Bean plant named WILLS

Abstract

Novel bean plants, such as bean designated WILLS are disclosed. In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the seeds of bean plant WILLS, to the plants and plant parts of bean WILLS, and to methods for producing a bean plant by crossing the bean plant WILLS with itself or another bean plant. The disclosure further relates to methods for producing other bean plants derived from the bean WILLS.

Claims

1. A seed of a bean plant designated WILLS, wherein a representative sample of seed of said bean plant has been deposited under NCIMB No. 43986.

2. A bean plant, a part thereof, or a cell thereof, wherein the bean plant is grown from the seed of claim 1 and has all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a bean plant designated WILLS deposited under NCIMB No. 43986 when grown under the same environmental conditions.

3. The bean part of claim 2, wherein the bean part is selected from the group consisting of: a leaf, a flower, a pod, an ovule, a seed, a stalk, a root, a rootstock, a scion, an embryo, a stamen, an anther, a pistil, a cell, and pollen.

4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the plant or plant part of claim 2, wherein said regenerable cell are produced from a plant part, wherein a plant regenerated from the tissue culture has all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a bean plant designated WILLS deposited under NCIMB No. 43986 when grown in the same environmental conditions.

5. A bean plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 4, said plant having all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a bean plant designated WILLS, wherein a representative sample of seed of said bean having been deposited under NCIMB No. 43986.

6. A bean pod or seed produced from the plant of claim 2.

7. A method for producing a bean pod, the method comprising (a) growing the bean plant of claim 2 to produce a bean pod, and (b) harvesting said bean pod.

8. A method for producing a bean seed, the method comprising (a) crossing a first parent bean plant with a second parent bean plant and (b) harvesting the resultant bean seed, wherein said first parent bean plant and/or second parent plant is the bean plant of claim 2.

9. A bean seed produced by the method of claim 8.

10. A method for producing a bean seed, the method comprising (a) self-pollinating the bean plant of claim 2 and (b) harvesting the resultant bean seed.

11. A bean seed produced by the method of claim 10.

12. A method of vegetatively propagating the bean plant of claim 2, the method comprising: (a) collecting a part capable of being propagated from the plant of claim 2, (b) regenerating a plant from said part, and (c) harvesting a pod or seed from said regenerated plant.

13. A plant obtained from the method of claim 12, wherein said plant has all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a bean plant designated WILLS deposited under NCIMB No. 43986 when grown under the same environmental conditions.

14. A bean pod produced by the method of claim 12.

15. A method of producing a bean plant derived from a bean plant designated WILLS, wherein the derived bean plant comprises a desired gene(s) from WILLS, the method comprising the steps of: (a) crossing the plant of claim 2 with a plant of a second bean variety plant to produce a progeny plant; (b) self-pollinating the progeny plant of step (a) or crossing the progeny plant of step (a) with another plant of the second bean variety to produce a progeny plant of subsequent generation; (c) growing the progeny plant of subsequent generation produced in step (b); and (d) self-pollinating the progeny plant of step (c) or crossing the progeny plant of step (c) with another plant of the second bean variety to produce a bean plant derived from the bean plant designated WI LLS.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising the step of: (e) repeating step (c) and (d) for at least one more generation to produce a bean plant derived from the bean plant designated WILLS.

17. A method of producing a plant of bean plant designated WILLS comprising at least one desired trait, the method comprising: introducing a single locus conversion conferring the desired trait into bean plant designated WILLS, whereby a bean plant designated WILLS comprising the desired trait is produced.

18. A bean plant, a part thereof, or a cell thereof, produced by the method of claim 17, wherein the plant, the part, or the cell thereof comprises a single locus conversion and otherwise the plant comprises all of the characteristics of a bean plant designated WILLS deposited under NCIMB No. 43986.

19. The plant of claim 18, wherein the single locus conversion confers said plant with a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, male fertility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, water stress tolerance, heat tolerance, and improved nutritional quality.

20. A method of introducing a desired trait into a bean plant designated WILLS, the method comprising the steps of: (a) crossing a bean plant designated WILLS grown from a seed of a bean plant designated WILLS, wherein a representative sample of seed has been deposited under NCIMB No. 43986, with another bean plant that comprises a desired trait to produce F.sub.1 progeny plants, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of insect resistance, disease resistance, water stress tolerance, heat tolerance, and improved nutritional quality; (b) selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce at least one selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant with a bean plant designated WILLS to produce backcross progeny plants; (d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristics of a bean plant designated WILLS deposited under NCIMB No. 43986 when grown under the same environmental conditions to produce selected backcross progeny plants; and (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) three or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristics of a bean plant designated WILLS deposited under NCIMB No. 43986 when grown under the same environmental conditions.

21. A bean plant produced by the method of claim 20, wherein the plant has the desired trait and otherwise all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a bean plant designated WILLS deposited under NCIMB No. 43986 when grown under the same environmental conditions.

22. A method of producing a bean plant, the method comprising grafting a rootstock or a scion of the bean plant of claim 2 to another bean plant.

23. A method for producing nucleic acids, the method comprising isolating nucleic acids from the plant of claim 2, a part thereof, or a cell thereof.

24. A method of producing a commodity plant product, the method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 2 or a part thereof and producing said commodity plant product therefrom.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

(1) In the description and tables that follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided:

(2) Allele: An allele is any of one or more alternative forms of a gene which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

(3) Backcrossing: Backcrossing is a process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example, a first generation hybrid F.sub.1 with one of the parental genotype of the F.sub.1 hybrid.

(4) Bean yield (tons/acre): The yield in tons/acre is the actual yield of the bean pods at harvest.

(5) Commodity plant product: A “commodity plant product” refers to any composition or product that is comprised of material derived from a plant, seed, plant cell, or plant part of the present disclosure. Commodity plant products may be sold to consumers and can be viable or nonviable. Nonviable commodity products include but are not limited to nonviable seeds and grains; processed seeds, seed parts, and plant parts; dehydrated plant tissue, frozen plant tissue, and processed plant tissue; seeds and plant parts processed for animal feed for terrestrial and/or aquatic animal consumption, oil, meal, flour, flakes, bran, fiber, paper, tea, coffee, silage, crushed of whole grain, and any other food for human or animal consumption; biomasses and fuel products; and raw material in industry.

(6) Collection of seeds: In the context of the present disclosure a collection of seeds is a grouping of seeds mainly containing similar kind of seeds, for example hybrid seeds of the disclosure, but that may also contain, mixed together with this first kind of seeds, a second, different kind of seeds, of one of the inbred parent lines. A commercial bag of hybrid seeds of the disclosure and containing also the inbred parental line seeds would be, for example such a collection of seeds.

(7) Determinate plant: A determinate plant will grow to a fixed number of nodes while an indeterminate plant continues to grow during the season.

(8) Emergence: The rate that the seed germinates and sprouts out of the ground.

(9) Enhanced nutritional quality: The nutritional quality of the bean of the present disclosure can be enhanced by the introduction of several traits comprising a higher vitamins, protein content in the pod, more bioavailable forms of vitamins and such, richer green color etc.

(10) Essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics: A plant having essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics means a plant having all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant of the present disclosure, except for example, additional traits and/or mutations which do not materially affect the plant of the present disclosure, or, a desired characteristic(s), which can be indirectly obtained from another plant possessing at least one single locus conversion via a conventional breeding program (such as backcross breeding) or directly obtained by introduction of at least one single locus conversion via New Breeding Techniques. In some embodiments, one of the non-limiting examples for a plant having (and/or comprising) essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics shall be a plant having all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant of the present disclosure other than desired, additional trait(s)/characteristic(s) conferred by a single locus conversion including, but not limited to, a converted or modified gene.

(11) Field holding ability: A bean plant that has field holding ability means a plant having pods that remain smooth and retain their color even after the seed is almost fully developed.

(12) Immunity to disease(s) and or insect(s): A bean plant which is not subject to attack or infection by specific disease(s) and or insect(s) is considered immune.

(13) Intermediate resistance to disease(s) and or insect(s): A bean plant that restricts the growth and development of specific disease(s) and or insect(s), but may exhibit a greater range of symptoms or damage compared to resistant plants. Intermediate resistant plants will usually show less severe symptoms or damage than susceptible plant varieties when grown under similar environmental conditions and/or specific disease(s) and or insect(s) pressure, but may have heavy damage under heavy pressure. Intermediate resistant bean plants are not immune to the disease(s) and or insect(s).

(14) New Breeding Techniques: New breeding techniques (NBTs) are said of various new technologies developed and/or used to create new characteristics in plants through genetic variation, the aim being targeted mutagenesis, that is targeted introduction of new genes or gene silencing. The following breeding techniques are within the scope of NBTs: targeted sequence changes facilitated through the use of Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology (ZFN-1, ZFN-2 and ZFN-3, see U.S. Pat. No. 9,145,565, incorporated by reference in its entirety), Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis (ODM, a.k.a., site-directed mutagenesis), Cisgenesis and intragenesis, epigenetic approaches such as RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM, which does not necessarily change nucleotide sequence but can change the biological activity of the sequence), Grafting (on GM rootstock), Reverse breeding, Agro-infiltration for transient gene expression (agro-infiltration “sensu stricto”, agro-inoculation, floral dip), genome editing with endonucleases such as chemical nucleases, meganucleases, ZFNs, and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,586,363 and 9,181,535, incorporated by reference in their entireties), the CRISPR/Cas system (using such as Cas9, Cas12a/Cpf1, Cas13/C2c2, CasX and CasY; also see U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,697,359; 8,771,945; 8,795,965; 8,865,406; 8,871,445; 8,889,356; 8,895,308; 8,906,616; 8,932,814; 8,945,839; 8,993,233; and 8,999,641, which are all hereby incorporated by reference), engineered meganuclease, engineered homing endonucleases, DNA guided genome editing (Gao et al., Nature Biotechnology (2016), doi: 10.1038/nbt.3547, incorporated by reference in its entirety), and Synthetic genomics. A major part of today's targeted genome editing, another designation for New Breeding Techniques, is the applications to induce a DNA double strand break (DSB) at a selected location in the genome where the modification is intended. Directed repair of the DSB allows for targeted genome editing. Such applications can be utilized to generate mutations (e.g., targeted mutations or precise native gene editing) as well as precise insertion of genes (e.g., cisgenes, intragenes, or transgenes). The applications leading to mutations are often identified as site-directed nuclease (SDN) technology, such as SDN1, SDN2 and SDN3. For SDN1, the outcome is a targeted, non-specific genetic deletion mutation: the position of the DNA DSB is precisely selected, but the DNA repair by the host cell is random and results in small nucleotide deletions, additions or substitutions. For SDN2, a SDN is used to generate a targeted DSB and a DNA repair template (a short DNA sequence identical to the targeted DSB DNA sequence except for one or a few nucleotide changes) is used to repair the DSB: this results in a targeted and predetermined point mutation in the desired gene of interest. As to the SDN3, the SDN is used along with a DNA repair template that contains new DNA sequence (e.g. gene). The outcome of the technology would be the integration of that DNA sequence into the plant genome. The most likely application illustrating the use of SDN3 would be the insertion of cisgenic, intragenic, or transgenic expression cassettes at a selected genome location. A complete description of each of these techniques can be found in the report made by the Joint Research Center (JRC) Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the European Commission in 2011 and titled “New plant breeding techniques—State-of-the-art and prospects for commercial development”, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

(15) Machine harvestable bush: A machine harvestable bush means a bean plant that stands with pods off the ground. The pods can be removed by a machine from the plant without leaves and other plant parts.

(16) Maturity or Relative Maturity: A maturity under 53 days is considered early while maturity between 54-59 days is considered average or medium and maturity of 60 or more days would be late.

(17) Maturity date: Plants are considered mature when the pods have reached their maximum allowable seed size and sieve size for the specific use intended. This can vary for each end user, e.g., processing at different stages of maturity would be required for different types of consumer beans, such as “whole pack,” “cut,” or “french style.” The number of days is calculated from a relative planting date which depends on day length, heat units, and other environmental factors.

(18) Plant adaptability: A plant having good plant adaptability means a plant that will perform well in different growing conditions and seasons.

(19) Plant architecture: Plant architecture is the shape of the overall plant which can be tall narrow, short-wide, medium height, and/or medium width.

(20) Plant cell: As used herein, the term “plant cell” includes plant cells whether isolated, in tissue culture, or incorporated in a plant or plant part.

(21) Plant habit: A plant can be erect (upright) to sprawling on the ground.

(22) Plant height: Plant height is taken from the top of the soil to the top node of the plant and is measured in centimeters or inches.

(23) Plant part: As used herein, the term “plant part”, “part thereof” or “parts thereof” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which bean plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as pods, beans, embryos, pollens, ovules, flowers, seeds, fruits, rootstocks, scions, stems, roots, anthers, pistils, root tips, leaves, meristematic cells, axillary buds, hypocotyls, cotyledons, ovaries, seed coats, endosperms and the like. In some embodiments, the plant part at least comprises at least one cell of said plant. In some embodiments, the plant part is further defined as a pollen, a meristem, a cell or an ovule. In some embodiments, a plant regenerated from the plant part has all of the phenotypic and morphological characteristics of a bean plant of the present disclosure, including but not limited to as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions.

(24) Pod set height: The pod set height is the location of the pods within the plant. The pods can be high (near the top), low (near the bottom), or medium (in the middle) of the plant.

(25) Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Quantitative trait loci refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.

(26) Regeneration: Regeneration refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture.

(27) Resistance to disease(s) and or insect(s): A bean plant that restricts the growth and development of specific disease(s) and or insect(s) under normal disease(s) and or insect(s) attack pressure when compared to susceptible plants. These bean plants can exhibit some symptoms or damage under heavy disease(s) and or insect(s) pressure. Resistant bean plants are not immune to the disease(s) and or insect(s).

(28) RHS: RHS refers to the Royal Horticultural Society of England which publishes an official botanical color chart quantitatively identifying colors according to a defined numbering system. The chart may be purchased from Royal Hort. Society Enterprise Ltd. RHS Garden; Wisley, Woking, Surrey GU236QB, UK.

(29) Rootstock: A rootstock is the lower part of a plant capable of receiving a scion in a grafting process.

(30) Scion: A scion is the higher part of a plant capable of being grafted onto a rootstock in a grafting process.

(31) Sieve size (sv): Sieve size 1 means pods that fall through a sieve grader which culls out pod diameters of 4.76 mm through 5.76 mm. Sieve size 2 means pods that fall through a sieve grader which culls out pod diameters of 5.76 mm through 7.34 mm. Sieve size 3 means pods that fall through a sieve grader which culls out pod diameters of 7.34 mm through 8.34 mm. Sieve size 4 means pods that fall through a sieve grader which culls out pod diameters of 8.34 mm through 9.53 mm. Sieve size 5 means pods that fall through a sieve grader which culls out pod diameters of 9.53 mm through 10.72 mm. Sieve size 6 means pods that fall through a sieve grader that will cull out pod diameters of 10.72 mm or larger.

(32) Single locus converted (conversion): Single locus converted (conversion) plants refer to plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a plant are recovered in addition to a single locus transferred into the plant via the backcrossing technique or via genetic engineering. A single locus converted plant can also be referred to a plant with a single locus conversion obtained though simultaneous and/or artificially induced mutagenesis or through the use of New Breeding Techniques described in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the single locus converted plant has essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the original variety in addition to a single locus converted by spontaneous and/or artificially induced mutations, which is introduced and/or transferred into the plant by the plant breeding techniques such as backcrossing. In other embodiments, the single locus converted plant has essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the original variety in addition to a single locus, gene or nucleotide sequence(s) converted, mutated, modified or engineered through the New Breeding Techniques taught herein. In the present disclosure, single locus converted (conversion) can be interchangeably referred to single gene converted (conversion).

(33) Slow seed development: Beans having slow seed development develop seed slowly even after the pods are full sized. This characteristic gives to the cultivar its field holding ability.

(34) Susceptible to disease(s) and or insect(s): A bean plant that is susceptible to disease(s) and or insect(s) is defined as a bean plant that has the inability to restrict the growth and development of specific disease(s) and or insect(s). Plants that are susceptible will show damage when infected and are more likely to have heavy damage under moderate levels of specific disease(s) and or insect(s).

(35) Tolerance to abiotic stresses: A bean plant that is tolerant to abiotic stresses has the ability to endure abiotic stress without serious consequences for growth, appearance and yield.

(36) Uniformity: Uniformity, as used herein, describes the similarity between plants or plant characteristics which can be a described by qualitative or quantitative measurements.

(37) Variety: A plant variety as used by one skilled in the art of plant breeding means a plant grouping within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank which can be defined by the expression of the characteristics resulting from a given genotype or combination of phenotypes, distinguished from any other plant grouping by the expression of at least one of the said characteristics and considered as a unit with regard to its suitability for being propagated unchanged (International convention for the protection of new varieties of plants). The term “bean variety” can be interchangeably used with “bean cultivar” or “bean plant” in the present application.

(38) There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirable plant germplasm. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that possesses the traits to meet the program goals. The goal is to combine in a single variety or hybrid an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm.

(39) Bean Plants

(40) Phaseolus vulgaris, also known as the common bean and French bean, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or unripe fruit (both commonly called beans). The main categories of common beans, on the basis of use, are dry beans (seeds harvested at complete maturity), snap beans (tender pods with reduced fiber harvested before the seed development phase) and shell (shelled) beans (seeds harvested at physiological maturity). Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Its botanical classification, along with other Phaseolus species, is as a member of the legume family Fabaceae. Like most members of this family, common beans acquire the nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia, which are nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

(41) Wild members of the species have a climbing habit, but many cultivars are classified either as bush beans or dwarf beans, or as pole beans or climbing beans, depending on their style of growth. These include the kidney bean, the navy bean, the pinto bean, and the wax bean. The other major types of commercially grown bean are the runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) and the broad bean (Vicia faba).

(42) There are numerous varieties of P. vulgaris, including many common garden types (i.e., garden bean) such as pole, snap, string, and bush beans. It is called French bean, haricot bean, or kidney bean in various countries; in the United States, however, kidney bean refers to a specific type that is definitely kidney-shaped and is red, dark red, or white. Green beans, anasazi beans, navy beans, black beans, northern beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, and cannellini beans are all varieties of the species. Some varieties of the common bean are grown only for the dry seeds, some only for the edible immature pods, and others for the seeds, either immature or mature.

(43) Many well-known bean cultivars and varieties belong to Phaseolus vulgaris. An exemplary list of the bean cultivars and varieties, but are not limited to, are as follows: Anasazi bean, appaloosa bean, black turtle bean, calypso bean, cranberry bean, dragon tongue bean, flageolet bean, kidney bean (a.k.a. red bean), pea bean, pink bean, pinto bean, rattlesnake bean, white bean (a.k.a. navy bean or haricot bean′ including cannellini), yellow bean (a.k.a. Sinaloa Azufrado, Sulphur, Mayacoba, Peruano, Canary), and tongue of fire bean (a.k.a. Horto)

(44) In bean, these important traits may include increased fresh pod yield, higher seed yield, improved color, resistance to diseases and insects, better stems and roots, tolerance to drought and heat, better standing ability in the field, better uniformity, and better agronomic quality. With mechanical harvesting of many crops, uniformity of plant characteristics such as germination and stand establishment, growth rate, maturity and plant height is important.

(45) In some embodiments, particularly desirable traits that may be incorporated by this disclosure are improved resistance to different viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens. Important diseases include but are not limited to fungi such as Uromyces appendiculatus (rust), Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (anthracnose), virus such as BCMV (bean common mosaic virus), BCTV (bean curly top virus), bacteria such as Pseudomonas (Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. Phaseolicola (halo blight), Pseudomonas syringae pv. Syringae (bacterial brown spot)) or Xanthomonas (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Phaseoli (common blight). Improved resistance to insect pests is another desirable trait that may be incorporated into new garden plants developed by this disclosure.

(46) Bean Breeding

(47) The goal of bean breeding is to develop new, unique and superior bean plant and hybrids. The breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producing many new genetic combinations. Another method used to develop new, unique and superior bean plant occurs when the breeder selects and crosses two or more parental lines followed by haploid induction and chromosome doubling that result in the development of dihaploid cultivars. The breeder can theoretically generate billions of different genetic combinations via crossing, selfing and mutations and the same is true for the utilization of the dihaploid breeding method.

(48) Each year, the plant breeder selects the germplasm to advance to the next generation. This germplasm is grown under unique and different geographical, climatic and soil conditions, and further selections are then made, during and at the end of the growing season. The cultivars developed are unpredictable. This unpredictability is because the breeder's selection occurs in unique environments, with no control at the DNA level (using conventional breeding procedures or dihaploid breeding procedures), and with millions of different possible genetic combinations being generated. A breeder of ordinary skill in the art cannot predict the final resulting cultivars he develops, except possibly in a very gross and general fashion. This unpredictability results in the expenditure of large research monies to develop superior new bean cultivars.

(49) The development of commercial bean cultivar requires the development and selection of bean plants, the crossing of these plants, and the evaluation of the crosses.

(50) Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop cultivars from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine desirable traits from two or more cultivars or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which cultivars are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes or through the dihaploid breeding method followed by the selection of desired phenotypes. The new cultivars are evaluated to determine which have commercial potential.

(51) Choice of breeding or selection methods depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used commercially (e.g., F hybrid cultivar, pureline cultivar, etc.). For highly heritable traits, a choice of superior individual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective, whereas for traits with low heritability, selection should be based on mean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of related plants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection, modified pedigree selection, mass selection, recurrent selection, and backcross breeding.

(52) i. Pedigree Selection

(53) Pedigree breeding is used commonly for the improvement of self-pollinating crops or inbred lines of cross-pollinating crops. Two parents possessing favorable, complementary traits are crossed to produce an F.sub.1. An F.sub.2 population is produced by selfing one or several F.sub.1s or by intercrossing two F.sub.1s (sib mating). The dihaploid breeding method could also be used. Selection of the best individuals is usually begun in the F.sub.2 population; then, beginning in the F.sub.3, the best individuals in the best families are selected. Replicated testing of families, or hybrid combinations involving individuals of these families, often follows in the F.sub.4 generation to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F.sub.6 and F.sub.7), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release of new cultivars. Similarly, the development of new cultivars through the dihaploid system requires the selection of the cultivars followed by two to five years of testing in replicated plots.

(54) The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F.sub.2 to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F.sub.2 individuals. The number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F.sub.2 plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed.

(55) In a multiple-seed procedure, breeders commonly harvest one or more fruit containing seed from each plant in a population and blend them together to form a bulk seed lot. Part of the bulked seed is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. The procedure has been referred to as modified single-seed descent or the bulk technique.

(56) The multiple-seed procedure has been used to save labor at harvest. It is considerably faster than removing one seed from each fruit by hand for the single seed procedure. The multiple-seed procedure also makes it possible to plant the same number of seeds of a population each generation of inbreeding. Enough seeds are harvested to make up for those plants that did not germinate or produce seed.

(57) Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., R. W. Allard, 1960, Principles of Plant Breeding, John Wiley and Son, pp. 115-161; N. W. Simmonds, 1979, Principles of Crop Improvement, Longman Group Limited; W. R. Fehr, 1987, Principles of Crop Development, Macmillan Publishing Co.; N. F. Jensen, 1988, Plant Breeding Methodology, John Wiley & Sons).

(58) ii. Backcross Breeding

(59) Backcross breeding has been used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait into a desirable homozygous cultivar or inbred line which is the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the phenotype of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent.

(60) When the term bean plant is used in the context of the present disclosure, this also includes any bean plant where one or more desired traits have been introduced through backcrossing methods, whether such trait is from a naturally occurring mutation(s), an artificially-induced mutation(s), a gene or a nucleotide sequence modified by the use of New Breeding Techniques. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present disclosure to improve or introduce one or more characteristic into the bean plant of the present disclosure. The term “backcrossing” as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to the recurrent parent, i.e., backcrossing one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more times to the recurrent parent. The parental bean plant which contributes the gene or the genes for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental bean plant to which the gene or genes from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol.

(61) In a typical backcross protocol, the original cultivar of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to or by a second cultivar (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the gene or genes of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to or by the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a bean plant is obtained wherein all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, generally determined at a 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions, in addition to the gene or genes transferred from the nonrecurrent parent. It has to be noted that some, one, two, three or more, self-pollination and growing of population might be included between two successive backcrosses. Indeed, an appropriate selection in the population produced by the self-pollination, i.e., selection for the desired trait and physiological and morphological characteristics of the recurrent parent might be equivalent to one, two or even three additional backcrosses in a continuous series without rigorous selection, saving then time, money and effort to the breeder. A non-limiting example of such a protocol would be the following: a) the first generation F1 produced by the cross of the recurrent parent A by the donor parent B is backcrossed to parent A, b) selection is practiced for the plants having the desired trait of parent B, c) selected plant are self-pollinated to produce a population of plants where selection is practiced for the plants having the desired trait of parent B and physiological and morphological characteristics of parent A, d) the selected plants are backcrossed one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more times to parent A to produce selected backcross progeny plants comprising the desired trait of parent B and the physiological and morphological characteristics of parent A. Step (c) may or may not be repeated and included between the backcrosses of step (d).

(62) The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute one or more trait(s) or characteristic(s) in the original inbred parental line in order to find it then in the hybrid made thereof. To accomplish this, a gene or genes of the recurrent inbred is modified or substituted with the desired gene or genes from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the desired genetic, and therefore the desired physiological and morphological, constitution of the original inbred. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable, agronomically important trait(s) to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic(s) or trait(s) being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a single gene and dominant allele, multiple genes and recessive allele(s) may also be transferred and therefore, backcross breeding is by no means restricted to character(s) governed by one or a few genes. In fact the number of genes might be less important that the identification of the character(s) in the segregating population. In this instance it may then be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic(s) has been successfully transferred. Such tests encompass visual inspection, simple crossing, but also follow up of the characteristic(s) through genetically associated markers and molecular assisted breeding tools. For example, selection of progeny containing the transferred trait is done by direct selection, visual inspection for a trait associated with a dominant allele, while the selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele, require selfing the progeny or using molecular markers to determine which plant carry the recessive allele(s).

(63) Many single gene traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new parental inbred of a hybrid bean plant according to the disclosure but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Examples of these traits include but are not limited to herbicide resistance (such as bar or pat genes), resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease (such as gene I used for BCMV resistance), insect resistance, enhanced nutritional quality (such as 2s albumin gene), industrial usage, agronomic qualities (such as the “persistent green gene”), yield stability, and yield enhancement. Many single gene traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new line but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus. Some other single gene traits are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,777,196, 5,948,957, and 5,969,212, the disclosures of which are specifically hereby incorporated by reference.

(64) The backcross breeding method provides a precise way of improving varieties that excel in a large number of attributes but are deficient in a few characteristics. (Page 150 of the Pr. R. W. Allard's 1960 book, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Principles of Plant Breeding). The method makes use of a series of backcrosses to the variety to be improved during which the character or the characters in which improvement is sought is maintained by selection. At the end of the backcrossing the gene or genes being transferred unlike all other genes, will be heterozygous. Selfing after the last backcross produces homozygosity for this gene pair(s) and, coupled with selection, will result in a parental line of a hybrid variety with exactly or essentially the same adaptation, yielding ability and quality characteristics of the recurrent parent but superior to that parent in the particular characteristic(s) for which the improvement program was undertaken. Therefore, this method provides the plant breeder with a high degree of genetic control of his work.

(65) The method is scientifically exact because the morphological and agricultural features of the improved variety could be described in advance and because the same variety could, if it were desired, be bred a second time by retracing the same steps (Briggs, “Breeding wheats resistant to bunt by the backcross method”, 1930 Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 22: 289-244).

(66) Backcrossing is a powerful mechanism for achieving homozygosity and any population obtained by backcrossing must rapidly converge on the genotype of the recurrent parent. When backcrossing is made the basis of a plant breeding program, the genotype of the recurrent parent will be modified only with regards to genes being transferred, which are maintained in the population by selection.

(67) Successful backcrosses are, for example, the transfer of stem rust resistance from ‘Hope’ wheat to ‘Bart wheat’ and even pursuing the backcrosses with the transfer of bunt resistance to create ‘Bart 38’, having both resistances. Also highlighted by Allard is the successful transfer of mildew, leaf spot and wilt resistances in California Common alfalfa to create ‘Caliverde’. This new ‘Caliverde’ variety produced through the backcross process is indistinguishable from California Common except for its resistance to the three named diseases.

(68) One of the advantages of the backcross method is that the breeding program can be carried out in almost every environment that will allow the development of the character being transferred.

(69) The backcross technique is not only desirable when breeding for disease resistance but also for the adjustment of morphological characters, colour characteristics and simply inherited quantitative characters such as earliness, plant height and seed size and shape.

(70) iii. Open-Pollinated Populations

(71) The improvement of open-pollinated populations of such crops as rye, maize, sugar beets, herbage grasses, legumes such as alfalfa and clover, and tropical tree crops such as cacao, coconuts, oil palm and some rubber, depends essentially upon changing gene-frequencies towards fixation of favorable alleles while maintaining a high (but far from maximal) degree of heterozygosity.

(72) Uniformity in such populations is impossible and trueness-to-type in an open-pollinated variety is a statistical feature of the population as a whole, not a characteristic of individual plants. Thus, the heterogeneity of open-pollinated populations contrasts with the homogeneity (or virtually so) of inbred lines, clones and hybrids.

(73) Population improvement methods fall naturally into two groups, those based on purely phenotypic selection, normally called mass selection, and those based on selection with progeny testing. Interpopulation improvement utilizes the concept of open breeding populations; allowing genes to flow from one population to another. Plants in one population (cultivar, strain, ecotype, or any germplasm source) are crossed either naturally (e.g., by wind) or by hand or by bees (commonly Apis mellifera L. or Megachile rotundata F.) with plants from other populations. Selection is applied to improve one (or sometimes both) population(s) by isolating plants with desirable traits from both sources.

(74) There are basically two primary methods of open-pollinated population improvement.

(75) First, there is the situation in which a population is changed en masse by a chosen selection procedure. The outcome is an improved population that is indefinitely propagable by random-mating within itself in isolation.

(76) Second, the synthetic variety attains the same end result as population improvement, but is not itself propagable as such; it has to be reconstructed from parental lines or clones. These plant breeding procedures for improving open-pollinated populations are well known to those skilled in the art and comprehensive reviews of breeding procedures routinely used for improving cross-pollinated plants are provided in numerous texts and articles, including: Allard, Principles of Plant Breeding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1960); Simmonds, Principles of Crop Improvement, Longman Group Limited (1979); Hallauer and Miranda, Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding, Iowa State University Press (1981); and, Jensen, Plant Breeding Methodology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1988).

(77) A) Mass Selection

(78) Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is either identified or created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population in which further cycles of selection are continued. In mass selection, desirable individual plants are chosen, harvested, and the seed composited without progeny testing to produce the following generation. Since selection is based on the maternal parent only, and there is no control over pollination, mass selection amounts to a form of random mating with selection. As stated above, the purpose of mass selection is to increase the proportion of superior genotypes in the population.

(79) B) Synthetics

(80) A synthetic variety is produced by crossing inter se a number of genotypes selected for good combining ability in all possible hybrid combinations, with subsequent maintenance of the variety by open pollination. Whether parents are (more or less inbred) seed-propagated lines, as in some sugar beet and beans (Vicia) or clones, as in herbage grasses, clovers and alfalfa, makes no difference in principle. Parents are selected on general combining ability, sometimes by test crosses or toperosses, more generally by polycrosses. Parental seed lines may be deliberately inbred (e.g. by selfing or sib crossing). However, even if the parents are not deliberately inbred, selection within lines during line maintenance will ensure that some inbreeding occurs. Clonal parents will, of course, remain unchanged and highly heterozygous.

(81) Whether a synthetic can go straight from the parental seed production plot to the farmer or must first undergo one or more cycles of multiplication depends on seed production and the scale of demand for seed. In practice, grasses and clovers are generally multiplied once or twice and are thus considerably removed from the original synthetic.

(82) While mass selection is sometimes used, progeny testing is generally preferred for polycrosses, because of their operational simplicity and obvious relevance to the objective, namely exploitation of general combining ability in a synthetic.

(83) The number of parental lines or clones that enters a synthetic varies widely. In practice, numbers of parental lines range from 10 to several hundred, with 100-200 being the average. Broad based synthetics formed from 100 or more clones would be expected to be more stable during seed multiplication than narrow based synthetics.

(84) iv. Hybrids

(85) A hybrid is an individual plant resulting from a cross between parents of differing genotypes. Commercial hybrids are now used extensively in many crops, including corn (maize), sorghum, sugar beet, sunflower and broccoli. Hybrids can be formed in a number of different ways, including by crossing two parents directly (single cross hybrids), by crossing a single cross hybrid with another parent (three-way or triple cross hybrids), or by crossing two different hybrids (four-way or double cross hybrids).

(86) Strictly speaking, most individuals in an out breeding (i.e., open-pollinated) population are hybrids, but the term is usually reserved for cases in which the parents are individuals whose genomes are sufficiently distinct for them to be recognized as different species or subspecies. Hybrids may be fertile or sterile depending on qualitative and/or quantitative differences in the genomes of the two parents. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, is usually associated with increased heterozygosity that results in increased vigor of growth, survival, and fertility of hybrids as compared with the parental lines that were used to form the hybrid. Maximum heterosis is usually achieved by crossing two genetically different, highly inbred lines.

(87) Once the inbreds that give the best hybrid performance have been identified, the hybrid seed can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parent is maintained. A single-cross hybrid is produced when two inbred lines are crossed to produce the F.sub.1 progeny. A double-cross hybrid is produced from four inbred lines crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F.sub.1 hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). Much of the hybrid vigor and uniformity exhibited by F.sub.1 hybrids is lost in the next generation (F.sub.2). Consequently, seed from F.sub.2 hybrid varieties is not used for planting stock.

(88) The production of hybrids is a well-developed industry, involving the isolated production of both the parental lines and the hybrids which result from crossing those lines. For a detailed discussion of the hybrid production process, see, e.g., Wright, Commercial Hybrid Seed Production 8:161-176, In Hybridization of Crop Plants.

(89) v. Bulk Segregation Analysis (BSA)

(90) BSA, a.k.a. bulked segregation analysis, or bulk segregant analysis, is a method described by Michelmore et al. (Michelmore et al., 1991, Identification of markers linked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 99:9828-9832) and Quarrie et al. (Quarrie et al., 1999, Journal of Experimental Botany, 50(337): 1299-1306).

(91) For BSA of a trait of interest, parental lines with certain different phenotypes are chosen and crossed to generate F.sub.2, doubled haploid or recombinant inbred populations with QTL analysis. The population is then phenotyped to identify individual plants or lines having high or low expression of the trait. Two DNA bulks are prepared, one from the individuals having one phenotype (e.g., resistant to virus), and the other from the individuals having reversed phenotype (e.g., susceptible to virus), and analyzed for allele frequency with molecular markers. Only a few individuals are required in each bulk (e.g., 10 plants each) if the markers are dominant (e.g., RAPDs). More individuals are needed when markers are co-dominant (e.g., RFLPs, SNPs or SSRs). Markers linked to the phenotype can be identified and used for breeding or QTL mapping.

(92) vi. Hand-Pollination Method

(93) Hand pollination describes the crossing of plants via the deliberate fertilization of female ovules with pollen from a desired male parent plant. In some embodiments the donor or recipient female parent and the donor or recipient male parent line are planted in the same field. In some embodiments the donor or recipient female parent and the donor or recipient male parent line are planted in the same greenhouse. The inbred male parent can be planted earlier than the female parent to ensure adequate pollen supply at the pollination time. In some embodiments, the male parent and female parent can be planted at a ratio of 1 male parent to 4-10 female parents. Pollination is started when the female parent flower is ready to be fertilized. Female flower buds that are ready to open in the following days are identified, covered with paper cups or small paper bags that prevent bee or any other insect from visiting the female flowers, and marked with any kind of material that can be easily seen the next morning. The male flowers of the male parent are collected in the early morning before they are open and visited by pollinating insects. The covered female flowers of the female parent, which have opened, are un-covered and pollinated with the collected fresh male flowers of the male parent, starting as soon as the male flower sheds pollen. The pollinated female flowers are again covered after pollination to prevent bees and any other insects visit. The pollinated female flowers are also marked. The marked flowers are harvested. In some embodiments, the male pollen used for fertilization has been previously collected and stored.

(94) vii. Bee-Pollination Method

(95) Using the bee-pollination method, the parent plants are usually planted within close proximity. In some embodiments more female plants are planted to allow for a greater production of seed. Insects are placed in the field or greenhouses for transfer of pollen from the male parent to the female flowers of the female parent.

(96) viii. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING)

(97) Breeding schemes of the present application can include crosses with TILLING® plant cultivars. TILLING® is a method in molecular biology that allows directed identification of mutations in a specific gene. TILLING® was introduced in 2000, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. TILLING® has since been used as a reverse genetics method in other organisms such as zebrafish, corn, wheat, rice, soybean, tomato and lettuce.

(98) The method combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis with a chemical mutagen (e.g., Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)) with a sensitive DNA screening-technique that identifies single base mutations (also called point mutations) in a target gene. EcoTILLING is a method that uses TILLING® techniques to look for natural mutations in individuals, usually for population genetics analysis (see Comai, et al., 2003 The Plant Journal 37, 778-786; Gilchrist et al. 2006 Mol. Ecol. 15, 1367-1378; Mejlhede et al. 2006 Plant Breeding 125, 461-467; Nieto et al. 2007 BMC Plant Biology 7, 34-42, each of which is incorporated by reference hereby for all purposes). DEcoTILLING is a modification of TILLING® and EcoTILLING which uses an inexpensive method to identify fragments (Garvin et al., 2007, DEco-TILLING: An inexpensive method for SNP discovery that reduces ascertainment bias. Molecular Ecology Notes 7, 735-746).

(99) The TILLING® method relies on the formation of heteroduplexes that are formed when multiple alleles (which could be from a heterozygote or a pool of multiple homozygotes and heterozygotes) are amplified in a PCR, heated, and then slowly cooled. A “bubble” forms at the mismatch of the two DNA strands (the induced mutation in TILLING® or the natural mutation or SNP in EcoTILLING), which is then cleaved by single stranded nucleases. The products are then separated by size on several different platforms.

(100) Several TILLING® centers exists over the world that focus on agriculturally important species: UC Davis (USA), focusing on Rice; Purdue University (USA), focusing on Maize; University of British Columbia (CA), focusing on Brassica napus; John Innes Centre (UK), focusing on Brassica raga; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research, focusing on Arabidopsis; Southern Illinois University (USA), focusing on Soybean; John Innes Centre (UK), focusing on Lotus and Medicago; and INRA (France), focusing on Pea and Tomato.

(101) More detailed description on methods and compositions on TILLING® can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,075, US 2004/0053236 A1, WO 2005/055704, and WO 2005/048692, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

(102) Thus, in some embodiments, the breeding methods of the present disclosure include breeding with one or more TILLING plant lines with one or more identified mutations.

(103) ix. Mutation Breeding

(104) Mutation breeding is another method of introducing new traits into bean plants. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means or mutating agents including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation (such as X-rays, Gamma rays, neutrons, Beta radiation, or ultraviolet radiation), chemical mutagens (such as base analogs like 5-bromo-uracil), antibiotics, alkylating agents (such as sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethyleneamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, or lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in W. R. Fehr, 1993, Principles of Cultivar Development, Macmillan Publishing Co.

(105) New breeding techniques such as the ones involving the uses of engineered nuclease to enhance the efficacy and precision of gene editing in combination with oligonucleotides including, but not limited to Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated endonuclease Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) using such as Cas9, Cas12a/Cpf1, Cas13/C2c2, CasX and CasY or oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis shall also be used to generate genetic variability and introduce new traits into bean varieties.

(106) x. Double Haploids and Chromosome Doubling

(107) One way to obtain homozygous plants without the need to cross two parental lines followed by a long selection of the segregating progeny, and/or multiple back-crossings is to produce haploids and then double the chromosomes to form doubled haploids. Haploid plants can occur spontaneously, or may be artificially induced via chemical treatments or by crossing plants with inducer lines (Seymour et al. 2012, PNAS vol 109, pg 4227-4232; Zhang et al., 2008 Plant Cell Rep. December 27(12) 1851-60). The production of haploid progeny can occur via a variety of mechanisms which can affect the distribution of chromosomes during gamete formation. The chromosome complements of haploids sometimes double spontaneously to produce homozygous doubled haploids (DHs). Mixoploids, which are plants which contain cells having different ploidies, can sometimes arise and may represent plants that are undergoing chromosome doubling so as to spontaneously produce doubled haploid tissues, organs, shoots, floral parts or plants. Another common technique is to induce the formation of double haploid plants with a chromosome doubling treatment such as colchicine (El-Hennawy et al., 2011 Vol 56, issue 2 pg 63-72; Doubled Haploid Production in Crop Plants 2003 edited by Maluszynski ISBN 1-4020-1544-5). The production of doubled haploid plants yields highly uniform cultivars and is especially desirable as an alternative to sexual inbreeding of longer-generation crops. By producing doubled haploid progeny, the number of possible gene combinations for inherited traits is more manageable. Thus, an efficient doubled haploid technology can significantly reduce the time and the cost of inbred and cultivar development.

(108) xi. Protoplast Fusion

(109) In another method for breeding plants, protoplast fusion can also be used for the transfer of trait-conferring genomic material from a donor plant to a recipient plant. Protoplast fusion is an induced or spontaneous union, such as a somatic hybridization, between two or more protoplasts (cells of which the cell walls are removed by enzymatic treatment) to produce a single bi- or multi-nucleate cell. The fused cell that may even be obtained with plant species that cannot be interbred in nature is tissue cultured into a hybrid plant exhibiting the desirable combination of traits.

(110) xii. Embryo Rescue

(111) Alternatively, embryo rescue may be employed in the transfer of resistance-conferring genomic material from a donor plant to a recipient plant. Embryo rescue can be used as a procedure to isolate embryo's from crosses wherein plants fail to produce viable seed. In this process, the fertilized ovary or immature seed of a plant is tissue cultured to create new plants (see Pierik, 1999, In vitro culture of higher plants, Springer, ISBN 079235267x, 9780792352679, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

(112) Grafting

(113) Grafting is a process that has been used for many years in crops. But grafting can be a tool in common bean breeding (Gurusamy et al. Can. J. Plant Sci. 90:299-304, 2010), which teaches that grafting shoots of different Phaseolus breeding materials onto compatible rootstocks can successfully be used as a tool in bean breeding programs. Grafting may be used to provide a certain level of resistance to telluric pathogens such as Phytophthora or to certain nematodes. Grafting is therefore intended to prevent contact between the plant or variety to be cultivated and the infested soil. The variety of interest used as the graft or scion, optionally an F.sub.1 hybrid, is grafted onto the resistant plant used as the rootstock. The resistant rootstock remains healthy and provides, from the soils, the normal supply for the graft that it isolates from the diseases. In some recent developments, it has also been shown that some rootstocks are also able to improve the agronomic value for the grafted plant and in particular the equilibrium between the vegetative and generative development that are always difficult to balance in bean cultivation.

(114) Breeding Evaluation

(115) Each breeding program can include a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary depending on the goal and objectives, but should include gain from selection per year based on comparisons to an appropriate standard, overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and number of successful cultivars produced per unit of input (e.g., per year, per dollar expended, etc.).

(116) Promising advanced breeding lines are thoroughly tested per se and in hybrid combination and compared to appropriate standards in environments representative of the commercial target area(s). The best lines are candidates for use as parents in new commercial cultivars; those still deficient in a few traits may be used as parents to produce new populations for further selection or in a backcross program to improve the parent lines for a specific trait.

(117) In one embodiment, the plants are selected on the basis of one or more phenotypic traits. Skilled persons will readily appreciate that such traits include any observable characteristic of the plant, including for example growth rate, vigor, plant health, maturity, branching, height, weight, total yield, color, taste, aroma, changes in the production of one or more compounds by the plant (including for example, metabolites, proteins, drugs, carbohydrates, oils, and any other compounds).

(118) A most difficult task is the identification of individuals that are genetically superior, because for most traits the true genotypic value is masked by other confounding plant traits or environmental factors. One method of identifying a superior plant is to observe its performance relative to other experimental plants and to a widely grown standard cultivar. If a single observation is inconclusive, replicated observations provide a better estimate of its genetic worth.

(119) Proper testing should detect any major faults and establish the level of superiority or improvement over current cultivars. In addition to showing superior performance, there must be a demand for a new cultivar that is compatible with industry standards or which creates a new market. The introduction of a new cultivar will incur additional costs to the seed producer, the grower, processor and consumer; for special advertising and marketing, altered seed and commercial production practices, and new product utilization. The testing preceding release of a new cultivar should take into consideration research and development costs as well as technical superiority of the final cultivar. For seed-propagated cultivars, it must be feasible to produce seed easily and economically.

(120) It should be appreciated that in certain embodiments, plants may be selected based on the absence, suppression or inhibition of a certain feature or trait (such as an undesirable feature or trait) as opposed to the presence of a certain feature or trait (such as a desirable feature or trait).

(121) Selecting plants based on genotypic information is also envisaged (for example, including the pattern of plant gene expression, genotype, or presence of genetic markers). Where the presence of one or more genetic marker is assessed, the one or more marker may already be known and/or associated with a particular characteristic of a plant; for example, a marker or markers may be associated with an increased growth rate or metabolite profile. This information could be used in combination with assessment based on other characteristics in a method of the disclosure to select for a combination of different plant characteristics that may be desirable. Such techniques may be used to identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs). By way of example, plants may be selected based on growth rate, size (including but not limited to weight, height, leaf size, stem size, branching pattern, or the size of any part of the plant), general health, survival, tolerance to adverse physical environments and/or any other characteristic, as described herein before.

(122) Further non-limiting examples include selecting plants based on: speed of seed germination; quantity of biomass produced; increased root, and/or leaf/shoot growth that leads to an increased yield (pods and/or beans) or biomass production; effects on plant growth that results in an increased seed yield for a crop; effects on plant growth which result in an increased pod yield; effects on plant growth that lead to an increased resistance or tolerance to disease including fungal, viral or bacterial diseases or to pests such as insects, mites or nematodes in which damage is measured by decreased foliar symptoms such as the incidence of bacterial or fungal lesions, or area of damaged foliage or reduction in the numbers of nematode cysts or galls on plant roots, or improvements in plant yield in the presence of such plant pests and diseases; effects on plant growth that lead to increased metabolite yields; effects on plant growth that lead to improved aesthetic appeal which may be particularly important in plants grown for their form, color or taste, for example the color intensity of bean leaves, or the taste of said leaves.

(123) Molecular Breeding Evaluation Techniques

(124) Selection of plants based on phenotypic or genotypic information may be performed using techniques such as, but not limited to: high through-put screening of chemical components of plant origin, sequencing techniques including high through-put sequencing of genetic material, differential display techniques (including DDRT-PCR, and DD-PCR), nucleic acid microarray techniques, RNA-seq (Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing), qRTPCR (quantitative real time PCR).

(125) In one embodiment, the evaluating step of a plant breeding program involves the identification of desirable traits in progeny plants. Progeny plants can be grown in, or exposed to conditions designed to emphasize a particular trait (e.g. drought conditions for drought tolerance, lower temperatures for freezing tolerant traits). Progeny plants with the highest scores for a particular trait may be used for subsequent breeding steps.

(126) In some embodiments, plants selected from the evaluation step can exhibit a 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 120% or more improvement in a particular plant trait compared to a control plant.

(127) In other embodiments, the evaluating step of plant breeding comprises one or more molecular biological tests for genes or other markers. For example, the molecular biological test can involve probe hybridization and/or amplification of nucleic acid (e.g., measuring nucleic acid density by Northern or Southern hybridization, PCR) and/or immunological detection (e.g., measuring protein density, such as precipitation and agglutination tests, ELISA (e.g., Lateral Flow test or DAS-ELISA), Western blot, Radioimmune Assay (RIA), immune labeling, immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM), and/or dot blot).

(128) The procedure to perform a nucleic acid hybridization, an amplification of nucleic acid (e.g., PCT, RT-PCR) or an immunological detection (e.g., precipitation and agglutination tests, ELISA (e.g., Lateral Flow test or DAS-ELISA), Western blot, MA, immunogold or immunofluorescent labeling, immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM), and/or dot blot tests) are performed as described elsewhere herein and well-known by one skilled in the art.

(129) In one embodiment, the evaluating step comprises PCR (semi-quantitative or quantitative), wherein primers are used to amplify one or more nucleic acid sequences of a desirable gene, or a nucleic acid associated with said gene or a desirable trait (e.g., a co-segregating nucleic acid, or other marker).

(130) In another embodiment, the evaluating step comprises immunological detection (e.g., precipitation and agglutination tests, ELISA (e.g., Lateral Flow test or DAS-ELISA), Western blot, RIA, immuno labeling (gold, fluorescent, or other detectable marker), immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM), and/or dot blot), wherein one or more gene or marker-specific antibodies are used to detect one or more desirable proteins. In one embodiment, said specific antibody is selected from the group consisting of polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, and combination thereof.

(131) Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) can be utilized in the present disclosure to determine expression of a gene to assist during the selection step of a breeding scheme. It is a variant of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a laboratory technique commonly used in molecular biology to generate many copies of a DNA sequence, a process termed “amplification”. In RT-PCR, however, RNA strand is first reverse transcribed into its DNA complement (complementary DNA, or cDNA) using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, and the resulting cDNA is amplified using traditional or real-time PCR.

(132) RT-PCR utilizes a pair of primers, which are complementary to a defined sequence on each of the two strands of the cDNA. These primers are then extended by a DNA polymerase and a copy of the strand is made after each cycle, leading to logarithmic amplification.

(133) RT-PCR includes three major steps. The first step is the reverse transcription (RT) where RNA is reverse transcribed to cDNA using a reverse transcriptase and primers. This step is very important in order to allow the performance of PCR since DNA polymerase can act only on DNA templates. The RT step can be performed either in the same tube with PCR (one-step PCR) or in a separate one (two-step PCR) using a temperature between 40° C. and 60° C., depending on the properties of the reverse transcriptase used.

(134) The next step involves the denaturation of the dsDNA at 95° C., so that the two strands separate and the primers can bind again at lower temperatures and begin a new chain reaction. Then, the temperature is decreased until it reaches the annealing temperature which can vary depending on the set of primers used, their concentration, the probe and its concentration (if used), and the cations concentration. The main consideration, of course, when choosing the optimal annealing temperature is the melting temperature (Tm) of the primers and probes (if used). The annealing temperature chosen for a PCR depends directly on length and composition of the primers. This is the result of the difference of hydrogen bonds between A-T (2 bonds) and G-C (3 bonds). An annealing temperature about 5 degrees below the lowest Tm of the pair of primers is usually used.

(135) The final step of PCR amplification is the DNA extension from the primers which is done by the thermostable Taq DNA polymerase usually at 72° C., which is the optimal temperature for the polymerase to work. The length of the incubation at each temperature, the temperature alterations and the number of cycles are controlled by a programmable thermal cycler. The analysis of the PCR products depends on the type of PCR applied. If a conventional PCR is used, the PCR product is detected using agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide (or other nucleic acid staining).

(136) Conventional RT-PCR is a time-consuming technique with important limitations when compared to real time PCR techniques. This, combined with the fact that ethidium bromide has low sensitivity, yields results that are not always reliable. Moreover, there is an increased cross-contamination risk of the samples since detection of the PCR product requires the post-amplification processing of the samples. Furthermore, the specificity of the assay is mainly determined by the primers, which can give false-positive results. However, the most important issue concerning conventional RT-PCR is the fact that it is a semi or even a low quantitative technique, where the amplicon can be visualized only after the amplification ends.

(137) Real time RT-PCR provides a method where the amplicons can be visualized as the amplification progresses using a fluorescent reporter molecule. There are three major kinds of fluorescent reporters used in real time RT-PCR, general non-specific DNA Binding Dyes such as SYBR Green I, TaqMan Probes and Molecular Beacons (including Scorpions).

(138) The real time PCR thermal cycler has a fluorescence detection threshold, below which it cannot discriminate the difference between amplification generated signal and background noise. On the other hand, the fluorescence increases as the amplification progresses and the instrument performs data acquisition during the annealing step of each cycle. The number of amplicons will reach the detection baseline after a specific cycle, which depends on the initial concentration of the target DNA sequence. The cycle at which the instrument can discriminate the amplification generated fluorescence from the background noise is called the threshold cycle (Ct). The higher is the initial DNA concentration, the lower its Ct will be.

(139) Other forms of nucleic acid detection can include next generation sequencing methods such as DNA SEQ or RNA SEQ using any known sequencing platform including, but not limited to: Roche 454, Solexa Genome Analyzer, AB SOLiD, Illumina GA/Hi Seq, Ion PGM, Mi Seq, among others (Liu et al., 2012 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Volume 2012 ID 251364; Franca et al., 2002 Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 35 pg 169-200; Mardis 2008 Genomics and Human Genetics vol 9 pg 387-402).

(140) In other embodiments, nucleic acids may be detected with other high throughput hybridization technologies including microarrays, gene chips, LNA probes, nanoStrings, and fluorescence polarization detection among others.

(141) In some embodiments, detection of markers can be achieved at an early stage of plant growth by harvesting a small tissue sample (e.g., branch, or leaf disk). This approach is preferable when working with large populations as it allows breeders to weed out undesirable progeny at an early stage and conserve growth space and resources for progeny which show more promise. In some embodiments the detection of markers is automated, such that the detection and storage of marker data is handled by a machine. Recent advances in robotics have also led to full service analysis tools capable of handling nucleic acid/protein marker extractions, detection, storage and analysis.

(142) Quantitative Trait Loci

(143) Breeding schemes of the present application can include crosses between donor and recipient plants. In some embodiments said donor plants contain a gene or genes of interest which may confer the plant with a desirable phenotype. The recipient line can be an elite line or cultivar having certain favorite traits such for commercial production. In one embodiment, the elite line may contain other genes that also impart said line with the desired phenotype. When crossed together, the donor and recipient plant may create a progeny plant with combined desirable loci which may provide quantitatively additive effect of a particular characteristic. In that case, QTL mapping can be involved to facilitate the breeding process.

(144) A QTL (quantitative trait locus) mapping can be applied to determine the parts of the donor plant's genome conferring the desirable phenotype, and facilitate the breeding methods. Inheritance of quantitative traits or polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of a phenotypic characteristic that varies in degree and can be attributed to the interactions between two or more genes and their environment. Though not necessarily genes themselves, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are stretches of DNA that are closely linked to the genes that underlie the trait in question. QTLs can be molecularly identified to help map regions of the genome that contain genes involved in specifying a quantitative trait. This can be an early step in identifying and sequencing these genes.

(145) Typically, QTLs underlie continuous traits (those traits that vary continuously, e.g. yield, height, level of resistance to virus, etc.) as opposed to discrete traits (traits that have two or several character values, e.g. smooth vs. wrinkled peas used by Mendel in his experiments). Moreover, a single phenotypic trait is usually determined by many genes. Consequently, many QTLs are associated with a single trait.

(146) A quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a region of DNA that is associated with a particular phenotypic trait—these QTLs are often found on different chromosomes. Knowing the number of QTLs that explains variation in the phenotypic trait tells about the genetic architecture of a trait. It may tell that a trait is controlled by many genes of small effect, or by a few genes of large effect or by a several genes of small effect and few genes of larger effect.

(147) Another use of QTLs is to identify candidate genes underlying a trait. Once a region of DNA is identified as contributing to a phenotype, it can be sequenced. The DNA sequence of any genes in this region can then be compared to a database of DNA for genes whose function is already known.

(148) In a recent development, classical QTL analyses are combined with gene expression profiling i.e., by DNA microarrays. Such expression QTLs (e-QTLs) describes cis- and trans-controlling elements for the expression of often disease-associated genes. Observed epistatic effects have been found beneficial to identify the gene responsible by a cross-validation of genes within the interacting loci with metabolic pathway and scientific literature databases.

(149) QTL mapping is the statistical study of the alleles that occur in a locus and the phenotypes (physical forms or traits) that they produce (see, Meksem and Kahl, The handbook of plant genome mapping: genetic and physical mapping, 2005, Wiley-VCH, ISBN 3527311165, 9783527311163). Because most traits of interest are governed by more than one gene, defining and studying the entire locus of genes related to a trait gives hope of understanding what effect the genotype of an individual might have in the real world.

(150) Statistical analysis is required to demonstrate that different genes interact with one another and to determine whether they produce a significant effect on the phenotype. QTLs identify a particular region of the genome as containing a gene that is associated with the trait being assayed or measured. They are shown as intervals across a chromosome, where the probability of association is plotted for each marker used in the mapping experiment.

(151) To begin, a set of genetic markers must be developed for the species in question. A marker is an identifiable region of variable DNA. Biologists are interested in understanding the genetic basis of phenotypes (physical traits). The aim is to find a marker that is significantly more likely to co-occur with the trait than expected by chance, that is, a marker that has a statistical association with the trait. Ideally, they would be able to find the specific gene or genes in question, but this is a long and difficult undertaking. Instead, they can more readily find regions of DNA that are very close to the genes in question. When a QTL is found, it is often not the actual gene underlying the phenotypic trait, but rather a region of DNA that is closely linked with the gene.

(152) For organisms whose genomes are known, one might now try to exclude genes in the identified region whose function is known with some certainty not to be connected with the trait in question. If the genome is not available, it may be an option to sequence the identified region and determine the putative functions of genes by their similarity to genes with known function, usually in other genomes. This can be done using BLAST, an online tool that allows users to enter a primary sequence and search for similar sequences within the BLAST database of genes from various organisms.

(153) Another interest of statistical geneticists using QTL mapping is to determine the complexity of the genetic architecture underlying a phenotypic trait. For example, they may be interested in knowing whether a phenotype is shaped by many independent loci, or by a few loci, and how those loci interact. This can provide information on how the phenotype may be evolving.

(154) Molecular markers are used for the visualization of differences in nucleic acid sequences. This visualization is possible due to DNA-DNA hybridization techniques (RFLP) and/or due to techniques using the polymerase chain reaction (e.g. STS, SNPs, microsatellites, AFLP). All differences between two parental genotypes will segregate in a mapping population based on the cross of these parental genotypes. The segregation of the different markers may be compared and recombination frequencies can be calculated. The recombination frequencies of molecular markers on different chromosomes are generally 50%. Between molecular markers located on the same chromosome the recombination frequency depends on the distance between the markers. A low recombination frequency usually corresponds to a low distance between markers on a chromosome. Comparing all recombination frequencies will result in the most logical order of the molecular markers on the chromosomes. This most logical order can be depicted in a linkage map (Paterson, 1996, Genome Mapping in Plants. R. G. Landes, Austin.). A group of adjacent or contiguous markers on the linkage map that is associated to a reduced disease incidence and/or a reduced lesion growth rate pinpoints the position of a QTL.

(155) The nucleic acid sequence of a QTL may be determined by methods known to the skilled person. For instance, a nucleic acid sequence comprising said QTL or a resistance-conferring part thereof may be isolated from a donor plant by fragmenting the genome of said plant and selecting those fragments harboring one or more markers indicative of said QTL. Subsequently, or alternatively, the marker sequences (or parts thereof) indicative of said QTL may be used as (PCR) amplification primers, in order to amplify a nucleic acid sequence comprising said QTL from a genomic nucleic acid sample or a genome fragment obtained from said plant. The amplified sequence may then be purified in order to obtain the isolated QTL. The nucleotide sequence of the QTL, and/or of any additional markers comprised therein, may then be obtained by standard sequencing methods.

(156) One or more such QTLs associated with a desirable trait in a donor plant can be transferred to a recipient plant to incorporate the desirable trait(s) into progeny plants by transferring and/or breeding methods.

(157) In one embodiment, an advanced backcross QTL analysis (AB-QTL) is used to discover the nucleotide sequence or the QTLs responsible for the resistance of a plant. Such method was proposed by Tanksley and Nelson in 1996 (Tanksley and Nelson, 1996, Advanced backcross QTL analysis: a method for simultaneous discovery and transfer of valuable QTL from un-adapted germplasm into elite breeding lines. Theor Appl Genet 92:191-203) as a new breeding method that integrates the process of QTL discovery with variety development, by simultaneously identifying and transferring useful QTL alleles from un-adapted (e.g., land races, wild species) to elite germplasm, thus broadening the genetic diversity available for breeding. AB-QTL strategy was initially developed and tested in tomato, and has been adapted for use in other crops including rice, maize, wheat, pepper, barley, and bean. Once favorable QTL alleles are detected, only a few additional marker-assisted generations are required to generate near isogenic lines (NILs) or introgression lines (ILs) that can be field tested in order to confirm the QTL effect and subsequently used for variety development.

(158) Isogenic lines in which favorable QTL alleles have been fixed can be generated by systematic backcrossing and introgressing of marker-defined donor segments in the recurrent parent background. These isogenic lines are referred to as near isogenic lines (NILs), introgression lines (ILs), backcross inbred lines (BILs), backcross recombinant inbred lines (BCRIL), recombinant chromosome substitution lines (RCSLs), chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), and stepped aligned inbred recombinant strains (STAIRSs). An introgression line in plant molecular biology is a line of a crop species that contains genetic material derived from a similar species. ILs represent NILs with relatively large average introgression length, while BILs and BCRILs are backcross populations generally containing multiple donor introgressions per line. As used herein, the term “introgression lines or ILs” refers to plant lines containing a single marker defined homozygous donor segment, and the term “pre-ILs” refers to lines which still contain multiple homozygous and/or heterozygous donor segments.

(159) To enhance the rate of progress of introgression breeding, a genetic infrastructure of exotic libraries can be developed. Such an exotic library comprises a set of introgression lines, each of which has a single, possibly homozygous, marker-defined chromosomal segment that originates from a donor exotic parent, in an otherwise homogenous elite genetic background, so that the entire donor genome would be represented in a set of introgression lines. A collection of such introgression lines is referred as libraries of introgression lines or IL libraries (ILLs). The lines of an ILL cover usually the complete genome of the donor, or the part of interest. Introgression lines allow the study of quantitative trait loci, but also the creation of new varieties by introducing exotic traits. High resolution mapping of QTL using ILLs enable breeders to assess whether the effect on the phenotype is due to a single QTL or to several tightly linked QTL affecting the same trait. In addition, sub-ILs can be developed to discover molecular markers which are more tightly linked to the QTL of interest, which can be used for marker-assisted breeding (MAB). Multiple introgression lines can be developed when the introgression of a single QTL is not sufficient to result in a substantial improvement in agriculturally important traits (Gur and Zamir, Unused natural variation can lift yield barriers in plant breeding, 2004, PLoS Biol.; 2(10):e245).

(160) Tissue Culture

(161) As is well known in the art, tissue culture of bean can be used for the in vitro regeneration of a bean plant. Tissue culture of various tissues of beans and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known and widely published. For example, reference may be had to McClean, P., Grafton, K. F., “Regeneration of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) via organogenesis,” Plant Sci., 60, 117-122 (1989); Mergeai, G., Baudoin, J. P., “Development of an in vitro culture method for heart-shaped embryo in Phaseolus vulgaris,” B.I.C. Invit. Papers 33, 115-116 (1990); Vanderwesthuizen, A. J., Groenewald, E. G., “Root Formation and Attempts to Establish Morphogenesis in Callus Tissues of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.),” S. Afr. J. Bot. 56, 271-273 (2 Apr. 1990); Benedicic, D., et al., “The regeneration of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants from meristem culture,” Abst. 5th I.A.P.T.C. Cong. 1, 91 (#A3-33) (1990); Genga, A., Allavena, A., “Factors affecting morphogenesis from immature cotyledons of Phaseolus coccineus L.,” Abst. 5th I.A.P.T.C. Cong. 1, 101 (#A3-75) (1990); Vaquero, F., et al., “Plant regeneration and preliminary studies on transformation of Phaseolus coccineus,” Abst. 5th I.A.P.T.C. Cong. 1, 106 (#A3-93) (1990); Franklin, C. I., et al., “Plant Regeneration from Seedling Explants of Green Bean (Phaseolus-Vulgaris L.) via Organogenesis,” Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 24, 199-206 (3 Mar. 1991); Malik, K. A., Saxena, P. K., “Regeneration in Phaseolus-vulgaris L.—Promotive Role of N6 Benzylaminopurine in Cultures from Juvenile Leaves,” Planta, 184(1), 148-150 (1991); Genga, A., Allavena, A., “Factors affecting morphogenesis from immature cotyledons of Phaseolus coccineus L.,” Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 27, 189-196 (1991); Malik, K. A., Saxena, P. K., “Regeneration in Phaseolus vulgaris L.—High-Frequency Induction of Direct Shoot Formation in Intact Seedlings by N-6-Benzylaminopurine and Thidiazuron,” 186, 384-389 (3 Feb. 1992); Malik, K. A., Saxena, P. K., “Somatic Embryogenesis and Shoot Regeneration from Intact Seedlings of Phaseolus acutifolius A., P. aureus (L.) Wilczek, P. coccineus L., and P. wrightii L.,” Pl. Cell. Rep., 11, 163 168 (3 Apr. 1992); Chavez, J., et al., “Development of an in vitro culture method for heart shaped embryo in Phaseolus polyanthus,” B.I.C. Invit. Papers 35, 215-216 (1992); Munoz-Florez, L. C., et al., “Finding out an efficient technique for inducing callus from Phaseolus microspores,” B.I.C. Invit. Papers 35, 217-218 (1992); Vaquero, F., et al., “A Method for Long-Term Micropropagation of Phaseolus coccineus L.,” L. Pl. Cell. Rep., 12, 395-398 (7-8 May 1993); Lewis, M. E., Bliss, F. A., “Tumor Formation and beta-Glucuronidase Expression in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Inoculated with Agrobacterium Tumefaciens,” Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 119, 361-366 (2 Mar. 1994); Song, J. Y., et al., “Effect of auxin on expression of the isopentenyl transferase gene (ipt) in transformed bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) single-cell clones induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58,” J. Plant Physiol. 146, 148-154 (1-2 May 1995). It is clear from the literature that the state of the art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are routinely used and have a very high rate of success. Thus, another aspect of this disclosure is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce bean plants having the physiological and morphological characteristics of bean plant WILLS.

(162) As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as pods, beans, embryos, pollen, flowers, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, meristematic cells, axillary buds, ovaries, seed coat, endosperm, hypocotyls, cotyledons and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES

(163) The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon a reading of the specification.

Example 1—Development of Bean Plant WILLS

(164) Development of Bean Plant WILLS

(165) Breeding History:

(166) Garden bean cultivar WILLS has superior characteristics and was developed from an initial cross that was made in Immokalee, Fla., in a greenhouse, in the fall. In the first year of development, the cross was made between two proprietary lines under stake numbers BEA3188PL (female) and BEA3433PL (male), the F.sub.1 generation was harvested in April in the greenhouse located in Sun Prairie, Wis., in plot W3411-7, and the F.sub.2 selection was made from the self-pollinated F1 plants in July near Coloma, Wis., in plot H309721. In the second year, the F.sub.3 selection was made from the self-pollinated F2 plants in February, near Los Mochis, Mexico, in plot M41868 and the F.sub.4 selection was made from the self-pollinated F3 plants in July near Coloma, Wis., in plot H404827. In the third year, the F.sub.5 selection was made from the self-pollinated F4 plants in February near Los Mochis, Mexico, in plot M50507 and the F.sub.6 selection was made from the self-pollinated F5 plants in July near Coloma, Wis., in plot H503701. In the fourth year, the F.sub.7 generation obtained from the self-pollinated F6 plants was bulked in February near Los Mochis, Mexico, in plot M62939. In the fifth year, the F.sub.8 generation obtained from the self-pollinated F7 plants was bulked in February near Los Mochis, Mexico, in plot M72202 and the F.sub.9 generation was harvested as 100 single plants from the self-pollinated F8 plants in September in Twin Falls, Id., in plot T704291. In the sixth year, the F.sub.10 generation obtained from the self-pollinated F9 plants was bulked by progeny row in February, near Los Mochis, Mexico, in plot M83601-648. The line was subsequently designated WILLS.

(167) Bean plant WILLS is similar to bean plant ‘Wyatt’ (U.S. Pat. No. 8,173,877 B2). Wyatt is a commercial bean variety. As shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3, while similar to bean plant ‘Wyatt’, there are significant differences including bean plant WILLS is resistant to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Anthracnose Races 7 and 73), while bean cultivar ‘Wyatt’ is susceptible.

(168) Bean plant WILLS is a 55-day maturity bean with uniform medium dark green pods on an upright plant structure (habit). The pods are very straight and smooth and are borne in the upper one-half of the plant. The majority of the pods are in the 3, 4, and 5 sieve range. Bean plant WILLS is a determinate plant and is resistant to Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV I-gene), Beet curly top virus (BCTV), Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Anthracnose Races 7 and 73), and Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae.

(169) The bean plant WILLS has shown uniformity and stability for the traits, within the limits of environmental influence for the traits as described in the following Variety Descriptive Information. No variant traits have been observed or are expected for agronomical important traits in bean plant WILLS.

(170) Bean plant WILLS, has the following morphologic and other characteristics, as compared to ‘Wyatt’ (based primarily on data collected in Sun Prairie, Wis., all experiments done under the direct supervision of the applicants).

(171) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Variety Descriptive Information Variety WILLS WYATT Market Maturity: Days to edible pods 55 54 Plant: Habit Determinate Determinate Pod position Medium-High Medium-High Bush form High Bush High Bush Leaves: Surface: Semi-glossy Semi-glossy Size: Medium Medium Color: Medium Medium dark-green dark-green Anthocyanin Pigment: Flower Absent Absent Stem Absent Absent Pods Absent Absent Seeds Absent Absent Leaves Absent Absent Petioles Absent Absent Peduncles Absent Absent Nodes Absent Absent Flower color: Color of standard White White Color of wings White White Color of keel White White Pods (edible maturity): Exterior color Medium Medium dark-green dark-green Cross section pod shape Round Round Creaseback Present Present Pubescence Sparse Sparse Constriction None None Fiber Sparse Sparse Number of seeds/pods  7  7 Suture string Absent Absent Seed development Medium Medium Machine harvest Adapted Adapted Distribution of sieve size at optimum maturity 7.34 mm to 8.34 mm - Sieve 3 10 30 8.34 mm to 9.53 mm - Sieve 4 70 60 9.53 mm to 10.72 mm - Sieve 5 20 10 Seed Color: Seed coat luster Semi-shiny Semi-shiny Seed coat Monochrome Monochrome Primary color White Green Seed coat pattern Solid Solid Hilar ring Absent Absent Seed Shape and Size Hilum view Oval Oval Cross section Oval Oval Side view Oval Oval Seed size (g/100 seeds) 26 25 Disease Resistance Bean Common Mosaic Virus Resistant Resistant (BCMV I gene) Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV) Resistant Resistant Pseudomonas syringae pv Resistant Resistant syringae Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Resistant Susceptible (Anthracnose Races 7 and 73)

Example 2—Field Trials Characteristics of Bean Plant WILLS

(172) Field Trials Characteristics of Bean Plant WILLS

(173) In Table 2 and 3, the traits and characteristics of bean plant WILLS are compared to the ‘Wyatt’ variety of beans. The data was collected from two field trial locations at Coloma, Wis. and at Sun Prairie, Wis. All experiments were done under the direct supervision of the applicants.

(174) In Tables 2 and 3, the first column shows the “trial location”. The second column shows the “planting date” when seeds were planted in the field. The third line shows the “harvest date” when the evaluations were done. The fourth line shows “Trait”, “Variety Name”, and the “Check Variety Name”. The fifth line shows the “plant height” in inches. The sixth line shows the “plant width” in inches. The seventh line indicates the “plant habit” (structure) with 1=prone (or sprawling) and 9=upright (or erect). The eighth line indicates the “pod length” in millimeters. The ninth line shows the relative “pod color” with 1=light and 9=dark. The tenth line shows the relative “maturity” (the number of days to edible pods). The eleventh line shows the “sieve 1-3%” i.e., the percentage of pods <8.34 mm in diameter. The twelfth line shows the “sieve 4%” i.e., the percentage of pods between 8.34 mm to 9.53 mm in diameter. The thirteenth column shows the “sieve 5%” i.e., the percentage of pods >9.53 mm in diameter.

(175) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Variety Characteristics from Field Trials Field Trials Trial Location Coloma, WI Planting Date May 29 May 29 Harvest date July 26 July 26 Trait WILLS Wyatt Plant Height 17 18 Plant Width 18 18 Plant Habit 7 7 Pod Length 145 150 Pod Color 7 8 Maturity 58 58 Sieve 1-3% 16 8 Sieve 4% 37 67 Sieve 5% 47 25

(176) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Variety Characteristics from Field Trials Field Trials Trial Location Sun Prairie, WI Planting Date June 7 June 7 Harvest date August 7 August 7 Trait WILLS Wyatt Plant Height 19 21 Plant Width 19 21 Plant Habit 7 7 Pod Length 145 165 Pod Color 7 7 Maturity 56 56 Sieve 1-3% 22 22 Sieve 4% 30 41 Sieve 5% 48 37

DEPOSIT INFORMATION

(177) A deposit of the bean seeds of this disclosure is maintained by HM.CLAUSE, INC., 260 Cousteau Place, Suite 100, Davis, Calif. 95618. In addition, a sample of the bean seed of this disclosure has been deposited with the National Collections of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB), NCIMB Ltd. Ferguson Building, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA Scotland. The deposit for the bean plant WILLS was made on May 17, 2022.

(178) To satisfy the enablement requirements of 35 U.S.C. 112, and to certify that the deposit of the isolated strain of the present disclosure meets the criteria set forth in 37 C.F.R. 1.801-1.809, Applicants hereby make the following statements regarding the deposited bean plant WILLS (deposited as NCIMB Accession No. 43986):

(179) 1. During the pendency of this application, access to the disclosure will be afforded to the Commissioner upon request;

(180) 2. All restrictions on availability to the public will be irrevocably removed upon granting of the patent under conditions specified in 37 CFR 1.808;

(181) 3. The deposit will be maintained in a public repository for a period of 30 years or 5 years after the last request or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer;

(182) 4. A test of the viability of the biological material at the time of deposit will be conducted by the public depository under 37 C.F.R. 1.807; and

(183) 5. The deposit will be replaced if it should ever become unavailable.

(184) Access to this deposit will be available during the pendency of this application to persons determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. § 1.14 and 35 U.S.C. § 122. Upon allowance of any claims in this application, all restrictions on the availability to the public of the variety will be irrevocably removed by affording access to a deposit of at least 625 seeds of the same variety with the NCIMB.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

(185) All references, articles, publications, patents, patent publications, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

(186) However, mention of any reference, article, publication, patent, patent publication, and patent application cited herein is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that they constitute valid prior art or form part of the common general knowledge in any country in the world.