PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF PROPOFOL

Abstract

The present provides a simple, convenient and time-efficient process for the preparation of propofol. Particularly, the present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of propofol using a heterocyclic base for the decarboxylation reaction. The present invention provides a time-efficient process for the preparation of propofol with high yield and purity.

Claims

1. A process for preparing a compound of formula I, ##STR00006## the process comprising decarboxylating 4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylbenzoic acid of formula II, ##STR00007## in the presence of a heterocyclic base.

2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the heterocyclic base comprises imidazole, an imidazole derivative, piperazine or pyrimidine.

3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the heterocyclic base comprises imidazole.

4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decarboxylation is carried out in the presence of a solvent.

5. The process as claimed in claim 4, wherein the solvent comprises anisole, toluene, or a mixture thereof.

6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decarboxylation step is carried out without addition of a solvent.

7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decarboxylation is carried out at a temperature in the range 120-170° C.

8. The process as claimed in claim 7, wherein the decarboxylation is carried out at a temperature in the range of 145-155° C.

9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decarboxylation is carried out for 30 minutes to 3.5 hours.

10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decarboxylation is carried out for 1 hour to 2 hours.

11. Propofol prepared by the process as claimed in claim 1.

12. Propofol according to claim 11, which is more than 99% pure by HPLC.

13. Propofol according to claim 12, which is more than 99.9% pure by HPLC.

14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of propofol prepared by the process as claimed in claim 1, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or carrier.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0033] The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (propofol),

##STR00004##

[0034] In an embodiment, the process comprises the step of decarboxylating 4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylbenzoic acid of formula II,

##STR00005##

[0035] in the presence of a heterocyclic base.

[0036] The heterocyclic base used in the decarboxylation may be selected from imidazole, imidazole derivatives, piperazine and pyrimidine. Preferably, the reaction is carried out in the presence of imidazole as a base. The reaction may be carried out at a temperature in the range of 120-170° C., preferably at a temperature in the range of 130-160° C., most preferably 145-155° C. The decarboxylation reaction is completed in 30 minutes to 3.5 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 3 hours, more preferably within 1 to 2 hours.

[0037] In one embodiment, the decarboxylation reaction is carried out in the presence of a solvent. The solvent may be selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, being preferably anisole, toluene or a mixture thereof.

[0038] Surprisingly, the decarboxylation reaction can also be carried out without a solvent. Solvent-free decarboxylation is especially advantageous as it allows to carry out the reaction in small volume vessels, which renders the synthesis more cost efficient. Therefore, another embodiment is solvent-free decarboxylation of the compound of formula II in the presence of a heterocyclic base such as imidazole, an imidazole derivative, piperazine, or pyrimidine, preferably imidazole.

[0039] It was surprisingly found that the process according to the present invention leads to significantly higher yield and purity than that obtained by the above-mentioned prior art processes.

[0040] In addition, the process according to the present invention accelerates the reaction process substantially. The decarboxylation reaction is completed significantly faster than the procedures discussed in prior arts, resulting in considerable cost savings, e.g. because of shorter facility use.

[0041] Propofol may be extracted from the reaction mixture by the addition of a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, halogenated solvents, ester solvents and mixture thereof. Preferably, the product is extracted from reaction mixture by addition of water and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. The product may be isolated from the reaction mixture using conventional method such as evaporation of solvent, distillation, the concentration of solvent or combination thereof. Preferably, propofol is extracted from the reaction mixture by addition of water and toluene, and isolated from the organic layer by concentration and/or by distillation of the solvent. Propofol prepared by the process of present invention may be optionally purified using high vacuum distillation.

[0042] Propofol prepared by the process according to the present invention is highly pure and is suitable for pharmaceutical use. Propofol prepared by the process of the present invention is more than 99% pure by HPLC, preferably more than 99.5% pure by HPLC, more preferably 99.9% pure by HPLC. In some embodiments, the propofol prepared by the process of the present invention is 99%-99.9%, 99%-99.5%, or 99.5%-99.9% pure by HPLC.

[0043] The starting material, 4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylbenzoic acid, of formula II as used in the present invention can be prepared by using prior art methods e.g. using the process reported in Organic Process Research & Development, 18(1), 152-156; 2014. Specifically, 4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylbenzoic acid may be prepared by alkylation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of isopropanol and an inorganic acid.

[0044] The inorganic acid may be selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid and sulfuric acid, preferably sulfuric acid. The acid may be used as concentrated or aqueous mineral acid. The reaction mixture comprising 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, isopropanol, and an inorganic acid may be heated to a temperature of 40-70° C., until completion of the alkylation reaction. The reaction mixture may be cooled to 0° C. to ambient temperature followed by isolation of 4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylbenzoic acid of formula II. The resulting compound may be extracted from the reaction mixture by the addition of water and an organic solvent. The organic solvent may be selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as anisole, toluene; halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, and mixtures thereof, preferably toluene. The resulting product may be isolated from the organic layer using conventional methods such as precipitation using acid and/or base treatment followed by filtration.

[0045] The resulting compound of formula II may be proceeded as such for the further decarboxylation reaction or purified with a solvent selected from water, an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, and mixtures thereof.

[0046] In another embodiment, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of highly pure propofol prepared by the process of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s)/carrier(s). Further, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be a liquid suspension or a lipid emulsion, preferably an injectable composition. The active ingredient(s) and excipient(s)/carrier(s) can be formulated into compositions and dosage forms according to the method known in the art.

[0047] The therapeutically effective amount, as described above, includes the amount required to treat/alleviate the severity of symptoms associated with these ailments as decided by the persons of ordinary skill in the art.

[0048] The use of a heterocyclic base for decarboxylation, provides a time-efficient process for the commercial manufacturing of propofol and, surprisingly, avoids the need of multiple washings during the process. Another advantage of the present invention is to avoid the use of high boiling solvent during the decarboxylation reaction, which may impact the quality of the final API and requires extensive workup.

[0049] The following examples describe specific embodiments of the present invention, which will be clear and sufficient to the person skilled in the art. These examples are provided as illustration only and therefore should not be construed as limitation of the scope of the invention. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

EXAMPLES

Reference Example 1: Preparation of 4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylbenzoic acid (Organic Process Research & Development, 18(1), 152-156; 2014)

[0050] Isopropanol (95.5 g) was added to a solution of conc. sulfuric acid (250 ml) in demineralized water (17.5 ml) and stirred for 10-15 minutes. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (100 g) was added to the above mixture and stirred for 10-15 minutes at -10 to 0° C. followed by stirring for 16-18 hours at 40-50° C. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0-10° C., and pre-cooled toluene (500 ml) and demineralized water (1000 ml) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 40-50° C. for 5-10 minutes and layers were separated. The aqueous layer was washed with toluene (300 ml) and organic layers were combined. Demineralized water (1000 ml) was added to the combined organic layer followed by pH adjustment with dilute sodium hydroxide between pH 9-11 and stirred for 5-10 minutes at ambient temperature. Layers were separated and dilute hydrochloric acid (70 ml conc. HCl in 140 ml water) was added to the aqueous layer and stirred for 7-8 hours at 20-30° C. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with water and dried. The product was treated with methanol and demineralised water to give 100-120 g of 4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylbenzoic acid.

Reference Example 2: Preparation of Propofol using Triethylamine

[0051] To a mixture of 3,5-diisopropyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (90 g) in dimethylformamide (270 ml), triethylamine (205 g, 2.025 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 100-105° C. for 27 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20° C. and diluted with water (900 ml) followed by addition of toluene (540 ml). 3% Diluted hydrochloric acid (450 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred. The organic layer was separated and washed with 3% diluted hydrochloric acid (450 ml) and water (2×450 ml). The resulting organic layer was washed with 10% sodium chloride solution (450 ml), distilled (1-5 Mbar, 115-130° C.), degassed under reduced pressure and fractionally distilled to provide 57 g of propofol of 97.93% (purity) by HPLC.

Example 1: Preparation of Propofol using Imidazole without Solvent

[0052] 4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylbenzoic acid (50 g) and imidazole (7.65 g) were stirred at 20-30° C. for 15 minutes followed by stirring at 145-155° C. for 1.5-2 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and diluted with water (125 ml). The organic layer was separated and washed with water (125 ml). The resulting organic layer was degassed and distilled (1-5 Mbar, 115-130° C.) under reduced pressure to provide 35.27 g of propofol having 99.9% purity (HPLC).

Example 2: Preparation of Propofol using Imidazole and Toluene as the Solvent

[0053] To a mixture of 3,5-diisopropyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (100 g) in toluene (200 ml), imidazole (15.3 g, 0.5 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 145-155° C. for 1.5-2 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and diluted with water (250 ml) followed by addition of toluene (500 ml). The organic layer was separated and washed with sodium bicarbonate (10g in 200 ml water). The resulting organic layer was washed with water (250 ml), diluted hydrochloric acid (10 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid in 250 ml water) and then again with water (250 ml). The resulting organic layer was washed with water, degassed and distilled (1-5 Mbar, 115-130° C.) under reduced pressure to provide 71.31 g of propofol of 99.97% (purity) by HPLC.

Example 3: Preparation of Propofol using Imidazole and Anisole as the Solvent

[0054] To a mixture of 3,5-diisopropyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (100 g) in anisole (50 ml), imidazole (15.3 g, 0.5 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 145-155° C. for 1-2 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and diluted with water (250 ml) followed by toluene (500 ml). The organic layer was separated, washed with diluted hydrochloric acid (250 ml), and washed with water (250 ml). The resulting organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and then distilled (5-10 Mbar, 90-100° C.) under reduced pressure to provide 75 g of propofol having 99.8% purity (HPLC).

Example 4: Purification of Propofol

[0055] Crude propofol (100 g) was heated to 115-130° C. and fractionally distilled under reduced pressure (1-5 Mbar) at a temperature of 115-130° C. to give 92.11 g of propofol having 99.97% purity (HPLC).