THERMOELECTRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT AND THERMOELECTRIC CONVERSION DEVICE

Abstract

A thermoelectric conversion device (20) includes a substrate (22) and a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements (24, 25) on the substrate (22) . Each of the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements (24, 25) has a rectangular parallelepiped shape and is made of an alloy including Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2, an iron nitride (such as Fe.sub.16N.sub.2), or a rare-earth element and Co, the alloy exhibiting an anomalous Nernst effect. The thermoelectric conversion elements (24, 25) are arranged parallel to a direction (y direction) perpendicular to a longitudinal direction (x direction) to form a serpentine shape, and electrically connected in series.

Claims

1. A thermoelectric conversion element made of an alloy including a transition metal, the alloy being a compound having a crystal structure including a Kagome lattice plane constituted by the transition metal, and the alloy exhibiting an anomalous Nernst effect.

2. The thermoelectric conversion element according to claim 1, wherein the compound is Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2.

3. The thermoelectric conversion element according to claim 1, wherein the compound is made of an alloy including a rare-earth element and Co.

4. The thermoelectric conversion element according to claim 3, wherein the compound has a composition of RCo.sub.5 where R is the rare-earth element.

5. The thermoelectric conversion element according to claim 3, wherein the compound has a composition of RCo.sub.4M where R is the rare-earth element and M is B or Ga.

6. A thermoelectric conversion device comprising: a substrate; and a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements on the substrate, wherein each of the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements is defined as the thermoelectric conversion element according to claim 1, and has a shape extending in one direction, and the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements are arranged in parallel in a direction perpendicular to the one direction and electrically connected in series.

7. The thermoelectric conversion device according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements are arranged in a serpentine shape.

8. A thermoelectric conversion device comprising: a hollow member; and the thermoelectric conversion element according to claim 1, the thermoelectric conversion element being a sheet-shaped element or a wire rod covering an outer surface of the hollow member.

9. A thermoelectric conversion element made of an iron nitride and exhibiting an anomalous Nernst effect.

10. The thermoelectric conversion element according to claim 9, wherein the iron nitride is Fe.sub.16N.sub.2.

11. A thermoelectric conversion device comprising: a substrate; and a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements on the substrate, wherein each of the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements is defined as the thermoelectric conversion element according to claim 9, and has a shape extending in one direction, and the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements are arranged in parallel in a direction perpendicular to the one direction and electrically connected in series.

12. The thermoelectric conversion device according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements are arranged in a serpentine shape.

13. A thermoelectric conversion device comprising: a hollow member; and the thermoelectric conversion element according to claim 9, the thermoelectric conversion element being a sheet-shaped element or a wire rod covering an outer surface of the hollow member.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a thermoelectric mechanism using a thermoelectric conversion element according to embodiments.

[0012] FIG. 2A is a schematic view of a crystal structure of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2.

[0013] FIG. 2B is a schematic view of a crystal structure of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 in an ab plane.

[0014] FIG. 3A is a graph illustrating temperature dependence of magnetization of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 in zero-field cooling and field cooling when a magnetic field is applied parallel to the ab plane.

[0015] FIG. 3B is a graph illustrating a temperature derivative of the magnetization shown in FIG. 3A.

[0016] FIG. 3C is a graph illustrating magnetic field dependence of magnetization of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 at 5 K, 200 K, and 300 K when the magnetic field is applied parallel to the ab plane.

[0017] FIG. 4A is a graph illustrating temperature dependence of magnetization of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 in zero-field cooling and field cooling when the magnetic field is applied parallel to a c-axis .

[0018] FIG. 4B is a graph illustrating magnetic field dependence of magnetization of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 at 5 K, 200 K, and 300 K when the magnetic field is applied parallel to the c-axis.

[0019] FIG. 5A is a graph illustrating magnetic field dependence of a Nernst coefficient of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 at 200 K, 300 K, and 390 K.

[0020] FIG. 5B is a graph illustrating magnetic field dependence of Hall resistivity of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 at 200 K and 300 K.

[0021] FIG. 5C is a graph illustrating temperature dependence of the Nernst coefficient of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2.

[0022] FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a crystal structure of Fe.sub.16N.sub.2.

[0023] FIG. 7A is a graph illustrating magnetic field dependence of a Nernst coefficient of a first sample made of Fe.sub.16N.sub.2.

[0024] FIG. 7B is a graph illustrating magnetic field dependence of a Nernst coefficient of a second sample made of Fe.sub.16N.sub.2.

[0025] FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a crystal structure of RCo.sub.5 (where R is a rare-earth element).

[0026] FIG. 9A is a graph illustrating an X-ray diffraction pattern of a YCo.sub.5 polycrystal.

[0027] FIG. 9B is a graph illustrating magnetic field dependence of magnetization of the YCo.sub.5 polycrystal at 10 K and 300 K.

[0028] FIG. 9C is a graph illustrating temperature dependence of the magnetization of the YCo.sub.5 polycrystal.

[0029] FIG. 9D is a graph illustrating magnetic field dependence of a Nernst coefficient of the YCo.sub.5 polycrystal at 100 K, 200 K, and 300 K.

[0030] FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a crystal structure of RCo.sub.4M (where R is a rare-earth element, and M is B or Ga).

[0031] FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating magnetic field dependence of a Nernst coefficient of DyCo.sub.4Ga at 300 K and 350 K.

[0032] FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating a configuration of a thermoelectric conversion device according to Example 1 including the thermoelectric conversion elements of the embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 13 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a thermoelectric conversion device according to Example 2 including the thermoelectric conversion elements of the embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 14 is an external view illustrating a configuration of a thermoelectric conversion device according to Example 3 including the thermoelectric conversion element of the embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0035] Exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings are schematic, and a relationship between a plane dimension and a thickness and a ratio of the thickness between members are different from actual ones.

[0036] First, a thermoelectric conversion element according to the embodiments of the invention and a thermoelectric mechanism thereof will be described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0037] As shown in FIG. 1, a thermoelectric conversion element 1 according to the embodiments has a rectangular parallelepiped shape extending in one direction (y direction), has a predetermined thickness (length in a z direction), and is magnetized in a +z direction. When a heat current Q (∝ -VT) flows through the thermoelectric conversion element 1 in a +x direction, a temperature difference is created in the +x direction. As a result, in the thermoelectric conversion element 1, the anomalous Nernst effect generates electromotive force V (∝ M × (-∇T)) in an outer product direction (y direction) orthogonal to both the direction of the heat current Q (+x direction) and the direction of magnetization M (+z direction) .

[0038] Among materials exhibiting the anomalous Nernst effect, Co.sub.2MnGa has a Nernst coefficient that reaches a record high value of about 6 .Math.V/K at room temperature and about 8 .Math.V/K at 400 K, reported by the inventor of the present application (see Nature Physics 14, 1119-1124 (2018) and International Publication No. WO 2019/009308) .

Fe.SUB.3.Sn.SUB.2

[0039] The inventor of the present application was able to demonstrate that a Nernst coefficient of an alloy of Fe (iron) and Sn (tin), which are inexpensive and non-toxic materials, approaches the record high value.

[0040] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show a crystal structure of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 capable of exhibiting the anomalous Nernst effect. The crystal structure of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 is composed of a Fe-Sn Kagome bilayer and a Sn layer stacking alternately along a c-axis direction. In the Fe-Sn Kagome bilayer, the Fe atoms form two Kagome lattice layers. The Sn layer has a honeycomb structure. As shown in FIG. 2A, two Fe-Sn Kagome bilayers are separated by the Sn layer. As shown in FIG. 2B, each of the Fe-Sn Kagome bilayers has two kinds of equilateral triangles with different Fe-Fe lengths (solid line, broken line) , and the Sn atoms within the bilayer occupy centers of hexagons of the Kagome lattice.

[0041] Such an Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 ferromagnetic material can be prepared by a known method such as a self-flux method. Alternatively, a sputtering method, a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, or other such method may be employed to produce a thin film of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2. Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 may be a single crystal or a polycrystal. Because Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 is a very stable material, the crystal can be pulverized into powder to produce ink.

[0042] FIG. 3A shows temperature dependence of magnetization M of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 in zero-field cooling (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) when a magnetic field B of 100 Oe is applied parallel to an ab plane. FIG. 3B shows a temperature derivative of the magnetization shown in FIG. 3A (dM/dT) . FIG. 3C shows magnetic field dependence of the magnetization M of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 at T = 5 K, 200 K, and 300 K when the magnetic field B is applied parallel to the ab plane.

[0043] FIG. 3A indicates that the magnetization in FC is slightly larger than that in ZFC at a low temperature because domains are aligned in FC while the domains are not aligned in ZFC. FIGS. 3A and 3B indicate that a transition temperature (Curie temperature) Tc of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 is 656 K. FIG. 3C indicates that at T = 5 K, saturation magnetization of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 reaches 6.03 .Math.B/F.U., and the saturation magnetization per Fe atom is 2.01 .Math.B.

[0044] FIG. 4A shows the temperature dependence of the magnetization M of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 in ZFC and FC when the magnetic field B of 100 Oe is applied parallel to the c-axis. FIG. 4B shows the magnetic field dependence of the magnetization M of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 at T = 5 K, 200 K, and 300 K when the magnetic field B is applied parallel to the c-axis. FIG. 4A suggests that even at a low temperature, almost the same magnetization is observed in FC and ZFC. FIG. 4B suggests that almost the same saturation magnetization as that in FIG. 3C is observed.

[0045] FIGS. 5A to 5C show results of observation of the anomalous Nernst effect and an anomalous Hall effect of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2. Specifically, FIG. 5A shows magnetic field dependence of a Nernst coefficient S.sub.yx of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 at T = 200 K, 300 K, and 390 K when the magnetic field B is applied parallel to [0001] and a heat current Q flows parallel to [2-1-10]. FIG. 5B shows magnetic field dependence of Hall resistivity ρ.sub.yx of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 at T = 200 K and 300 K when the magnetic field B is applied parallel to [0001] and a current I flows parallel to [2-1-10]. FIG. 5C shows temperature dependence of the Nernst coefficient S.sub.yx of Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 when the magnetic field B = 2T is applied parallel to [0001] and the heat current Q flows parallel to [2-1-10]. Here, four integers in a square bracket represent Miller indices.

[0046] FIGS. 5A and 5C suggest that the Nernst coefficient S.sub.yx of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2 has large temperature dependence, and its absolute value | S.sub.yx | is about 2.4 .Math.V/K at T = 300 K and reaches about 5.1 .Math.V/K at T = 390 K. In addition, | S.sub.yx | at T = 150 K or lower is found to be almost zero, whereas | S.sub.yx | at a temperature exceeding T = 150 K is found to rapidly increase with increase in temperature. Further, FIG. 5B suggests that Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2 exhibits a large anomalous Hall effect at room temperature.

[0047] As described above, a large anomalous Nernst effect can be exhibited in Fe.sub.2Sn.sub.2.

Iron Nitride

[0048] The inventor of the present application has further found that the anomalous Nernst effect is also exhibited in an iron nitride.

[0049] FIG. 6 shows a crystal structure of Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 capable of exhibiting the anomalous Nernst effect. In a unit cell of Fe.sub.16N.sub.2, N (nitrogen) atoms have a body-centered cubic (bcc) structure, and Fe atoms occupy three crystallographically different sites (4e, 4d and 8h) . Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 can be prepared by a known method. For example, Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 can be prepared by sputtering iron in a nitrogen atmosphere.

[0050] FIG. 7A shows magnetic field dependence of the Nernst coefficient S.sub.yx of a first sample made of Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 at T = 300 K. FIG. 7B shows magnetic field dependence of the Nernst coefficient S.sub.yx of a second sample made of Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 at T = 300 K. Although the first sample and the second sample are both prepared on substrates made of MgO, a contact state between the first sample and a terminal is different from a contact state between the second sample and a terminal. As shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, | S.sub.yx | of Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 is about 0.6 .Math.V/K and about 0.8 .Math.V/K, suggesting that the anomalous Nernst effect is exhibited.

[0051] Even in an iron nitride other than Fe.sub.16N.sub.2, the anomalous Nernst effect is expected to be observed. For example, Fe.sub.4N has a crystal structure belonging to a space group Pm-3m, and a Curie temperature Tc is as high as 760 K. By high-throughput calculation, a maximum value of a transverse thermoelectric conductivity a [A/Km] of Fe.sub.4N at Fermi energy is estimated to be 2.4 A/Km at T = 500 K or lower.

R-Co Based Alloy

[0052] Further, the inventor of the present application has found that the anomalous Nernst effect is also exhibited in an R—Co based alloy as typified by RCo.sub.5. Here, R is a rare-earth element, and examples of such a rare-earth element include Y (yttrium), La (lanthanum), Ce (cerium), Pr (praseodymium), Nd (neodymium) , Sm (samarium), Gd (gadolinium) , Tb (terbium), Dy (dysprosium), Ho (holmium), and Er (erbium).

[0053] FIG. 8 shows a crystal structure of RCo.sub.5. RCo.sub.5 has a hexagonal structure with a space group P6/mmm in which an a-axis and a b-axis share the same length, an angle a between the b-axis and a c-axis and an angle β between the c-axis and the a-axis are a = β = 90°, and an angle .sub.Y between the a-axis and the b-axis is .sub.Y = 120°. In RCo.sub.5, R atoms occupy 1a sites, and Co atoms occupy 2c sites and 3g sites constituting a Kagome lattice plane. Related substances of RCo.sub.5 include R.sub.2Co.sub.7 and R.sub.2CO.sub.17.

[0054] FIG. 9A shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of a YCo.sub.5 polycrystal prepared by arc melting. For comparison, the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from simulation is also shown. These X-ray diffraction patterns can confirm that the YCo.sub.5 polycrystal sample has a single phase.

[0055] FIG. 9B shows magnetic field dependence of the magnetization M of the YCo.sub.5 polycrystal at 10 K and 300 K. FIG. 9C shows temperature dependence of the magnetization M of the YCo.sub.5 polycrystal when a magnetic field B = 1T is applied. FIG. 9B and FIG. 9C can confirm that a ferromagnetic state is realized.

[0056] FIG. 9D shows magnetic field dependence of the Nernst coefficient S.sub.yx of the YCo.sub.5 polycrystal at 100 K, 200 K, and 300 K. FIG. 9D indicates that | S.sub.yx | takes a relatively large value of 1.7 .Math.V/K at 300 K (room temperature).

[0057] In an RCo.sub.5 single crystal, a larger Nernst coefficient can be obtained. Table 1 shows a composition formula, the space group, the Curie temperature Tc, the transverse thermoelectric conductivity a, and the Nernst coefficient S.sub.yx of the RCo.sub.5 single crystal. The transverse thermoelectric conductivity a and the Nernst coefficient S.sub.yx shown in Table 1 are values at room temperature. Here, R = Y, Dy, Ho, Tb, Er, Gd, and Sm. As shown in Table 1, S.sub.yx of the YCo.sub.5 single crystal at room temperature is 4.33 .Math.V/K, which is a much larger value.

TABLE-US-00001 Composition Formula Space Group T.sub.c a (A/mK) S.sub.yx (.Math.V/K) YCo.sub.5 P6/mmm 900 K 4.10 4.33 DyCo.sub.5 P6/mmm 973 K 3.49 3.66 HoCo.sub.5 P6/mmm ~ 1000 K 3.44 3.48 TbCo.sub.5 P6/mmm 980 K 3.34 3.40 ErCo.sub.5 P6/mmm 986 K 3.49 3.23 GdCo.sub.5 P6/mmm 1008 K 3.13 3.00 SmCo.sub.5 P6/mmm 1029 K 2.56 2.15

[0058] RCo.sub.5 has a high Curie temperature of 900 K or higher, and shows strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. For example, when R is La, Ce, Pr, Sm, or Y, RCo.sub.5 has an easy axis in the c-axis direction at room temperature. In addition, by pulverizing particles of RCo.sub.5 to particles with a single magnetic domain size, it is possible to produce a permanent magnet with large coercivity, exhibiting the Nernst effect in a zero magnetic field.

[0059] The anomalous Nernst effect can also be exhibited in a compound with a composition of RCo.sub.4M. Here, M is B (boron) or Ga (gallium).

[0060] FIG. 10 shows a crystal structure of RCo.sub.4M. In RCo.sub.4M, the R atoms occupy 1a and 1b sites, and the Co atoms occupy 2c sites and 6i sites constituting the Kagome lattice plane.

[0061] FIG. 11 shows magnetic field dependence of the Nernst coefficient S.sub.yx of DyCo.sub.4Ga at 300 K and 350 K. FIG. 11 indicates that |S.sub.yx| takes a relatively large value of 1.5 .Math.V/K at 350 K.

[0062] In addition to RCo.sub.5 and RCo.sub.4M described above, a large Nernst coefficient value can also be obtained for R.sub.2Co.sub.7, R.sub.2Co.sub.17, RCo.sub.3, RCo.sub.4-xB.sub.x, and RCo.sub.4-xGa.sub.x.

[0063] Next, reference will be made to a thermoelectric conversion device in which the thermoelectric conversion element of the embodiments is modularized.

Example 1

[0064] FIG. 12 shows an external configuration of a thermoelectric conversion device 20 according to Example 1 of the embodiments. The thermoelectric conversion device 20 includes a substrate 22 and a power generator 23 placed on the substrate 22. In the thermoelectric conversion device 20, when a heat current Q flows from the substrate 22 side toward the power generator 23, a temperature difference is created in a heat current direction in the power generator 23, and the anomalous Nernst effect generates an electric voltage V in the power generator 23.

[0065] The substrate 22 has a first surface 22a on which the power generator 23 is placed, and a second surface 22b opposite to the first surface 22a. Heat from a heat source (not shown) is applied to the second surface 22b. Examples of a material of the substrate 22 include, but are not limited to, MgO, Si, and Al.sub.2O.sub.3.

[0066] The power generator 23 includes a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 24 and a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 25, and each of the thermoelectric conversion elements has an L-shaped three-dimensional shape and is made of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2, the iron nitride (Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 or Fe.sub.4N) , or the R—Co based alloy described above. As shown in FIG. 12, the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 24 and the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 25 are alternately arranged in parallel on the substrate 22 in a direction (y direction) perpendicular to a longitudinal direction (x direction) of each of the thermoelectric conversion elements. The number of the thermoelectric conversion elements 24 and the thermoelectric conversion elements 25 constituting the power generator 23 are not limited.

[0067] The plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 24 and the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 25 are arranged such that a direction of magnetization M1 of the thermoelectric conversion elements 24 is opposite to a direction of magnetization M2 of the thermoelectric conversion elements 25. The Nernst coefficient of the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 24 has the same sign as that of the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 25.

[0068] The thermoelectric conversion element 24 has a first side surface (+y side) and a second side surface (-y side) in the longitudinal direction (x direction), and a first end (+x side) on the first side surface (+y side) is defined as a first end face 24a, and a second end (-x side) on the second side surface (-y side) is defined as a second end face 24b. The thermoelectric conversion element 25 has a first side surface (+y side) and a second side surface (-y side) in the longitudinal direction (x direction), and a second end (-x side) on the first side surface (+y side) is defined as a first end face 25a, and a first end (+x side) on the second side surface (-y side) is defined as a second end face 25b.

[0069] The first end face 25a of the thermoelectric conversion element 25 is connected to the second end face 24b of the adjacent thermoelectric conversion element 24 on the +y side, and the second end face 25b of the thermoelectric conversion element 25 is connected to the first end face 24a of the adjacent thermoelectric conversion element 24 on the opposite side (-y side). With this structure, the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 24 and the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 25 are electrically connected in series. That is, the power generator 23 is provided in a serpentine shape on the first surface 22a of the substrate 22. The thermoelectric conversion elements 24 and the thermoelectric conversion elements 25 are insulated from each other except for the connection points.

[0070] When heat from the heat source is applied to the second surface 22b of the substrate 22, the heat current Q flows in the +z direction toward the power generator 23. When the heat current Q creates the temperature difference, the anomalous Nernst effect generates an electromotive force E1 in a direction (-x direction) orthogonal to both the direction of the magnetization M1 (-y direction) and the direction of the heat current Q (+z direction) in the thermoelectric conversion elements 24. In the thermoelectric conversion elements 25, the anomalous Nernst effect generates an electromotive force E2 in a direction (+x direction) orthogonal to both the direction of the magnetization M2 (+y direction) and the direction of the heat current Q (+z direction).

[0071] As described above, since the thermoelectric conversion elements 24 and the thermoelectric conversion elements 25, which are arranged in parallel, are electrically connected in series, the electromotive force E1 generated in one thermoelectric conversion element 24 can be applied to the adjacent thermoelectric conversion elements 25. In addition, since the direction of the electromotive force E1 generated in one thermoelectric conversion element 24 is opposite to that of the electromotive force E2 generated in the adjacent thermoelectric conversion elements 25, the electromotive force in the thermoelectric conversion elements 24 and the electromotive force in the adjacent thermoelectric conversion elements 25 are added up, thereby increasing an output voltage V.

[0072] A modified configuration of the thermoelectric conversion device 20 of FIG. 12 may be employed such that the Nernst coefficient of the thermoelectric conversion element 24 is opposite in sign to that of the adjacent thermoelectric conversion element 25, and the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 24 and the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 25 share the same magnetization direction (that is, the magnetization M1 and the magnetization M2 have the same direction).

Example 2

[0073] FIG. 13 is a plan view of a thermoelectric conversion device 30 according to Example 2 of the embodiments. The thermoelectric conversion device 30 includes, as a power generator 34, a plurality of rectangular parallelepiped-shaped thermoelectric conversion elements 1A having Nernst coefficients with the same sign. Each of the thermoelectric conversion elements 1A is made of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2, the iron nitride, or the R—Co based alloy described above.

[0074] The plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 1A are arranged in parallel on a substrate 32 in a direction (y direction) perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (x direction) such that they share the same direction of the magnetization M (y direction). Each thermoelectric conversion element 1A has a first end (+x side) and a second end (-x side), and the first end of one thermoelectric conversion element 1A is connected to the second end of the adjacent thermoelectric conversion element 1A on the -y side via a copper wiring 36, and thus the plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements 1A are electrically connected in series. Examples of a material of the substrate 32 include, but are not limited to, MgO, Si, and A1.sub.2O.sub.3.

[0075] The heat current flows from the substrate 32 side toward the power generator 34 (in a +z direction) . Since the thermoelectric conversion device 30 has a configuration in which the adjacent thermoelectric conversion elements 1A are connected to each other via the copper wiring 36, the thermoelectric conversion device 30 can be manufactured more easily than the thermoelectric conversion device 20 of Example 1 shown in FIG. 12.

Example 3

[0076] The thermoelectric mechanism using the anomalous Nernst effect allows the temperature gradient, the magnetization direction, and the direction of the electric voltage to be orthogonal to one another, which makes it possible to produce a thin sheet-shaped thermoelectric conversion element.

[0077] FIG. 14 shows an external configuration of a thermoelectric conversion device 40 according to Example 3 including a sheet-shaped thermoelectric conversion element 44. Specifically, the thermoelectric conversion device 40 includes a hollow member 42 and the elongated sheet-shaped (tape-shaped) thermoelectric conversion element 44 winding around the hollow member 42 to cover an outer surface of the hollow member 42. The thermoelectric conversion element 44 is made of Fe.sub.3Sn.sub.2, the iron nitride, or the R—Co based alloy described above.

[0078] The magnetization of the thermoelectric conversion element 44 is parallel to a longitudinal direction (x direction) of the hollow member 42. When the heat current flows from the inside toward the outside of the hollow member 42 and creates the temperature gradient, the anomalous Nernst effect generates an electric voltage V along a longitudinal direction of the elongated thermoelectric conversion element 44 (i.e., along a direction perpendicular to both the magnetization direction and the direction of the heat current) .

[0079] Instead of the elongated sheet-shaped thermoelectric conversion element 44 of the thermoelectric conversion device 40 of FIG. 14, a wire-rod thermoelectric conversion element may be wound around the hollow member 42.

[0080] Here, in FIGS. 12 to 14, let the longitudinal length of the thermoelectric conversion element (s) be denoted by L and a thickness (height) of the thermoelectric conversion element(s) be denoted by H. The electric voltage generated by the anomalous Nernst effect is proportional to L/H. That is, the longer and thinner the thermoelectric conversion element(s), the larger the generated electric voltage. Therefore, the anomalous Nernst effect is expected to be enhanced by employing the power generator having the thermoelectric conversion elements which are electrically connected in series, or employing the wire-rod thermoelectric conversion element or the elongated sheet-shaped thermoelectric conversion element.

[0081] The thermoelectric conversion devices described in Examples 1 to 3 are applicable to various fields. Specific examples of such applications include stand-alone power supplies for Internet of Things (IoT) sensors or heat flux sensors, in a temperature range between room temperature and several hundred degrees Celsius.

[0082] For example, by applying the thermoelectric conversion device of the embodiments to a heat flux sensor, it is possible to determine whether thermal insulation performance of a building is good or bad. By providing the thermoelectric conversion device in an exhaust device of a motor vehicle, it is possible to convert heat from exhaust gas (waste heat) into electricity, and to effectively use the thermoelectric conversion device as an auxiliary power supply. Further, by arranging heat flux sensors in a mesh-like pattern on a wall surface of a certain space, it is possible to perform space recognition of heat current or heat sources. This technique is expected to be applicable to, for example, a high-precision temperature control of high-density crop cultivation or livestock growth, or to a driver detection system for automatic driving. The heat flux sensors can also be used in room air conditioning management, or core body temperature management in medical treatment. In addition, the thermoelectric conversion element of the embodiments can be formed into powder or paste, thus offering promising applications in a wide range of fields.

[0083] The embodiments have focused on the electric voltage generated by the anomalous Nernst effect. In practice, the output voltage can be increased by synergy among the electric voltage generated by the Seebeck effect resulting from the temperature gradient, the Hall effect that occurs based on the electric voltage generated by the Seebeck effect, and the electric voltage generated by the anomalous Nernst effect.

REFERENCE SIGN LIST

[0084] 1, 1A, 24, 25, 44: thermoelectric conversion element [0085] 20, 30, 40: thermoelectric conversion device [0086] 22, 32: substrate [0087] 23, 34: power generator [0088] 42: hollow member