Systems and methods for transcatheter treatment of valve regurgitation

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for use in the transcatheter treatment of mitral valve regurgitation, specifically a coaptation assistance devices for implantation across the valve; a system including the coaptation enhancement element and anchors for implantation; a system including the coaptation enhancement element, and one or more of the following: transseptal sheath, anchor delivery catheter, implant delivery catheter, and clip delivery catheter; and methods for transcatheter implantation of a coaptation element across a heart valve.

Claims

1. An implant for treating mal-coaptation of a heart valve, the heart valve having an annulus and posterior and anterior leaflets with an open configuration and a closed configuration, the implant comprising: a fixation ring comprising an expandable stent-like structure defining a height between upper peaks and lower peaks, wherein the fixation ring defines a lumen, a body comprising a different material than the fixation ring, the body extending along a portion of the circumference of the fixation ring and protruding into the lumen, the body comprising a first surface disposed toward the posterior leaflet and a second surface disposed toward the anterior leaflet, wherein the second surface provides an atraumatic surface against which the anterior leaflet coapts, wherein the body is positioned entirely below the upper peaks of the fixation ring such that the upper peaks are uncovered by the body, wherein the body extends below the lower peaks of the fixation ring, wherein the body does not overlie a portion of the fixation ring, and a posterior extension extending below the lower peaks of the fixation ring and forming an obtuse angle with the fixation ring, wherein the posterior extension has a bias that exerts a force and rests against tissue of a heart, wherein the posterior extension comprises a pre-determined curve, wherein the posterior extension extends downward, curves, and extends upward forming a generally U-shaped configuration.

2. The implant of claim 1, wherein the expandable stent-like structure comprises a zigzag pattern of struts.

3. The implant of claim 1, wherein the body comprises a foam.

4. The implant of claim 1, wherein the body comprises ePTFE.

5. The implant of claim 1, wherein the body is configured to extend beyond the posterior leaflet.

6. The implant of claim 1, wherein the body tapers from a superior edge to an inferior edge.

7. The implant of claim 1, wherein the posterior extension is configured to provide a force on the posterior leaflet.

8. The implant of claim 1, further comprising one or more barbs.

9. An implant for treating mal-coaptation of a heart valve, the heart valve having an annulus and posterior and anterior leaflets with an open configuration and a closed configuration, the implant comprising: a fixation ring comprising an expandable stent-like structure defining a height, wherein the fixation ring defines a lumen, a body comprising a first surface disposed toward the posterior leaflet and a second surface disposed toward the anterior leaflet, wherein the second surface provides an atraumatic surface against which the anterior leaflet coapts; a single body supporting ribbon configured to provide structural support to the body, wherein the single body supporting ribbon extends downward from the fixation ring, wherein the single body supporting ribbon comprises a pre-determined curve, wherein the body extends between the fixation ring and the single body supporting ribbon, wherein at least a portion of the circumference of the fixation ring is not covered by the body, wherein the body is not continuous with any other covering; and a plurality of hooks extending from the frame, wherein the plurality of hooks extend only from the portion of the circumference of the fixation ring not covered by the body.

10. The implant of claim 9, wherein the implant comprises a shape memory material.

11. The implant of claim 9, wherein the implant comprises a foam.

12. The implant of claim 9, wherein the implant comprises ePTFE, pericardium, or other biocompatible tissue.

13. The implant of claim 9, wherein the fixation ring comprises a zigzag pattern of struts.

14. The implant of claim 9, wherein the body tapers from a superior edge to an inferior edge.

15. An implant for treating mal-coaptation of a heart valve, the heart valve having an annulus and posterior and anterior leaflets with an open configuration and a closed configuration, the implant comprising: a fixation ring comprising an expandable stent-like structure defining a height, wherein the fixation ring defines a lumen, a coaptation assist body comprising a covering material having a first surface configured to be disposed toward the posterior leaflet and an opposed second surface configured to be disposed toward the anterior leaflet to allow the anterior leaflet to coapt with the coaptation assist body, the coaptation assist body forming a curved superior edge configured to be positioned along the annulus, the coaptation assist body extending from the curved superior edge toward a curved inferior edge, the curved inferior edge configured to be positioned along the posterior leaflet, the coaptation assist body having lateral sides tapering from the curved superior edge to the curved inferior edge; a posterior support extending from the fixation ring, wherein the posterior support extends through an opening in the coaptation assist body such that a least a portion of the posterior support is surrounded, the posterior support comprising at least one curve, the posterior support movable from a first compressed configuration to a second expanded configuration, the posterior support configured to exert a force on the posterior leaflet to anchor the implant in place.

16. The implant of claim 15, wherein the posterior support comprises a straight portion and a portion which curves in a posterior direction.

17. The implant of claim 15, further comprising one or more barbs.

18. The implant of claim 15, wherein the body comprises a foam.

19. The implant of claim 15, wherein the body comprises ePTFE.

20. The implant of claim 15, wherein the fixation ring comprises a zigzag pattern of struts.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A-1F schematically illustrate some of the tissues of the heart and mitral valve, as described in the Background section and below, and which may interact with the implants and systems described herein.

(2) FIG. 2A illustrates a simplified cross-section of a heart, schematically showing mitral valve function during diastole. FIG. 2B illustrates a simplified cross-section of a heart, schematically showing mitral valve function during systole.

(3) FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate a simplified cross-section of a heart, schematically showing mitral valve regurgitation during systole in the setting of mal-coaptation of the mitral valve leaflets.

(4) FIG. 4A illustrates a stylized cross section of a heart, showing mitral valve mal-coaptation in the settings of functional mitral valve regurgitation. FIG. 4B illustrates a stylized cross section of a heart, showing mitral valve mal-coaptation in the settings of degenerative mitral valve regurgitation.

(5) FIG. 5A schematically illustrates an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device; FIG. 5B schematically illustrates a top view of the coaptation assistance device of FIG. 5A; FIGS. 5C-5D schematically illustrates lateral views of the coaptation assistance device of FIG. 5A.

(6) FIG. 6A schematically illustrates the coaptation assistance device of FIG. 5A in its collapsed state; FIG. 6B schematically illustrates the coaptation assistance device of FIG. 5A as it is deployed; FIG. 6C schematically illustrates the coaptation assistance device of FIG. 5A deployed with connecting struts; FIG. 6D schematically illustrates the coaptation assistance device of FIG. 5A deployed.

(7) FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the transseptal sheath.

(8) FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of the anchor delivery catheter.

(9) FIG. 9A schematically illustrates an embodiment of an implant delivery catheter and the transseptal sheath of FIG. 7; FIG. 9B schematically illustrates the attachment of the coaptation assistance device to the implant delivery catheter; FIG. 9C schematically illustrates the advancement of the coaptation assistance device over two rails.

(10) FIG. 10 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a clip delivery catheter.

(11) FIG. 11A schematically illustrates the insertion of the transseptal sheath; FIG. 11B schematically illustrates the engagement of the first trigonal anchor and the placement of the anchors; FIG. 11C schematically illustrates the coaptation assistance device deployed and advanced over two rails; FIG. 11D schematically illustrates the engagement of a ventricular anchor; FIG. 11E schematically illustrates the engagement of a clip and a pledget; FIG. 11F schematically illustrates the coaptation assistance device deployed across the mitral valve.

(12) FIG. 12A schematically illustrates a clip and a pledget initially loaded on a hypotube of the clip delivery catheter of FIG. 10; FIG. 12B schematically illustrates the engagement of the clip with an anchor suture; FIG. 12C schematically illustrates the hypotube crimped over a guide suture; FIG. 12D schematically illustrates the cutting of the guide suture.

(13) FIG. 13 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device.

(14) FIG. 14A schematically illustrates the insertion of the transseptal catheter; FIG. 14B schematically illustrates the collapsed coaptation assistance device of FIG. 13 and the placement of the anchors; FIG. 14C schematically illustrates the coaptation assistance device deployed and advanced over guidewires; FIG. 14D schematically illustrates the engagement of a ventricular anchor.

(15) FIG. 15 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device.

(16) FIG. 16 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device.

(17) FIG. 17A schematically illustrates an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device; FIG. 17B schematically illustrates a lateral view of an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device.

(18) FIG. 18A schematically illustrates an embodiment of the delivery catheter; FIG. 18B schematically illustrates the coaptation assistance device of FIG. 17A deployed across the mitral valve; FIG. 18C schematically illustrates the top view of the coaptation assistance device deployed across the mitral valve.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(19) Disclosed herein are improved medical devices, systems, and methods, often for treatment of mitral valve regurgitation and other valve diseases including tricuspid regurgitation. While the description that follows includes reference to the anterior leaflet in a valve with two leaflets such as the mitral valve, it is understand that “anterior leaflet” could refer to one or more leaflets in a valve with multiple leaflets. For example, the aortic valve or tricuspid valve typically has 3 leaflets so the “anterior” could refer to one or two of the medial, lateral, and posterior leaflets. The implants described herein will generally include a coaptation assist body (sometimes referred to herein as a valve body) which is generally along the blood flow path as the leaflets of the valve move back and forth between an open-valve configuration (with the anterior leaflet separated from valve body) and a closed-valve configuration (with the anterior leaflet engaging opposed surfaces of the valve body). The valve body will be disposed between the native leaflets to close the gap caused by mal-coaptation of the native leaflets by providing a surface for at least one of the native leaflets to coapt against, while effectively replacing second native leaflet in the area of the valve which it would occlude during systole, were it functioning normally. The gaps may be lateral (such as may be caused by a dilated left ventricle and/or mitral valve annulus) and/or axial (such as where one leaflet prolapses or is pushed by fluid pressure beyond the annulus when the valve should close).

(20) Among other uses, the coaptation assistance devices, implants, and methods described herein may be configured for treating functional and/or degenerative mitral valve regurgitation (MR) by creating an artificial coaptation zone within which at least one of the native mitral valve leaflets can seal. The structures and methods herein will largely be tailored to this application, though alternative embodiments might be configured for use in other valves of the heart and/or body, including the tricuspid valve, valves of the peripheral vasculature, the inferior vena cava, or the like.

(21) Referring to FIGS. 1A-1D, the four chambers of the heart are shown, the left atrium 10, right atrium 12, left ventricle 14, and right ventricle 16. The mitral valve 20 is disposed between the left atrium 10 and left ventricle 14. Also shown are the tricuspid valve 22 which separates the right atrium 12 and right ventricle 16, the aortic valve 24, and the pulmonary valve 26. The mitral valve 20 is composed of two leaflets, the anterior leaflet 30 and posterior leaflet 32. In a healthy heart, the edges of the two leaflets oppose during systole at the coaptation zone 34.

(22) The fibrous annulus 36, part of the cardiac skeleton, provides attachment for the two leaflets 30, 32 of the mitral valve 20, referred to as the anterior leaflet 30 and the posterior leaflet 32. The leaflets 30, 32 are axially supported by attachment to the chordae tendinae 40. The chordae 40, in turn, attach to one or both of the papillary muscles 42, 44 of the left ventricle 14. In a healthy heart, the chordae 40 support structures tether the mitral valve leaflets 30, 32, allowing the leaflets 30, 32 to open easily during diastole but to resist the high pressure developed during ventricular systole. In addition to the tethering effect of the support structure, the shape and tissue consistency of the leaflets 30, 32 helps promote an effective seal or coaptation. The leading edges of the anterior and posterior leaflet come together along a funnel-shaped zone of coaptation 34, with a lateral cross-section 46 of the three-dimensional coaptation zone (CZ) being shown schematically in FIG. 1E.

(23) The anterior and posterior mitral leaflets 30, 32 are dissimilarly shaped. The anterior leaflet 30 is more firmly attached to the annulus overlying the central fibrous body (cardiac skeleton), and is somewhat stiffer than the posterior leaflet 32, which is attached to the more mobile posterior mitral annulus. Approximately 80 percent of the closing area is the anterior leaflet 30. Adjacent to the commissures 50, 52, on or anterior to the annulus 36, lie the left (lateral) 56 and right (septal) 60 fibrous trigones which are formed where the mitral annulus is fused with the base of the non-coronary cusp of the aorta (FIG. 1F). The fibrous trigones 56, 60 form the septal and lateral extents of the central fibrous body 62. The fibrous trigones 56, 60 may have an advantage, in some embodiments, as providing a firm zone for stable engagement with one or more annular or atrial anchors. The coaptation zone 34 between the leaflets 30, 32 is not a simple line, but rather a curved funnel-shaped surface interface. The first 50 (lateral or left) and second 52 (septal or right) commissures are where the anterior leaflet 30 meets the posterior leaflet 32 at the annulus 36. As seen most clearly in the axial views from the atrium of FIGS. 1C, 1D, and 1F, an axial cross-section of the coaptation zone 34 generally shows the curved line CL that is separated from a centroid of the annulus CA as well as from the opening through the valve during diastole CO. In addition, the leaflet edges are scalloped, more so for the posterior leaflet 32 versus the anterior leaflet 30. Mal-coaptation can occur between one or more of these A-P (anterior-posterior) segment pairs A1/P1, A2/P2, and A3/P3, so that mal-coaptation characteristics may vary along the curve of the coaptation zone 34.

(24) Referring now to FIG. 2A, a properly functioning mitral valve 20 of a heart is open during diastole to allow blood to flow along a flow path FP from the left atrium 10 toward the left ventricle 14 and thereby fill the left ventricle 14. As shown in FIG. 2B, the functioning mitral valve 20 closes and effectively seals the left ventricle 14 from the left atrium 10 during systole, first passively then actively by increase in ventricular pressure, thereby allowing contraction of the heart tissue surrounding the left ventricle 14 to advance blood throughout the vasculature.

(25) Referring to FIGS. 3A-3B and 4A-4B, there are several conditions or disease states in which the leaflet edges of the mitral valve 20 fail to oppose sufficiently and thereby allow blood to regurgitate in systole from the left ventricle 14 into the left atrium 10. Regardless of the specific etiology of a particular patient, failure of the leaflets to seal during ventricular systole is known as mal-coaptation and gives rise to mitral regurgitation.

(26) Generally, mal-coaptation can result from either excessive tethering by the support structures of one or both leaflets 30, 32, or from excessive stretching or tearing of the support structures. Other, less common causes include infection of the heart valve, congenital abnormalities, and trauma. Valve malfunction can result from the chordae tendinae 40 becoming stretched, known as mitral valve prolapse, and in some cases tearing of the chordae 40 or papillary muscle 44, known as a flail leaflet 64, as shown in FIG. 3A. Or if the leaflet tissue itself is redundant, the valves may prolapse so that the level of coaptation occurs higher into the left atrium 10, opening the valve 20 higher in the left atrium 10 during ventricular systole 66. Either one of the leaflets 30, 32 can undergo prolapse or become flail. This condition is sometimes known as degenerative mitral valve regurgitation.

(27) In excessive tethering, as shown in FIG. 3B, the leaflets 30, 32 of a normally structured valve may not function properly because of enlargement of or shape change in the valve annulus 36: so-called annular dilation 70. Such functional mitral regurgitation generally results from heart muscle failure and concomitant ventricular dilation. And the excessive volume load resulting from functional mitral regurgitation can itself exacerbate heart failure, ventricular and annular dilation, thus worsening mitral regurgitation.

(28) FIG. 4A-4B illustrate the backflow BF of blood during systole in functional mitral valve regurgitation (FIG. 4A) and degenerative mitral valve regurgitation (FIG. 4B). The increased size of the annulus 36 in FIG. 4A, coupled with increased tethering due to hypertrophy of the left ventricle 14 and papillary muscles 42, 44, prevents the anterior leaflet 30 and posterior leaflet 32 from opposing, thereby preventing coaptation. In FIG. 4B, the tearing of the chordae 40 causes prolapse of the posterior leaflet 32 upward into the left atrium 10, which prevents opposition against the anterior leaflet 30. In either situation, the result is backflow of blood into the left atrium 10, which decreases the effectiveness of left ventricle compression.

(29) FIGS. 5A-5D show four views of an embodiment of a coaptation assistance device 80 which comprises a body 82. The body 82 comprises a first surface 84 disposed toward a mal-coapting native leaflet, in the instance of a mitral valve 20, the posterior leaflet 32 and a second surface 86 which may be disposed toward the anterior leaflet 30. The first and second surfaces 84, 86 can be considered a coaptation surface. The superior edge 90 of the body 82 may be curved to match the general shape of the annulus 36 or adjoining atrial wall. The coaptation assistance device 80 can comprise a frame 88 configured to provide structural support to the coaptation assistance device 80. In some embodiments, the frame 88 is collapsible to fit within a delivery catheter, as described herein.

(30) The coaptation assistance device 80 may include one or a plurality of anchors to stabilize the device, such as atrial anchors and/or ventricular anchors, with the anchors optionally providing redundant fixation. As shown in FIG. 5A, the implant has lateral commissural anchors 92 which may help maintain the shape and position of the coaptation assistance device 80 once deployed in the heart. In some embodiments, the lateral commissural anchors 92 are placed under the leaflets 30, 32 at the site of commissures 50, 52. The coaptation assistance device 80 can also have a posterior anchor 94. In some embodiments, the posterior anchor 94 engages the area under the posterior leaflet 32. As shown in FIG. 5A, the commissural anchors 92 and the posterior anchors 94 can each comprise ribbons 98 that have a bias such that they can exert a force, and rest against the tissue of the heart, such as the ventricle. The ribbons 98 function as anchors and resist movement of the coaptation assistance device 80, and can do so without penetrating the myocardium in some embodiments. The positioning of the ribbons 98 against features of the anatomy may provide stability of the coaptation assistance device 80. The ribbons 98 may comprise bio-inert materials such as, for example, Platinum/Ir, a Nitinol alloy, and/or stainless steel. In some embodiments, the ribbons 98 comprise NiTi. In some embodiments, the ribbons 98 have a pre-determined curve. The material selection combined with the selected shape provides anchors 92, 94 that are spring loaded. The ribbons 98 extend in a direction, such as downward, from the frame 88. The ribbons 98 curve and then extend upward, forming a generally U-shaped configuration. The ribbons 98 comprise a rounded top surface configured to abut tissue. Other shapes for the ribbons 98 are contemplated. As disclosed herein, the coaptation assistance device 80 is collapsed inside the delivery catheter 100 as shown in FIG. 6A. The spring loaded ribbons 98 are capable of being collapsed within the delivery catheter. Upon exiting the catheter, the spring loaded ribbons 98 rapidly expand into the preformed shape. In some embodiments, the ribbons 98 are provided for ventricular attachment. The ribbons 98 allow for very rapid attachment of the coaptation assistance device 80 to the tissue, since the ribbons 98 do not rely on annular sutures and do not require tying knots in some embodiments. The deployment of the ribbons 98 can be faster than engaging a helical anchor, for instance.

(31) In some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 80 includes an annular anchor 96. The annular anchor 96 can be, in some embodiments, a radially expandable stent-like structure, as shown in FIG. 5A. Like the commissural anchors 92, the annular anchor 96 can be collapsed to fit inside a catheter, described herein. In some embodiments, the annular anchor 96 can be delivered to the site of the mitral valve 20. In some embodiments, the annular anchor 92 is intended for placement in the mitral annulus 36. The annular anchor 96 may include a plurality of barbs for acute fixation to the surrounding tissue. In some embodiments, the annular anchor 96 may be simply held in place via radial forces. The annular anchor 96, if it is included, may be covered with biocompatible materials such as ePTFE or Dacron to promote endothelialization and, optionally, chronic tissue in-growth or encapsulation of the annular anchor for additional stability.

(32) In other embodiments, the atrial anchors may comprise a plurality of helixes, clips, harpoon or barb-shaped anchors, or the like, appropriate for screwing or engaging into the annulus 36 of the mitral valve 20, tissues of the ventricle 14, other tissues of the atrium 10, or other tissue. The body 82 can include one or more features such as eyelets or tethers to couple with the atrial anchors.

(33) The coaptation assistance device 80 has a geometry which permits it to traverse the mitral valve 20 between attachment sites in the left atrium 10 and left ventricle 14, to provide a coaptation surface 86 for the anterior leaflet 30 to coapt against, and attach to the left atrium 10 or annulus 36 such that it effectively seals off the posterior leaflet 32. In the instance that the posterior leaflet 32 is or has been removed, the coaptation assistance device 80 replaces the posterior leaflet 32.

(34) Different sized coaptation assistance device 80, particularly the different sized bodies 82, can be placed such that the native anterior leaflet 30 opposes the coaptation surface 86 at the appropriately established coaptation point, blocking flow of blood during contraction of the left ventricle 14. In order to accomplish this, a variety of sizes of coaptation assistance device 80 are provided, with differing dimensions configured to fit varying anatomies. As seen in the top view of FIG. 5B, there is a dimension A which is an inter-commissural distance. This distance may be, for example, within a range of about 20 mm to about 80 mm, and in one embodiment about 40 mm. There is a dimension B which is an anterior-posterior diameter. This diameter may be, for example, within a range of about 20 mm to about 60 mm, and in one embodiment about 35 mm. There is a dimension C which is the anterior-posterior projection. This dimension may be within a range of, e.g., about 10 mm to about 30 mm depending on the mitral valve regurgitation (MR). For degenerative MR, this dimension may be, e.g., within a range of about 10 mm to about 20 mm. For functional MR, this dimension may be, e.g., within a range of about 20 mm to about 30 mm. As shown in FIG. 5D, there is a dimension D which is the coaptation assistance device 80 height. This dimension may be, e.g., within a range of about 20 mm to about 50 mm, and in one embodiment about 25 mm.

(35) Turning now to FIGS. 6A-6D, an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device 80 is shown. It can be seen that in some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 80 is collapsed inside the delivery catheter 100. The stent-like structure of the frame 88 of the coaptation assistance device 80 including the structure of the annular anchor 96 and commissural anchors 92 allows the coaptation assistance device 80 to be collapsed.

(36) In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6B-6C, a number of struts 102 may couple to the coaptation assistance device 80. The struts 102 may connect to the coaptation assistance device 80 at any number of locations, e.g., superior edge 90, annular anchor 94, commissural anchors 92, to a ventricular hub described herein. The struts 102 couple the coaptation assistance device 80 to the catheter 100 and/or implant introducer 104. Each strut 102 may comprise a single longitudinal element or be doubled over to comprise two or more strands. A single strut 102 may be comprised of a strand of Nitinol wire, suture, or other material which loops toward the superior aspect of the implant. This loop area may provide reinforcement around an interruption in the covering material. In some embodiments, the struts 102 could include clips, jaws, adhesive, or another mechanism to form a releasable attachment between the struts 102 and the coaptation assistance device 80. The struts 102 may be, as shown, placed such that they are relatively evenly spaced, or may be concentrated toward the center or lateral edges of the coaptation assistance device 80. The struts 102 may be coupleable with the anchors 92, 94, 96 which may be deployed into various locations including the mitral annulus 36, left atrium 10, left auricle, one of the fibrous trigones 56, or the left ventricle 14.

(37) As shown in FIGS. 6A-6D, the body 82 of the coaptation assistance device 80 can be delivered by a delivery catheter 100 and may be capable of expanding from a smaller profile to a larger profile to dimensions appropriate for placement in between the valve's native leaflets 30, 32. The coaptation assistance device 80 is expanded as it is exposed from the tip of the delivery catheter 100. In some embodiments, the delivery catheter 100 is pulled back to expose the coaptation assistance device 80 as shown by the arrow in FIG. 6B. The exposed coaptation assistance device 80 is detached from the delivery catheter 100 as shown in FIG. 6D, for instance by releasing the struts 102.

(38) Turning now toward implantation, a coaptation assistance device 180 may be implanted through a minimally invasive or transcatheter technique utilizing a delivery system 106. The coaptation assistance device 180 can be substantially similar to the coaptation assistance device 80 described herein. The delivery system 106 can include one or more of the following devices: a transseptal sheath 110 shown in FIG. 7, an anchor delivery catheter 112 shown in FIG. 8, an implant delivery catheter 114 shown in FIGS. 9A-9B, and a clip delivery catheter 116 shown in FIG. 10. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the delivery system 106 may include a transseptal sheath 110 having a shaft 120 that may be made of a polymeric or other material. In some embodiments, the shaft 120 is a braid or coil reinforced polymer shaft. In some embodiments, the shaft 120 has multiple durometers, such as a first smaller durometer at a first location and a second larger durometer at a second location distal or proximal to the first location. In some embodiments, the transseptal sheath 110 is pre-shaped. The shaft 120 can include at least one through lumen (e.g., two, or more through lumens). In some embodiments, the transseptal sheath 110 comprises an actively deflectable tip 122 to facilitate navigation into the left ventricle 14. The deflectable tip 122 can be controlled by various mechanisms, for instance via pullwires operably attached to the deflectable tip 122 and connected to a proximal control.

(39) The transseptal sheath 110 may include a seal 124 to accommodate various instruments and guidewires inserted therein. The seal can accommodate diameters including the outer diameter of the anchor delivery catheter 112, the implant delivery catheter 114, and the clip delivery catheter 116. In some embodiments, the accommodated diameters can be up to 22 Fr. The transseptal sheath 110 may include lined inner diameter 126. The lined inner diameter 126 may be within a range of about 10 to about 22 Fr, and in one embodiment preferably 16 Fr. The transseptal sheath 110 has sufficient length over a section 130 to span from the access point (e.g., outside the body) to the tip of the left ventricle 14. The access point may be via groin/femoral access. This length may be, e.g., within a range of about 80 cm to about 120 cm, and in one embodiment about 100 cm. The transseptal sheath 110 may include atraumatic tip 132. The tip 132 may include a marker band 134 for visualization. The transseptal sheath 110 may include flush port 136 operably connected to the central lumen of shaft 120 at a proximal hub 140 as illustrated. The system may further include additional ports, including flush, irrigation and/or aspiration ports to remove fluid or air from the system and allow injection of fluids such as saline or contrast media to the site of implantation.

(40) Referring now to FIG. 8, aspects of the anchor delivery catheter 112 are illustrated. FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of the anchor delivery catheter 112. The anchor delivery catheter 112 may include a shaft 142 made of a material such as a polymer. In some embodiments, the shaft 142 is a braid or coil reinforced polymer shaft. In some embodiments, the shaft 142 has multiple durometers, such as a first smaller durometer at a first location and a second larger durometer at a second location distal or proximal to the first location. The anchor delivery catheter 112 has sufficient length over a section 162 to span from the access point (e.g., outside the body) and through the transseptal sheath 110. This length may be, e.g., within a range of about 90 cm to about 130 cm, and in one embodiment about 110 cm. In other embodiments, the anchor delivery catheter 112 comprises an actively deflectable tip 144 to facilitate navigation of the anchors to the anchoring sites. The anchor delivery catheter 112 is configured to deploy an anchor 146.

(41) The anchor delivery catheter 112 may include a drive shaft 150. The drive shaft 150 is configured to couple with a drive continuation 152 to allow transmission of torque to the anchor 146. In some embodiments, the drive shaft 150 is flexible. In some embodiments, the drive shaft 150 is capable of being advanced or retracted. The anchor delivery catheter 112 may include a handle 154. The handle 154 may include a knob 156 to enable simple manipulation of the torque or position of the anchor 146. The knob is internally connected to the drive shaft 150 thereby allowing transmission of torque to the anchor 146 when the knob 156 is rotated.

(42) The anchor 146 has an outer diameter which may be within a range of about 1 to about 6 mm, and in one embodiment preferably 4 mm. The anchor 146 may be helical with a pitch within a range of about 0.4 to about 1.5 mm, and in one embodiment preferably 0.8 mm. The anchor 146 in some embodiments has a wire diameter which may be within a range of about 0.25 to about 0.75 mm, and in one embodiment preferably 0.5 mm. The anchor 146 may be coupled to the drive continuation 152. As shown, the drive continuation 152 can be a square continuation of the anchor helix. However, the drive continuation 152 may be of any shape, such as triangular or hexagonal, capable of transmitting the torque imparted by the drive shaft 150. The anchor 146 can include anchor suture 158. The anchor delivery catheter 112 may include one or more rails 160 (e.g., sutures, guidewires) attached to the proximal end of anchor 146 and/or the anchor suture 158. For the anchor 146 shown in FIG. 8, such as the trigonal anchor, the rails 160 (e.g., sutures, guidewires) facilitate subsequent proper placement of the coaptation assistance device 180. For some method, the rails 160 are cut after anchor placement.

(43) Referring now to FIG. 9A, aspects of the implant delivery catheter 114 are illustrated. The implant delivery catheter 114 can be inserted into the transseptal sheath 110 shown. The seal 124 is sized to accommodate the implant delivery catheter 114. The transseptal sheath 110 allows the introduction of the implant delivery catheter 114 through a lumen of the shaft 120 and into the left atrium 10. The transseptal sheath 110 may include a variable stiffness outer shaft 120 with at least one lumen, the lumen sized to allow insertion of the implant delivery catheter 114 and/or coaptation assistance device 180 through the lumen. The deflectable tip 122 and/or a deflectable portion of the shaft 120 may facilitate alignment of the coaptation assistance device 180 with the valve leaflets 30, 32.

(44) The implant delivery catheter 114 comprises a shaft 164. The shaft 164 can be a variable stiffness shaft, with the stiffness varying along a dimension, for instance along the length. The shaft 164 can include at least one through lumen (e.g., two, or more through lumens). The shaft 164 can be include a deflectable tip 166 configured for deflecting along at least a distal section. The deflectable tip 166 can be controlled by various mechanisms, for instance via pullwires operably attached to the deflectable tip 166 and connected to a proximal control.

(45) The delivery catheter may further include an implant introducer 170. The implant introducer 170 can be sized to pass through the shaft 164 of the implant delivery catheter 114. The implant introducer 170 can include a slot 172. The implant delivery catheter 114 may further include a handle 174 to manipulate the implant delivery catheter 114 within the transseptal sheath 110 and/or body of the patient. The handle 174 may include a knob 176 to enable simple manipulation of the position of the coaptation assistance device 180. The knob 176 is internally connected to the implant introducer 170 thereby allowing transmission of movement to the implant introducer 170 when the knob 176 is manipulated. In some embodiments, the knob 176 can manipulate the docking and undocking of the coaptation assistance device 180 with the implant delivery catheter 114. The handle 174 may further include one or more ports 182, such as a flush, irrigation and/or aspiration port to remove the air from the system and allow injection of fluids such as saline or contrast media to the site of implantation.

(46) As shown in FIG. 9B, the coaptation assistance device 180 is inserted into the implant delivery catheter 114. The coaptation assistance device 180 is shown in the top view of FIG. 9B. In some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 180 is unfolded in the direction of the arrows as shown in the middle view of FIG. 9B. The coaptation assistance device 180 can be coupled to the implant introducer 170. In some embodiments, a portion of the coaptation assistance device 180 is held within the slot 172. In some embodiments, a portion of the coaptation assistance device 180 folds around the deflectable tip 166 of the implant delivery catheter 114 in the direction of the arrows shown in the bottom view of FIG. 9B. The coaptation assistance device 180 can be coupled to the implant introducer 170 and the deflectable tip 166 of the implant delivery catheter 114. As shown in FIG. 9C, the attached coaptation assistance device 180 can slide along (e.g., engage) one or more rails 184 (e.g., two rails 184), which may be rails 160 coupled to anchor 146. The rails 184 can extend through transseptal sheath 110 from the anchor 146 to the coaptation assistance device 180. The coaptation assistance device 180 can advance over two rails as shown in FIG. 9C. In some embodiments, the rails 184 extend through eyelets or other apertures of the coaptation assistance device 180. The rails 184 can extend through (e.g., be pulled through) the implant delivery catheter 114. The rails 184 can help guide the coaptation assistance device 180 toward the implantation site and/or toward the anchor 146. The rails 184 in some embodiments are flexible guidewires and/or sutures. In some embodiments, the rails 184 are pulled in the direction of the arrows to advance the coaptation assistance device 180 and/or implant delivery catheter 114 through the transseptal sheath 110 In some embodiments, systems that include a plurality of rails 160, such as two rails 160 for example advantageously allows for more controlled and symmetric deployment of the coaptation assistance device.

(47) Referring now to FIG. 10, aspects of the clip delivery catheter 116 are illustrated. The clip delivery catheter 116 comprises a shaft 186. The shaft 186 can be a variable stiffness shaft, with the stiffness varying along a dimension, for instance along the length. The shaft 186 may include a polymer shaft. In some embodiments, the shaft 186 is a braid or coil reinforced polymer shaft. In some embodiments, the shaft 186 has multiple durometers. The shaft 186 can include at least one through lumen (e.g., two, or more through lumens). In some embodiments, the shaft 186 comprises an actively deflectable tip 190 to facilitate navigation of various clips 192 and/or pledgets 194 to the anchoring sites. The clips 192 and pledgets 194 may be comprised of any suitable material, such as suture, flexible material, Nitinol, metal, or plastic. In one embodiment, the preferred material is Nitinol. The deflectable tip 190 can be configured for deflecting along at least a distal section. The deflectable tip 190 can be controlled by various mechanisms, for instance via pullwires operably attached to the deflectable tip 190 and connected to a proximal control.

(48) The clip delivery catheter 116 has sufficient length to fully pass through the transseptal sheath 110 with additional length provided for tip deflection. This distance may be within a range of, e.g., about 90 cm to about 130 cm, and in one embodiment about 110 cm. The delivery catheter may further include a hypotube 196. The implant hypotube 196 can be sized to pass through the shaft 186 of the clip delivery catheter 116. The clip delivery catheter 116 may further include a handle 200 to manipulate the clip delivery catheter 116 within the transseptal sheath 110 and/or body of the patient to steer the hypotube 196 of the clip delivery catheter. The handle 200 may also deploy the clip 192 and/or pledget 194 to the intended site. The handle 200 may further include one or more ports 202, such as a flush, irrigation and/or aspiration port to remove the air from the system and allow injection of fluids such as saline or contrast media to the site of implantation.

(49) The hypotube 196 or other elongate member extends through the clip 192 and/or the pledget 194. In some embodiments, the clip 192 and/or the pledget 194 are initially loaded on the hypotube 196, as shown. In some embodiments, a second hypotube 204 coaxial with and having a larger diameter than the hypotube 196 is used to push the clip 192 and/or the pledget 194 from the hypotube 196. In some embodiments, the deflectable tip 190 having a larger diameter than the hypotube 196 is used to push the clip 192 and/or the pledget 194 from the hypotube 196. Other mechanism can be used to push the clip 192 and/or the pledget 194 (e.g., pusher wire, jaws).

(50) The clip delivery catheter 116 may include pledget 194. The pledget 194 may be of generally circular shape as shown, or may be square or rectangular, elliptical, or any other desired form. The pledget 194 may be comprised of any one of a number of suitable materials known to those of skill in the art. In some instances it may be advantageous to use a material which promotes tissue ingrowth, enhancing the connection of the coaptation assist device 180 to the patient's tissue. In other embodiments, a material which inhibits or is inert with respect to tissue ingrowth may be preferred, such as ePTFE, VTFE, PTFE (poly tetrafluoroethylene), Teflon, polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, or any suitable material. In some embodiments, a coating may be placed on the pledget 194 to inhibit or encourage tissue ingrowth. One or more anchors 146 may penetrate the material of the pledget 194 at a suitable position, securing the pledget 194 to underlying cardiac tissue. Thus, in some embodiments, the pledget 194 may comprise an easily punctured material, such as structural mesh, felt, or webbing.

(51) The clip delivery catheter 116 may include clip 192. In one embodiment, the clip 192 is made from twisted strands of a metal or alloy, e.g., NiTi 2-30 to form a cable. In some embodiments, eight strands are twisted to form clip 192. In one embodiment, the strand diameters are within a range of about 0.01 to about 0.010 inches, and in one embodiment about 0.006 inches.

(52) Referring now to FIGS. 11A-11F, the implantation steps of one embodiment of the method is shown. As shown in FIG. 11A, a transseptal method for treatment of MR will often include gaining access to the left atrium 10 via a transseptal sheath 110. Access to the femoral vein may be obtained, for example, using the Seldinger technique. From the femoral vein, access can then be obtained via the right atrium 12 to the left atrium 10 by a transseptal procedure. A variety of conventional transseptal access techniques and structures may be employed, so that the various imaging, guidewire advancement, septal penetration, and contrast injection or other positioning verification steps need not be detailed herein.

(53) Transseptal sheaths, such as the transseptal sheath 110 and/or other transseptal sheaths, can have an elongate outer sheath body of the shaft 120 extending between a proximal handle 140 to a distal end, with the handle 140 having an actuator (not shown) for steering a distal segment and/or deflectable tip 122 of the shaft 120 similar to that described above. A distal electrode and/or marker 134 near the distal end of sheath body can help position the sheath within the left atrium. In some embodiments, an appropriately sized deflectable transseptal sheath 110 without steering capability may be guided into position in the left atrium 10 by a steerable transseptal sheath 110 or may be advanced into the left atrium 10 without use of a steerable transseptal sheath 110. Alternatively, deployment may proceed through a lumen of the steerable sheath. Regardless, in some embodiments an outer access sheath will preferably be positioned so as to provide access to the left atrium LA via a sheath lumen.

(54) Referring now to FIG. 11B, the anchor delivery catheter 112 may be advanced through the outer transseptal sheath 110 and into the left atrium 10. The distal end and/or the deflectable tip 144 of the anchor delivery catheter 112 moves within the left atrium 10 by manipulating the proximal handle 154 and by articulating the actuator of the handle (not shown) so as to selectively bend the distal end and/or the deflectable tip 144 of the anchor delivery catheter 112, bringing the distal end of the anchor delivery catheter 112 into alignment and/or engagement with candidate locations for deployment of an anchor 146. The anchor delivery catheter 112 can be aligned optionally under guidance of 2D or 3D intracardiac, transthoracic, and/or transesophageal ultrasound imaging, Doppler flow characteristics, fluoroscopic or X-ray imaging, or another imaging modality.

(55) In some embodiments, an electrode (not shown) at the distal end of the anchor delivery catheter 112 optionally senses electrogram signals and transmits them to an electrogram system EG so as to help determine if the candidate site is suitable, such as by determining that the electrogram signals include a mix of atrial and ventricular components within a desired range (such as within an acceptable threshold of 1:2). Contrast agent or saline may be introduced through the anchor delivery catheter 112.

(56) As shown in FIG. 11B, the anchor 146, for instance a first trigonal anchor, is delivered and engaged with the implantation site. Another anchor, for instance a second trigonal anchor is delivered and engaged with another implantation site. The locations of the anchors 146 are shown in relationship to the anterior leaflet 30 and the posterior leaflet 32 as shown in the smaller snapshot. As shown in FIG. 11C, in some embodiments, each anchor 146 comprises at least one rail 160 (e.g., suture, guidewire) such that the coaptation assistance device 180 can be advance over the rail 160. The coaptation assistance device 180 is advanced over one or more rails 160 (e.g., two rails) as shown by the arrows in FIG. 11C. In this way, the rails 160 facilitate placement of the coaptation assistance device 180. The coaptation assistance device 180 is advanced over the posterior leaflet 32, as shown.

(57) As shown in FIG. 11D, the coaptation assistance device 180 is extended through the mitral valve 20 into the left ventricle 14. In some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 180 may have a ventricular anchor 208 (e.g., ribbon such as the ribbons described herein or other ventricular anchor) that is expanded and engaged to attach the coaptation assistance device 180. After placement of the coaptation assistance device 180 the coaptation assistance device 180 can be locked on the anchors 146 (such as trigonal anchors) by one or more clips 192 and/or one or more pledgets 194, as shown in FIG. 11E. After the coaptation assistance device 180 is deployed and/or locked on the anchors 146, the delivery system 106 is removed, as shown in FIG. 11F.

(58) The aforementioned method can be performed by a physician. In one embodiment, a manufacturer can provides one, some or all of the following: coaptation assistance devices, for instance coaptation assistance device 180, transseptal sheath 110, anchor delivery catheter 112, implant delivery catheter 114, and clip delivery catheter 116. In some embodiments, the manufacturer provides a kit containing some or all of the devices previously described.

(59) In some embodiments, the manufacturer provides instructions for use of the system including one or more of the following steps, or any step previously described in the drawings. The steps may include: gaining access to the left atrium 10 via the transseptal sheath 110; gaining access to the femoral vein via the Seldinger technique; gaining access via the right atrium 12 to the left atrium 10 by a transseptal procedure, utilizing a variety of conventional transseptal access techniques and structures. The steps may include: positioning the transseptal sheath 110 within the left atrium 10; deploying the anchor delivery catheter 112 through the transseptal sheath 110 and into the left atrium 10; bringing the distal end of the anchor delivery catheter 112 into alignment and/or engagement with candidate locations for deployment of the anchor 146; and determining if the candidate site is suitable. The steps may include: delivering and/or engaging the anchor 146, which may be the first trigonal anchor; deploying the rail 160 attached to the anchor 146; advancing the coaptation assistance device 180 over the rail 160; delivering and/or engaging the second anchor 146, which may be a second trigonal anchor; deploying the rail 160 attached to the second anchor; advancing the coaptation assistance device 180 over the rail 160 of the first anchor 146 and the rail 160 of the second anchor 146; facilitating placement of the coaptation assistance device 180 with the rails 160; and positioning the coaptation assistance device 180 over the posterior leaflet 32. The steps may include: extending the coaptation assistance device 180 through the mitral valve 20 into the left ventricle 14; expanding a ventricular anchor 208 of the coaptation assistance device 180; locking the coaptation assistance device 180 on the one or more anchors 146 by the clip 192 and/or the pledget 194; and removing the delivery system 106. These instructions can be written, oral, or implied.

(60) Referring now to FIGS. 12A-12D, the method of clip 192 and pledget 194 placement is shown. As shown in FIG. 12A, in some embodiments the clip 192 and pledget 194 are initially loaded on the hypotube 196. A guide suture 210 extends in a loop from the hypotube 196. The guide suture 210 can engage the anchor suture 158. The anchor suture 158 is connected to the anchor 146 as shown in FIG. 12A. The hypotube 196 is retracted into the clip delivery catheter 116, as shown by the upward arrow in FIG. 12B. The distal tip of the clip delivery catheter 116 pushes downward on the clip 192, as shown by the downward arrow in FIG. 12B. The clip 192 presses against the pledget 194 and both the clip 192 and the pledget 194 are pressed downward by the clip delivery catheter 116. The clip 192 and the pledget 194 are advanced along the anchor suture 158. The compression force of the clip 192 on the anchor suture 158 locks the clip 192 on the anchor suture 158. The pledget 194 is prevented from translation along the anchor suture 158 by the locking of the clip 192. In some embodiments, the second hypotube 204 is pressed downward on the clip 192 and the pledget 194 instead of, or in addition to, the tip of the clip delivery catheter 116.

(61) As shown in FIG. 12C, the guide suture 210 can extend from the hypotube 196. In some embodiments, the hypotube 196 is crimped over the guide suture 210. This crimping allows easy introduction of the clip 192 and/or the pledget 194 over the guide suture 210. This crimping also ensures a proper connection between the hypotube 196 and the anchor 146. After the clip 192 and/or the pledget 194 is locked, the guide suture 210 can be cut and retracted through the clip delivery catheter 116, as shown in FIG. 12D.

(62) The aforementioned method can be performed by a physician. In one embodiment, a manufacturer can provide one, some or all of the following: the clip 192, the pledget 194, the hypotube 196, the second hypotube 204, the anchor 146, the anchor suture 158, the guide suture 210, and clip delivery catheter 116. In some embodiments, the manufacture provides a kit containing some or all of the devices previously described.

(63) In some embodiments, the manufacturer provides instructions for use of the system including one or more of the following steps, or any step previously described or inherent in the drawings. The steps may include: initially loading the clip 192 and/or the pledget 194 on the hypotube 196; extending the guide suture 210 from the hypotube 196; engaging the guide suture 210 to the anchor suture 158; connecting the anchor suture 158 to the anchor 146; retracting the hypotube 196 into the clip delivery catheter 116; pressing the distal tip of the clip delivery catheter 116 downward on the clip 192; pressing the clip 192 against the pledget 194; pressing both the clip 192 and the pledget 194 downward; and advancing the clip 192 and the pledget 194 along the anchor suture 158. The steps may include: crimping the hypotube 196 over the guide suture 210; cutting the guide suture 210 after the clip 192 is locked; and retracting the guide suture 210 through the clip delivery catheter 116. These instructions can be written, oral, or implied.

(64) Turning now to FIG. 13, an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device 280 is shown. The coaptation assistance device 280 can be substantially similar to the coaptation assistance device 80, 180 described herein. The coaptation assistance device 280 can include frame 282 configured to provide structural support to the coaptation assistance device 280. In some embodiments, the frame 282 is collapsible to fit within a delivery catheter, as described herein. In some embodiments, the frame 282 defines a superior edge 284. The frame 282 can include anchor eyelets 286 configured to accept an anchor, such as anchor 146 or other trigonal anchors. The eyelets 286 can be integrated into the surface of the coaptation assistance device 280 or coupled to the coaptation assistance device 280 by any mechanism known in the art. The eyelets 286 correspond to the region of the coaptation assistance device 280 that may be secured to the anterior and posterior fibrous trigones 56, 60. In general, the trigones 56, 60 are located approximately 1-10 mm lateral or medial to their respective commissures 50, 52, and about 1-10 mm more anterior than the commissures 50, 52. In other embodiments, different anchor arrangements may connect the superior edge 284 of the coaptation assistance device 280 can to an anchor, such as anchor 146. For instance, the superior edge 284 can include a hub (not shown) for an anchor to extent or a tether (not shown) connecting the anchor or a hub to the superior edge 284. In some embodiments, the medial end of a tether or the hub is connected to the eyelet 286.

(65) Alternate engagement means are contemplated for connecting the coaptation assistance device 280 to each anchor, including the eyelets 286 and hubs (not shown), but also including other connection means such as, for example, sutures, staples, adhesive or clips. In alternative embodiments, the anchors may form an integrated part of the device. In some embodiments, both anchors inserted within the eyelet 286 are helical anchors. There are many possible configurations for anchoring means, compositions of anchors, and designs for anchoring means.

(66) The coaptation assistance device 280 comprises a body 290. The body 290 comprises a first surface 292 disposed toward a mal-coapting native leaflet, in the instance of a mitral valve 20, the posterior leaflet 32 and a second surface 294 which may be disposed toward the anterior leaflet 30. The first and second surfaces 292, 294 can be considered cooptation surface. The coaptation assistance device 280 can have a geometry which permits it to traverse the mitral valve 20 between attachment sites in the left atrium 10 and/or the left ventricle 14, to provide a coaptation surface 294 for the anterior leaflet 30 to coapt against, and attach to the left atrium 10 or annulus 36 such that it effectively seals off the posterior leaflet 32. In the instance that the posterior leaflet 32 is or has been removed, the coaptation assistance device 280 replaces the posterior leaflet 32.

(67) In some embodiments, the coaptation surface 292, 294 of the coaptation assistance device 280 passes superiorly and radially inwardly from the superior edge 284, before passing distally, in a longitudinal direction perpendicular to the valve plane, or radially inwardly or outwardly with respect to the valve plane.

(68) In some embodiments, the first surface 292 and the second surface 294 of the coaptation assistance device 280 further comprise a covering comprised of ePTFE, polyurethane foam, polycarbonate foam, biologic tissue such as porcine pericardium, or silicone.

(69) One possible frame 282 structure is shown, with frame 282 connecting the eyelets 286. Other frame elements may be incorporated into the coaptation assistance device 280. The frame 282 may be shaped in any number of ways to assist in maintaining the desired shape and curvature of the coaptation assistance device 280. The frame 282 can be made of Nitinol, stainless steel, polymer, or other appropriate materials, and can substantially assist in maintain the geometry of the coaptation assistance device 280, permitting choice of any of a wide variety of covering materials best suited for long term implantation in the heart and for coaptation against the anterior leaflet 30.

(70) The coaptation assistance device 280 may include one or a plurality of anchors, such as anchor 146, to stabilize the coaptation assistance device 280. The coaptation assistance device 280 can also have a ventricular anchor 296 (e.g., ribbons described herein). In some embodiments, the ventricular anchor 296 engages the area under the posterior leaflet 32. the atrial and/or ventricular anchors optionally providing redundant fixation. The anchors may include a plurality of barbs for acute fixation to the surrounding tissue. In other embodiments, the anchors may comprise a plurality of helixes, clips, harpoon or barb-shaped anchors, or the like, appropriate for screwing or engaging the annulus 36 of the mitral valve 20, tissues of the ventricle, and/or other tissues of the atrium, or the atrial or ventricular anchors may attach to the tissue by welding using RF or other energy delivered via the elongate anchor coupling body.

(71) In some embodiments, a ventricular anchor 296 may be included in the form of a tether or other attachment means extending from the valve 20 thru the ventricle septum to the right ventricle 16, or through the apex into the epicardium or pericardium, which may be secured from outside the heart in and combined endo/epi procedure. When helical anchors are used, they may comprise bio-inert materials such as Platinum/Ir, a Nitinol alloy, and/or stainless steel.

(72) Referring now to FIGS. 14A-14D, the implantation steps of one embodiment of the method is shown. As shown in FIG. 14A, a transseptal method for treatment of MR can include gaining access to the left atrium 10 via the transseptal sheath 110. Access to the femoral vein may be obtained using the Seldinger technique. From the femoral vein, access can then be obtained via the right atrium 12 to the left atrium 10 by a transseptal procedure. A variety of conventional transseptal access techniques and structures may be employed, so that the various imaging, guidewire advancement, septal penetration, and contrast injection or other positioning verification steps need not be detailed herein.

(73) Referring now to FIG. 14A, non-limiting candidate locations are illustrated for deployment of an anchor, such as anchor 146, optionally under guidance of 2D or 3D intracardiac, transthoracic, and/or transesophageal ultrasound imaging, Doppler flow characteristics, fluoroscopic or X-ray imaging, or another imaging modality. In some embodiments, a guidewire is used to advance the anchors 146 to the desired location. In some embodiment, a posteromedial trigonal anchor 146 is placed and an anterolateral trigonal anchor 146 is placed using the guidewire.

(74) As shown in FIG. 14B, the first and second trigonal anchors 146 are delivered and engaged. The locations of the trigonal anchors 146 are shown in relationship to the anterior leaflet 30, the posterior leaflet 32, and mitral valve 20 as shown. In some embodiments, each trigonal anchor 146 comprises at least one guidewire or rail 160 such that the coaptation assistance device 280 can be advanced over the rails 160. In some embodiments, the rails 160 advance through a portion of the coaptation assistance device 280 and through the transseptal catheter 110. In some embodiments, the rails 160 extend through eyelets 286.

(75) It can be seen that in some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 280 is collapsed inside the anchor delivery catheter 112. The radially expandable and/or collapsible structure including frame 282, which can be stent-like in some embodiments, allows the implant to be collapsed. In some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 280 is collapsed and delivered through the transseptal catheter 110 over the rails 160.

(76) As shown, after two trigonal anchors 146 are delivered and received; the coaptation assistance device 280 is advanced over two rails 160 as shown by the arrows in FIG. 14C. In this way, the rails 160 facilitate placement of the coaptation assistance device 280. As the coaptation assistance device 280 is delivered over the rails 160, the coaptation assistance device 280 exits the implant delivery catheter 114, allowing the coaptation assistance device 280 to be exposed and expanded.

(77) The coaptation assistance device 280 can be delivered by the implant delivery catheter 114 and may be capable of expanding from a smaller profile to a larger profile to dimensions appropriate for placement in between the valve's native leaflets 30, 32. The coaptation assistance device 280 is expanded as it is exposed from the tip of the implant delivery catheter 114 as shown. In some embodiments, the implant delivery catheter 114 is pulled back to expose the coaptation assistance device 280. The coaptation assistance device 280 is advanced over the posterior leaflet 32.

(78) As shown in FIG. 14C, the coaptation assistance device 280 can extend through the mitral valve 20 into the left ventricle 14. In some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 280 may have a ventricular anchor 296 that is expanded to attach the coaptation assistance device 280 to ventricular tissue. The ventricular anchor 296 of the coaptation assistance device 280 can be delivered by the implant delivery catheter 114. A shown in FIG. 14D, the implant delivery catheter 114 is retracted into the transseptal catheter 110. The ventricular anchor 296 of the coaptation assistance device 280 is released and can assume a curved shape as shown. After placement of the coaptation assistance device 280, in some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 280 is locked on the anchors 146 by one or more clips 192 and/or pledget 194, as shown in FIG. 14D. After the coaptation assistance device 280 is locked on the anchors 146, the catheter delivery system 106 is removed. In some embodiments, the rails 160 are also removed.

(79) The aforementioned method can be performed by a physician. In one embodiment, a manufacturer can provide one, some or all of the following: coaptation assistance device 280, transseptal sheath 110, anchor delivery catheter 112, implant delivery catheter 114, and clip delivery catheter 116. In some embodiments, the manufacturer provides a kit containing some or all of the devices previously described.

(80) In some embodiments, the manufacturer provides instructions for use of the system including one or more of the following steps, or any step previously described or inherent in the drawings. The steps may include: gaining access to the left atrium 10 via a transseptal sheath 110; gaining access to the femoral vein via the Seldinger technique; gaining access via the right atrium 12 to the left atrium 10 by a transseptal procedure, utilizing a variety of conventional transseptal access techniques and structures. The steps may include: positioning the transseptal sheath 110 within the left atrium 10; deploying an anchor delivery catheter 112 through the transseptal sheath 110 and into the left atrium 10; bringing the distal end of the anchor delivery catheter 112 into alignment and/or engagement with candidate locations for deployment of an anchor 146; and determining if the candidate site is suitable. The steps may include: collapsing the coaptation assistance device 280 inside the implant delivery catheter 114; delivering the coaptation assistance device 280 through the transseptal sheath 110 over the rails 160; expanding the coaptation assistance device 280 as it exits the implant delivery catheter 114; and retracting the implant delivery catheter 114. The steps may include: delivering and/or engaging the anchor 146, which may be the first trigonal anchor; deploying a raid 160 attached to each anchor 146; advancing the coaptation assistance device 280 over the rail 160; delivering and/or engaging the second anchor 146, which may be the second trigonal anchor; deploying the rail 160 attached to the second anchor; advancing the coaptation assistance device 180 over the rails 160 delivering and/or engaging the second anchor 146; facilitating placement of the coaptation assistance device 180; and positioning the coaptation assistance device 180 over the posterior leaflet 32. The steps may include: extending the coaptation assistance device 180 through the mitral valve 20 into the left ventricle 14; expanding a ventricular anchor 296 of the coaptation assistance device 180; locking the coaptation assistance device 180 on the anchors 146 by one or more clips 192 and/or pledgets 194; and removing the catheter delivery system 106. These instructions can be written, oral, or implied.

(81) Turning now to FIG. 15, an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device 380 is shown. The coaptation assistance device 380 can be substantially similar to the coaptation assistance device 80, 180, 280 described herein. The coaptation assistance device 380 can include frame 382 configured to provide structural support to the coaptation assistance device 380. In some embodiments, the frame 382 is collapsible to fit within a delivery catheter, such as implant delivery catheter 114. In some embodiments, the frame 382 defines a superior edge 384. The frame 382 can include anchor eyelets 386 configured to accept an anchor, such as anchor 146. In some embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 15, the eyelets 386 are configured to accept a commissure anchor 390. Commissure anchor locations are provided, such as at lateral ends of an arcuate body portion of the coaptation assistance device 380 as shown. In some embodiments, the commissure anchor 390 is substantially similar or identical to the anchor 146 described herein. The eyelets 386 can be integrated into the surface of the coaptation assistance device 380 or coupled to the coaptation assistance device 380 by any mechanism known in the art. The eyelets 386 correspond to the region of the coaptation assistance device 280 that may be secured to the lateral commissures 50, 52. In other embodiments, different anchor arrangements may connect the frame 382 of the coaptation assistance device 280 to anchors. In other embodiments, different anchor arrangements may connect the frame 282 and/or edge of the coaptation assistance device 380 to the corresponding anatomic structure. In some embodiments, one or more of the commissure anchors 390 are helical anchors, as shown. There are many possible configurations for anchoring, compositions of anchors, and designs as, for example, previously described.

(82) The coaptation assistance device 380 comprises a body 392, which may be configured to permit relatively normal circulation of blood in the ventricular chamber. The body 392 may be elongate and narrow between the anterior and posterior surfaces, taking up minimal space and allowing movement of blood from one side to another and past both lateral aspects of the coaptation assistance device 380.

(83) The coaptation assistance device 380 may include one or a plurality of ventricular anchors 394. The atrial anchors and ventricular anchors can optionally provide redundant fixation. The atrial anchors may include a plurality of barbs for acute fixation to the surrounding tissue. In other embodiments, the atrial anchors may comprise a plurality of helixes, clips, harpoon or barb-shaped anchors, or the like, appropriate for engaging tissues of the ventricle. As shown in FIG. 15, the ventricular anchor can comprise two ribbons 396 that rest against the wall of the left ventricle 14. While two ribbons 396 are shown, in some embodiments one or more ribbons 396 are used (e.g., one, two, three, four etc.). This position may provide stability of the coaptation assistance device 380 and/or the base 398 of the coaptation assistance device 380. When ventricular anchors 394 are used, they may comprise bio-inert materials such as, for example, Platinum/Ir, a Nitinol alloy, and/or stainless steel. In some embodiments, the ribbons 396 comprise NiTi. In some embodiments, the ribbons 396 have a pre-determined curve. The material selection combined with the selected shape provides a ventricular anchor 394 that is spring loaded. In some embodiments, the spring loaded ribbons 396 engage tissues of the left ventricle 14 as shown. Each ribbon 396 can form, for example, a generally U-shaped configuration. The ribbons 396 function as anchors and resist movement of the coaptation assistance device 380. The ribbons 396 together can form a generally W-shaped configuration. The ribbons 396 comprise a rounded surface configured to abut tissue. In some embodiments, the anchors abut tissue and can exert a force on the tissue to stabilize the coaptation assistance device 380, but do not penetrate through one or more tissue layers, e.g., the endocardium or myocardium. In some embodiments, the anchors include a pair of arms with a bias that when in an unstressed configuration can clip onto a portion of the ventricular wall to stabilize the coaptation assistance device, such as in a non-traumatic manner with respect to the ventricular wall. The size and shape of the ribbons can be determined based upon the dimensions of the left ventricle 14, and the left ventricle wall which the ribbons 396 may abut. The ribbons 396 can be generally parallel to the base of the posterior leaflet 32. Other shapes for the ribbons 396 are contemplated. As disclosed herein, the coaptation assistance device 380 is collapsed inside the delivery catheter, such as implant delivery catheter 114. The spring loaded ribbons 396 are capable of being collapsed within the delivery catheter. Upon exiting the catheter, the spring loaded ribbons 396 rapidly expand into the preformed shape. In some embodiments, the ribbons 396 are provided for ventricular attachment. The ribbons 396 allow for very rapid attachment of the coaptation assistance device 380 to the tissue, since the ribbons 396 do not rely on annular sutures and do not require tying knots. The deployment of the ribbons 396 can be faster than engaging a helical anchor, for instance.

(84) Turning now to FIG. 16, an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device 480 is shown. The coaptation assistance device 480 can be substantially similar to the coaptation assistance device 80, 180, 280, 380 described herein. The coaptation assistance device 480 can include frame 482 configured to provide structural support to the coaptation assistance device 480. In some embodiments, the frame 482 is collapsible to fit within a delivery catheter, such as implant delivery catheter 114. In some embodiments, the frame 482 defines a superior edge 484. The frame 482 can include anchor eyelets 486 configured to accept an anchor, such as anchor 146. In some embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 16, the eyelets 486 are configured to accept an anchor 490. A plurality of locations for eyelets 486 are provided as shown in FIG. 16. In other embodiments, different anchor arrangements may connect the edge of the coaptation assistance device 480 to the corresponding anatomic structure. In some embodiments, the anchors 490 are helical anchors, as shown. There are many possible configurations for anchoring means, compositions of anchors, and designs for anchoring means. In some embodiments, the anchor 490 can be substantially similar or identical to anchor 146.

(85) The coaptation assistance device 480 may include one or a plurality of atrial anchors 490 and ventricular anchors 494, with the anchors optionally providing redundant fixation. In some embodiments, the atrial anchors 490 may comprise a plurality of helixes, clips, harpoon or barb-shaped anchors, or the like, appropriate for engaging tissues of the ventricle. The atrial anchors 490 may extend through the posterior leaflet as shown. As shown in FIG. 16, the ventricular anchor 494 comprises a plurality of, e.g., three spring-loaded clips or ribbons 496 configured to engage at least a portion of a mitral valve 20, e.g., a portion of posterior leaflet 32 resides in between the ribbons 496 and the body 482. A clip or ribbon can has a bias (e.g., by virtue of its shape memory properties) such that one, two, or more surfaces exert a force, such as a compressive force, on a body structure such as a valve leaflet as shown sufficient to anchor the implant in place. For example, a first portion of a clip can apply a force against a first surface of a valve leaflet as illustrated, and a second portion of the clip can apply a force or rest against a second side of the leaflet, the second side of the leaflet opposite the first side of the leaflet. While three ribbons 496 are shown, in some embodiments any number of ribbons 496 can be used (e.g., one, two, three, four, etc.). This position may provide stability of the coaptation assistance device 480 and/or the implant base 498. This position may not require additional anchoring of the coaptation assistance device to the ventricle 14 or elsewhere. When ribbons 496 are used, they may comprise, e.g., bio-inert materials such as Platinum/Ir, a Nitinol alloy, and/or stainless steel. In some embodiments, the ribbons 496 comprise NiTi. In some embodiments, the ribbons 496 have a pre-determined curve. The material selection combined with the selected shape provides a ventricular anchor 496 that is spring loaded. The ribbons 496 rest against the posterior leaflet, as shown. In some embodiments, the spring loaded ribbons 496 engage other tissues of the mitral valve. Each ribbon 496 can form a generally S-shaped configuration. The ribbons 496 function as anchors and resist movement of the coaptation assistance device 480. The ribbons 496 comprise a rounded surface configured to abut tissue. The size and shape of the ribbons 496 can be determined based upon the dimensions of the posterior leaflet 32 which the ribbons 496 may abut. The ribbons 496 can be generally parallel to the tip of the posterior leaflets 32. Other shapes for the ribbons 496 are contemplated. As disclosed herein, the coaptation assistance device 480 is collapsed inside the delivery catheter. The spring loaded ribbons 496 are capable of being collapsed within the delivery catheter, such as implant delivery catheter 114. Upon exiting the catheter, the spring loaded ribbons 496 rapidly expand into the preformed shape. In some embodiments, the ribbons 496 are provided for ventricular attachment. The ribbons 496 allow for very rapid attachment of the coaptation assistance device 480 to the tissue, since the ribbons 496 do not rely on annular sutures and do not require tying knots. The deployment of the ribbons 496 can be faster than engaging a helical anchor, for instance.

(86) In an alternative embodiment, the ribbons 500 are provided. The ribbons 500 extend to the base of the posterior leaflet 32 and align with the anchor 490. The anchor 490 positioned on the posterior leaflet 32 may penetrate the leaflet 32 and connect with the ribbon 500. Alternatively, anchors 490 positioned on the ribbons 500 may penetrate the posterior leaflet from the opposite direction. In some embodiments, the anchor 490 can engage the upper, left atrium side of the coaptation assistance device 480 and the ribbons 500 located in the left ventricle. This configuration may improve the stability of the coaptation assistance device 480. Each ribbon 500 can form a generally L-shaped configuration. The ribbons 500 comprise a rounded surface configured to abut the ventricular side of the posterior leaflet 32. The size and shape of the ribbons can be determined based upon the dimensions of the posterior leaflet 32 which the ribbons 500 may abut. The ribbons 500 can be generally parallel to the tip of the posterior leaflet 32. Other shapes for the ribbons 500 are contemplated. As disclosed herein, the coaptation assistance device 480 is collapsed inside the delivery catheter. The spring loaded ribbons 500 are capable of being collapsed within the delivery catheter, such as implant delivery catheter 114. Upon exiting the catheter, the spring loaded ribbons 500 rapidly transform from a first compressed configuration into the preformed shape of the second expanded configuration. In some embodiments, the clips or ribbons 500 are linear or substantially linear in a compressed configuration. In some embodiments, the ribbons 500 are provided for ventricular attachment. The ribbons 500 allow for very rapid attachment of the coaptation assistance device 480 to the tissue, since the ribbons 500 do not rely on annular sutures and do not require tying knots. The deployment of the ribbons 500 can be faster in some cases than engaging a helical anchor, for instance.

(87) In some embodiments, the clips or ribbons as disclosed in connection with various embodiments herein can be advantageously utilized with a wide variety of cardiac implants not limited to the coaptation assistance devices disclosed herein. For example, the clips or ribbons can be operably connected to replacement heart valves such as mitral or aortic valves, for example, for anchoring and stabilization. In some embodiments, the clips or ribbons can exert a force to clip or otherwise attach onto one or more native valve leaflets, in order to anchor a replacement heart valve in the valve annulus.

(88) Turning now to FIGS. 17A-17B, an embodiment of the coaptation assistance device 580 is shown. The coaptation assistance device 580 can be substantially similar to the coaptation assistance device 80, 180, 280, 380, 480 described herein. The coaptation assistance device 580 can include frame 582 configured to provide structural support to the coaptation assistance device 580. In some embodiments, the frame 582 is collapsible to fit within a delivery catheter, such as implant delivery catheter 114. In some embodiments, the frame 582 defines a superior edge 584. The frame 582 can include anchor eyelets 586 configured to accept an anchor, such as anchor 146. In some embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 17, the eyelets 586 are configured to accept a trigonal anchor such as anchor 146. In some embodiments, the eyelets 586 correspond to the region of the coaptation assistance device 580 that may be secured to the anterior and posterior fibrous trigones 56, 60. In some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 580 comprises a ventricular anchor hub 590. In some embodiments, the hub 590 provides an attachment structure for a ventricular anchor 594.

(89) The coaptation assistance device 580 comprises a body 592. The body 592 comprises a first surface 596 disposed toward a mal-coapting native leaflet, in the instance of a mitral valve 20, the posterior leaflet 32 and a second surface 598 which may be disposed toward the anterior leaflet 30. The first and second surfaces 596, 598 can be considered cooptation surface. The coaptation assistance device 580 can have a geometry which permits it to traverse the mitral valve 20 between attachment sites in the left atrium 10 and left ventricle 14, to provide a coaptation surfaces 598 for the anterior leaflet 30 to coapt against, and attach to the atrium 10 or annulus 36 such that it effectively seals off the posterior leaflet 32. In the instance that the posterior leaflet 32 is or has been removed, the coaptation assistance device 580 replaces the posterior leaflet 32.

(90) In some embodiments, the coaptation surface 598 of the coaptation enhancement element passes superiorly and radially inwardly from the superior edge, before passing distally, in a longitudinal direction perpendicular to the valve plane, or radially inwardly or outwardly with respect to the valve plane.

(91) In some embodiments, the anterior surface 598 and posterior surface 596 of the coaptation assist device 580 further comprise a covering comprised of ePTFE, polyurethane foam, polycarbonate foam, biologic tissue such as porcine pericardium, or silicone.

(92) One possible frame 582 is shown, with frame connecting the eyelets 586. Other frame elements may be incorporated into the coaptation assistance device 580. The frame 582 may be shaped in any number of ways to assist in maintaining the desired shape and curvature of the coaptation assistance device 580. The frame can be made of Nitinol, stainless steel, polymer or other appropriate materials, can substantially assist in maintain the geometry of the coaptation assistance device 580, permitting choice of any of a wide variety of covering materials best suited for long term implantation in the heart and for coaptation against the anterior leaflet 30.

(93) The coaptation assistance device 580 may include one or a plurality of anchors to stabilize the coaptation assistance device 580, with the anchors optionally providing redundant fixation. The anchors may include a plurality of barbs for acute fixation to the surrounding tissue. In other embodiments, the anchors may comprise a plurality of helixes, clips, harpoon or barb-shaped anchors, or the like, appropriate for screwing or engaging into the annulus of the mitral valve 20, tissues of the left ventricle 14, and/or other tissues of the left atrium 10. The anchors may attach to the tissue by welding using RF or other energy delivered via the elongate anchor coupling body.

(94) Referring now to FIGS. 18A-18C, the implantation steps of one embodiment of the method is shown. As shown in FIG. 18A, a delivery catheter 600 is advanced into the left atrium 10. The delivery catheter 600 can be substantially similar to implant delivery catheter 114. In some embodiments, the delivery catheter 600 may be advanced through the outer transseptal sheath 110 and into the left atrium 10. FIG. 18A shows an embodiment of the delivery catheter 600. The delivery catheter 600 may include a shaft 602 made of a polymer for example. In some embodiments, the shaft 602 is a braid or coil reinforced polymer shaft. In some embodiments, the shaft 602 has multiple durometers. In other embodiments, the delivery catheter 600 comprises an actively deflectable tip 604 to facilitate navigation of one or more anchors 594 to the anchoring sites. For instance, the deflectable tip 604 can access the site under the posterior leaflet. The delivery catheter 600 may include a deflection knob 606 to control the deflectable tip 604.

(95) The delivery catheter may include a drive shaft 610. The drive shaft 610 has a feature at the tip to engage with and allow transmission of torque to the anchor 594. In some embodiments, the drive shaft 610 is flexible. In some embodiments, the drive shaft 610 is capable of being advanced or retracted. The delivery catheter 600 may include a knob 612 that is connected to the drive shaft 610. The knob 612 is internally connected to the drive shaft 610 thereby allowing transmission of torque to the anchor 594 when the knob 612 is rotated. This enables simple manipulation of the anchor position and torque.

(96) The coaptation assistance device 580 can be delivered by the delivery catheter 600 and may be capable of expanding from a smaller profile to a larger profile to dimensions appropriate for placement in between the valve's native leaflets 30, 32. The coaptation assistance device 580 is expanded as it is exposed from the tip of the delivery catheter 600. In some embodiments, the delivery catheter 600 is pulled back to expose the coaptation assistance device 580. The delivery catheter 600 may further include a control handle 614 to manipulate the coaptation assistance device 580 and/or, to manipulate the docking and undocking of the coaptation assistance device 580 with the delivery catheter 600 and/or to facilitate placement of the coaptation assistance device 580.

(97) Referring now to FIG. 18A, the distal end of the delivery catheter 600 moves within the left atrium 10 by manipulating the control handle 614 and by articulating the actuator of deflection knob 612 so as to selectively bend the deflectable tip 604 and/or the distal end of the delivery catheter 600. The deflectable tip 604 and/or the distal end of the delivery catheter 600 can be brought into alignment and/or engagement with candidate locations for deployment of the anchor 594. The deflectable tip 604 and/or distal end of the delivery catheter 600 can be deflected to access the site under the posterior leaflet 32. In some embodiments, the distal end of the delivery catheter 600 is brought into alignment with the wall of the left ventricle 14 to facilitate placement of the ventricle hub 590 and/or ventricle anchor 594.

(98) As shown in FIG. 18A, the trigonal anchors 146 are delivered and engaged as described herein. The coaptation assistance device 580 is extended through the mitral valve 20 into the left ventricle 14. In some embodiments, the coaptation assistance device 580 may have a ventricular hub 590 and/or ventricular anchor 594. The ventricular anchor 594 as shown is a helical anchor, but other anchor designs are contemplated. In some embodiments, the ventricular anchor 594 extends from the left ventricle 14 to the left atrium 10 as shown.

(99) As shown in FIGS. 18B-18C, the coaptation assistance device 580 is anchored and the delivery catheter 600 is removed. The coaptation surface 598 is placed between the anterior leaflet 30 and the posterior leaflet 32. The ventricular anchor 594 and the trigonal anchors 146 are secured. In some embodiments, there is an anteriolateral trigonal anchor 146 and a posteriomedial trigonal anchor 146 as shown in FIG. 18C.

(100) The aforementioned method can be performed by a physician. In one embodiment, the manufacturer can provide one, some or all of the following: coaptation assistance device 580, delivery catheter 600, trigonal anchor 146, and ventricular anchor 594. In some embodiments, the manufacturer provides a kit containing some or all of the devices previously described.

(101) In some embodiments, the manufacturer provides instructions for use of the system including one or more of the following steps, or any step previously described or inherent in the drawings. The steps may include: positioning the delivery catheter 600 within the left atrium 10; bringing the deflectable tip 604 and/or the distal end of the delivery catheter 600 into alignment and/or engagement with candidate locations for deployment of an anchor; and determining if the candidate site is suitable. The steps may include: delivering and/or engaging the first trigonal anchor 146; delivering and/or engaging the second trigonal anchor 146; facilitating placement of the coaptation assistance device 580; and positioning the coaptation assistance device 580 over the posterior leaflet. The steps may include: extending the coaptation assistance device 580 through the mitral valve 20 into the left ventricle 14; locking the coaptation assistance device 580 on the trigonal anchors 146 by one or more clips 192 and/or pledgets 194; and removing the catheter delivery system. These instructions can be written, oral, or implied.

(102) It is contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments disclosed above may be made and still fall within one or more of the inventions. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with an embodiment can be used in all other embodiments set forth herein. Accordingly, it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the disclosed inventions. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present inventions herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above. Moreover, while the invention is susceptible to various modifications, and alternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but to the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the various embodiments described and the appended claims. Any methods disclosed herein need not be performed in the order recited. The methods disclosed herein include certain actions taken by a practitioner; however, they can also include any third-party instruction of those actions, either expressly or by implication. For example, actions such as “inserting a coaptation assist body proximate the mitral valve” includes “instructing the inserting of a coaptation assist body proximate the mitral valve.” The ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all overlap, sub-ranges, and combinations thereof. Language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “between,” and the like includes the number recited. Numbers preceded by a term such as “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” as used herein include the recited numbers, and also represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount.