole-transporting hosts. On the other hand, Compounds E2 and E69 have deep LUMO levels at −2.7 eV and are used as electron-transporting hosts.
Structures of the Host Compounds:

(39) ##STR00002##

(40) According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a novel host composition comprising a mixture of a first compound and a second compound that is a stable co-evaporation mixture is disclosed. In the mixture, the first compound has different chemical structure than the second compound. The first compound is capable of functioning as a hole transporting material in an organic light emitting device at room temperature. The first compound can have a HOMO level between −5.0 and −6.0 eV. The first compound comprises at least one carbazole group, and can have a evaporation temperature T1 of 150 to 350° C. The second compound can have a evaporation temperature T2 of 150 to 350° C. In order to form the inventive composition comprising a mixture of a first compound and a second compound, the absolute value of T1−T2, the difference between T1 and T2, should be less than 20° C. Preferably, the absolute value of T1−T2 is less than 10° C. and more preferably less than 5° C.

(41) The first compound has a concentration C1 in the mixture, and the first compound has a concentration C2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool, such as a VTE tool, at a constant pressure between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the evaporation source of the mixture being evaporated; and wherein the absolute value of (C1−C2)/C1 is less than 5%. The concentrations C1 and C2 are relative concentrations of the first compound. Therefore, the conditional requirement for the two compounds forming the mixture described above means that the relative concentration of the first compound in the as-deposited film (C2) should be as close to the original relative concentration of the first compound (C1) in the evaporation source mixture. One of ordinary skill in this field should realize that the concentration of each component is expressed as a relative percentage. The concentration of each component in the mixture can be measured by a suitable analytical methods such as high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).

(42) The inventors used HPLC and the percentage was calculated by deviding the integration area under the HPLC trace of each component by the total integration area. HPLC can use different detectors such as UV-vis, photo diode array detector, refractive index detector, fluorescence detector, and light scattering detector. Due to different materials properties, each component in the mixture may respond differently. Therefore, the measured concentration may differ from their real concentration in the mixture, however the relative ratio value of (C1−C2)/C1 is independent of these variables as long as the experimental condition is kept consistent, for example, all concentrations should be calculated under the exact same HPLC parameters for each component. It is sometimes preferred to select a measurement condition that gives calculated concentration close to the real concentration. However, it is not necessary. It is important to select a detecting condition that accurately detects each component. For example, fluorescence detector should not be used if one of the components does not fluoresce.

(43) In another embodiment of the host composition, the first compound has a evaporation temperature T1 of 200 to 350° C. and the second compound has a evaporation temperature T2 of 200 to 350° C. Preferably, the absolute value of (C1−C2)/C1 is less than 3%.

(44) In one embodiment of the host composition, the first compound has a vapor pressure of P1 at T1, the second compound has vapor pressure of P2 at T2, and the ratio of P1/P2 is within the range of 0.90 to 1.10.

(45) The first compound has a first mass loss rate and the second compound has a second mass loss rate, wherein the ratio between the first mass loss rate and the second mass loss rate is within the range of 0.90 to 1.10, including the endpoints. In one embodiment, the ratio between the first mass loss rate and the second mass loss rate is within the range of 0.95 to 1.05, including the endpoints. Preferably, the ratio between the first mass loss rate and the second mass loss rate is within the range of 0.97 to 1.03, including the endpoints.

(46) According to an embodiment of the host composition, the first compound comprises at least one of the chemical groups selected from the group consisting of triphenylene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, and dibenzoselenophene.

(47) The second compound is capable of functioning as an electron transporting material in an organic light emitting device at room temperature. The second compound can have a LUMO level between −2.3 and −3.3 eV. The second compound comprises at least one of the chemical groups selected from the group consisting of aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzoselenophene, and non-fused N-containing six-member aromatic rings.

(48) In one embodiment, the first compound has HOMO energy level higher than −5.7 eV. In another embodiment, the first compound has HOMO energy level higher than −5.5 eV. Preferably, the first compound has HOMO energy level higher than −5.8 eV.

(49) Preferably, the first compound and the second compound each has a purity in excess of 99% as determined by high pressure liquid chromatography.

(50) According to one embodiment, the novel composition can further comprise a third compound. The third compound has a different chemical structure than the first compound and the second compound, wherein the third compound has an evaporation temperature T3 of 150 to 350° C.; and wherein the absolute value of T1−T3 is less than 20° C.

(51) According to one embodiment, the composition is in liquid form at a temperature lower than T1 and T2. In other words, where T1 and T2 are not equal, the composition is in liquid form at at temperature lower than the lower of T1 and T2.

(52) In one embodiment of the host composition, the first compound has the formula (I):

(53) ##STR00003##
wherein
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution;
R.sup.9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions, or no substitution;
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof;
A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4, A.sup.5, and A.sup.6 are each independently selected from N or C; and
n is an integer from 1 to 20;
wherein the second compound has the formula (II):

(54) ##STR00004##
wherein
R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution;
Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S. Se, NR′, and CR″R′″;
L is a single bond or comprises an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 5-24 carbon atoms, which is optionally further substituted;
X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 are each independently selected from group consisting of CR and N;
at least one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 is N; and
R, R′, R″, and R′″ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(55) In one embodiment, in the formula (II) for the second compound, X.sup.1, X.sup.3, and X.sup.5 are N; and X.sup.2 and X.sup.4 are CR.

(56) According to an embodiment of the host composition, the first compound has the formula selected from the group consisting of:

(57) ##STR00005##

(58) In another embodiment of the host composition, the first compound has the formula selected from the group consisting of:

(59) ##STR00006##
wherein R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(60) In one embodiment, the first compound is selected from the group consisting of:

(61) ##STR00007## ##STR00008## ##STR00009## ##STR00010## ##STR00011## ##STR00012## ##STR00013## ##STR00014## ##STR00015##

(62) In one embodiment of the host composition, the second compound is selected from the group consisting of:

(63) ##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021## ##STR00022## ##STR00023## ##STR00024## ##STR00025## ##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030## ##STR00031## ##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034## ##STR00035## ##STR00036## ##STR00037## ##STR00038## ##STR00039##

(64) In one embodiment of the host composition, the mixture of the first compound and the second compound is selected from the group consisting of: (Compound 2 and Compound E2), (Compound 3 and Compound E4), (Compound 1 and Compound E5), (Compound 6 and Compound E7), (Compound 7 and Compound E7), (Compound 9 and Compound E8), (Compound 17 and Compound E8), and (Compound 15 and Compound E18).

(65) According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a first device comprising a phosphorescent organic light-emitting device is disclosed. The phosphorescent organic light-emitting device comprises: an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a first organic composition comprising a mixture of a first compound and a second compound, wherein the first compound has different chemical structure than the second compound;

(66) wherein the first compound is capable of functioning as a hole transporting material in an organic light emitting device at room temperature;

(67) wherein the first compound comprises at least one carbazole group;

(68) wherein the first compound has an evaporation temperature T1 of 150 to 350° C.;

(69) wherein the second compound has an evaporation temperature T2 of 150 to 350° C.;

(70) wherein the absolute value of T1−T2 is less than 20° C.;

(71) wherein the first compound has a concentration C1 in said mixture, and the first compound has a concentration C2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface at a predefined distance away from the evaporation source of the mixture being evaporated; and wherein the absolute value of (C1−C2)/C1 is less than 5%.

(72) In one embodiment of the first device, the first compound has a structure according to the formula (I):

(73) ##STR00040##

(74) wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution;

(75) R.sup.9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions, or no substitution;

(76) R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof;

(77) A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4, A.sup.5, and A.sup.6 are each independently selected from N or C; and

(78) n is an integer from 1 to 20;

(79) wherein the second compound has the formula (II):

(80) ##STR00041##

(81) wherein R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution;

(82) Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″;

(83) L is a single bond or comprises an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 5-24 carbon atoms, which is optionally further substituted;

(84) X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 are each independently selected from group consisting of CR and N;

(85) at least one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 is N; and

(86) R, R′, R″, and R′″ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(87) In one embodiment of the first device, in the formula (II) for the second compound, X.sup.1, X.sup.3, and X.sup.5 are N; and wherein X.sup.2 and X.sup.4 are CR.

(88) In one embodiment of the first device, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the first composition is a host. In one embodiment, the organic layer is a hole transporting layer.

(89) In one embodiment of the first device, the organic layer can further comprise a phosphorescent emissive dopant. The phosphorescent emissive dopant can be a transition metal complex having at least one ligand or part of the ligand, if the ligand is more than bidentate, selected from the group consisting of:

(90) ##STR00042## ##STR00043## ##STR00044##
wherein R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c, and R.sub.d may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution, or no substitution;
wherein R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c, and R.sub.d are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein two adjacent substituents of R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c, and R.sub.d are optionally joined to form a fused ring or form a multidentate ligand.

(91) According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of fabricating an organic light emitting device comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first organic layer comprises a first organic composition further comprising a mixture of a first compound and a second compound, is disclosed. The method comprises:

(92) providing a substrate having the first electrode disposed thereon;

(93) depositing the first organic composition over the first electrode; and

(94) depositing the second electrode over the first organic layer, wherein the first compound has different chemical structure than the second compound; wherein the first compound is capable of functioning as a hole transporting material in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound comprises at least one carbazole group; wherein the first compound has evaporation temperature T1 of 150 to 350° C.; wherein the second compound has evaporation temperature T2 of 150 to 350° C.; wherein the absolute value of T1−T2 is less than 20° C.; wherein the first compound has a concentration C1 in said mixture, and the first compound has a concentration C2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 1×10.sup.−6 Torr to 1×10.sup.−9 Torr, at a 2 Å/sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the evaporation source of the mixture being evaporated; and

(95) wherein the absolute value of (C1−C2)/C1 is less than 5%.

(96) In one embodiment of the method, the first organic composition is deposited in a vacuum thermal evaporation system having a pressure level in the range of 1×10.sup.−8 Torr to 1×10.sup.−12 Torr. In one embodiment, the first organic composition leaves a residue corresponding to less than 5 wt % of the first organic composition's original charge in the vacuum thermal evaporation system's sublimation crucible after the first organic composition is depleted during the deposition of the first organic composition over the first electrode.

(97) In one embodiment of the method, the first compound has the formula (I):

(98) ##STR00045##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution;
R.sup.9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions, or no substitution;
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof;
A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4, A.sup.5, and A.sup.6 are each independently selected from N or C; and
n is an integer from 1 to 20;
wherein the second compound has the formula (II):

(99) ##STR00046##
wherein R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions, or no substitution;
Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″;
L is a single bond or comprises an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 5-24 carbon atoms, which is optionally further substituted;
X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 are each independently selected from group consisting of CR and N;
at least one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, and X.sup.5 is N; and
R, R′, R″, and R′″ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(100) In one embodiment of the first device, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the first organic composition is a host material. The organic layer can further comprise a phosphorescent emissive dopant.

(101) In one embodiment of the first device, the phosphorescent emissive dopant is a transition metal complex having at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of:

(102) ##STR00047## ##STR00048## ##STR00049##
wherein R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c, and R.sub.d may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution, or no substitution;
wherein R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c, and R.sub.d are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein two adjacent substituents of R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c, and R.sub.d are optionally joined to form a fused ring or form a multidentate ligand.

(103) In one embodiment of the first device, the organic layer is a blocking layer and the organic composition is a blocking material in the organic layer. In another embodiment, the organic layer is an electron transporting layer and the organic composition is an electron transporting material in the organic layer.

(104) In one embodiment of the first device, the first device is a consumer product. In another embodiment, the first device is an organic light-emitting device. In another embodiment, the first device can comprise a lighting panel.

(105) Synthesis of the Novel Compounds

(106) Synthesis of Compound E2

(107) ##STR00050##
A solution of 11,12-dihydroindolo[2,3-a]carbazole (7.44 g, 29.0 mmol), 1-chloro-4-iodobenzene (20.77 g, 87 mmol), CuI (0.829 g, 4.35 mmol), cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (1.058 ml, 8.71 mmol), and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (15.40 g, 72.6 mmol) in DMF (200 Ml) was heated under nitrogen at 145° C. overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was isolated, washed with brine and water, dried over MgSO.sub.4 and evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with hexane/EtOAc (95/5, v/v) as eluent to yield 11-(4-chlorophenyl)-11,12-dihydroindolo[2,3-a]carbazole (7.3 g, 68%) as a solid.

(108) ##STR00051##
NaH (1.178 g, 29.4 mmol) in one portion was added to a solution of 11-(4-chlorophenyl)-11,12-dihydroindolo[2,3-a]carbazole (7.2 g, 19.63 mmol) in DMF (120 ml), at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Then, 2-chloro-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine (6.83 g, 25.5 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight and the resulting solid was collected by filtration. The solid was dissolved in boiling toluene and the insoluble portion was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and the precipitation was collected by filtration to yield 11-(4-chlorophenyl)-12-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-11,12-dihydroindolo[2,3-a]carbazole (8.6 g, 73.3% yield) as a yellow powder.

(109) ##STR00052##
A solution of 11-(4-chlorophenyl)-12-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-11,12-dihydroindolo[2,3-a]carbazole (4 g, 6.69 mmol), [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylboronic acid (3.97 g, 20.06 mmol), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.61 g, 0.67 mmol), SPhos (0.55 g, 1.34 mmol), and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (8.52 g, 40.1 mmol) in toluene (400 ml), DME (100 ml), and water (20 ml) was refluxed at 110° C. under nitrogen for 6 days. The hot reaction mixture was then filtered through a filter paper. The filtrate was evaporated; the residue was redissolved in boiling toluene, and filtered through a short plug of silica gel. Upon evaporation of the solvent, the solid was triturated with boiling EtOAc, toluene and xylene to yield Compound E2 (2.3 g, 48%) as a yellow solid.
Combination with Other Materials

(110) The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.

(111) HIL/HTL:

(112) A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but not limit to: a phthalocyanine or porphyrin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoO.sub.x; a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds.

(113) Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general structures:

(114) ##STR00053##

(115) Each of Ar.sup.1 to Ar.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(116) In one aspect, Ar.sup.1 to Ar.sup.9 is independently selected from the group consisting of:

(117) ##STR00054##
wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; X.sup.101 to X.sup.108 is C (including CH) or N; Z.sup.101 is NAr.sup.1, O, or S; Ar.sup.1 has the same group defined above.

(118) Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general formula:

(119) ##STR00055##
wherein Met is a metal, which can have an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y.sup.101-Y.sup.102) is a bidentate ligand, Y.sup.101 and Y.sup.102 are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L.sup.101 is an ancillary ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

(120) In one aspect, (Y.sup.101-Y.sup.102) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In another aspect, (Y.sup.101-Y.sup.102) is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn. In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc/Fc couple less than about 0.6 V.

(121) Host:

(122) The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant. While the Table below categorizes host materials as preferred for devices that emit various colors, any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria is satisfied.

(123) Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:

(124) ##STR00056##
wherein Met is a metal; (Y.sup.103-Y.sup.104) is a bidentate ligand, Y.sup.103 and Y.sup.104 are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L.sup.101 is an another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

(125) In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

(126) ##STR00057##
wherein (O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.

(127) In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt. In a further aspect, (Y.sup.103-Y.sup.104) is a carbene ligand.

(128) Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(129) In one aspect, host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

(130) ##STR00058## ##STR00059##
wherein R.sup.101 to R.sup.107 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 0 to 20 or 1 to 20; k′″ is an integer from 0 to 20. X.sup.101 to X.sup.108 is selected from C (including CH) or N.
Z.sup.101 and Z.sup.102 is selected from NR.sup.101, O, or S.
HBL:

(131) A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED.

(132) In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule or the same functional groups used as host described above.

(133) In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

(134) ##STR00060##
wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; L.sup.101 is an another ligand, k′ is an integer from 1 to 3.
ETL:

(135) Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.

(136) In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

(137) ##STR00061##
wherein R.sup.101 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. Ar.sup.1 to Ar.sup.3 has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 1 to 20. X.sup.101 to X.sup.108 is selected from C (including CH) or N.

(138) In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contains, but not limit to the following general formula:

(139) ##STR00062##
wherein (O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L.sup.101 is another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

(140) In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. Thus, any specifically listed substituent, such as, without limitation, methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, etc. encompasses undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof. Similarly, classes of substituents such as, without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc. also encompass undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof.

(141) In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exiton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table 4 below. Table 4 lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials.

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(143) It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore include variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting.