PROCESSES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CONDUCTIVE PARTICLE FILMS FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES AND LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

Abstract

The invention is directed to a process for forming a particle film on a substrate. Preferably, a series of corona guns, staggered to optimize film thickness uniformity, are oriented on both sides of a slowly translating grounded substrate (copper or aluminum for the anode or cathode, respectively). The substrate is preferably slightly heated to induce binder flow, and passed through a set of hot rollers that further induce melting and improve film uniformity. The sheeting is collected on a roll or can be combined in-situ and rolled into a single-cell battery. The invention is also directed to products formed by the processes of the invention and, in particular, batteries.

Claims

1-40. (canceled)

41. A method for forming a conductive particle film comprising: spraying a mixture of conductive particles and a binder toward a substrate; applying a charge to the mixture; passing a current through a substrate between a first electrode in electrical contact with the substrate and a second electrode in electrical contact with the substrate to generate heat in the substrate; and applying the charged sprayed mixture to at least one side of the heated substrate to form the conductive particle film.

42. The method of claim 41, further comprising moving a portion of the substrate from the first electrode toward the second electrode while the mixture is sprayed toward the substrate.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein electrical current is passed from the first electrode through an uncoated section of the substrate and extracted through the conductive particle film by the second electrode.

44. The method of claim 41, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode include one or more rollers in electrical contact with the substrate.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the electrical current passes into and out of the one or more rollers using at least one of conductive brushes and conductive bearings.

46. The method of claim 44, further comprising calendaring the particle film using at least one of the one or more rollers.

47. The method of claim 41, wherein the substrate is a metal foil.

48. The method of claim 41, wherein the conductive particles comprise an anodic or cathodic material.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the anodic or cathodic material comprises at least one of carbon, lithium titanate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium iron manganese phosphate.

50. The method of claim 48, wherein the binder is selected from the group comprising PVDF, PTFE and SBR.

51. The method of claim 41, further comprising mixing the conductive particles with the binder.

52. The method of claim 41, wherein spraying the mixture comprises aerosolizing the mixture.

53. A system for forming a conductive particle film comprising: at least one spraying device configured to spray a mixture of conductive particles and a binder toward a substrate and electrically charge the mixture; a first electrode configured to electrically contact the substrate; a second electrode configured to electrically contact the substrate, wherein the first and second electrodes are configured to pass a current through the substrate between the first and second electrodes to generate heat in the substrate, wherein the charged sprayed mixture is applied to at least one side of the heated substrate to form the conductive particle film.

54. The system of claim 53, further comprising a first roller and a second roller, wherein the first roller and second roller are configured to move the substrate such that at least a portion of the substrate moves from the first electrode toward the second electrode while the mixture is sprayed toward the substrate.

55. The system of claim 54, wherein the substrate is unwound from the first roller and wound onto the second roller.

56. The system of claim 53, wherein the first electrode is configured to be in electrical contact with an uncoated section of the substrate and the second electrode is configured to be in electrical contact with a section of the substrate through the conductive particle film.

57. The system of claim 53, wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes includes one or more rollers in electrical contact with the substrate.

58. The system of claim 57, further comprising at least one of conductive brushes and conductive bearings in electrical contact with the at least one or more rollers.

59. The system of claim 57, wherein at least one of the one or more rollers are configured to calendar the particle film.

60. The system of claim 53, wherein the substrate is a metal foil.

61. The system of claim 53, wherein the at least one spraying device includes an aerosolizer to aerosolize the mixture and an electrical charging device to electrically charge the mixture.

62. The system of claim 53, further comprising a mixer to combine the conductive particles with the binder to form the mixture

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0018] FIG. 1 An embodiment of a method of the invention.

[0019] FIG. 2 An embodiment of the mixed binder and charged particles being applied to the substrate.

[0020] FIG. 3 A schematic of one embodiment of the process of the invention.

[0021] FIG. 4 Depicts an embodiment of single sided coating.

[0022] FIG. 5 Depicts an embodiment of double sided coating.

[0023] FIG. 6 Depicts another embodiment of double sided coating.

[0024] FIG. 7 Depicts a cross section of standard lithium ion cylindrical cell.

[0025] FIG. 8 Depicts an embodiment of an inventive lithium ion battery.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] As embodied and broadly described herein, the disclosures herein provide detailed embodiments of the invention. However, the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. Therefore, there is no intent that specific structural and functional details should be limiting, but rather the intention is that they provide a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.

[0027] Conventional particle film deposition methodology has focused on automation to increase yields. Reduced yield and also batch-to-batch variations remain a bane to the lithium ion battery industry. It has been surprisingly discovered that yield can be increased and batch-to-batch variation minimized by the methodologies of the invention, and in particular, by co-aerosolization of a conductive particle and a binder. The conductive particles and binder are preferably aerosolized separately and mixed together in the aerosol phase prior to deposition. The process of the invention is not limited to battery chemistry, nor is the chemistry limited to the deposition process. Powder aerosolization can be combined with electrostatic powder deposition to produce nearly any particle film. Accordingly, the processes of the invention can be utilized in a wide variety products and methods that relate to particle deposition.

[0028] Particle deposition involves an application of particles to a surface. Particles are preferably nanoparticles, which are nanometers to tens of microns in grain size, or nanoparticle agglomerates. Reel-to-reel film deposition allows for the potential of in-situ battery assembly, so that coated electrodes may be prepared and assembled in the same controlled atmosphere. The resulting automated large-area deposition also facilitates the reliable production of large high-current, single-cells.

[0029] Electrostatic powder coating (EPC) was first developed in the 1950's as a means for creating uniform large-area particle films. The process has only been commercialized on a more widespread basis over the last two decades (A. G. Bailey, J. Electrostatics 45: 85-120, 1998). The basic principle is to charge aerosolized particles, either by a corona gun or by friction caused by flow of the particles through a TEFLON® tube, and to aerodynamically carry and deposit the charged particles on a surface. The surface preferably is electrically grounded or has an opposite charge to the charge of the particles, so that the particles follow electric field lines to the surface where they remain adhered due to the electrostatic attractive forces between the particle and surface. Preferably, the surface is a metal capable of conducting a charge, however the surface can be of another material, such as plastic, fiber, or other naturally occurring or manmade materials capable of conducting a charge. Current applications of the process are generally followed by a high temperature melting and curing step, forming the final continuous film. Constraints on the size and electrical properties of the particles have previously limited the industrial use of the process to environmentally friendly (e.g., no solvents) painting and epoxy coating.

[0030] The conventional constraints on the particle properties preclude the application of EPC to nano-sized particles and to particles that are either too conductive or too electrically resistive. There are resistivity limits because of the required electrostatic adhesive interaction between the particle and surface after deposition has occurred. While paint particles typically used in EPC stick to the substrate via electrostatic charges, conductive particles alone will not stick to the substrate due to the rapid loss of charge when the particles come into contact with the grounded substrate. Particles that are too conductive immediately lose their charge to the surface, and are therefore no longer electrostatically bound to the surface. They are then susceptible to aerodynamic re-entrainment in the carrier gas flow. Conversely, particles that are too resistive retain their charge to such an extent that the coated surface itself becomes highly charged. This results in: 1) a significant reduction in the magnitude of the electric field attracting the particles to the surface, and 2) a so-called back ionization effect, whereby electrical gas breakdown occurs within the particle film resulting in a local loss of charge, localized re-entrainment of particles, and thus a non-uniform or “orange peel” finish. One example of an EPC process used in battery making is U.S. Pat. No. 6,511,517 to Ullrich et al. However, the method taught by Ullrich uses EPC merely to create a wax coating on top of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.

[0031] The application of EPC to conductive nanoparticle films, such as a graphitic carbon anode or a conductive lithium iron phosphate (typically coated with carbon) cathode, involves film that is bound to a metal sheeting substrate immediately upon deposition. Conventional slurry coating of lithium ion battery electrodes typically employs a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder for adequate film adhesion. The necessary presence of such a chemically inert binder may be exploited to enhance the immediate adhesion of the film to the substrate.

[0032] FIG. 1 depicts a flowchart of an embodiment of a method of the invention. At step 105, preferably a binder is mixed with electrically conductive cathode/anode particles in the aerosol phase. At step 110, heat is applied to the substrate and the substrate is electrically grounded. Preferably, the heat is above the melting point of the binder. At step 115, the mixture of the binder and conductive particles is electrically charged. At step 120, the binder is co-deposited with the cathode/anode particles in a well-mixed fashion. The heated substrate induces sufficient flow of the PVDF to bind the film, despite the rapid loss of charge of the conductive particles, to the grounded substrate. At step 125, the substrate is allowed to cool with the charged particles adhered thereto. The method shown in FIG. 1 can be carried out either for a single sided coating, as shown in FIG. 4, or for a double sided coating, as shown in FIG. 5

[0033] The anodic or cathodic material is preferably at least one of carbon, lithium titanate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium iron manganese phosphate. Additional suitable polymer binders include styrene butadiene copolymer (SBR), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and others which are well-known in the art. Preferably, the binder is non-soluble. A secondary benefit to this mode of EPC deposition is that static charge build-up of insulating film particles is avoided, thus eliminating the self-limiting effects of back ionization. In other words, the film could be grown arbitrarily thick, as compared to conventional EPC applications.

[0034] Mixing the binder with the cathode or anode powder in the aerosol phase can be performed in variety of ways. For example, binder can be co-aerosolized as dry powder using a turntable dust generator (S. Seshadri et al., J. Aerosol Sci. 36: 541-547, 2006) or fluidized bed disperser. Alternatively, the binder can be dissolved in a solvent and atomized into microdroplets and mixed with the active powder as an aerosol. Finally, the binder can be vaporized and allowed to condense on the cathode/anode powder grains.

[0035] When coating a thin metal foil using either the system shown in FIG. 4 or FIG. 5, convective and radiative heating have proven ineffective because, due to the small specific heat of thin foils, significant cooling begins immediately. This large temperature gradient results in non-uniform deposition and requires the foil be heated significantly above the melting point of the binder so that it doesn't cool below the melting point in the deposition area. This cooling is significantly increased by convection from the air flow required to move the powder onto the foil. The cooling can be partially mitigated by having the heater directly opposite the deposition area, however it is impractical to do this with a double-sided coating, as shown in FIG. 5. A double sided coating will have a layer of deposited powder between the heater and the foil which acts as a thermal barrier. This again requires temperatures much higher than the melting point of the binder resulting in non-uniformity and potentially damaging the coating.

[0036] For thin foils, preferably, the foil is resistively heated during powder deposition by passing an electrical current (either AC or DC) directly through the metal foil substrate during reel-to-reel deposition. Using this method, heat is preferably generated continuously and uniformly throughout the foil, from below the coating. This preferably results in a small temperature gradient that allows for highly uniform coatings. A continuous reel-to-reel coating system is depicted in FIG. 6. The roller on the pre-deposition (uncoated) side preferably serves as one electrode. The post deposition side passes current through the deposited powder that may have high contact resistance. To solve this, after deposition, the foil is preferably immediately passed through a calendaring press. The calendaring rollers preferably serve as the second electrode with the contact resistance being reduced by the high pressure contact. Preferably, the electrical current passes into and out of the metal rollers using a series of conductive brushes or conductive bearings. The system depicted in FIG. 6 has the added benefit of ensuring a conductive path between the powder and the foil, which is important for battery coating applications.

[0037] The foils created by the system depicted in FIG. 6 are preferably adapted for use in lithium ion batteries. The foils can be used in traditional lithium ion batteries, for example the battery depicted in FIG. 7, or batteries adapted to dissipate heat at a faster rate than traditional batteries. A battery adapted to quickly dissipate heat preferably increases heat transfer out of the cell by welding metal foils to the battery terminals along their entire length, for example as depicted in FIG. 8. Preferably, the battery consists of a cathode, an anode, and polymer separator. Preferably, the metal foils act as both the cathode and the anode and are created by the systems and methods described herein. However other cathodes and anodes can be used. For example the cathode and/or anode can be made of carbon, graphite, metal oxide, a layered oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, a polyanion, lithium iron phosphate, a spinel, lithium manganese oxide, or another material. The polymer separator can be, for example polyethylene or polypropylene. In other embodiments an electrolyte can separate the cathode from the anode.

[0038] Preferably, the battery design allows heat to flow out through the most thermally conductive part of the battery. In order increase heat dissipation even more, preferably, the shape of the cell is changed from a narrow cylinder to a wide, thin disk. Preferably, the diameter cylinder exceeds the length of the cylinder. Preferably, the ratio of the diameter to the length is greater than 5 to 1, greater that 6 to 1, or greater than 7 to 1. Preferably the cathode, anode, and polymer separator are arranged in a spiral configuration so that many layers of cathode/anode interaction can occur in the same battery. For example, the cross-section of the battery depicted in FIG. 8 displays six winds of each the cathode and the anode with eleven polymer separator layers. Preferably, the anode and cathode are formed simultaneously and immediately wound into a battery.

[0039] The thin disk shape of the pancake-like cell, combined with continuous terminal welding, preferably allows heat to transfer a short distance to easily cooled, high surface area terminals. This cell design is preferably advantageous over standard battery designs in that individual cells can be safely made to much higher capacities than the standard designs. This may provide significant manufacturing cost reduction, especially when combined with a continuous single step production technique.

[0040] The following examples illustrate embodiments of the invention, but should not be viewed as limiting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

[0041] As an example of the process, Carbon Black nanopowder was mixed with PVDF powder in a 10:1 carbon-to-binder mass ratio mixture and deposited on an aluminum foil substrate. The mixture was placed in a 5 lb fluidized bed hopper and fluidized using a vibrating element attached to the hopper. A venturi pump was used to deliver the fluidized powder from the hopper to a corona gun set at a voltage of 50 kV and positioned 1.5 inches away from foil substrate. The backside of the foil was heated convectively using a heat gun such that the front side of the foil was measured to exceed 200 C.—above the melting point of PVDF. Within 1 second, a thick powder film was formed on the foil substrate in a circular pattern indicative of the radial temperature distribution on the foil, as shown in FIG. 2. The powder did not stick in the region of the foil where the temperature was below the PVDF melting point. In tests that did not include heating of the substrate, the film did not stick to the foil at all.

[0042] The deposition process shown schematically in FIG. 3 comprises a series of corona guns, staggered to optimize film thickness uniformity, oriented on both sides of a slowly translating grounded substrate (copper or aluminum for the anode or cathode, respectively). The substrate is preferably slightly heated to induce binder flow, and passed through a set of hot rollers that further induce melting and improve film uniformity. The sheeting is collected on a roll, again as shown in FIG. 3, or can be combined in-situ and rolled into a single-cell battery. A 10 kWh lithium iron phosphate battery cell deposited on 50 cm wide sheeting would require a total sheeting length of 120 m. This could be rolled into a cylinder having a diameter of roughly 17 cm. Such a cell requires a reel-to-reel process, and could not be formed using conventional batch processes.

[0043] Prior to deposition, the cathode and anode powders are preferably aerosolized and delivered to the corona guns with a high mass throughput and at a steady rate. Aerosolization of dry powders is a common industrial process that may be accomplished efficiently using a variety of processes. For example, high mass loadings, resulting in the flow of several grams of powder per second per corona gun, is achieved through fluidized bed dispersion, wherein a carrier gas flows though a powder hopper inducing enough shear to break particle-particle adhesive bonds and resulting in their entrainment in the gas flow. This type of powder dispersion works well for grain sizes on the order of tens of microns. Nanometer-scale grains preferably involve a superimposed mechanical agitation for their effective entrainment as agglomerates. This agitation is preferably imposed by sound waves (C. Zhu et al., Powder Tech. 141: 119-123, 2004), vibrations, or centrifuging (S. Matsuda et al., AIChE J. 50: 2763-2771, 2004). Aerosolization of individual grains is not necessary and, in fact, may be detrimental to the deposition process. Optimum agglomerate size is preferably determined by varying the agitation frequency and the flow rate.

[0044] The proposed single-step deposition technique can be integrated into a fully automated battery manufacturing methodology. The system would limit the potential for film contamination, reduce batch-to-batch variations, and ultimately increase product yield. This in turn would significantly reduce retail costs to levels that would enable the widespread deployment of large batteries for residential usage.

[0045] Other embodiments and uses of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. All references cited herein, including all publications, U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications, are specifically and entirely incorporated by reference. The term comprising, where ever used, is intended to include the terms consisting and consisting essentially of. Furthermore, the terms comprising, including, and containing are not intended to be limiting. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered exemplary only with the true scope and spirit of the invention indicated by the following claims.