Abstract
According to the present invention, a light source and one pixel unit formed of at least one light reception element among a light reception element array (photodiode array) are provided in a one-to-one correspondence, and a light beam is detected from at least one light reception element (one pixel unit) corresponding to the light source, only when the light source emits light. Therefore, only one collimated or further substantially condensed light beam is incident into “a foreign substance/defect” in an object to be inspected, and only scattered light can be separated by the light reception element and be detected. Accordingly, even when an object to be inspected has a light scattering property and is thick, “a foreign substance/defect” can be detected with a good signal to noise ratio (crosstalk is extremely low).
Claims
1. A foreign substance/defect inspection device, comprising: an illumination optical system including optical scanning means that performs scanning with a) a light beam obtained by collimating light emitted from one light source or a plurality of light sources arranged to be separated linearly with respect to at least one or more inspection surfaces in an inspection object having light scattering property, or a light beam obtained by further substantially concentrating a collimated light beam, or b) a light beam obtained by adjustment of narrowing light emitted from one light source or a plurality of light sources arranged to be separated linearly with respect to at least one or more inspection surfaces in an inspection object having light scattering property, or a light beam obtained by adjustment of spreading the light; a light receiving optical system that is arranged in parallel with a scanning direction of the illumination optical system such that the light source and one pixel unit including at least one light receiving element have a one-to-one correspondence, and includes a plurality of light receiving elements that receive scattered light, diffused light, or light having intensity after absorption/diffuse reflection, and transmission and diffusion from a foreign substance or a defect in the inspection object after the foreign substance or the defect is irradiated with the light beam transmitted through an inspection surface of the inspection object; and detecting means that causes a light beam from the light source at an optional position in a main scanning direction of the illumination optical system to be detected only by a corresponding light receiving element, wherein, a spatial resolution of the one pixel unit including at least one light receiving element is equal to or higher than a spatial resolution of the light beam formed by the illumination optical system on an inspection surface of an inspection object.
2. (canceled)
3. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, wherein: a scanning interval of the light beam of the illumination optical system is equal to or less than a spatial resolution of a pixel unit including at least one light receiving element arranged in a main scanning direction.
4. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, wherein: size of the collimated light beam or a light beam obtained by further substantially concentrating a collimated light beam is 10 μm or more and 1000 μm or less, and size of the light receiving element satisfies 200 dpi or more.
5. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, wherein: an inspection object is a medium having property of transmitting light emitted from the light source or a medium having a property of reflecting light emitted from the light source.
6. (canceled)
7. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, wherein: the light receiving optical system includes a lens system that forms an image of light transmitted through an inspection surface of an inspection object on the light receiving element; and wherein the detecting means outputs a signal only for a light receiving element near a central portion of the light beam at each scanning position in the plurality of light receiving elements in synchronization with scanning with the light beam in the illumination optical system.
8. (canceled)
9. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of combinations of the light source and the at least one light receiving element of one pixel unit with respect to one inspection surface of the inspection object.
10. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, wherein: the light source of the illumination optical system is a light source including at least one LD or at least one LED, and scanning with a light beam obtained by collimating a laser emitted from the light source or a light beam obtained by further substantially concentrating a collimated light beam can be performed in an arrangement direction of the plurality of light receiving elements on the inspection surface of the inspection object.
11.-14. (canceled)
15. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, wherein: the light receiving element is a line sensor or an area sensor.
16. (canceled)
17. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, wherein: the light receiving optical system includes a lens array; the lens array includes a multi-eye lens having a one-to-one correspondence with each pixel, and an aperture corresponding to each pixel in a one-to-one manner is provided between the multi-eye lens and each pixel, and each of the apertures is located on an optical axis of each light source.
18. (canceled)
19. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, further comprising: the light source having at least one or more wavelength; and wherein an aperture angle of the lens system is 1 mrad to 20 mrad with respect to an incident angle on the lens system of scattered light generated by light scattering in light transmitted through the inspection surface, diffused light, or light having intensity of absorption/diffuse reflection and transmission and diffusion.
20. (canceled)
21. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, wherein: the plurality of light sources arranged to be separated linearly are a plurality of linear light sources having a plurality of lines and a same wavelength or linear light sources having a plurality of different wavelengths.
22. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of inspection surfaces of the inspection object and a plurality of depth of field regions in an optical axis direction.
23. An image generation device that processes a signal acquired by the foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 1 into image information and outputs the image information.
24. A foreign substance/defect inspection method, comprising the steps of: scanning with a light beam by an illumination optical system including optical scanning means that performs scanning with a) a light beam obtained by collimating light emitted from one light source or a plurality of light sources arranged to be separated linearly with respect to at least one or more inspection surfaces in an inspection object having light scattering property, or a light beam obtained by further substantially concentrating a collimated light beam, or b) a light beam obtained by adjustment of narrowing light emitted from one light source or a plurality of light sources arranged to be separated linearly with respect to at least one or more inspection surfaces in an inspection object having light scattering property, or a light beam obtained by adjustment of spreading the light; receiving a light beam by a light receiving optical system that is arranged in parallel with a scanning direction of the illumination optical system such that the light source and one pixel unit including at least one light receiving element have a one-to-one correspondence, and includes a plurality of light receiving elements that receive scattered light, diffused light, or light having intensity after absorption/diffuse reflection, and transmission and diffusion from a foreign substance or a defect in the inspection object after the foreign substance or the defect is irradiated with the light beam transmitted through an inspection surface of the inspection object; and causing a light beam from the light source at an optional position in a main scanning direction of the illumination optical system to be detected only by a corresponding light receiving element, wherein, a spatial resolution of the one pixel unit including at least one light receiving element is equal to or higher than a spatial resolution of the light beam formed by the illumination optical system on an inspection surface of an inspection object.
25. (canceled)
26. The foreign substance/defect inspection method according to claim 24, wherein: a scanning interval of the light beam of the illumination optical system is equal to or less than a spatial resolution of a pixel unit including at least one light receiving element arranged in a main scanning direction.
27. The foreign substance/defect inspection method according to claim 24, further comprising: the light source having a plurality of wavelengths.
28. The foreign substance/defect inspection method according to claim 24, wherein: the plurality of light sources arranged to be separated linearly are a plurality of linear light sources having a plurality of lines and a same wavelength or linear light sources having a plurality of different wavelengths.
29. The foreign substance/defect inspection device according to claim 24, further comprising: a plurality of inspection surfaces of the inspection object and a plurality of depth of field regions in an optical axis direction.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0030] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional CIS.
[0031] FIG. 2 is an exploded oblique view of a linear illumination optical system for the conventional CIS.
[0032] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the present invention.
[0033] FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating crosstalk of scattered light to an adjacent pixel according to the present invention.
[0034] FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating that a parallel light flux of the present invention is incident on a light receiving lens array, spreads after emission, and becomes background noise on a light receiving element.
[0035] FIG. 5A is a signal in which a crosstalk component and a background noise component are mixed in a conventional invention.
[0036] FIG. 5B is a signal in a case where there is almost no crosstalk component or background noise component in the present invention.
[0037] FIG. 6A is a graph showing forward scattering with particle size of 10 μm, and shows Mie scattering in a case where a transmissive medium is polycarbonate and particles are silica (logarithmic scale).
[0038] FIG. 6B is a graph showing forward scattering with particle size of 10 μm, and shows Mie scattering in a case where a transmissive medium is polycarbonate and particles are silica (logarithmic scale).
[0039] FIG. 6C is a graph showing forward scattering with particle size of 17 μm, and shows Mie scattering in a case where a transmissive medium is polycarbonate and particles are silica (logarithmic scale).
[0040] FIG. 6D is a graph showing forward scattering with particle size of 17 μm, and shows Mie scattering in a case where a transmissive medium is polycarbonate and particles are silica (logarithmic scale).
[0041] FIG. 6E is a graph showing forward scattering with particle size of 25 μm, and shows Mie scattering in a case where a transmissive medium is polycarbonate and particles are silica (logarithmic scale).
[0042] FIG. 6F is a graph showing forward scattering with particle size of 25 μm, and shows Mie scattering in a case where a transmissive medium is polycarbonate and particles are silica (logarithmic scale).
[0043] FIG. 6G is a graph showing forward scattering with particle size of 30 μm, and shows Mie scattering in a case where a transmissive medium is polycarbonate and particles are silica (logarithmic scale).
[0044] FIG. 6H is a graph showing forward scattering with particle size of 30 μm, and shows Mie scattering in a case where a transmissive medium is polycarbonate and particles are silica (logarithmic scale).
[0045] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a multi-beam illumination-multi-beam scanning system of the present invention.
[0046] FIG. 8 illustrates light scattering due to a non-transmissive “foreign substance/defect”.
[0047] FIG. 9A is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a reflection type.
[0048] FIG. 9B is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of a reflection type of the present invention.
[0049] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of another system for further reducing a crosstalk component according to the present invention. This is a system in which an aperture (array) corresponding to each multi-eye lens of a light receiving system is provided.
[0050] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a case where collimated light beams adjacent to each other overlap each other (cross-sectional view as viewed from an optical axis direction).
[0051] FIG. 12A is a schematic diagram of an experiment of an edge method of the present invention.
[0052] FIG. 12B is a schematic diagram of an experiment of an edge method of a conventional technique.
[0053] FIG. 13 illustrates a beam profile of an LD in an embodiment of the present invention.
[0054] FIG. 14A shows (1) a graph (standard value) showing a response of an edge signal in a case of two diffusion plates and (2) a difference between adjacent pixels of an edge response signal (standard value) in the embodiment of the present invention.
[0055] FIG. 14B shows (1) a graph (standard value) showing a response of an edge signal in a case of three diffusion plates and (2) a difference between adjacent pixels of an edge response signal (standard value) in the embodiment of the present invention.
[0056] FIG. 14C shows (1) a graph (standard value) showing a response of an edge signal in a case of four diffusion plates and (2) a difference between adjacent pixels of an edge response signal (standard value) in the embodiment of the present invention.
[0057] FIG. 14D shows (1) a graph (standard value) showing a response of an edge signal in a case of five diffusion plates and (2) a difference between adjacent pixels of an edge response signal (standard value) in the embodiment of the present invention.
[0058] FIG. 15A shows (1) a graph (standard value) showing a response of an edge signal in a case of two diffusion plates and (2) a difference between adjacent pixels of an edge response signal (standard value) in a conventional system.
[0059] FIG. 15B shows (1) a graph (standard value) showing a response of an edge signal in a case of three diffusion plates and (2) a difference between adjacent pixels of an edge response signal (standard value) in the conventional system.
[0060] FIG. 15C shows (1) a graph (standard value) showing a response of an edge signal in a case of four diffusion plates and (2) a difference between adjacent pixels of an edge response signal (standard value) in the conventional system.
[0061] FIG. 15D shows (1) a graph (standard value) showing a response of an edge signal in a case of five diffusion plates and (2) a difference between adjacent pixels of an edge response signal (standard value) in the conventional system.
[0062] FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating a simulation model of the present invention.
[0063] FIG. 17A is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located at the center of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.00 wt %.
[0064] FIG. 17B is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located at the center of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.04 wt %.
[0065] FIG. 17C is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located at the center of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.08 wt %.
[0066] FIG. 17D is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located at the center of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.12 wt %.
[0067] FIG. 17E is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located at the center of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.16 wt %.
[0068] FIG. 17F is a graph illustrating a result of simulation in a case where a foreign particle is located at the center of a light scattering transmissive medium, and illustrates output comparison at each concentration of the light scattering transmissive medium.
[0069] FIG. 18A is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in an light source side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.00 wt %.
[0070] FIG. 18B is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in a light source side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.04 wt %.
[0071] FIG. 18C is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in a light source side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.08 wt %.
[0072] FIG. 18D is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in an light source side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.12 wt %.
[0073] FIG. 18E is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in a light source side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.16 wt %.
[0074] FIG. 18F is a graph illustrating a result of simulation in a case where a foreign particle is located in a light source side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium, and illustrates output comparison at each concentration.
[0075] FIG. 19A is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in a light receiving sensor side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.00 wt %.
[0076] FIG. 19B is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in a light receiving sensor side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.04 wt %.
[0077] FIG. 19C is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in a light receiving sensor side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.08 wt %.
[0078] FIG. 19D is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in a light receiving sensor side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.12 wt %.
[0079] FIG. 19E is a graph showing a result of simulation, and shows a case where a foreign particle is located in a light receiving sensor side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium and concentration of scattering particles in the light scattering transmissive medium is 0.16 wt %.
[0080] FIG. 19F is a graph illustrating a result of simulation in a case where a foreign particle is located in a light receiving sensor side end portion of a light scattering transmissive medium, and illustrates output comparison at each concentration.
[0081] FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram illustrating a one-to-one correspondence between a plurality of light sources arranged in a main scanning direction and a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element.
[0082] FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating that one light source is used for scanning by a mechanical deflection means, and a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element and one light source have a one-to-one correspondence.
[0083] FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram illustrating that a plurality of beams is selectively used as one light source by DMD and a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element has a one-to-one correspondence.
[0084] FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram illustrating that one light source is used for scanning and a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element has a one-to-one correspondence.
[0085] FIG. 24 is a conceptual diagram of an inspection method according to a conventional technique.
[0086] FIG. 25 is a diagram of FIG. 3 as viewed from the side, and illustrates a system in which in a case where an inspection object is thick and a depth of field of a light receiving lens array is smaller than thickness of the inspection object, a depth of field position is shifted in an optical axis direction, scattered light is branched by a beam splitter, and detection can be performed in the entire thickness direction of the inspection object.
MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0087] Hereinafter, in the present invention, the foreign substance and the scratch, unevenness, defect, missing, attached foreign substance, and the like in a thick inspection object as described above are simply referred to as “foreign substance/defect”. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a foreign substance/defect inspection device according to the present invention. However, it is also possible to provide an image generation device that processes a signal acquired by the foreign substance/defect inspection device into image information and outputs the image information.
[0088] Reference numeral 31a in FIG. 3 denotes a light source. The light source 31a is formed by arranging a plurality of laser diodes (hereinafter referred to as LDs) or a plurality of light emitting diodes (hereinafter referred to as LEDs) in a manner separated linearly. Reference numeral 31b is a side view of 31a. The LD preferably has low coherence in which an interference pattern such as a speckle pattern does not occur. Light emitted from the light source 31a is collimated by a collimator lens 32a and becomes substantially parallel beams 33 as many as the number of light sources. Reference number 32b is a side view of 32a. Note that the light source 31b and the collimator lens 32b illustrated in the side view (solid line) are at actual positions, and 31a and 32a are virtually illustrated by a two-dot chain line. A plurality of the substantially parallel beams 33 are incident on an inspection object 34, and scattered light 36 scattered by a “foreign substance/defect” 35 in the inspection object 34 is captured in a depth of field of a light receiving lens array 37, concentrated at a focal position 39 of the light receiving lens array 37, and incident on a light receiving element array 38. The light receiving element array 38 is generally a line sensor having one line in a sub-scanning direction, but may be a line sensor or an area sensor having a plurality of lines in the sub-scanning direction. The light receiving lens array 37 is preferably a refractive index distribution lens array represented by a SELFOC lens, but may be a lens array in which a plurality of other spherical lenses and the like are arranged linearly. Further, light collimated by the collimator lens 32a may be further substantially concentrated. Here, “substantially concentrated” is not limited to a configuration in which light emitted from the LED is concentrated, and includes a case where a beam waist of a laser beam is formed using a converging lens or the like. Size (beam diameter) of a light beam collimated by the collimator lens 32a or a light beam obtained by further substantially concentrating the collimated light beam is preferably about 10 μm with which particles in a Mie scattering region can be supported to about 1000 with which particles in a geometric optical approximation region can be supported. However, light collimated by the collimator lens 32a may be adjusted to be narrowed or spread according to a depth and thickness of a light scattering transmissive medium.
[0089] In a case where there is no “foreign substance/defect” in an inspection object, light is incident on the light receiving lens array 37 as a substantially parallel beam, and thus, the light is not focused and radiated at the focal position 39 of the light receiving lens array 37, and in the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 38, direct light is attenuated and becomes a bias component. For this reason, in the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 38, only a signal component (fluctuation component) of the scattered light 36 due to the “foreign substance/defect” to which the bias component of the direct light is added or subtracted is detected.
[0090] Here, a method of suppressing a crosstalk component in the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 38 will be described. In a case where light sources are simultaneously turned on, light is linearly illuminated in an arrangement direction of the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 38. For this reason, in a situation where “foreign substances/defects” are arranged in the arrangement direction, the same light receiving element (photodiode) receives scattered light of the “foreign substances/defects” at different positions at the same time, and it becomes difficult to identify a position. That is, position detection resolution is lowered. A crosstalk prevention method is to make one light source correspond to one photodiode. That is, making a light source and a light receiving element (photodiode) correspond to each other on a one-to-one basis in one pixel unit is one of means for avoiding crosstalk. One pixel includes at least one light receiving element, and the configuration is not limited to a configuration in which one pixel includes one light receiving element, and one pixel may include a plurality of light receiving elements.
[0091] FIG. 3 will be described again. In FIG. 3, a plurality of combinations of a light source and a light receiving element are provided on one inspection surface of an inspection object. In this case, it is preferable to perform scanning with a light beam in a main scanning direction (arrangement direction of a plurality of light sources) by sequentially turning on a plurality of the light sources so that adjacent light sources are not simultaneously turned on. At this time, a control unit (not illustrated) capable of individually controlling operation of each light source functions as a light scanning means for scanning with a light beam. The optical scanning means, the light source 31a, the collimator lens 32a, and the like constitute an illumination optical system. On the other hand, the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 38 constitutes a light receiving optical system. Further, the light receiving lens array 37 constitutes a lens system that forms an image of light transmitted through an inspection surface of an inspection object on a light receiving element of the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 38, and the lens system is included in the light receiving optical system. However, the optical scanning means may be configured to move a light source itself in an arrangement direction of light receiving elements. Alternatively, the light scanning means may include a mechanical deflection means for light from a light source. The mechanical deflection means is, for example, a polygon mirror, a galvanometer mirror, a resonant mirror, a digital mirror device, or the like. Further, a set of the illumination optical system and the light receiving optical system may be movable in an optical axis direction, or may be a plurality of the illumination optical systems and the light receiving optical system in which a depth of field does not overlap in the optical axis direction corresponding to a plurality of inspection surfaces. In a case where there are a plurality of the illumination optical systems, for example, a plurality of the light sources 31a arranged to be separated linearly may have a plurality of lines. In this case, a plurality of the linear light sources 31a having the same wavelength may be used, or the linear light sources 31a having a plurality of different wavelengths may be used. In a case where only the light receiving optical system does not overlap in the optical axis direction, various means for branching light to the light receiving optical system are used. For example, there is a method of using one or a plurality of optical elements such as a beam splitter. Alternatively, there is also a method in which each wavelength is separated by a dichroic mirror to determine a type of a foreign substance.
[0092] A method of branching with a beam splitter is illustrated in FIG. 25. FIG. 25 is a diagram of FIG. 3 as viewed from the side, and illustrates a system in which in a case where the inspection object 34 is thick and a depth of field of the light receiving lens array 37 is smaller than thickness of the inspection object 34, a depth of field position is shifted in an optical axis direction, scattered light is branched by beam splitters 40a and 40b, and detection can be performed in the entire thickness direction of the inspection object 34. In FIG. 25, three of light receiving lens arrays 37a, 37b, and 37c and light receiving element arrays 38a, 38b, and 38c, and two of the beam splitters 40a and 40b are provided. The inspection object 34 has a plurality of depth of field regions A1 to A3 in an optical axis direction. The light receiving lens array 37a and the light receiving element array 38a correspond to the depth of field region A1, the light receiving lens array 37b and the light receiving element array 38b correspond to the depth of field region A2, and the light receiving lens array 37c and the light receiving element array 38c correspond to the depth of field region A3. A part of light transmitted through the inspection object 34 is reflected by the beam splitter 40a, concentrated by the light receiving lens array 37a, and incident on the light receiving element array 38a. Further, a part of light having passed through the beam splitter 40a is reflected by the beam splitter 40b, concentrated by the light receiving lens array 37b, and incident on the light receiving element array 38b. Light having passed through the beam splitter 40b is concentrated by the light receiving lens array 37c and is incident on the light receiving element array 38c. Transmittances and reflectances of the beam splitters 40a and 40b are made equal to those of the light receiving element arrays 38a, 38b, and 38c. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 25, in a case of three branches, by setting the reflectance of the beam splitter 40a on which light is incident first to approximately 33% and the reflectance of the beam splitter 40b on which light is incident next to 50%, an amount of light incident on each of the light receiving element arrays 38a, 38b, and 38c can be made approximately 1:1:1, and SN can be made approximately equal. As the beam splitter, a beam splitter that does not have wavelength dependency and does not use an interference effect is preferable.
[0093] Here, the system of the present invention will be summarized once again. FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram illustrating that a plurality of light sources of the present invention has a one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element. FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating that scanning with one light source is performed by a mechanical deflection unit (for example, a galvanometer mirror, a polygon mirror, a resonant mirror, or the like), and one beam has a one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element. FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram illustrating that a plurality of light sources is selectively set as one light source by a digital mirror device (hereinafter referred to as DMD), and the light source has a one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element. FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram illustrating that scanning with one light source in the main scanning direction is performed, and the light source has a one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element. That is, cases can be roughly classified into the case where, firstly, a plurality of light sources arranged apart from each other in the main scanning direction has a one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of light sources including at least one light receiving element (see FIG. 20), the case where, secondly, scanning with one light source is performed by a beam scanning means in the main scanning direction, or a plurality of light sources selectively serves as one light source, and the light source has a one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element (see FIGS. 21 and 22), and the case where, thirdly, one light source is obtained by a means of converting one beam into one beam having a beam diameter smaller than that of the beam, and the light source has a one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of pixels including at least one light receiving element arranged in the main scanning direction (see FIG. 23).
[0094] Next, FIG. 24 shows a conceptual diagram of an inspection method according to a conventional technique. However, a light receiving lens system is not illustrated for simplicity. A light source of the conventional technique of FIG. 24 illuminates the entire inspection object. Further, with respect to a light receiving element, light is divided into scattered light and non-scattered light directed directly to the light receiving element, and the non-scattered light contributes to foreign substance detection. However, it is not incident on a foreign substance and is mixed with the non-scattered light directed directly to the light receiving element from another path of the inspection object other than a foreign substance, and crosstalk is shown to occur.
[0095] On the other hand, in the case of FIG. 23 in the present invention, as described above, since the light source and the light receiving element in the diagram have a one-to-one correspondence, scattered light is not incident on the light receiving element having a one-to-one correspondence, and crosstalk is less likely to occur. The conceptual diagram illustrated in FIG. 23 is a system of moving (scanning with) a light source (beam), but in the case of FIG. 20 which is another system, a plurality of light sources (light source arrays) arranged apart from each other in the main scanning direction have a one-to-one correspondence as appropriate. Also, in the conceptual diagram illustrated in FIG. 20, since the light source and the light receiving element have a one-to-one correspondence, it can be seen that scattered light is less likely to be incident on the light receiving element, and crosstalk can be suppressed. Also, in the cases of FIGS. 21 and 22, since the light source and the light receiving element have a one-to-one correspondence, it can be seen that, similarly, scattered light is less likely to be incident on the light receiving element, and crosstalk can be suppressed.
[0096] Most of actual “foreign substances/defects” are not perfect spheres, but are assumed to be typically spherical particles for simplification. In a case where a foreign substance has a particle diameter of about several 10 μm or less, scattering in a Mie scattering region occurs. Further, geometric optical approximation can be applied when a foreign substance has size of a raindrop of about several 100 μm. For example, a case of spherical particles having a diameter of 10 μm, a light scattering transmissive medium being resin, and a foreign substance being silica is considered. A wavelength of light of a light source is not limited to one wavelength, and an illumination light source having a plurality of wavelengths may be provided. Now, when a wavelength of light of a light source is λ=830 nm in a near infrared region, the resin at that time is polycarbonate, a relative refractive index is Nm=1.57, a foreign particle is silica, and a relative refractive index of the foreign substance is Np=1.45, forward scattering occurs. For particle size of about several 100 μm, if it is transmissive with respect to a light source wavelength, light is focused and diffused in a forward scattering manner by a lens effect, and if it is not transmissive, a shadow cast by a circle that is a geometric optical scattering cross-sectional area is created. The shadow is represented by intensity of light absorption/diffuse reflection and transmission and diffusion. Although it may be necessary to consider influence of diffraction due to an edge of a foreign particle, sensitivity to the contrast as to whether scattered light including diffraction is projected or a shadow is projected to a pixel only needs to be high. As an example, scattered light intensity of scattering of the spherical particle is shown in FIGS. 6A to 6D. FIGS. 6A and 6B are graphs showing forward scattering with particle size of 10 μm, and FIGS. 6C and 6D are graphs showing forward scattering with particle size of 17 μm, and show Mie scattering when a transmissive medium is polycarbonate and particles are silica (logarithmic scale). It can be seen that intensity of forward scattered light is extremely strong. A zero degree direction (direction of arrow) is a light traveling direction. Further, at the same time, it can also be seen that forward scattering power is about several times larger when particle size is 17 μm than when particle size is 10 μm. Furthermore, graphs showing forward scattering of foreign substance particles having particle size of 25 μm are shown in FIGS. 6E and 6F. However, a wavelength of incident light is λ=1.55 μm. Forward scattering intensity in this case lies between 10-μm and 17-μm particle size. Incidentally, 25-μm particle size is close to resolution of 1200 dpi (pixel resolution: about 21 μm), and 10-μm particle size is close to resolution of 2400 dpi (pixel resolution: slightly more than 10 μm). Further, FIGS. 6G and 6H are graphs showing Mie scattering of foreign particles having particle size of 30 μm when a wavelength of incident light of 1.55 μm. It is found that forward scattering intensity at particle size of 30 μm is about two times that in the case of particle size of 25 μm.
[0097] Hereinafter, a method for suppressing a crosstalk component for scattered light in a Mie forward scattering region will be described in a simplified manner. First, description will be made with reference to FIG. 4A. FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram in which scattered light is received from “foreign substance/defect”, and illustrates crosstalk of the scattered light to an adjacent pixel. A star-shaped mark 41 represents a foreign substance (defect). Scattered light from the foreign substance (defect) 41 is concentrated and forms an image on a light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43 by a light receiving lens array 42. FIG. 4A illustrates a case where a plurality of separate and independent light beams are simultaneously incident on a foreign substance.
[0098] A bell-shaped light intensity distribution waveform If on the left side of FIG. 4A represents intensity distribution of scattered light incident on the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43. The scattered light incident on the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43 is larger than an actual dimension of a “foreign substance/defect” due to influence of aberration and diffraction of a light receiving lens, and forms an image in what is called a blurred state. That is, even if a dimension of one pixel of the light receiving element (photodiode) and a dimension of a “foreign substance/defect” are the same in an arrangement direction of the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43, an image formation dimension of the “foreign substance/defect” on the light receiving element (photodiode) 43 becomes larger than the dimension of the “foreign substance/defect” due to influence of aberration and diffraction of the light receiving lens. An aperture angle of the light receiving lens is preferably sufficiently small with respect to an incident angle on the light receiving lens of scattered light generated by light scattering in light transmitted through an inspection surface of an inspection object, diffused light, or light having intensity of absorption/diffuse reflection and transmission and diffusion. For example, the aperture angle is preferably about 5 mrad to 15 mrad, and may be 1 mrad to 20 mrad according to desired W,D. As the aperture angle decreases, an amount of received light decreases, and thus it is necessary to relatively compensate with power on the light source side. Furthermore, since transmittance that depends on thickness of a light scattering transmitting medium is directly related to gain of a light receiving sensor, by employing a circuit configuration in which the light receiving sensor includes automatic gain control (referred to as AGC), it is possible to construct a light receiving system having excellent S/N and a wide dynamic range that do not depend on various transmittances. Further, at that time, for an optional pixel, a feedback system (signal processing circuit system) using an average value of output up to output immediately before output of the optional pixel can also be used. Further, at the same time, if two-dimensional analysis in a depth direction of an inspection object of comprehensive information (output data) of position-output information in which a signal is taken in for each line is simultaneously advanced, real-time inspection is also possible. In any case, S/N of a signal is further improved by adjustment to a maximum sensitivity range of the light receiving sensor in order to improve the S/N of the signal, and as a result, an application range in a “defect/foreign substance” inspection is widened. A bell-shaped light intensity distribution waveform Ir on the right side of FIG. 4A is intensity distribution of each light beam illuminating a foreign substance of the present invention. Comparing widths of the left and right light intensity distribution waveforms in the arrangement direction on the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43 side, the light intensity distribution waveform If on the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43 side is shown to be wider than the light intensity distribution waveform Ir on the incident side.
[0099] Next, two of the light intensity distribution waveforms If of the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43 will be described. In a light scattering medium Ms, two “foreign substances/defects” Mf1 and Mf2 are arranged in parallel with the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43 so as to face the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43, and an interval of them is the same as an element interval of the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43. Further, the light receiving lens array 42 is in unit systems, and WD. is made long in advance.
[0100] In this case, it can be seen that a light intensity distribution waveform If1 obtained by image formation of one “foreign substance/defect” of the “foreign substances/defects” Mf1 or Mf2 spreads also onto a light receiving element (photodiode) PD2 adjacent to a light receiving element (photodiode) PD1 facing itself, and crosstalk occurs. Portions where crosstalk occurs are hatched portions Cr1 and Cr2 of the light intensity distribution waveforms.
[0101] In other words, the light intensity components Cr1 and Cr2 protruding from pixels adjacent to each other are added to their own net signal components. This causes a crosstalk component mixed in net signal components of the light receiving elements (photodiodes) to become noise, so that a dynamic range is made smaller, which is one of factors that deteriorate a signal to noise ratio (SNR: synonymous with S/N) of a signal.
[0102] Next, FIG. 4B will be described. FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram illustrating that a collimated light beam is incident on the light receiving lens array 42, spreads after emission, and becomes background noise on the light receiving elements PD1 and PD2. Illumination used in a conventional CIS or the like has light intensity distribution continuous in a longitudinal direction of a light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43. Light scattered by a “foreign substance/defect” in the light scattering medium Ms is indicated by 44 in FIG. 4A, and in addition to this, a collimated light beam 45 is incident on the light receiving lens array 42. Since the light receiving lens array 42 is set to an equal magnification optical system, light from a region other than the vicinity of the depth of field hardly focuses. That is, since the light diffuses and does not contribute to image formation, the light spreads on the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43. That is, when a collimated light beam is incident on the light receiving lens array 42, the light beam spreads greatly on the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43 and becomes a background noise component 46, which causes deterioration of SN. The background noise component 46 is indicated by a portion surrounded by a square dotted line. When the background noise increases, contrast deteriorates. That is, in “foreign substance/defect” detection, it is buried in a background noise component, and the detection becomes difficult.
[0103] A signal actually detected includes the crosstalk component and the background noise component described above, and eventually becomes a signal as illustrated in FIG. 5A. FIG. 5B illustrates a case where there is almost no crosstalk component or background component. Further, in a case of geometric optical scattering, intensity distribution of “foreign substances/defects” becomes distribution similar to FIG. 8 described later due to a shielding effect.
[0104] In addition to the system of illumination in a manner that a light receiving element (photodiode) and a light source in one-to-one correspondence in one pixel unit illustrated in FIG. 3 of the present invention, a method of further reducing a crosstalk component will be described. As illustrated in FIG. 3, in the method of simultaneously performing linear illumination, a component from a light source adjacent to an adjacent photodiode is mixed. A method for avoiding this is not to turn on light sources at the same time, but to operate only a pair of a light source and a light receiving element (photodiode) of one pixel unit in one-to-one correspondence, then move to an adjacent combination of a pair of a light source and a light receiving element (photodiode) of one pixel unit in one-to-one correspondence, and sequentially repeat this until the end. That is, a light beam from a light source at an optional position in the main scanning direction is detected only by a corresponding light receiving element of one pixel unit. Such control can be performed by a control unit (not illustrated) including a CPU individually switching ON/OFF of each light source and each light receiving element, and at this time, the control unit functions as a detecting means. More specifically, in synchronization with scanning with a light beam in an illumination optical system, a signal is output only for a light receiving element in the vicinity of a center portion of the light beam at each scanning position in a plurality of light receiving elements. In this way, even if a light beam having a large light beam diameter and emitted from one light source and collimated by a collimator lens is scattered by a “foreign substance/defect” and, when the scattered light is incident on a light receiving element (photodiode) having one-to-one correspondence in one pixel unit, the light is incident on an adjacent pixel or a pixel in the vicinity, the adjacent pixel or pixel in the vicinity does not output, and thus only a net signal for the “foreign substance/defect” corresponding to a light source and at least one light receiving element (photodiode) in one pixel unit having a one-to-one correspondence is obtained. At this time, since the above-described crosstalk component is not output from other pixels, only a collimated light beam component incident on a light receiving lens array is received, and crosstalk is very little.
[0105] This is shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a multi-beam illumination-multi-beam scanning system. Reference numeral 71 denotes light intensity distribution of an incident light beam, and reference numeral 72 denotes scattered light. A light flux 73 is a light flux when light passing through a light receiving lens array 74 is concentrated on a light receiving element array (photodiode array) 75. Projection images of scattered light of “foreign substances/defects” Mr1 and Mr2 in an inspection object 76 are Imf1 and Imf2. As described above, image formation size at this time is larger than actual size of the “foreign substance/defect”, and image formation size in an arrangement direction of the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 75 becomes large and blurred due to aberration or diffraction. However, since a location where a light beam is incident is limited and output of pixels other than a pixel having one-to-one correspondence is limited, there is no output from pixels other than a pixel 77 corresponding to the incident light beam.
[0106] Further, an incident light beam having one-to-one correspondence with another one of the pixels 77 at a position where crosstalk does not need to be a problem may be simultaneously emitted. In this case, as illustrated in FIG. 7, a large number of illuminations can be simultaneously performed at the same timing, so that there is an advantage that scanning time is shortened. The present system is called “multi-beam illumination-multi-scanning light receiving system” to be distinguished from the “one-beam illumination-one scanning light receiving system” described above.
[0107] Spatial resolution of one pixel unit including at least one light receiving element is equal to or higher than spatial resolution of a light beam on an inspection surface of an inspection object. Here, spatial resolution of a light beam corresponds to a beam diameter of the light beam on the inspection surface of the inspection object. That is, one pixel unit including at least one light receiving element has an ability of discriminating two points that are close to each other at a beam diameter of the light beam or less. In other words, spatial resolution of the light beam is equal to or less than spatial resolution of a pixel unit including at least one light receiving element arranged in the main scanning direction.
[0108] A scanning interval with a light beam may be equal to or less than spatial resolution of a pixel unit including at least one light receiving element arranged in the main scanning direction. In other words, spatial resolution of a pixel unit including at least one light receiving element is equal to or more than a scanning interval of a light beam. That is, one pixel unit including at least one light receiving element has an ability to discriminate two points close to each other at a scanning interval of a light beam (an interval of a light source).
[0109] Next, a case where a “foreign substance/defect” in an inspection object is a geometrical optical scattering region or non-transmissive will be described. Scattering of the “foreign substance/defect” is illustrated in FIG. 8. Cr (hatched portion) in FIG. 8 is a crosstalk component of an element (center) operating an illumination beam for the adjacent pixels 77. A transmitting component has intensity distribution lower than a peak of intensity distribution of a bell shape of an adjacent one. Since output of a central pixel is low and output of the adjacent pixel is high, it is possible to detect presence of a “foreign substance/defect” Mr.
[0110] As described above, a shape of a signal changes depending on whether a “foreign substance/defect” in an inspection object is a Mie scattering region, a geometric optical scattering region, a transmissive one, or a non-transmissive one, and surface property, a dielectric constant, and the like. However, when a “foreign substance/defect” can be detected by a level of a detected signal, and intensity and a signal waveform of a signal by a foreign substance are set as reference data in a lookup table in advance, a type of the “foreign substance/defect” can be discriminated by collating with the reference data.
[0111] Although above description is made on a case where an inspection object is limited to a light scattering transmissive medium, the present invention can also be applied to a reflecting medium. FIG. 9A illustrates an example. FIG. 9A is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a reflection type, and illustrates a cross section of a measurement system with respect to a longitudinal direction of the measurement system. Reference numeral 91 denotes an inspection object such as an electronic substrate, a paper sheet, or a film. Light emitted from a light source 92 such as an LED and an LD is collimated by a collimator lens 94 such as a refractive index distribution type lens and a ball lens, and the inspection object 91 is irradiated with the light. In a light receiving optical system, lenses typified by a refractive index distribution lens are arranged in an array, in a manner that an incident light beam and reflected light form an angle. A light receiving element array (photodiode array) 96 is arranged at a focal position on the light receiving element side of a light receiving lens array 95.
[0112] In an inspection, information on the inspection target 91 as a reference is acquired in advance, and then a product is inspected. The information on the inspection object 91 as a reference is stored in advance in a memory. When an inspection of a product in a process is performed, collation with reference information stored in advance is performed (verification is performed). Further, a case where a “foreign substance/defect” is attached to, mixed with, or present in the inspection object 91 is indicated by a star 98. If there is a “foreign substance/defect” on the inspection object 91, data different from the reference data is acquired, a difference from the acquired data is obtained, and the “foreign substance/defect” is determined to exist on the inspection object 91 and removal from the process is performed. Further, a case where an element 97 is missing is indicated by a dotted line at 90Mf in FIG. 9A. If the element indicated by a dotted line is missing, data different from the reference data is acquired in a similar manner as described above, and thus, from the difference, the element is determined to be missing, and removal from the process is performed. Furthermore, even in a case where a fine wiring on or inside an electronic substrate is disconnected, it is similarly detected as a “foreign substance/defect”.
[0113] Furthermore, even in a case where there is a protrusion on an electronic substrate and a “foreign substance/defect” is hidden by the protrusion, it can be detected by irradiation with an incident light beam from both sides at a symmetric angle and arranging a light receiving optical system at a symmetric angle. Note that, although FIG. 9A illustrates a case where an incident light beam is obliquely incident on a substrate, the incident light beam may be perpendicularly incident as in FIG. 9B and received obliquely with respect to the substrate. In the reflection type, arrangement is performed at a light receiving angle in consideration of N.A. so that regular reflected light is not received. In short, arrangement of a measurement system may be changed according to an inspection object.
[0114] The method of the present invention is also effective in a case where an inspection object is a printed matter, a functional film, or the like. That is, the method is effective for inspection of presence or absence of scratches and the like for a transmissive film, and for inspection of printing defects as well as scratches by using the reflection type for a non-transparent printed matter such as a paper sheet. Moreover, in the present invention, a depth of field is large. Accordingly, the present invention can be used even in a place where a conveyance system moves up and down, and has an expanded application range.
[0115] Further, in a light scattering transmissive medium, particularly in a medium having low transmittance, there is a case where a light beam is preferably narrowed. In this case, a diaphragm angle of a light beam is determined in consideration of a light receiving solid angle of a light receiving element. Furthermore, in a case where transmittance of a light scattering transmissive medium is high or in a case where reflectance of a reflecting medium is high, there is also an effect that light received at a light receiving solid angle of a light receiving element is less likely to become background noise as a light beam is expanded to some extent. For this reason, SN of a signal is further improved by a method of collimating a light beam or contrivance of narrowing or expanding a light beam according to transmittance or reflectance of an inspection object. Note that “narrowing or expanding a light beam” means further narrowing or expanding a collimated parallel light flux. Although specific description is omitted, briefly, in a case of a light scattering transmissive medium, when a case where a light receiving solid angle hardly changes in a depth direction, it is possible to prevent a collimated parallel light beam from being directly incident on a light receiving element, and in a case where a reflecting medium is an inspection object, incident intensity of an illumination beam at a light receiving solid angle can be directly reduced as a light beam spreads on an inspection surface of an inspection object, and SN of a signal based on light received by the light receiving element is improved. Note that the inspection surface of an inspection object is a surface on which a light beam is incident of the inspection object, and is not limited to one, and the configuration may be such that a light beam is incident on a plurality of inspection surfaces.
[0116] At present, densification of LEDs is progressing as represented by LED printers, and 1200 dpi has already been achieved. By using this LED array, high resolution can be realized. That is, emitted light emitted from an LED array is preferably collimated, and the collimated light beam is preferably used instead of the light source of FIG. 3. A refractive index distribution lens array is an equal magnification imaging system of a refractive index distribution type lens in a case of an LED printer, but the refractive index distribution type lens used in the present invention has a focus at infinity. If LDs can be arranged at high density in the future, it is more preferable to use a high-output LD array. Alternatively, a linear light source in which semiconductor lasers represented by a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) are arranged on a plane or in an area may be used. The linear light sources can be arranged in a plurality of lines, and inspection accuracy can be improved by inspection using a plurality of wavelengths.
[0117] The above system will be described again with reference to FIG. 3. Reference numeral 31a denotes an LED or an LD array which is a light source. Reference numeral 31b is a side view of 31a. Reference numeral 32a denotes a collimator lens array. Reference number 32b is a side view of 32a. Reference numeral 34 denotes an inspection object, and reference numeral 35 denotes a “foreign substance/defect” in an inspection object. Reference numeral 37 denotes a light receiving lens array. Reference numeral 38 denotes a light receiving element array (photodiode array). Further, reference numeral 30 denotes a light beam emitted from the light source 31, and 33 denotes a light beam emitted from a collimator lens 32. The light beam 33 enters the inspection object 34, and then enters the “foreign substance/defect” 35. The light beam 33 incident on the “foreign substance/defect” 35 is scattered by the “foreign substance/defect” 35, becomes the scattered light 36, is incident on the light receiving lens array 37, and then is incident on the light receiving element array 38.
[0118] Next, a more excellent method for removing background noise illustrated in FIG. 4B will be described using FIG. 4B which is a schematic diagram illustrating that a collimated light beam is incident on the light receiving lens array 42, spreads after emission, and becomes background noise on the light receiving elements PD1 and PD2.
[0119] In the light receiving optical system of FIG. 4B, background noise cannot be completely removed and can be suppressed only to some extent, and in order to further remove the background noise and obtain only a necessary net signal component, separate contrivance is required. The contrivance will be described below. A major disadvantage of a multi-eye lens is that, because of being a multi-eye lens, a crosstalk component from an adjacent multi-eye lens spreads considerably, and a background noise component spreads on an element surface of the light receiving element array (photodiode array) 43. Since a light flux spreads and attenuation occurs, a crosstalk component is reduced. However, there is still room for improvement, and SN can be further improved by further reducing background noise. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the present system. FIG. 10 illustrates a system in which an aperture (array) corresponding to each multi-eye lens of the light receiving system is provided.
[0120] Reference numeral 101 in FIG. 10 denotes an aperture corresponding to each multi-eye lens of a light receiving system as viewed from the optical axis direction. Reference numeral 102 virtually represents a cross section of the aperture. At the same time, each of the apertures 101 is located on an optical axis of each light source, a collimator lens (optionally also including a converging lens forming a beam waist), a light receiving lens, and a light receiving element, and substantially coincides with or is smaller than N.A. of the light receiving lens. Alternatively, the aperture may be once arranged on an image formation plane of the light receiving lens, and spread light may be received in one-to-one correspondence. In this case, one-to-one correspondence is preferably corrected in advance, and only a signal from one pixel unit having the one-to-one correspondence is preferably output.
[0121] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a case where collimated light beams adjacent to each other overlap. As illustrated in FIG. 11, a collimated light beam may be larger than an effective diameter of a multi-eye lens of a light receiving system. By increasing size, a foreign substance/defect in an inspection object can be detected completely. Reference numeral 103 denotes a portion where collimated light beams overlap each other and reference numeral 104 denotes a portion where they do not overlap. A “foreign substance/defect” 105 is irradiated with a light beam in which adjacent collimated light beams overlap each other, and a “foreign substance/defect” 106 is irradiated with a light beam in which adjacent collimated light beams do not overlap each other. As a result, “foreign substances/defects” at all positions can be detected.
[0122] An example of an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 3. The light source 31a is easily arrayed or formed into a matrix, and a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) having high power is preferable. Alternatively, an LED array used in an LED printer may be used. The VCSELs are minutely arranged linearly, and a pitch of the light source 31a is determined according to a pitch of the light receiving element array 38. For example, the pitch is adjusted to 600 dpi and 1200 dpi. However, the present invention is not limited to the above when used in a case other than a case of processing as an image. Next, a VCSEL array is arranged parallel with a refractive index distribution type lens array. Since a refractive index distribution type lens array is used as a collimator, a pitch near a ¼ pitch is used. Alternatively, the pitch may be close to a pitch at %. That is, the pitch is preferably determined so that a collimated light beam can be emitted. Further, other than a refractive index distribution type lens, a microlens array having a minute spherical lens may be used. In this case, microlenses are arranged in accordance with an optical axis of the light source 31a. In the case of a collimated light beam, a beam waist is assumed to be on an emission surface of the VCSEL, and collimation is performed such that the beam waist coincides with a focal point of the collimator lens 32.
[0123] In the present invention, a laser having a wavelength suitable for a light scattering transmissive medium is used, and particularly in relation to food, a wavelength around λ=800 nm to 900 nm is used in consideration of absorption by moisture. Food products also include a medium (confectionery typified by cacao) having low transmittance in the above-described wavelength band, and in this case, a wavelength used for optical communication in the vicinity of λ=1500 nm may be used. Since a material containing a large amount of substances such as H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2, and O.sub.2 also has a wavelength region with high transmittance, a wavelength is preferably selected as necessary to illuminate an inspection object. Further, when a wavelength is selected, a light receiving element having a sensitivity range for the selected wavelength is used. For roll paper, roll films, paper sheets, resin films, metal films, and the like other than food, a wavelength in a visible range may be used.
[0124] In the present embodiment, λ=830 nm in a near-infrared range is used. At this wavelength, when thickness of a light scattering transmissive medium is 10 mm and a beam waist is placed in a central portion of the light scattering transmissive medium, a change is preferably suppressed to a beam diameter of about 5% at a distance of ±5 mm. For example, when size of an emission port of the VCSEL is 10 μm in diameter, a collimated beam diameter d becomes d=210 μm when f=2 mm where f is a focal length of a SELFOC lens array according to Equation 1.
W0={4.Math.f.Math.λ/(π.Math.d)}/2 (Equation 1)
[0125] where
[0126] f: focal length of lens
[0127] λ: wavelength of laser beam
[0128] d: beam diameter.
[0129] Further, a method that a focus is placed in a central portion of a light scattering transmissive medium may be used. That is, a beam waist length may be adjusted so as to obtain a substantially parallel beam in the light scattering transmissive medium. In this case, a beam diameter at a beam waist position is obtained using Equation 2 of Kogelnik. However, since a refractive index in air (in vacuum) is different in a light scattering transmissive medium, it is necessary to determine a beam waist position in consideration of movement of a beam waist position, and details will be described later. Equation 2 of Kogelnik representing propagation of a laser beam is used to determine a range of an allowable radius of the beam.
W.sup.2(z)=W0.sup.2[1+{λ.Math.z/(π.Math.W0.sup.2)}.sup.2] (Equation 2)
[0130] where
[0131] W(z): beam radius at an optional position in an optical axis direction
[0132] W0: beam waist radius.
[0133] Since the beam waist radius W0 is obtained by Equation 1, for example, a range of a beam diameter with an error of 5% can be determined by Equation 2. A result of Equation 2 is 217 μm and may be considered to be in an allowable range.
[0134] Abeam waist position in air (in vacuum) is determined by Equation 1, but in a light scattering transmissive medium, a refractive index is larger than that in air (in vacuum). For this reason, an actual beam waist position is far from the light source side. Then, as a convergence angle becomes lower, a beam waist diameter also changes. A movement distance Δf of a beam waist can be expressed by Equation 3. That is, it can be determined by a focal length of a condenser lens and a beam diameter of a collimation beam when a laser beam is incident on an incident end surface. Since it is a distance that does not require consideration of a beam in the vicinity of a diffraction limit, θ′ is obtained by Snell' Law by approximately applying geometric optics.
Δf=tan θ′/di (Equation 3)
[0135] where
[0136] θ: maximum value of incident angle
[0137] θ′: maximum value of refraction angle
[0138] di: beam radius at an incident end surface incident on a light scattering transmissive medium.
[0139] Since the equation of Kogelnik cannot be applied in a light scattering transmissive medium, a beam waist diameter needs to be newly obtained. For this purpose, since it is not necessary to use a convergence angle near a beam waist, a refraction angle obtained by Snell' Law of geometric optical approximation is used. A divergence angle Φ of a beam can be expressed by Equation 4 representing a diffraction limit.
φ=2λ/(π.Math.dms) (Equation 4)
[0140] where
[0141] λ′: wavelength in a light scattering transmissive medium
[0142] dms: beam waist diameter in a light scattering transmissive medium
[0143] λ′: N.Math.λ (λ: refractive index in air (vacuum)).
[0144] By the above, with respect to the beam waist diameter dms in a light scattering transmissive medium, in a case where a condenser lens having a longer focal point as a focal length is more substantially equal to WD. and a small numerical aperture (N.A.) f=50 mm is used, and the condenser lens is arranged on the rear side of a collimator lens and on the light source side of the light scattering transmissive medium, when an incident beam diameter to the condenser lens is 210 μm, a beam waist diameter 2W0 in the absence of the light scattering transmissive medium is 252 μm. Then, it can be seen that a focus movement distance in the light scattering transmissive medium when the lens having the focal length is used is 21 mm. Therefore, in a case where a beam waist position is arranged at a central portion, an illumination optical system is preferably lowered by 16 mm from the light scattering transmissive medium. Further, at that time, the beam diameter dms is 377 μm from Equation 4. By the above, a position of an optical system is preferably determined according to thickness and a refractive index of an inspection object. Further, an optical system may be configured to be movable in an optical axis direction as described above.
[0145] FIG. 12A shows a schematic diagram of an experiment of an edge method according to the embodiment of the present invention, and FIGS. 14A to 14D show actual measurement results. FIG. 12B shows a schematic diagram of an experiment of an edge method of the conventional technique, and FIGS. 15A to 15D show actual measurement results according to the conventional technique. In FIGS. 12A and 12B, reference numeral 34a denotes a diffusion plate. FIG. 14A illustrates a case where there are two diffusion plates, FIG. 14B illustrates a case where there are three diffusion plates, FIG. 14C illustrates a case where there are four diffusion plates, and FIG. 14D illustrates a case where there are five diffusion plates (standard values). FIG. 15A illustrates a case where there are two diffusion plates, FIG. 15B illustrates a case where there are three diffusion plates, FIG. 15C illustrates a case where there are four diffusion plates, and FIG. 15D illustrates a case where there are five diffusion plates (standard values). In this actual measurement result, instead of “foreign substance/defect”, in order to verify performance of the present invention, an edge was used as a measurement target, and a rising characteristic of the edge signal was observed. Further, a light scattering transmissive medium was a diffusion plate Kuraray COMOGLAS 432L (thickness: t=2 mm, total light transmittance: 61%, haze: 95%), and in order to check and verify a difference in thickness, the number of plates was set to two, three, four, and five, and maximum thickness was 10 mm. FIG. 14A(1), FIG. 14B(1), FIG. 14C(1), and FIG. 14D(1) illustrate results for each numbers of diffusion plates, and FIG. 15A(1), FIG. 15B(1), FIG. 15C(1), and FIG. 15D(1) illustrate rising characteristics of an edge signal of the conventional system as a comparative example. As a light source, a light beam obtained by collimating an LD (Panasonic LNCT28PS01WW) was used. FIG. 13 illustrates a beam profile of a semiconductor laser in an inspection object. To be regarded as an array, one LD was moved for each pixel pitch, and signals of pixels corresponding in one-to-one manner were sequentially obtained.
[0146] FIGS. 14A(1), 14B(1), 14C(1), and 14D(1) are graphs illustrating an edge response (relative intensity) of the above in an example of the embodiment of the present invention. A pixel dimension is about 62 μm in the main scanning direction. Further, FIGS. 14A(2), 14B(2), 14C(2), and 14D(2) illustrate differences (relative intensities) of output from adjacent pixels. As is clear from FIG. 14A(2), FIG. 14B(2), FIG. 14C(2), and FIG. 14D(2), there is a clear difference between adjacent pixels, and a difference in relative intensity is 10% of a peak value. Therefore, it can be seen that discrimination can be performed for each pixel (corresponding to 400 dpi). Further, when a dimension of an element is reduced, a pixel dimension and a pitch are reduced and narrowed, it is possible to realize a resolution of 600 dpi or 1200 dpi, or more. Size (pixel dimension) of a light receiving element is preferably set to satisfy 200 dpi or more.
[0147] FIGS. 15A to 15D illustrate an edge response (relative intensity) according to the conventional technique as a comparative example. There is a clear difference between the present invention and the conventional technique, and it can be seen that in the conventional technique, there is no pixel resolution in any diffusion plate, and a graph showing a difference is buried in background noise (random noise), and foreign substance detection is impossible. On the other hand, in the present invention, it can be seen that foreign substance can be detected at any thickness of the diffusion plate.
[0148] Next, a result of obtaining a response of a light receiving sensor when a “foreign substance/defect” exists in a light scattering transmissive medium having thickness (t=30 mm) in an optical axis direction by a simulation model will be described. A schematic diagram of the model is illustrated in FIG. 16. PMMA was selected as an inspection object, and silicone spherical particles having particle size of 2 μm were used as light scattering particles. Concentration was varied from 0.04 wt % to 0.20 wt %. A light source was collimated and had cross-sectional size of 150 μm larger than that of a light receiving element (main scanning direction size: 62 μm). FIGS. 17A to 17F are graphs showing simulation results. A foreign substance was a sphere having a diameter of 100 μm and an absorber having an interface with transmittance of 0%. Further, a foreign particle is located at the center of the inspection object. FIG. 17A illustrates a case where scattering particle concentration is 0.00 wt %, FIG. 17B illustrates a case where scattering particle concentration is 0.04 wt %, FIG. 17C illustrates a case where scattering particle concentration is 0.08 wt %, FIG. 17D illustrates a case where scattering particle concentration is 0.12 wt %, FIG. 17E illustrates a case where scattering particle concentration is 0.16 wt %, and FIG. 17F illustrates output comparison at each concentration.
[0149] Further, FIGS. 18A to 18F and FIGS. 19A to 19F are graphs showing simulation results of a foreign particle at a position separated by ±14.5 mm from the center of the inspection object. That is, the foreign particle is located at a depth of 0.5 mm from an end portion of the inspection object. FIGS. 18A to 18F illustrate a case where the foreign particle is located at a light source side end portion of the inspection object, and FIGS. 19A to 19F illustrate a case where the foreign particle is located at a light receiving element side end portion of the inspection object. According to the simulation results, it can be seen that both have a response similar to that in the case of the foreign particle in the central portion of the light scattering transmissive medium, and well represent the effect of the present invention, and suitability for detecting a “foreign substance/defect” in a thick light scattering transmissive medium is extremely excellent.
[0150] As described above, it can be seen that the present invention is excellent in detection accuracy for a “foreign substances/defects” in a light scattering transmissive medium as compared with the conventional technique. Further, the system of the present invention is also applicable to detection of a “foreign substance/defect” of a reflective medium. Furthermore, it is also possible to generate an image on the basis of a light receiving signal from a light scattering transmissive medium and to further analyze a defective product removed based on a level of a detection signal. In this case, offline inspection is assumed to be mainly performed instead of online inspection, but online analysis can also be automatically performed by increasing a signal processing speed. As described above, it is possible to perform an inspection which has not been able to be applied in the conventional technique, to further improve quality of an inspection, and to improve quality of a product as an inspection object.
Operation and Effect
[0151] As described above, by using a collimated parallel light beam having a sufficiently small diameter or adjusting and using a beam waist so as to form a substantially parallel light beam in an inspection object having light scattering transparency, and further, by adjusting a light beam narrowing angle or a spreading angle according to an inspection object, overlap of spread of light due to light scattering (diffusion) can be suppressed. In addition, by selecting an output signal from a pixel so as to receive only a signal in the vicinity of an optical axis of a light beam by a light receiving element of one pixel unit corresponding one-to-one to a light source at each irradiation position, it is possible to suppress crosstalk between pixels, and it is possible to separate and detect light that causes background noise due to scattered light (diffused light), directly incident light, or the like and a light quantity change derived from a “foreign substance/defect”. Accordingly, a “foreign substance/defect” object in an inspection object can be clarified, and accurate inspection can be performed.
DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE SIGNS
[0152] 10 linear illumination light source [0153] 11 lens array [0154] 12 light receiving unit [0155] 31a, 31b light source [0156] 32a, 32b collimator lens [0157] 33 light beam [0158] 34 inspection object [0159] 36 scattered light [0160] 37 light receiving lens array [0161] 38 light receiving element array [0162] 39 focal position [0163] 42 light receiving lens array [0164] 45 light beam [0165] 74 light receiving lens array [0166] 76 inspection object [0167] 77 pixel [0168] 91 inspection object [0169] 92 light source [0170] 94 collimator lens [0171] 95 light receiving lens array
